Apr- to Jun-2023

What Constrains Financial Inclusion in India? A Study Concerning the Emerging Indian Economy

By: Anurag Bhadur Singh

Page No : 1-14

Abstract
The goal of the current study is to examine various obstacles that stand in the way of financial inclusion in India. The study uses primary data gathered through a structured questionnaire from 300 households in the National Capital Region of India. Firstly, factor analysis was used to find out the various factors explaining financial inclusion. Non-parametric tests were also used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the various groups. According to the findings, the majority of respondents own bank accounts with well-known financial institutions. The survey also discovered that there is a considerable disparity between rural and urban areas in terms of financial literacy, with urban areas performing far better than rural areas. However, the active usage of financial services by respondents remains low.

Author :
Anurag Bhadur Singh : Assistant Professor (SG), XIM University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.1

Price: 251

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Financial Inclusion in the Industrial Cluster

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 15-34

Abstract
The Government of India and the concerned state governments are implementing plenty of programmes and schemes for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on entrepreneurship. Out of the 17 SDGs, goal 8 relates to Decent Work and Economic Growth including Financial Inclusion and goal 9 relates to Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure. The objective of this paper is to study the business analytics of financial inclusion in industrial clusters in Tamil Nadu and their relevance to sustainable development goals. Several analyses such as diagnostic analysis, descriptive analysis, inferential analysis, predictive analysis, prescriptive analysis, and decision analytics were performed. The methodology adopted by the researcher is to develop a model by collecting primary data, such as, input variables like grants from the Government of India, grants from the state government of Tamil Nadu, special purpose vehicle (SPV) / entrepreneur contribution, and bank loans and output variables like project cost, from various departments and corporations of the Government of Tamil Nadu and secondary data from other government websites. The data was analyzed through percentage analysis, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and structural equation modelling. Financial inclusion in industrial clusters is the need of the hour, which is already underway, in the form of grants from the Government of India and Tamil Nadu, Cluster Development Programmes, SPV contribution and bank loans to improve productivity and reduce costs, and common facility centres in clusters.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : Joint Director (Engineering)/General Manager, DIC Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.2

Price: 251

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A Post-COVID State Level Study of Financial Inclusion in India in 2022

By: Archna Chaudhry

Page No : 35-42

Abstract
Academicians and policymakers alike are becoming increasingly curious about the scope and significance of financial inclusion because of its ramifications for growth, poverty eradication, equality and the sustainable development goals. The present study is an attempt to know about the status and disparities in financial inclusion at the state and regional levels in India post-COVID in the year 2022. On the basis of the index of financial inclusion at the state level, the union territory of Chandigarh stood first, Goa second and Delhi third, with high levels of financial inclusion. On the other hand, Nagaland, Bihar and U.P. stood last with the 34th, 35th and 36th positions. Andhra Pradesh with an IFI of 0.220 and Mizoram with IFI of 0.206 stood in the middle in the 18th and 19th positions. Twenty eight states are low financial inclusion states which implies that India has miles to go to achieve the goal of financial inclusion.

Authors :
Archna Chaudhry : Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.3

Price: 251

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Association between Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth in India: A Co-Integration Approach

By: Gourab Panja , Pravat Kumar Kuri

Page No : 43-53

Abstract
This paper examines the association between financial inclusion and economic growth in the context of the Indian economy. The Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL), Error Correction Mechanism (ECM), and impulse response function have been used for establishing the association between the two. Using panel data regression over the time period 2001 to 2019, the paper shows that there exists a positive, bidirectional association between financial inclusion and economic growth in the long run. However, there is a unidirectional relationship in the short run, i.e., only economic growth is the precondition for financial inclusion. Therefore, in the long run, economic growth helps to remove demand and supply side obstacles while financial inclusion reduces poverty and inequality, and hence promotes inclusive growth.

Authors :
Gourab Panja : Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Burdwan University, West Bengal, India.
Pravat Kumar Kuri : Professor, Department of Economics, Burdwan University, West Bengal, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.4

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Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna: A Tool for Financial Inclusion

By: Sumita Kukreja , Anupama Sharma

Page No : 54-61

Abstract
Financial inclusion helps emerging countries achieve inclusive development, and offers countries like India hope for sustained growth. Inclusive finance offers low-income and disadvantaged people access to inexpensive financial services. It helps in bridging the gap between financially weak individuals and the formal financial system by improving financial literacy and increasing the channels providing credit facilities. Marginalized groups need financial freedom to flourish economically and socially. Financial inclusion catalyzes economic and social progress, but it is not enough. The effect of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) on financial inclusion and India’s position in the global economy has been investigated in this article. The research is based on data obtained from sources such as the Reserve Bank of India, the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, as well as various academic papers.

Authors :
Anupama Sharma : Assistant Professor, Maharaja Surajmal Institute, New Delhi, India.
Sumita Kukreja : Assistant Professor, Maharaja Surajmal Institute, New Delhi, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.5

Price: 251

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Demand for Financial Services and its Determinants: Micro Empirical Evidences from West Bengal, India

By: Avisek Sen

Page No : 62-70

Abstract
The strength of the economy of a country is closely connected to the soundness and effectiveness of its financial system, in general, and the banking system, in particular. In the Indian scenario, the banking sector plays a great role in the inclusion of groups of people in the formal banking system. Financial inclusion is focused on providing financial services to all sections of the society at a reasonable cost. The traditional measures of financial inclusion are focused on the supply dimension of financial services, but not the demand perspective. After the implementation of financial inclusion drives like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), the demand side of financial inclusion gains new importance. This article attempts to recognize some of the demand-based parameters of the financial services after implementation of the PMJDY. The study is based on a primary survey conducted in some selected villages from the Bankura district of West Bengal, where the banking network is not adequate. Besides, the study also evaluates the effects of some socioeconomic factors of the demand of financial services. The empirical evidences show that the asset composition of the household and the income level of the family are effective in determining the demand for financial services.

Author :
Avisek Sen : Assistant Professor of Commerce, Kabi Jagadram Roy Government General Degree College, Mejia, Bankura, West Bengal, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.6

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ICT Adoption and Factor Productivity of Manufacturing Firms in India

By: Vikash Gautam , Niharika

Page No : 71-82

Abstract
This paper examines the effect of information and communication technology (ICT) adoption on the factor productivity of the Indian manufacturing firms during 2010-19. The study focuses on the selfselection and endogenous effects of ICT adoption on capital-labour productivity and discusses strategies to capture untapped growth opportunities. We find that ICT adopters have greater stakes for survival and growth, have a larger proportion of tangible assets, and are intensively engaged in exporting and outreach. In addition, ICT adoption leads to a 155 percent growth in capital productivity and a 62 percent fall in labour productivity – leading to a net growth of 80 percent in the capital-labour productivity ratio.

Authors :
Vikash Gautam : Koan Advisory Group, New Delhi, India.
Niharika : Koan Advisory Group, New Delhi, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.7

Price: 251

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Online Learning: Measuring the Satisfaction Level of Management Students in Andhra Pradesh

By: Ch. Kiranmayi , T. Sreenivas , Mabunni Shaik

Page No : 83-94

Abstract
The purpose of the study is to assess the level of student satisfaction with the online mode of teaching/learning, with respect to the independent variables e-learning, course structure, interaction between students and with the faculty, and motivation for attending online classes. A questionnaire was developed along these five dimensions using a 5-point Likert rating scale and distributed to 234 management students. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), reliability testing, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), validity checks and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to analyse the data collected. The results reveal that there is a significant impact of the aforementioned independent variables on student satisfaction, out of which, interaction between students and with the faculty has a high impact on student satisfaction.

Authors :
Ch. Kiranmayi : Asst. Professor, Dept. of Management Studies, TJPS College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
T. Sreenivas : Professor & Dean, Dept. of Business Management, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Mabunni Shaik : Associate Professor, Department of Management Sciences, RVR & JC College of Engineering, Chowdavaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.8

Price: 251

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An Analysis of the Living and Working Conditions of Migrant Labourers in Mumbai

By: Mohammed Taukeer

Page No : 95-106

Abstract
Mumbai is the heartland for migrant labourers from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar because the city provides them livelihood. The present paper explores the living and working conditions of semi-skilled and unskilled migrant labourers. The methodology of the paper consists of collection of primary data using a mixed method approach in the form of a field visit to Mumbai in February 2019. Qualitative data in the form of narratives, case studies and descriptions was analysed, while quantitative data was analysed using simple statistics and ANOVA. The findings from the study show that these migrant labourers face challenges of socio-economic and political identity in Mumbai but have developed their own cultural landscape to adjust to life in Mumbai. The quantitative findings show that there are variations in the patterns of income, remittances and expenditure of migrant labourers according to their occupation in Mumbai. Therefore, the findings of the study provide a better understanding of the living and working conditions of migrant labourers as well as encourage academicians, policymakers, and researchers for further research in this area.

Author :
Mohammed Taukeer : Research Fellow, International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.9

Price: 251

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Odisha’s Extractive Industries: Present Status and Future Prospects

By: Baijayanti Rout , Prof. Jaya Prakash Pradhan

Page No : 107-114

Abstract
Odisha is blessed with an abundance of natural resources, including minerals, forests, marine life, and water. Odisha is one of India’s top producers of valuable minerals such as chromites, nickel ore, coal, bauxite, iron ore, and manganese. In addition to providing habitat and a means of subsistence for the state’s expanding tribal population, around 30 percent of its land is covered with forests, which also serve as the catchment areas of key rivers, home to rich mineral deposits and biodiversity hotspots. This article aims to analyse the current status of several extractive industries as well as their potential for the future. A significant portion of the study is based on secondary data. Simple percentage shares and yearly average growth rate have been used to analyse data and strengthen the argument. The results from the paper demonstrate that mining production and value have grown over time. However, the average yearly growth rate has been declining. The Gross State Value Added (GSVA) of the mining sector in Odisha has hardly increased and still lags behind the manufacturing sub-sector. Furthermore, the state’s exchequer has profited significantly from the mining sector’s performance (in terms of output, value, and income) and from its broad use of mining activities. However, employment statistics indicate that the locals in the mining region have not seen a significant increase in wealth.

Authors :
Baijayanti Rout : Ph.D Scholar, Centre for Studies in Economics and Planning, School of Social Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
Prof. Jaya Prakash Pradhan : Dean, Centre for Studies in Economics and Planning, School of Social Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.10

Price: 251

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Apr-2022 to Jun-2022

Infrastructure Development in India: Present Status, Global Positioning and Comparative Picture

By: Shivani Tewari

Page No : 1-10

Abstract
India aims to become the world’s third largest economy (US$ 5 trillion) by 2025, a dream which was derailed to a certain extent because of the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several ways to achieving the target set, albeit with some time lag. One way to support the economy in such a high-pressure situation is through infrastructure development. A positive correlation between infrastructure development and economic development has been proved beyond doubt. Infrastructure development also supports socio-cultural development. The present paper is an attempt of understand the trends and status of infrastructure development in India. It is very important to take stock of the domestic situation in a global context, to have a more realistic picture and understand the gaps. The second part of the paper presents a comparative picture of infrastructure development in India and China.

Author :
Kishor Bhanushali
Director-Research, Karnavati University,Gandhinagar
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.1

Price: 251

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Does Physical Infrastructure Investment Facilitate Resilient and Sustainable Productivity in India? An Empirical Investigation

By: Biswajit Paul , Ashish Kumar Sana

Page No : 11-20

Abstract
Total factor productivity (TFP) is an important indicator for measuring the relationship between outputs (total product) and inputs i.e., factors of production. It is primarily related with labour and capital. Increased TFP is the result of economic growth, technological change, education, innovation, etc. India, as one of the emerging market economies, should play an effective role in ensuring resilience and sustainability with respect to productivity. The objective of the study is to examine the influence of Infrastructure Investment (PII) on TFP in India. Annual time series data from the Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) for the time period 1961 to 2020 has been used for this. Econometric tools such as Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Philips-Perron (PP) tests confirm the problem of non-stationarity at level. This problem was eliminated by taking first difference of all variables. Johansen Co-integration test was applied to find out co-integration. To capture the long-run and short-run causal relationships between PII and TFP, the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was applied. The results confirm that there is an impact of PII on TFP. Short-run causal effects of PII on TFP have also been found. The Error Correction Term (ECT) value reveals that the model is in equilibrium and adjusts itself to external shock. Each result shows evidences of validation of PII for TFP. This study can serve as a guideline for policy makers so that they can strive to make productivity sector resilient and sustainable in post-pandemic era.

Authors :
Biswajit Paul
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal.

Ashish Kumar Sana
Professor, Department of Commerce, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.2

Price: 251

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Energy Infrastructure in India: Challenges and Opportunities

By: Rajarshi Majumder , Subhadip Ghosh , Bidisha Chatterjee

Page No : 21-34

Abstract
Productivity is the new buzzword for economic growth in the era of globalization, as countries with higher productivity levels enjoy a comparative advantage over their competitors. Infrastructure is critical in this quest for higher productivity, growth, and development, and energy infrastructure is one of its crucial components. Longterm planning for ensuring that energy demands are met has become an integral part of policy-making, as energy infrastructure requires a huge lump sum investment and has a long gestation period. So, capacity augmentation and installing energy infrastructure in its physical form (refineries, power plants, pipelines, distribution lines, and so on) have to be planned and executed early. In this paper, we first narrate India’s energy demand/consumption trends over the last four decades and then try to forecast future energy demands and related energy infrastructure needs over the medium to long run period of 20 years from 2020 to 2040. Total Primary Energy Consumption is expected to be more than double the current level, and electricity demand to treble. As a result, coal production, oil refining, gas importing and distribution, electricity generation, and transmission & distribution capacities all have to grow substantially. Thus, we are looking at massive infrastructure requirements for the energy production sector. Finally, policy implications are also discussed.

Authors :
Rajarshi Majumder
Professor of Economics, University of Burdwan, India.

Subhadip Ghosh
Assistant Professor, School of Business, Grant MacEwan University, Canada.

Bidisha Chatterjee
Research Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Burdwan, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.3

Price: 251

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Revisiting Infrastructure Development and Institutional Response for Mitigation of Air Pollution in India

By: Naresh Kumar , Shiv Narayan Nishad

Page No : 35-47

Abstract
Air pollution has become one of the major societal and environmental challenges in India that has put millions of people’s health at high risk. India has witnessed extreme pollution events (EPEs) that have become a major concern for the policy makers and decision makers. Therefore, effective and efficient management of air pollution has become the need of the hour. The present study explores the initiatives taken by government agencies to mitigate the impact of air pollution in terms of policy development, infrastructure development, and institutional response for the control and mitigation of the impact of air pollution.

Authors :
Naresh Kumar
CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, Krishnan Marg, New Delhi.

Shiv Narayan Nishad
CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, Krishnan Marg, New Delhi.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.4

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Infrastructure, Productivity and Poverty Nexus: The Case of Indian States

By: Akshay Dhume , R. S. Deshpande

Page No : 48-71

Abstract
Infrastructure development has assumed greater importance in the post-1991 phase in India’s development. Theoretically, this is an important determinant that is expected to enhance productivity, leading to the creation of income generating opportunities that would help in alleviating poverty. The Indian government, at various points in time, has launched several projects aimed at achieving a high infrastructural base. In this study, an attempt was made to explore whether infrastructure has improved productivity and reduced poverty. Four infrastructure indicators were considered for this purpose namely: irrigation, power, transport. It is hypothesized that high productivity (GVO per capita) and poverty rate may be associated (positively or negatively) with infrastructural development. The results for productivity are a bit of a mixed bag, possibly due to the indicators themselves, but some of the results across states are quite interesting. This paper clearly brings out the patches that need policy interventions.

Authors :
Akshay Dhume
Professor, Department of Economics, Alliance University, Bengaluru.

R. S. Deshpande
Former Director, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.5

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Rural Health Infrastructure in India – A Study in Selected Villages of Karnataka

By: V. Basil Hans

Page No : 72-82

Abstract
Health as a basic right is essential for the personal, social, economic and political development of every individual. Health is a valuable investment as well. It is more than 30 years since the member states of the World Health Organisation made an ambitious commitment to a global strategy of ‘Health for All by 2000 A.D.’ (i.e., HFA Goal), health as a basic right, and to the principles of primary health care. Moreover, health has no geographical boundaries. Good health like good governance has to be present everywhere in the form of good food and nutrition, health and best practices, and value orientation towards human dignity, including child protection and women empowerment. Thus, health is an inclusive problem for study and action. In India, despite modernisation and globalisation, good health infrastructure and services still seem to elude the countryside. Simply put, we need to address health problems at the village level. Health interventions are needed. Rural health services are essential to bring the rural folks to a more productive level and assimilate them in the national mainstream of manpower planning and human development. Every state must have this goal. The present study, however, is confined to one state, i.e. Karnataka. From the findings of the study, we can infer that there is a close relationship between rural economic development and health infrastructure. People take increasing interest in health promotion activities, but not always as resources are not adequate and accessible. There is inter-state, inter-district, inter-taluk, and inter-village disparities in this regard. It is only with the collaboration of the governments, private sector, and the third sector that we can make the much necessary headway. There should be no compromise on that.

Author :
V. Basil Hans
Retired Associate Professor, St Aloysius Evening College, Mangalore.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.6

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Infrastructure Development in Chennai Automotive Components Industry Cluster

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 83-96

Abstract
Chennai is nicknamed the ‘Detroit of Asia’ due to the presence of major automobile manufacturing units and allied industries around the city. The infrastructure of Ambattur, Thirumudivakkam and Thirumalisai Industrial Estates were required to be upgraded, and they formed the Chennai Auto Ancillary Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Company (CAAIIUC) for upgradation of the infrastructure of these three industrial estates. The CAAIIUC got funds under the Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Scheme (IIUS), DPIIT, Government of India and developed these three industrial estates, and utilized physical infrastructure and centralized facilities under the Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Scheme of the Government of India.
The objective was to perform a qualitative analysis of the CAAIIUC before and after the implementation of the IIUS Scheme. Qualitative data was collected from 100 industries using a questionnaire and analyzing the responses using Reliability Analysis, Descriptive Analysis, Factor Analysis, Correlation Analysis and Confirmatory Factory Analysis. Reliability Analysis proved that the data is excellent. Confirmatory Factory Analysis proved that the parameters on infrastructure, technology, procurement, production and marketing interrelationships are significant. There is a high degree of linkage between infrastructure and the other interrelationships like procurement, technology, production and marketing. Due to the implementation of the cluster development approach, the selling price of auto components of individual enterprises will decrease and they will be able to compete in the global market. The costs of marketing, infrastructure development, human resources, raw material and production will decrease and there will be an increase in the profit/turnover.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.7

Price: 251

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An Assessment of Infrastructural Development and Enrollment in Elementary Education in Odisha

By: Himani Majhi , Minati Mallick

Page No : 97-106

Abstract
Being an important component of the Human Development Index, education plays a very important role in the economic progress of an economy. The right to education has been enshrined as a fundamental right in the Constitution of India, which states that: “the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children aged six to fourteen years in such a manner as the state may, by law, determine.” Both the central and the state governments have been paying increased attention to the need to provide “education for all”. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is one of the flagship programmes of Government of India, which has been implemented in all the 30 districts of Odisha since 2001 in order to achieve universal elementary education. Availability of physical infrastructure is crucial for ensuring quality in elementary education. In this back drop an attempt has been made in the present study to construct a physical infrastructure index for government and private schools across the districts of Odisha, while assessing the role this plays in improving the enrolment (using secondary data collected from the report of DISE for the year 2014-15).

Authors :
Himani Majhi
Research Scholar, PG Department of Economics, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanjdeo University, India.

Minati Mallick
Associate Professor, PG Department of Economics, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanjdeo University, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.8

Price: 251

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Impact of Adequacy of Social Infrastructure on Social Development in Uttar Pradesh

By: Sarvesh , Karuna Shanker Kanaujiya , Abhishek Singh

Page No : 107-120

Abstract
Infrastructure is the prerequisite for the development of any economy. It is difficult to imagine the modern world without basic facilities. Education is a human right while health is a human need. Both education and health are necessary for human emancipation and the social development of regions. Among the various elements of the basic structural characteristics, health and education levels are the best showcases of regional development due to their dual functions as cause and effect of modernization. The proposed study establishes the relationship between social infrastructure and social development using the infant mortality rate (IMR) and literacy rate of Uttar Pradesh, and also attempts to find out the cause-effect relation between both.

Authors :
Sarvesh
Research Scholar, Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Commerce, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India.

Karuna Shanker Kanaujiya
Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Commerce, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India.

Abhishek Singh
Research Scholar, Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Commerce, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.9

Price: 251

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Effect of COVID-19 on Manufacturing MSMEs in Bangalore

By: Bhoomika Lakshminarayana , Theresa Nithila Vincent , Lakshmi Bhooshetty , Enu Chalissery

Page No : 121-131

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the functioning of enterprises and posed a significant effect on the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector. This research intends to explore the effect of COVID-19 on the manufacturing MSMEs in Bangalore by studying the key performance indicators, namely, Labour, Revenue, Production and Supply Chain. The study also tries to determine the extent to which manufacturing MSMEs benefitted from government relief packages. The paper followed a mixed-method approach and employed the indexing method by assigning index scores to draw inferences about the level of effect caused by COVID-19 on the KPIs of manufacturing MSMEs. Primary data was collected from MSME owners through a structured online questionnaire. The government and the policymakers can use this research to draw insights and reinforce MSMEs in the short and long term.

Authors :
Theresa Nithila Vincent
Professor and Head, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

Bhoomika Lakshminarayana
Scholar, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

Lakshmi Bhooshetty
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

Enu Chalissery
Scholar, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.10

Price: 251

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Jul-2022 to Sep-2022

Productivity Linkage of India’s Export Competitiveness with Free Trade Agreement Partners

By: Kashika Arora , Biswajit Nag

Page No : 133-142

Abstract
This paper makes an attempt to link export performance with productivity, using Indian data, to assess whether sectors with higher comparative advantage in the FTA partner markets have experienced increased productivity over the years. Changes in exports are then correlated with changes in productivity. The sectors to be studied were identified after calculating the Bilateral Revealed Comparative Advantage (BRCA), and productivity using Data Envelop Analysis (DEA). Malmquist Productivity Index at the sectoral level was used to calculate Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth. The findings from the paper reveal that though it is natural that due to intense competition at the international level, productive firms will survive; in reality, a few other factors play an important role. A labourabundant country tends to specialise in labour-intensive sectors, but due to low penetration of technology, its TFP growth is slower. Price advantages received by firms are solely due to cheaper labour costs. These firms face challenges in reaping the benefits from economies of scale, which is possible only when the scale of operations is larger, along with higher productivity. Also, the relationship between export competitiveness and productivity tends to ignore various forms of trade barriers. The introduction of new forms of non-tariff barriers mars productivity benefits. Regulatory barriers, licensing, etc. play an important role and productivity growth requires concurrent adherence to such barriers for higher exports.

Authors :
Kashika Arora
Consultant, Ministry of Commerce, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi.

Biswajit Nag
Professor, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.1

Price: 251

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Are Indian Agricultural Commodities Competitive under the ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement?

By: Subhash Jagdambe , Rajesh Raushan

Page No : 143-155

Abstract
The inclusion of the agricultural sector under the free trade agreement (FTA) has been a topic of discussion since its inception. This study addresses the question of whether the Indian agricultural commodities are competitive under the ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement (AIFTA). It relies on the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) data for ASEAN and India between the years 2001 and 2021. Methodologically, the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) index value was calculated to evaluate the competitiveness of India on 15 selected agricultural commodities. The study reveals that India has comparative advantage at the aggregate level but there are strong variations across the commodities at a disaggregate level. Commodities such as meat, spices, and cotton products were found to have strong comparative advantage reflecting India’s future export potential in the ASEAN market. On the contrary, commodities like diary, edible fruit coffee, soya-bean and palm oil products were found to be at a comparative disadvantage in the ASEAN market over the study period. There is a need to reframe the Indian agricultural trade policy and priority should be given to the exportoriented, high-value goods for augmenting competitiveness with the ASEAN countries in the future. 

Authors :
Subhash Jagdambe
Assistant Professor, Balurghat Mahila Mahavidayalya, Dakshin Dinajpur, West Bengal, India.

Rajesh Raushan
Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Dalit Studies (IIDS), New Delhi, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.2

Price: 251

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Proposed India-UK Free Trade Agreement: Estimating Potential Export Gains for India

By: Rinku Manocha , Niti Bhasin

Page No : 156-168

Abstract
In view of the consistent efforts of India and UK to negotiate a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), the paper attempts to estimate the potential export gains for India from the proposed India-UK FTA. The trends of India’s exports to the UK have been analysed using compound annual growth rate. To estimate the potential short- and long-run impact of the FTA on India’s exports to the UK, the ARDL framework has been employed. The results indicate that market size and liberal trade policies are contributing to India-UK exports in the long-run. The tariff imposed by the UK on India’s exports was found to be negative and significant, both for the long- and short-run, thereby suggesting that reduction or removal of tariffs due to the FTA will significantly enhance trade gains for India.

Authors :
Rinku Manocha
Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Hindu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi.

Niti Bhasin
Professor (International Business), Programme Coordinator: MBA (IB), Department of Commerce, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.3

Price: 251

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The Impact of Regional Trade Agreements on Trade between India and Belt and Road Initiative Nations

By: Hajra Manzoor , Parvez Ahmad Mir

Page No : 169-176

Abstract
This article evaluates the influence of regional trade agreements (RTAs) and international borders on international trade between India and the BRI nations using the structural gravity framework. The methodology utilised in this research produces robust results by accounting for endogeneity, RTA phasing-ins, multilateral impacts, and multiple estimation techniques. This analysis demonstrates that the influence of RTAs on trade among India and the BRI countries becomes minimal when the consequences of globalization are considered. Furthermore, the diminishing influence of international borders on trade flow among member countries shows that more trade being facilitated between open economies.
 

Authors :
Hajra Manzoor
Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Islamic University of Science and Technology, India.

Parvez Ahmad Mir
Associate Professor, Department of Management Studies, Islamic University of Science and Technology, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.4

Price: 251

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An Empirical Analysis of India’s Apparel and Textile Export Policies and Trade Agreements

By: Chandra Prabha , S N Jha

Page No : 177-185

Abstract
This study emphasizes the policies, strategies, trade agreements, and export promotional activities undertaken by the Indian government to develop the Apparel and Textile Industry. The government’s emphasis is on improving textile manufacturing by building the best quality manufacturing capability, improving technology that fosters creativity, and enhancing competencies and conventional strengths in the textile sector to ensure inclusive and participatory growth for India. The primary data has been collected through a questionnaire to analyze exporters’ views and opinions on various issues related to government textile policies, promotional strategies, impact of national and international affairs on the textile export market, and on questions about problems and suggestions.

Authors :
Chandra Prabha
Former Research Scholar, Banaras Hindu University.

S N Jha
Faculty of Commerce, Banaras Hindu University.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.5

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The Performance of Tirupur Knitwear Cluster on Trade Agreements

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 186-198

Abstract
The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME), Government of India (GoI) is adopting a cluster development approach for enhancing the productivity and competitiveness of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) and their collective. The Knitwear Cluster in Tirupur was formed during 2003 having MSEs with many interventions by UNIDO and Government of India as well as Government of Tamil Nadu under IIUS and MSE-CDP. The objectives of this research article are: to study the Business Analytics Performance of Tirupur Knitwear Cluster in areas such as diagnostic analysis, descriptive analysis, predictive analysis and prescriptive analysis; to study the diagnostic analysis based on UNIDO intervention in before and after Cluster Development Approach (CDA) to improve the efficiency of the industries, to study the descriptive analysis performance of knitwear export between Government of India and Government of Tamil Nadu, to study the descriptive analysis and predictive analysis of knitwear export based on Number of Units, Employment, Production and Export; to study the prescriptive analysis based on regression analysis and SEM; and to study impact asssessment and make recommendations to exporters, state and the central government on improvements in exports based on trade agreements. The study results show that there is increase in number of units, employment, production and turnover after the adoption of CDA when compared to before CDA. Global market for the knitwear exports from India is estimated at around an average of Rs. 53,884 crores, and from Tamil Nadu it is INR 26,814.17 crores from the year 2016-17 to 2021-22. Recommendations include that further trade agreements should be made with other untapped countries to increase exports of India and that the Government of India and Government of Tamil Nadu should create cluster policies based on export consortia variables.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.6

Price: 251

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Trade Effects of Tariff Liberalization of India-UAE CEPA: An Examination

By: Saba Ismail , Shahid Ahmed

Page No : 199-216

Abstract
The present study investigates the effects of tariff liberalization under the India-UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) using a partial equilibrium tool, the WITS-SMART model, to analyse the potential trade effects, specifically trade creation, trade diversion, welfare and revenue effects. Trade effects are assessed at two stages of classification, i.e., the UNCTAD stages of processing classification of goods and the HS 6-digit level of classification. The study examines the potential trade effects of a 100-percent tariff reduction by India and UAE on imports from each other, at the UNCTAD-SOP classification and HS 6-digit level using the SMART Model. The simulation results reveal that the India-UAE CEPA will result in approximately 70% trade creation and 30% trade diversion. The study argues that the India-UAE CEPA will result in trade diversion from many developed countries and other GCC member states, among others. It is pertinent for other GCC countries to negotiate an India-GCC FTA or CEPA to avoid possible trade diversion as a result of the India-UAE CEPA. The results also reveal positive consumer surplus gains for India and the UAE through the CEPA. The study argues that tariff reduction on imports from each other will result in losses in budget revenue, more so for India. Despite all advantages and disadvantages, the results show that overall, trade relations between India and the UAE have improved over time, but there is a lot of untapped potential in order to achieve welfare gains for both trading partners. Finally, the study cautions about the implications of a sensitive list for trade effects and protection from misuse of the rules of origin in the CEPA. 

Authors :
Saba Ismail
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi.

Shahid Ahmed
Professor, Department of Economics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.7

Price: 251

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An Analysis of Productivity Trends in Indian Manufacturing Sector

By: Chandrima Sikdar , Priya Harikumar

Page No : 217-229

Abstract
Manufacturing sector in India has exhibited a rather stagnant growth over the years and has failed to create business and job opportunities, provide productive employment and drive exports. Against this backdrop, the present paper seeks to analyse the productivity performance of the sector during the last one-and-ahalf decade and identify the firm level characteristics impacting the productivity. Using industry level data from annual survey of industries and firm level data from CMIE prowess database, it is found that the manufacturing sector did experience growth in labour productivity and total factor productivity in some of the years during the period of study. However, the overall productivity growth has not been impressive in the sense that it lacked consistency and inclusivity. Examination of firm level characteristics reveals that features like size, R&D stock and age of firm have been the major drivers of growth. Hence, sectors characterised by large and technologically superior firms managed productivity growth while sectors with dominant share of smaller firms with lower R&D and technological capability have found this benefit elusive.

Authors :
Chandrima Sikdar
Professor, School of Business Management, NMIMS University, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India.

Priya Harikumar
Former Project Research Scholar and Former Student, Sarla Modi School of Economics, NMIMS University, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.8

Price: 251

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Productivity Enhancement and Water Saving by SRI: A Study of Canal Irrigated Area

By: G Karthiga Devi , A Narayanamoorthy , P Jothi , K S Sujitha

Page No : 230-238

Abstract
The new method of paddy cultivation known as the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) helps in saving water and increasing the productivity of paddy. SRI has been in practice over the last few years in India, but not many studies have attempted to find out whether the SRI method of paddy cultivation is useful to farmers in terms of saving water and increasing the yield of paddy, using data collected from canal irrigated areas. In this study, an attempt has been made to fill this gap using data collected from a total sample of 100 farmers from a district in the state of Tamil Nadu. The study shows that SRI farmers can save 33 percent on water, 26 percent on the cost of cultivation. Productivity can also be increased by about 48 percent, in comparison with non-SRI farmers.

Authors :
G Karthiga Devi
Research Scholar, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

A Narayanamoorthy
Senior Professor and Head, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

P Jothi
Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

K S Sujitha
Research Assistant, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.9

Price: 251

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Handicrafts, ODOP and Aspirational Districts: Qualitative Observations from the Field Survey

By: Roli Misra , Nagendra Kumar , Shivani Tewari

Page No : 239-244

Abstract
The new method of paddy cultivation known as the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) helps in saving water and increasing the productivity of paddy. SRI has been in practice over the last few years in India, but not many studies have attempted to find out whether the SRI method of paddy cultivation is useful to farmers in terms of saving water and increasing the yield of paddy, using data collected from canal irrigated areas. In this study, an attempt has been made to fill this gap using data collected from a total sample of 100 farmers from a district in the state of Tamil Nadu. The study shows that SRI farmers can save 33 percent on water, 26 percent on the cost of cultivation. Productivity can also be increased by about 48 percent, in comparison with non-SRI farmers.

Authors :
Roli Misra
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Lucknow.

Nagendra Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Economics, University of Lucknow.

Shivani Tewari
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Study Hall College, University of Lucknow.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.10

Price: 251

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Oct-2022 to Dec-2022

Indian Cooperatives Everywhere: An Assessment of Possibilities and Fiscal Options

By: Sundeep Kumar Nayak , K.T. Chhaneshappa , Ayasakanta Mohanty , P. K. Swain

Page No : 245-259

Abstract
The Cooperative movement in India in the British legal context, dates back to 1904, although the Vedas highlight the spirit of cooperation and prosperity on earth centuries ago. With the creation of an independent Ministry of Cooperation in the Central Government, this movement has received a big boost with right frameworks being put in place through a slew of strategic decisions. The focus is on primary cooperatives playing a frontal multi-activity role in transforming India’s rural economy, instead of the traditional focus on inputs such as credit, fertiliser, pesticides, etc. The scope of work of primary agricultural cooperative credit societies has been expanded through a model by-law to about 25 diverse business activities. Also, the aim is to set up 200,000 new and modern cooperatives across the country. This paper examines the context, opportunities and challenges in some sectoral types of cooperatives.
 

Authors :
Sundeep Kumar Nayak
PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

K.T. Chhaneshappa
Former Executive Director, National Cooperative Development Corporation, Ministry of Cooperation, New Delhi, India.

Ayasakanta Mohanty
Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

P. K. Swain
Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.1

Price: 500

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Time to Seize Opportunity Through an Understanding of E-Waste Management Systems

By: Raveesh Agarwal , Deepak Mahaur

Page No : 260-270

Abstract
Generally, e-waste is improperly handled by the unorganized sector in India due to a lack of expertise and knowledge. Setting up proper systems for handling and managing e-waste has been a major issue for stakeholders throughout the world. The objective of this paper is to study e-waste, its classification, understanding the levels of awareness about e-waste, people’s perception and issues related to the management of e-waste. Informal interactions were conducted in Bareilly and its surrounding areas to know more about the respondents’ understanding, perception and awareness of e-waste and its management systems.

Authors :
Raveesh Agarwal
Professor and Head, Department of Business Administration, Rajshree Institute of Management & Technology, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Deepak Mahaur
Assistant Professor, Rajshree Law College, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.2

Price: 500

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A Review of the Treatment of E-Waste in India

By: Arif Khan , Meena Murmu

Page No : 271-280

Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest growing waste sources in the country. The use of electronic equipment has risen exponentially as a result of the growth of the communications and information technology sector. Since e-waste contains hazardous materials, the huge deposition of electronic waste and its recycling for the extraction of valuable metals using primitive methods is a major concern in developing countries. Consumers are being forced to replace outdated gadgets due to their rapid obsolescence and subsequent upgrades, which generates massive amounts of e-waste into the solid waste stream. When toxic metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, and other electronic products are dumped, it contaminates the environment. Typically, non-biodegradable, toxic metals found in e-waste will have long-lasting harmful effects on the environment in general and our health in particular. Because of the toxic and other hazardous materials it contains, e-waste has grown to be both an immediate and long-term problem. Its uncontrolled and improper collection, recycling, and disposal can cause serious environmental issues that endanger not only the health of people and animals but also the environment. This paper attempts to analyse the situation of e-waste in India and mentions some innovative recycling methodologies and technologies that can be useful for the proper management of e-waste to ensure that it is either eliminated or minimally disposed of into the environment. The paper also focuses on the various management techniques for managing this toxic substance, as well as the health risks associated with e[1]waste.

 

Authors :
Arif Khan
Registrar, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

Meena Murmu
Assistant Professor, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.3

Price: 500

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The Role of E-Waste Management in India Achieving the SDGs

By: Neeta Saxena

Page No : 281-289

Abstract
India is galloping fast towards achieving development goals in all areas, leading to dangers arising from development plans. Large scale generation of “electronic waste” (hereafter referred to as e-waste), with the lack of effective and efficient methods to dispose of it, is among the bigger threats. Lifestyle changes in India have been a huge contributor in generating nearly 3 million tons of e-waste annually, making India the third largest producer of e-waste in the world after China and the US. However, the more serious matter of concern is the fact that less than 2 percent of its e-waste produced annually is recycled in the country, against the global figure of 20 percent. Further, given its harmful impact on both human and environmental health because of the lack of adequate and effective management, along with the possibilities and greater opportunities of producing recycled metals such as iron, steel, plastics, and other non-ferrous metals, the need of the hour is that significant policies and strategies should be framed, followed by strict implementation. India’s commitment to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 (namely, targets 3, 8, 11, 12, and 17) will directly or indirectly depend on India’s management of e-waste in the upcoming years. This study focuses on the importance of e-waste management in achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and also to suggest some strategies for adequate e-waste management in the future.

 

Author :
Neeta Saxena
Associate Professor, SAGE University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.4

Price: 500

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Solutions and Strategies for Regulation of E-Waste Management

By: Lakshmi Priya Vinjamuri , Aghanaashaa A

Page No : 290-302

Abstract
Sustainability must be realized holistically in this era of rapid technological advancements, with a focus on the various processes that generate by-products that have a deleterious and devastating impact on the environment as a whole.
Industrialization and globalization have their advantages as well as challenges in terms of handling aspects that have a huge and drastic impact on sustainability. Electronic waste (e-waste) is a critical issue these days, leading to excessive pollution of both biotic and abiotic components, but is not a matter of debate to the same extent as climate change, greenhouse gas emissions and increased carbon footprint.
This paper focuses on solutions to curb, control, and contain electronic waste. There are two dimensions to this paper, it describes an application as well as the legal protocols that are to be implemented globally in order to address the environmental impact of e-waste and its subsequent strategic management.

 

Authors :
Lakshmi Priya Vinjamuri
Associate Professor, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University, Uttarakhand, India.

Aghanaashaa A
Software Engineer, Nine Leaps Technologies, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.5

Price: 500

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High Obsolescence Level of E-Waste among Rural and Urban Household Consumers in Kerala: Key Facts

By: Shibulal A. L. , K. S. Chandrasekar

Page No : 303-312

Abstract
E-Waste is an emerging environmental problem in India and the rest of the world. It is a paradox of a sort as e-waste has both beneficial and harmful effects. The sudden growth of the IT and electronics industries, changing lifestyles of people, availability of low priced electronic gadgets, technological advancements, among others, have led to increased use of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) in India. The existing conditions are also instrumental in the state of Kerala becoming one of the fastest e-waste generating states in India. The total waste stream from obsolete EEE is normally generated from household and institutional consumers. A pilot study of scrap dealers of Kerala revealed that the majority of WEEE was generated by household consumers across rural and urban areas of the state. This is the right period to filter the major factors leading to the high obsolescence rate of this ‘new generation waste’ in Kerala. The study was conducted among 400 household consumers across Kerala. This descriptive study, which shows the awareness level of household consumers towards e-waste generation and handling, contributes considerably to research on the generation of electrical and electronic wastes (WEEE).

 

Authors :
Shibulal A. L.
Associate Professor & HoD, Mohandas Institute of Management, MCET, APJAK Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

K. S. Chandrasekar
Senior Professor & HoD, Institute of Management in Kerala, SBM&LS, University of Kerala, Kariyavattom campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.6

Price: 500

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Problems of E-Waste Management in the NCR: An Enviro-Legal Human Rights Study

By: Vaibhav Goel Bhartiya , Apeksha Chaudhary , Afreen Almas

Page No : 313-331

Abstract
‘Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam’. The meaning of this famous Sanskrit phrase is that the whole world is one family, which is what the world is becoming. In this era of modernization and information technology, people are becoming more connected with each other. This has been made possible with the discovery of long waveradio frequency, broadband spectrums, etc. Inventions like the television, radio, mobile phones and computers have made our lives easier. We are heading towards a better quality and higher standard of life. However, we must pay the price of all this development in the form of destruction of the environment. When electronic products become obsolete, they fall under the category of e-waste, whichis a major concern for all countries at present. Man creates and moldshis environment which sustains and leads to “intellectual, social, moral and spiritual growth” (UN, 1972, p. 3). The preservation and conservation of environment is therefore necessary if humanity has to survive. Developing countries face enormous challenges related to the generation and management of e-waste which iseither internally generated or imported illegally, with India being no exception. Informal processing of electronic waste in developing countries causes serious health and pollution problem.

 

Authors :
Vaibhav Goel Bhartiya
Dean, Faculty of Law, Subharti Law College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Apeksha Chaudhary
Assistant Professor, Institute of Legal Studies, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut. Uttar Pradesh, India.

Afreen Almas
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Subharti Law College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut. Uttar Pradesh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.7

Price: 500

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Perceived Management of Emotions and Satisfaction with Job of Sales Representatives

By: Jahanvi Bansal , Sapna Rana

Page No : 332-342

Abstract
Every day, sales representatives experience intense multifaceted emotions that bring along a lot of provocations. Simultaneously, today’s customers are more conversant, challenging, and less patient than before, making it difficult for sales representatives to gauge their emotional intelligence. The stiff sales environment further creates mental pressure that disrupts the routine functioning and job satisfaction of sales representatives. This calls for the study of the psychological processes underlying employees’ perceptions of satisfaction with their job; which has not been given comprehensive consideration in past research. This paper extends this idea by touching on the origin and progression of emotional intelligence over time and the relational analysis of one of its key sub-sets namely, management of emotions with job satisfaction. For statistical analysis, tools including EFA, CFA, correlation, and linear regression were employed on a sample of 424 respondents based out of the Delhi/National Capital Region (NCR). Empirical analysis indicated a significant and positive association between perceived management of emotions and satisfaction with job of sales representatives.

 

Authors :
Jahanvi Bansal
Associate Professor, Shri Jaysukhlal Vadhar Institute of Management (JVIMS), Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.

Sapna Rana
Assistant Professor, KIIT College of Engineering, Gurugram, Haryana, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.8

Price: 500

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Role of Geography in Structural Transformation: The Story of Indian States

By: Chhaya Singh

Page No : 343-354

Abstract
Economic activity as a measure of development is generally estimated in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). But the propriety of GDP as a measure of development has been subject to debate. Different theoretical as well as empirical evidences have hinted towards a relationship between geography and economic growth. This paper attempts to test the geographical proximity hypothesis (i.e., economic growth of a region is determined by its geography in general, and its proximity to other developing or under developed regions in particular) in context of India. This paper argues that the growth rate of a region is determined by the proximity to developed or under-developed states and such clusters of proximate states grow together as a whole. This inference has huge policy implications and makes a favourable case for inclusion of geography as a significant determinant of economic growth.

 

Author :
Chhaya Singh
Assistant Director, Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, New Delhi, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.9

Price: 500

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Optimization and Study of Wear Behaviour of Carbon Fibre PLA parts produced by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D Printer

By: SK. R.S. Mahaboob Ali

Page No : 355-364

Abstract
The present work is an examination of the effect of wear test parameters, viz., track diameter, load and speed on the wear rate of carbon fibre PLA. The specimens for wear test were designed as per the ASTM-G99 type 1 standard. They were printed by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) process by considering one of the best combinations of its parameters viz., layer thickness, in fill pattern and extrusion temperature. The wear testing was conducted on the specimens using pin on disc Tribometer by considering three levels of each of the wear test parameters. Wear tests were designed according to L9 orthogonal array. The results were analysed using Taguchi analysis (DOE) on the MINITAB-19 software and it was found that the track diameter is the most significant parameter with respect to wear of carbon fibre PLA. The results of the interaction plot of S/N ratios of wear show that there is a substantial influence of interactions between track diameter and speed, and speed and load on the wear of carbon fibre PLA. But little effect was observed on the wear of carbon fibre PLA as far as the interaction between track diameter and load is considered.

Authors :
V. Durga Prasada Rao
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

N. Harsha
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

SK. M.Z.M. Saqheeb Ali
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

SK. R.S. Mahaboob Ali
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.10

Price: 500

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Migration from India to Gulf Countries: An Analysis from Root to Destinations

By: SK. R.S. Mahaboob Ali

Page No : 365-373

Abstract
This study examines the determinants of labour migration from India to the Gulf countries by exploring facts about working and living conditions of migrant labourers in Mumbai and the United Arab Emirates. Hence, field work was conducted in India as well as the United Arab Emirates between 2017 and 2019. The paper covered a total of 540 migrant labourers including 180 international return migrant labourers at root in Uttar Pradesh, another 180 migrant labourers from North India in Mumbai and 180 Indian migrant labourers in the United Arab Emirates. The methodology used in this paper is mixed method approach at root in Uttar Pradesh and qualitative study design at both internal and international destinations, namely, Mumbai and United Arab Emirates respectively. It was observed that internal migration leads to international migration; both types of migration are the result of similar economic and non-economic causes. Migrant labourers find similar working and living conditions in Mumbai and the United Arab Emirates.

 

Authors :
Mohammed Taukeer
Research Fellow, The International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.11

Price: 500

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Jan- to Mar-2023

Potential of India’s Future Workforce

By: A Srija

Page No : 375-388

Abstract 
India is one of the developing countries with a demographic advantage recognized almost two decades ago. However, has India been able to transform this demographic advantage into human capital to achieve an inclusive and sustainable economic growth? In this paper we are trying to look at the strengths of our existing workforce, identify the gaps existing in the reach of our social programs for enhancing the educational and skill levels of our workforce of the future, and the path to be followed for building our potential human capital for achieving a faster and equitable distribution of the benefits of economic growth.

Author :
A Srija : Economic Advisor, Department of School Education & Literacy, Ministry of Education, New Delhi, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.1

Price: 251

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Missing Women in the Labour Force: Detrimental to India’s Growth

By: Monika Singh , Charan Singh

Page No : 389-396

Abstract
Since 2005, India has been witnessing a continuous downward trajectory in its already low female labour force participation rate (FLPR). In 2021, India’s FLPR declined even below the rates of our neighbouring countries - Pakistan and Bangladesh. Mechanization in agriculture, lack of job opportunities in semi-urban areas, regressive socio-cultural factors, lack of frequent transportation, and lack of affordable child care are some of the reasons for such a low and declining FLPR. Increasing FLPR has both social as well as economic benefits. Higher participation of women can improve the nation’s aggregate economic productivity by ensuring optimum utilization of human talent and ensuring diversity in the workplace. High FLPR can also help in improving development indicators like child nutrition, and women empowerment.

Authors :
Monika Singh : Assistant Director, NITI Aayog, New Delhi, India.
Charan Singh : CEO, Foundation for Economic Growth and Welfare, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.2

Price: 251

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Female Labor Force Participation and Labour Productivity: A Preliminary Analysis

By: Laxmi Narayan

Page No : 397-409

Abstract
The recent trends in female labour force participation have garnered considerable attention among policymakers and research scholars in India, primarily because of the sudden and significant falls in female labour force participation rates in the presence of many enabling factors, particularly the growth of the GDP. Studies on the falling rates have examined many underlying ‘pull and push’ factors but few of them have analysed the role of productivity. This study attempts to have a preliminary understanding of the role of labour productivity on the female labour force participation in India using cross-section and panel data. The study found a link between labour productivity and wages which could impact female labour force participation. The paper found that the FLFPR function for the rural and urban sectors is markedly different from each other and hence, should be studied separately.

Author :
Laxmi Narayan : Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Govt. College, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.3

Price: 251

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Agricultural Workforce in India: Emerging Trends, Issues and Policy Implications

By: Deepak Shah

Page No : 410-416

Abstract 
The country has witnessed large scale shifting of labour from the agricultural sector during the last three decades, resulting in cost escalation in crop production. The major factors responsible for migration include better opportunities in alternate sectors, higher wages, better living conditions, and uninterrupted work opportunities. This calls for prevention of labour migration, which requires a number of measures like effective implementation of a minimum wage act, improving working conditions, health care, social security, skill development, etc. The policy measures initiated to address these issues will not only help in developing agricultural sector but also the overall growth of the economy.

Author :
Deepak Shah : Professor, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (Deemed to be a University), Deccan Gymkhana, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.4

Price: 251

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Impact of Psychological Well-being on Employee Performance and Productivity

By: Fayaz Ahmad , Ishfaq Bashir

Page No : 417-427

Abstract
This paper intends to identify the key factors of employee engagement and well-being as antecedents to employee performance and the resultant impact on employee productivity. The study is empirical in nature and simple random sampling was used for data collection with the private sector of the state of Jammu & Kashmir as the universe. A total of 550 questionnaires were distributed and 513 valid responses collected. Regression and structural equation modelling (SEM) were used to predict and estimate the relationship. The findings from the study reveal that all identified factors are predictors of psychological well-being (r2 = 0.46), however, the variables that have a major impact are environmental mastery. autonomy, and self-acceptance. Psychological well-being has a significant impact on employee performance (r2 = 0.42). This study contributes to both theory and practice by investigating the impact of psychological well-being on employee performance and productivity in private sector undertakings.

Authors :
Fayaz Ahmad : Professor & Dean, School of Business Studies, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
Ishfaq Bashir : Research Scholar in Management, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.5

Price: 251

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The Economic Cost of Stereotypes, Stigma, and the Exclusion of LGBTQ Workforce: The Indian Context

By: Soumi Rai , Shalini S Gopalkrishnan

Page No : 428-436

Abstract 
The LGBTQ community has historically been a significant stakeholder in the diverse social fabric of India. With the advent of the British rule, this vulnerable group was marginalized, outlawed and their conduct subject to criminal law under IPC Section 377 (Indian Police Code) that continued well into 21st century India; an abhorring act that was repealed by the Supreme Court of India after a protracted legal battle by the community. We focus on the inclusivity and dignity of the marginalized groups in the workforce contrasting their growth and progress in the backdrop of a developing economic powerhouse. We review literature across sectors including policies and legislation of the Indian Government to understand the challenges being faced by this community in their struggle for acceptance and dignity in the Indian workforce. We also highlight the preliminary efforts made by several organizations towards restoration of the fundamental citizenship rights and dignity of the LGBTQ community. The paper concludes with implementable action points for the Indian corporate sector, in line with enhancing inclusivity for this social group and other marginalized communities.

Authors :
Soumi Rai : Senior Associate Professor, NICMAR University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Shalini S Gopalkrishnan : Visiting Professor, Golden Gate University, CA, USA and Middlebury Institute, Monterey, Canada.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.6

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Work Force Efficiency in the Safety Match Clusters

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 437-456

Abstract
India, one of the largest manufacturers of matchboxes, produces about 4 crore boxes per day. There is a need to study the technical efficiency of the workforce of the Safety Match Clusters (SMC) in Tamil Nadu. The objective is to study the physical and financial performance, and technical efficiency of four SMCs in Tamil Nadu. The methodology consists of collection of primary data for various periods from 2016-17 to 2020-21 and secondary data from SMC officials. The input variables are Units, Employment and Investment, whereas the output variables are Production and Turnover. Data was analysed for ascertaining the technical efficiency of 4 SMCs before and after the implementation of the Cluster Development Approach (CDA), using the output-oriented Banker, Charnes, and Cooper (BCC) model of DEA, output-orientated Malmquist DEA, and stochastic frontier analysis. The study concluded that three clusters are highly efficient, but one needs improvement in workforce and investment to increase turnover. The Malmquist Index Summary of Firm Means indicates an efficiency change of 22% and pure efficiency change of 26%. As per the stochastic frontier equation To=-10.51-0.90En+4.34 In, with a unit increase in employment, the turnover decreases by 0.9 units which is insignificant, and for every unit increase in investment on machinery, the turnover increases by 4.4 units which is significant. The workforce needs further improvement for one firm, whereas the other three are highly efficient.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.7

Price: 251

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Bridging the Skill Gap Through Internships: Stakeholders Theory Perspective

By: R. Belinda

Page No : 457-464

Abstract
The skill gap among the youth of today is widening and is resulting in unemployability. It is time to revisit the education system and work strategies to develop employability skills among students. One such strategy can be incorporating internships in the curriculum at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels across disciplines. While offering an internship course, it is of utmost importance that the stakeholders involved, namely the primary stakeholders, which include the interning student, the Higher Educational Institution (HEI) and the organisation in which the intern is placed, should maintain continuous communication through which all three of them benefit. This paper attempts to examine the perception of the stakeholders about bridging the skill gap through internships, and their advantages and challenges.

Author :
R. Belinda : Associate Prof. & Head, Dept. of Social Work (SFS), Madras Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.8

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Human Resource Management Practices as Determinants of Organizational Performance

By: Vandana Madhavkumar

Page No : 465-477

Abstract 
Human capital being unique and inimitable is a source of competitive advantage for organizations. Literature suggests that effective and well-established human resource management (HRM) practices help in better retention and utilization of human resources, thereby resulting in the improvement of the organizational performance overall. Most studies have examined the linkage between HRM practices and organizational performance in large organizations. Not much research is available on the effect of HR practices on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Coimbatore is an entrepreneurial hub, its industrial ecosystem dominated by SMEs, therefore, there is a need to explore the HR practices in the SMEs of Coimbatore. This study evaluates the relationship among HR practices and organizational performance of SMEs in Coimbatore. Data was collected from 200 SMEs that were members of the Coimbatore District Small Scale Industries Association (CODISSIA). It was found that HRM practices had a significant positive effect on organizational performance.

Author :
Vandana Madhavkumar : Associate Professor, GRG School of Management Studies, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.9

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Economic Analysis of Edible Sugarcane Cultivation under Drip and Non-drip Method of Irrigation in Tamil Nadu: A Field Level Study

By: P. Padmavathi

Page No : 478-485

Abstract
This article attempts to investigate the effects of growing edible sugarcane using the drip as well as the conventional irrigation method with the help of field-level survey data collected in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. This research investigates edible irrigated sugarcane in light of the rapid fall in irrigation water potential and low water-use efficiency in non-edible, flood-irrigated sugarcane cultivation. Using drip irrigation for growing edible sugarcane not only helps to conserve water, but also boosts crop yields. When comparing drip- and flood-irrigated edible sugarcane farming, the study indicated that the former used around 37 percent less water and the latter made about 103 percent more money. Also, compared with the more conventional flood method of irrigation (FMI), edible sugarcane grown with drip method of irrigation (DMI) reduces electricity costs by roughly 51 percent. DMI farmers had a higher gross cost of cultivation, water and electricity savings, gross value of output, productivity, and profitability from growing edible sugarcane. Finally, the study recommends that the benefits of sugarcane cultivation under drip irrigation be disseminated among farmers as soon as possible by bolstering quality extension service programmes, awareness campaigns, and providing extensive publicity on a continual basis to reduce farmer misery.

Author :
P. Padmavathi : Assistant Professor and Head, Department of Economics, VidhyaaGiri College of Arts and Science, Puduvayal, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.10

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Apr-2021 to Jun-2021

Trailing Towards Self-Reliance in Pulses in India

By: Monika Chauhan , D.P. Malik , Neeraj Pawar , Sanjay

Page No : 1-14

Abstract: Grain legumes are excellent sources of protein, dietary fibres, starch, micronutrients and vitamins particularly for economically poor section of population in India. The study is targeted to analyse the growth in area and production, demand, availability and trade of pulses in India and also to examine policy options for enhancing pulses production. Pulses reached an all-time high production level of 23.92 million tonnes in TE2018–19. Pulses production registered an annual increase of 3.84 per cent in nearly last two decades owing to the expanding area and better yield. Madhya Pradesh alone contributed about one-third (30.95%) of pulses production in India indicating a growth rate of 5.57 per cent. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh are sharing about 70 per cent of total pulses production in India. Chickpea, lentil and pigeon pea are greatly cultivated in these states having a dominant place in global production. Uttar Pradesh had indicated negative sign in pulses due to shifting of area towards wheat, paddy, oilseeds and sugarcane because of encouraging public policies and profitability. The chickpea area is mostly concentrated in central and southern region of India owing to evolution of short duration with tolerance of biotic and abiotic stresses. The net availability of pulses in India improved noticeably in recent years reaching to a level of 20.40 kg/year /capita as a result of higher internal production and large imports from North America, Russia, Australia, Myanmar and African nations. India imported one-fourth of total pulses production, mainly lentil, dry peas, pigeon pea, mung bean and urad bean to meet the rising demands of vegetarian population. India also exported Kabuli chickpea and organic pulses, a small portion of total production in Indian sub-continent, to African nations and Gulf countries.
For sustainable and higher production in India, concerted research efforts are required for development of cultivars having biotic and abiotic resistance with suitability for different agro-ecologies with continued support for adoption of improved production and protection technologies from various crop development programmes to realize higher farm yield. The additional area under pulses needs to be explored by extending cultivation in rice fallow areas in the eastern and coastal states, replacement with low productive crops, intercropping and cultivation on farm. Besides, robust market mechanism, price deficiency payment mechanism, lower limit of hoarding, proper storage facilities and creation of buffer stock, lucrative MSP and value addition are also required for sustaining pulses production in India. The PPP model and formation of FPOs for pulses should be extended to harvest higher yield and to benefit resource-poor pulse growers by undertaking activities such as assembling, processing, retailing etc. and also through collective bargaining. The pulses should be included in TDPS, MDM and SNP programmes to address nutrient deficiency and better accessibility of pulses to the under privileged sections of population.

Authors :
D.P. Malik
Professor and Head, Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004.

Neeraj Pawar
Assistant Scientist (Agricultural Economics), Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004.

Monika Devi
Assistant Scientist (Statistics), Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004.

Sanjay
Assistant Scientist (Agricultural Economics), Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.1

Price: 251

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Poverty and Food Insecurity in India: Exploring Linkages between Ownership Rights to Women Farmers and Food Security

By: Seema Mallik

Page No : 15-23

Abstract
Despite rapid economic growth since the 1990s and agricultural reforms, India continues to be home to the largest number of the poor and the hungry in the world. Food security continues to elude large sections of vulnerable population, particularly in rural India. Different welfare schemes that have been initiated have increased their dependency on the government. As agriculture continues to be the backbone of rural economy employing the largest chunk of the population, despite its contribution to the GDP falling, the paper argues that agriculture and its allied activities need to be strengthened not only to feed millions but to ensure self-reliance of rural India. Further, as there is an increase of women–headed households and the feminization of agriculture, empowerment of women is crucial in reducing poverty and dependency in the rural economy while also ensuring food security. In this regard, the paper argues that ownership rights of land and other resources of production to women will empower them socially and economically, and increase their decision-making powers in family and community. These entitlements will build their capabilities and ensure food security, wherein family gets access to food and nutrition.

Author :
Seema Mallik
Faculty, Department of Political Science, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.2

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Agro-ecosystem Based Approaches for Sustainable Enhancement of Rice Productivity in Kerala

By: B.Shanmugasundaram , Neetha Rose

Page No : 24-31

Abstract
Agro-ecosystems provide various benefits termed as ecosystem services. Currently, more than 60 percent of ecosystem services supply is facing destruction or degradation. Rice is the staple crop of Kerala, cultivated in 7 diversified agro-ecosystems. The area and production under rice cultivation experienced a steep fall while productivity improved at a slow pace. This situation aggravated the problems such as food insecurity, poor profitability, environmental and ecological issues. Keeping in view the ecological significance and multifunctionality of rice ecosystems, the agro-ecosystem based approaches are best as it balances economic and ecological effects.

Authors :
B.Shanmugasundaram
Professor (Agricultural Extension), Division of Social Science, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala.

Neetha Rose
Asst Professor (Agricultural Economics), Division of Social Science, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.3

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One District One Product (ODOP) Scheme: A Tale of Two Agricultural Products in Eastern Uttar Pradesh

By: Roli Misra , Nagendra Kumar , Shivani Tewari

Page No : 32-42

Abstract
Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in the country, dominated by agrarian activities, continues to be backward in the national context and also in intra-state comparisons. The Eastern U.P. comprising of 28 districts is officially designated as the most backward region in Uttar Pradesh and each district faces situational factors of development which are unique to it. In 2018, the government of Uttar Pradesh came out with a unique scheme ‘One District One Product (ODOP)’ which was launched in 75 districts of the state. This scheme’s purpose is to encourage a district-specific product, either agricultural or craft-based, which has the potential to increase employment and means of livelihood. In this backdrop, this study attempts to analyze the impact of the ODOP scheme in increasing productivity of agricultural goods, generating employment and enhancing incomes of the beneficiaries in two aspirational districts of the Eastern Uttar Pradesh, namely, Balrampur and Siddharthnagar.The ODOP products of these two districts are Masoor Dal (Red Lentil) and Kalanamak rice, respectively. This study utilizes data collected through a field survey in the selected districts through a structured questionnaire. The study takes a qualitative and case study approach to analyze the problems and prospects in implementation of the ODOP scheme and suggest some policy interventions for making it a game changer in the upliftment of the beneficiaries of ODOP products.

Authors :
Roli Misra
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Lucknow.

Nagendra Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Economics, University of Lucknow.

Shivani Tewari
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Study Hall College, University of Lucknow.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.4

Price: 251

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The Performance of Paddy and Rice Mill Cluster in Thanjavur District of Tamil Nadu

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 43-54

Abstract
Micro and Small Manufacturing Enterprises (MSMEs) in Thanjavur who mill rice have to depend on the common facility centre to increase their value addition and productivity by adopting a cluster development approach. They formed the Paddy and Rice Mill Cluster (PRMC) to make use of the common facility centre through interrelationships for cost minimization and profit maximization by converting paddy into rice.The objective is to study the Difference in Differences (DID) on the control and experimental variables on productivity after Government of India and Tamil Nadu Policy Intervention on PRMC. The methodology adopted is collection of data from 27 rice mill manufacturers and performing statistical analyses like CAGR, Descriptive, Correlation, Trend, Regression Analysis and also Structural Equation Modelling. Physical performance is an increasing trend for a number of units, employment and machinery and also for financial performance like turnover as per increasing CAGR. To conclude, the control group (who have not adopted the Cluster Development Approach) and the treatment group (who did adopt Cluster Development Approach) exhibit difference in differences on units, employment, machinery, and turnover. There is an increase in the utilization of the resources of the Common Facility Centre by the experimental group, which has resulted in a productivity increase.The cluster approach has been beneficial to the Paddy and Rice Mill Cluster members, by enabling their utilization of better infrastructure, procurement, technology, production and marketing technologies.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.5

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Climate Resilient Participatory Farming System Design for Sustainability and Livelihood Security in Cauvery Delta of Tamil Nadu, India

By: Kathiresan Ramanathan

Page No : 55-63

Abstract
Integrated fish polyculture and poultry rearing, directly in the transplanted rice fields, through the Annamalai Rice + Fish + Poultry design was upscaled for participatory on-farm research. This model was adopted in 200 m2 area of individual holdings by 300 wetland rice farmers in Tamil Nadu. Three model clusters, each comprising three villages with 100 farmers were formed in Tamil Nadu. The results proved that the livelihoods of farmers increased by 80 per cent (INR 25,516). On an average, manurial addition by poultry to rice was around 8 tonnes/ha/season displacing the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Additional employment generation was 219 mandays/ year. A total of 5,46,500 kg of broiler meat and 1,67,500 kg of fish were produced from these clusters in a three year duration. The average rice productivity for the 300 farm holdings from three districts increased by 9.38 percent.

Author :
Kathiresan Ramanathan
Professor of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram.

 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.6

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A Study on Kisan Credit Card Scheme in Rayagada District of Odisha

By: Kathiresan Ramanathan , N V J Rao

Page No : 64-76

Abstract
This study is totally based on the Kisan credit card scheme, which is very helpful to introduce the various features, importance, objectives, technical feasibility, financial viability and common as well as official documents that are required under this scheme. The model was being prepared by NABARD on the recommendations of the R.V. Gupta committee. This study was intended to evaluate the association between the level of productivity and size of land holdings of the beneficiaries of the Kisan credit card scheme, to find out the association between the levels of income and size of landholdings of the beneficiaries, as well as to find out the relationship between the level of productivity and level of income of the beneficiaries. This research-based study was conducted by adopting interview-based schedule randomly from the 140 respondents who are the beneficiaries under the Kisan credit card scheme of Rayagada district of Odisha. The researcher employed Chi-Square test as well as the Spearman rank correlation test by employing SPSS software to examine the hypothesized relationship. The conclusion suggests that “the different level of productivities” and “the different levels of the size of land holdings” as well as the significant association between the two variables such as “the different level of incomes” and “different size of land holdings” of the beneficiaries under this scheme by employing the Chi-Square test and at last there is a significant positive relationship between “the different level of incomes” and “the different levels of the size of landholding” of the beneficiaries under the Kisan credit card scheme of Rayagada District of Odisha.

Authors :
Karteek Madapana
Research Scholar, School of Management Studies, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha.

N V J Rao
Principal Research Guide, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.7

Price: 251

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Development-Induced Displacement of People in Post-Independence India: Some Facts

By: Bhaskar Majumder

Page No : 77-85

Abstract
While land acquisition in the early stages of development in post-independence India did not face public resistance, the same action in the recent past raised questions on the nature of development, for, it started being realized that the development was also displacing people dependent on land for livelihood. Based on five selected recent examples in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in India, we explored how far it was development-oriented and to what extent it had adverse impact on the land-dependent marginalized sections in India’s rural economy. What we observed was that not only the owners of cultivable land were dispossessed of land but also the wage-workers on land lost the opportunity to remain engaged on land. The paper concludes with some recommendations.

Author :
Bhaskar Majumder
G. B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.8

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Environmental Attitudes and Behaviours Among Adolescents in Kerala

By: Nirmala Padmanabhan , Raisa Sherif

Page No : 86-95

Abstract
This paper studies environmental attitudes and behaviours among adolescents using a survey of over 3,000 students from thirty schools in Kerala. The survey scale is adapted from the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) scale, modified to fit the sample age group and environmental issues of Kerala. The results indicate that respondents on average have high levels of environmental awareness and hold beliefs that are consistent with protecting the environment, but falls short of translating them to environmental behaviors that are measured. Closing this gap between awareness and actions is critical to address rising environment challenges.

Authors :
Nirmala Padmanabhan
Associate Professor in Department of Economics, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam, India.

Raisa Sherif
PhD student at the Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance, Munich Graduate School of Economics, University of Munich, Germany.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.9

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An Empirical Study on The Impact of Passenger Loyalty Program on Passenger Retention with Reference to Air India

By: N. V. Suresh , S. Bhavadharani

Page No : 96-102

Abstract
The customer loyalty program has been used as a marketing tool to build strong relationships between a company and its customers. This program is used in many sectors like retail shops, hospitality industries, etc. The aviation industry also utilizes a passenger loyalty program which is referred to as the frequent flyer program. This study attempts to research how airlines gain passengers using this program with reference to Air India. As a famous full-service airline, Air India has its own frequent flyer program named Flying Returns. Data was collected from a sample of 100 Air India passengers from southern India selected using the snowball sampling method. Descriptive research was performed on the data. SPSS was used for analysis and interpretation. The findings from this research will be useful for Air India.

Authors :
N. V. Suresh
Assistant Professor and Head of the Department Remo International College, Chennai.

S. Bhavadharani
Student, Remo International College, Chennai.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.10

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Jul-2021 to Sep-2021

 

Technology, Productivity Growth, and Productivity-Employment Trade-offs

By: Arup Mitra

Page No : 103-111

Abstract
The paper tries to reflect on the concept of total factor productivity growth and its determinants, including technology, infrastructure and trade openness. The inverse relationship between labour productivity growth and employment growth becomes distinct particularly when one of the two grows rapidly. Policy planners would advocate for countries with low wages to have higher productivity growth so that the benefits can be transferred partly to the workers. On the other hand, sluggish productivity growth along with slow employment growth is not a desirable outcome. Only when value added growth is stepped up by total factor productivity growth (i.e., TFP-driven growth), employment growth can still be faster, particularly if the technology is labour intensive in nature and/or the “scale effect” is substantial.

Author :
Arup Mitra
Professor, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi University Enclave, Delhi-110007.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.1

Price: 251

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Technology Readiness Level: An Assessment of the Usefulness of this Scale for Translational Research

By: Shiv Narayan Nishad , Sujit Bhattacharya , Vipan Kumar

Page No : 112-124

Abstract
Technology assessment at different stages of a ‘technology development cycle’ is critical for successful technology development and deployment. One of the useful frame works for technology assessment is the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale. This paper draws attention to the evolution of this scale, making an implicit argument that revisiting the technologies developed in India through a suitably modified TRL scale can provide a useful direction for technology development and in translation/commercialization. It highlights the CSIR TRL assessment to show how the scale is developed in actual practice. It concludes with the challenges that need to be addressed while implementing this scale.

Authors :
Sujit Bhattacharya
CSIR National Institute of Science, Communication and Policy Research, K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012.

Vipan Kumar
CSIR National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012.

Shiv Narayan Nishad
CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, Krishnan Marg, New Delhi.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.2

Price: 251

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Advancement of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology in Clinical Research

By: Bhawna Srivastava , Reddy P.B

Page No : 125-131

Abstract: CRISPR has emerged recently as a powerful molecular tool to quickly alter any mutated sequence of DNA in any gene accurately. Scientists have found it to be more efficient and accurate than other existing genome editing methods, that has the potential to transform genetic research and can greatly impact human health, food security, and environmental sustainability.
The present study is based on secondary data obtained from various data sources. Results reveal that the CRISPR-Cas9 system consists of a Cas9 enzyme and a guide RNA, which has become an indispensable alternative tool for producing targeted mutations. Owing to its relative simplicity and cost-effectiveness compared to other molecular clippers (ZFN and TALEN), the CRISPR-Cas9 method has been revealed to have an immense control on genetic studies regardless of the species variation. This revolutionary CRISPR technology has been successfully applied in the treatment of wide range of genetic diseases, and in the food and agriculture industries to achieve environmental sustainability.
In the present manuscript, we will briefly introduce the CRISPR/ Cas9 system and talk about the issues and concerns around the CRISPR system. Besides, their applications in the treatment of a wide range of genetic diseases, and future perspectives on the CRISPR system will be described. Despite its immense prospects, major issues including off-target activity, method of delivery, and ethical and regulatory issues still remain unresolved. In this paper, we explore the up-to-date evolution in the CRISPR–Cas9 technology and its applications in the clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of several common human diseases along with its current status in India.

Authors :
Bhawna Srivastava
Department of Zoology, DAV College, Kanpur, U.P, India.

Reddy P.B
Government PG College, Ratlam, M.P, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.3

Price: 251

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Industrial Energy Demand and Technological Change: A Firm-level Analysis of the Manufacturing Sector of India

By: Santosh Kumar Sahu , Satyanarayanan Seshadri

Page No : 132-144

Abstract
This paper examines the firm-level determinants of productionrelated energy use in Indian manufacturing firms from 2008 to 2019. The methodological approach is to estimate a system of factor share equations for the Indian manufacturing sector. Our main results indicate that non-natural (biased) technological change explains ‘factor-saving’ for energy and labour, ‘factor-using’ for capital and materials, energy complements materials and capital, and substitutes for labour in terms of cross-price elasticities.

Authors :
Santosh Kumar Sahu
Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras.

Satyanarayanan Seshadri
Associate Professor, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.4

Price: 251

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Technology-enabled Retail and Consumer Takeaways for the Post Vaccine Arena

By: Vijayendra Gupta , Monica Verma

Page No : 145-151

Abstract
Physical retail stores have switched to online selling after the pandemic. Since 19th March 2020, when a countrywide lockdown was declared by Shri N. Modi, the fear of the COVID19 virus and restrictions resulted in fewer consumers stepping out of their homes. Consumers have started shopping online and retailers have started buying & selling online. The order volume for unicommerce, ecommerce have increased by 31% in second quarter in year – on – year (e-commerce SaaS platform). Technological innovations are driving retail forward quickly, and retailers who can’t keep pace face risk of losing ground — both to online contenders and to physical stores that are making their own investments in digital transformations. (Text from: https://biztechmagazine.com/ resources/white-paper/technology-boost-retail-productivity). This study draws attention to some neglected strands of productivity of the retail sector. Through qualitative research, it will provide useful insights into productivity strategies that could allow productivity enhancements in the area of Digital Services Marketing. Digitalfirst and omnichannel retailers were able to transition more easily, but retailers that prioritized physical stores and face-to-face engagement over omnichannel strategies have struggled to respond. The study covers various aspects of e-commerce, but the focus will be on gathering qualitative insights from market participants on such trends, practices, and issues, which are relevant to the online retailing business of the existing physical and online retailers. The authors will describe productivity of the retail sector as a service. They will identify and describe exemplary anecdotes, with supportive data to describe how productivity of the retail business in India has increased because of the boost by technological advancement, and also suggest some strategies for global retailers.

Authors :
Vijayendra Gupta
Assistant Professor, Marwadi University, Rajkot.

Monica Verma
Associate Professor, Marwadi University, Rajkot.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.5

Price: 251

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Technology Intervention in the Nilgiris Sweater Cluster

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 152-169

Abstract
The micro manufacturing enterprises in Coonoor, Niligiris manufacturing woolen sweaters have to depend on the common facility centre to meet their technology, value addition and productivity needs by adopting the Cluster Development Approach. They formed the Coonoor Sweater Cluster (CSC) to make use of the common facility centre through technology inter-relationships for cost minimization and profit maximization by converting wool into sweaters. The objective is to study the effects of technology adopted by the Coonoor Sweater Cluster and the Difference in Differences (DID) between the control and experimental variables on productivity after the policy interventions by the Government of India and the Government of Tamil Nadu. The value chain was studied and cluster maps were formed. Data was collected from 125 Coonoor sweater manufacturers and analysed using statistical tools like Descriptive Statistics, CAGR, Correlation, Trend, Regression Analysis, and Structural Equation Modelling. Physical Performance is on an increasing trend in terms of no. of units, employment and production, as are financial performance measures like turnover as per increasing CAGR. To conclude, after the new technology intervention and value chain analysis, the profit earned per firm has increased. The difference in difference (DID) of the control group (who have not undergone Cluster Development Approach) and the treatment group (who have undergone Cluster Development Approach) shows a significant difference in the number of units, employment, production, and turnover, with an increase in productivity. This is due to the adoption of latest technology in cluster development approach by experimental group by managing latest technology in common facility centre available in the Cluster. The interrelationships because of the cluster approach enables members make use of infrastructure, procurement, technology, production, and marketing successfully.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.6

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Mitigating Risks in Food Security through Transparency and Traceability of Agro-Supply Chain

By: Rachita Gupta , Ravi Shankar

Page No : 170-179

Abstract
The agricultural supply chain has the capability to strengthen the social and economic well-being of a nation, if it can be run effectively and efficiently. This requires accelerating the transformation of the agro supply chain from its traditional approach to an innovative and technologically advanced one. The adoption of blockchain technology enhances the transparency and traceability of the entire agro supply chain through the elimination of trust related issues among the involved actors. By leveraging the benefits of blockchain technology, policymakers can work towards achieving food security by ensuring availability and accessibility of quality food for citizens. To attain this, the concerned authorities should have a thorough understanding of the various risks associated with food security issues in the existing food system. This research involves the identification of food security risks and their classification in three categories based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Further, a conceptual framework has been developed to assess the impact of blockchain technology on the resultant risk categories; social, economic, and operational risks.The study provides valuable insights to decision makers as to how they can adopt blockchain technology throughout agro supply chain in order to deal with existing risks.

Authors :
Rachita Gupta
Indian Institute of Management Kashipur, Kashipur, Uttarakhand - 244713, India.

Ravi Shankar
Department of Management Studies, Vishwakarma Building, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110016, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.7

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Revamping Hospitality Industry Cycle in COVID-19 Scenario: An Indian Perspective

By: Anurodh Godha

Page No : 181-190

Abstract
Hospitality organizations across the industry are struggling; sustainability has been especially hard during the COVID-19 crisis.Permanent and temporary layoffs were inevitable for the survival of many Indian hospitality organizations. The COVID-19 outbreak limited traveller mobility and hotels observed drops in occupancy rates and revenue per available room (RevPar), as people were required to stay at home. It is clear that uncontrollable factors and events in India adversely affected the hospitality industry and its performance. The key to success for all hospitality organizations is to identify early indicators of these consumer actions and provide proper service based on the current customer behaviours (Lee & Ann, n.d.). This paper discusses the effects of COVID-19 on the hotel industry and analyse the seven main revamping strategies in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. These strategies are: 1) live update about sanitization, 2) fitness certification of hotel and F&B staff members, 3) use of UV sterilizer and disinfection spray, 4) use of technology, 5) redesign space, 6) avoiding over crowding, and 7) overall hygiene. This paper is based on an overview of the relevant literature on these revamping strategies. The author will investigate how the hospitality industry can recover post COVID-19, and how it can be made sustainable in a dramatically changed world. Anexploratory research design has been used, convenient sampling was employed for data collection, and the appropriate statistical tools were used for analysis. This paper presents a charter for the hospitality industry post COVID-19. The recommended revamping strategies are intended to help hotels recover from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Author :
Anurodh Godha
Assistant Professor of Commerce, School of Commerce and Management, Director, Regional Centre, Ajmer, Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota (Rajasthan) India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.8

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Problems and Prospects of Drip Irrigation In Tamil Nadu

By: G. Nedumaran , M. Manida

Page No : 191-196

Abstract
The drip system of irrigation is said to have a major impact on agricultural resource and cost savings, yield of crops and overall profitability. Hence, the drip system of irrigation should be extensively promoted, especially in those areas where there is insufficient water for irrigation. However, there is resistance from farmers because the lateral pipes required for this system are expensive, and are susceptible to salt deposits and rodent damage. The majority off armers are not able to replace the damaged laterals. Other factors that lead to low adoption of the drip irrigation system are lack of knowledge about maintenance, inability to monitor the drippers continuously, lack of follow up activities or service from the drip company, and unavailability of spare parts.

Authors :
G. Nedumaran
Professor, Department of Commerce, Alagappa University, Karaikudi.

M. Manida
Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Alagappa, University, Karaikudi.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.9

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How Relevant are Management Courses? (Reflections from the Field)

By: Rukmani Devi , S K Pant

Page No : 197-207

Abstract
In recent years, the education sector has been visualized not only its ability to enhance human capability but also by its potential to provide people with an assured and lasting future. The ensuing study covers the district of Allahabad from Uttar Pradesh, and is based on primary and secondary data. While the secondary data has been procured from the AICTE website, ASSOCHAM reports and some other reports published by State Governments and the Central Government; primary data has been collected from the eight management institutes in Allahabad from both government and private sectors that recorded the highest levels of enrollment.

Authors :
Rukmani Devi
Research Scholar in Economics, G B Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad.

S K Pant
Professor in Economics, G B Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.10

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Oct-2021 to Dec-2021

Attitudinal Segmentation of Mobile Banking Users: A Perspective on Continuance Intention

By: Vibhuti Tripathi , Ankita Khare , Kumar Saurabh

Page No : 209-224

Abstract
India is inching towards digitalisation of essential services riding on technological innovations and development. In the drive to digitise, banks are offering various services through different platforms and mobile banking is one such service. Users’ mindsets and demographics are changing. In this competitive era, it is difficult for the banking organisations to retain their initial adopters to continue utilising their services. This makes identification of the antecedents of continuance intention of mobile banking usage an important research area that can help the banks to segment their markets on the basis of user attitude to effectively formulate strategies and retain their existing users.

Authors :
Vibhuti Tripathi
Associate Professor & Head, School of Management Studies, MNNIT Allahabad.

Ankita Khare
Research Scholar, School of Management Studies, MNNIT Allahabad.

Kumar Saurabh
Assistant Professor, ICFAI Dehradun.

 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.1

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“Virtual Erudite” as a New Entry in Segmentation

By: Ajai Prakash, , Ajitesh K. Tiwari

Page No : 225-234

Abstract
Improvements in productivity are the mainstay of manufacturing companies. These companies face the challenge of identifying suitable groups of customers to present their offerings and hence are on a constant lookout for innovations either in their product, ways to market the product, or to influence other stages in their value chain. Given the emergence of diversified purchase platforms, a new insight is the emerging segment of ‘virtually erudite’ customers that emerges out of this research. This segment promises a range of gains for both companies and customers in the given group. Frameworks for segmentation are evolving, and the most significant evolution in recent times is the departure from existing frameworks due to technological interventions. This piece of research establishes how there is a shift from the traditional brick and mortar purchase considerations to the behaviour of the virtually erudite segment. The research finds out how humans of different age groups exhibit different purchase behaviour (this is true for the year 2021). Differences in purchase behaviour have evolved due to technological exposure and technology adaptation which gives rise to technological rationality. The result of complete interaction between the abovementioned variables is the virtual erudite segment. Segmentation as we all know is the classification of a group of customers with different needs into sub-groups with similar needs and preferences. This has its own ramifications at the production level also. The STP model which consists of segmentation, targeting, and positioning is well accepted in modern marketing. It is important to create a clear segmentation strategy to successfully implement STP practices in the current dynamic environment. The approach falters if the right criteria have for segmentation are not set. The following work looks at how technology has influenced the understanding of the prospects of customer groups and has changed their perception, process of purchase, and post purchase behaviour. This work has been addressed to four different groups consisting of students, businessmen, servicemen, and executives of the e-commerce platforms, through unstructured questionnaires. The work introduces virtual erudite as a new category of segmentation, and presents a detailed discussion on how this category has evolved and is applicable to most parts of the globe.

Authors :
Ajai Prakash
Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, University of Lucknow.

Ajitesh K. Tiwari
Research Associate, Department of Business Administration, University of Lucknow.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.2

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Assessing The Stability of Market Segments Using Indexes

By: Rohit Vishal Kumar

Page No : 235-247

Abstract
The purpose of marketing is to match the needs and wants of the customers with the products and services offered by the producers. In order to do so effectively and efficiently, manufacturers and producers need to understand the consumer markets and plan their offerings. This is achieved by (a) deciding which consumer groups to focus on (segmenting and targeting) and (b) the image of the organisation that needs to be created in the marketplace (positioning). These two decisions are critical to the organisation as they decide on the long-term commitment of the organisation and cannot be easily reversed. In this paper, we aim to focus on understanding market segmentation stability using cluster indexes. We look at 10 cluster indexes and then demonstrate the process using a real-world database. It is to be remembered that the focus of this paper is not to make readers expert on segmentation but to demonstrate how we can create better segments using the modern tools and techniques available to us.

Author :
Rohit Vishal Kumar
Associate Professor (Marketing), International Management Institute, Bhubaneswar.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.3

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Market Segmentation Framework for Generation Alpha Cohorts

By: Theresa Nithila Vincent , Anand Shankar Raja M , Deep Jyoti Gurung

Page No : 248-254

Abstract: The Generation Alpha cohort is a customer group made up of children born after 2010 to millennial parents. Universally recognised as a distinct segment, this generation is at ease with technology, is incredibly tech-savvy, and is very active on social media from a young age. Communicating with this cohort must be done in a way that appeals to them and through the media they utilise. The literature suggests that increased exposure to social media advertisements stimulates Generation Alpha to become customers with persuasive power over their parents’ buying behaviour. This research employs a qualitative approach, using the content-coding technique, to profile Generation Alpha and propose a framework for market segmentation. Using this framework, marketers can fine-tune marketing strategies focusing on business sustainability.

Authors :
Anand Shankar Raja M
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

Deep Jyoti Gurung
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

Theresa Nithila Vincent
Professor and Head, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.4

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Examining Causal Variables Triggering Indian Farmer Suicide: Rising Rural Health Concern

By: Priyanka Murria

Page No : 255-262

Abstract
The Indian agrarian economy is facing a distress situation on account of mounting farmer suicides year after year. This is a serious socio-economic issue as it affects not only the farmers but also their families. A staggering number of farmer suicides have been reported, particularly in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and West Bengal. This has aggravated the Indian agricultural sector that is already battling problems such as under-performance, low production, and low vigour for a long time now. In October this year, India Today reported that over 15,000 farmers has committed suicide in Maharashtra in a span of 6 years from 2013 to 2018. This is the just one instance of the reporting on farmers suicide over the past few years. These suicides have posed a big question mark on the Indian economy, ranked seventh in terms of nominal GDP by the IMF Economic Forum in 2018. On the one side, the Indian economy is on its way to becoming the 5th largest economy of the world by surpassing United Kingdom and France in 2019. On the other side, its farm sector is facing distress deaths and massive despair. The present paper, therefore, makes an attempt to investigate these incidents and uncover the causal variables leading to this epidemic that is rapidly spreading to the entire country.
The paper is divided under four sections. Section I provides an introduction to farmer suicides in India. In addition, the objectives and methodology of the paper have been discussed. In Section II, an attempt has been made to highlight the gravity of this issue which is hampering the health of Rural Indian Economy. A factsheet has been prepared that enumerates the facts and figures related to this issue. Further, in Section III, an extensive review of research work on farmer suicides has been done in order to describe the critical causal variables. For this purpose, the literature and figures from 1995 to 2021 have been considered. The paper ends with Section IV where concluding remarks have been mentioned along with some suggestive measures.

Author :
Priyanka Murria
Associate Professor (Economics), Institute of Innovation in Technology and Management, G.G.S.I.P University, New Delhi.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.5

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Economic Returns of Sweet Potato Cultivation: A Field Level Analysis in South India

By: P. Jothi , C. Renuka , N. Devika

Page No : 263-271

Abstract: Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, but the truth is, the situation of the farmers is dire. India has a lot of sectors and professions, and they seem to grow at a healthy rate. The agriculture sector has also grown extensively, but farmers have been struggling to improving their quality of life, especially in times of distress, such as climate change and disaster (Covid 19). Therefore, an attempt has been made in this study to analyze the economic returns of sweet potato cultivation using farm level data collected from Kalaiyar Kovil block, Sivagangai district of Tamil Nadu. The study reveals that sweet potato cultivation provides a number of benefits, especially for the poor and marginal farmers. Sweet potato is comparatively free from many serious diseases in India, although the crop has been reported susceptible to more than 40 diseases in other countries. Consequently, sweet potato is considered as a win-win crop as an environmentally sound and a farmer-friendly crop. Sweet potatoes cultivation demands less pesticides, fertilizers and labour, because of which, there is lesser land degradation. Besides, the profit realized from sweet potato cultivation is substantially higher at about `65,142 / acre.

Authors :
P. Jothi
Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

C. Renuka
Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

N. Devika
Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.6

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Drivers behind the Choice of Sector of Activity by Women in Uttar Pradesh: Examining NSSO & PLFS Data

By: Nomita P. Kumar , Achala Srivastava

Page No : 272-291

Abstract
This paper is based on different rounds of National Sample Survey Organization data from 1993–94 to the recent PLFS (2017-18) unit level data to elaborate on the patterns and trends of female labour-force participation in Uttar Pradesh’s labour market. It charts the extent of the recent downward plunge in Female Labour-force Participation Rates (FLPR) and estimates the contribution of various demographic and socioeconomic factors affecting their participation in the labour market. An analysis of the data reveals that female labour force participation dropped between 2004-05 to 2017–18 in rural areas (14.9 percent points) and in urban areas during the same period (6.4 percent points). It develops a multinomial regression model based on unit level data from the NSSO to comprehend factors that influence the choice of employment in both informal and formal labour markets in Uttar Pradesh. The variables selected for the analysis are income deciles, social groups, religion, educational level, age, and household size, as these are the drivers of the decisions pertaining to the choice of sectors whether informal or formal. Informal workers include unpaid family workers, self-employed, and casual wage workers. Women in the age group 15-59 were studied to ascertain their choice of economic activities.

Authors :
Nomita P. Kumar
Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow.

Achala Srivastava
Senior Research Associate, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.7

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Measuring the Financial Performance of the Dairy Industry by Applying Discriminant Function Analysis

By: P. Sarveswara Rao , N. Madhava Rao

Page No : 292-312

Abstract
Seven dairy units, spread over the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh were studied for a period of 7 years, using Discriminant Analysis. The study is divided into two sections; the first section deals with the identification of a set of variables to construct a model for evaluating the performance of the dairy units; the second section is concerned with developing the discriminant function to predict the nature of the performance.
Z= -22.009 – 3.21*CR + 6.92*LR + 12.71*STCR + 0.21*SWCR + 28.32*BFWC + 32.56*PR + 1.99*DER +1.19 * GPR – 0.318 *NPR+ 2.968 * ICR — (6.1)
We evaluated the function given in (6.1) for each unit by substituting the values of the 10 FRs mentioned in the function, which gave us the Z-Scores for each unit. If the score was equal to or more than the cutoff value, the unit was classified as good; otherwise it was classified as poor. We concluded that three dairies are good performers, and the remaining four dairies are poor performers.

Authors :
P. Sarveswara Rao
Assistant Professor of Commerce, SR & BGNR Government Arts & Science College, Khammam, Telangana.

N. Madhava Rao
Assistant Professor of Commerce, Government Degree College, Nelakondapalli, Khammam, Telangana.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.8

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An Analysis of Impact of Occupation on Income, Remittances and Expenditure of International Return Migrant Labourers of Uttar Pradesh in Gulf Countries

By: Mohammed Taukeer

Page No : 313-329

Abstract
Uttar Pradesh is ranked first in the labour migration from India to the Gulf countries according to the analysis of emigration clearance data of the ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. In this content the present paper analysed the impact of occupation on income, remittances and expenditure of international return migrant labourers of Uttar Pradesh in Gulf countries. I conducted field work between November 2017 and March 2018 in selected rural and urban areas of Lucknow district in Uttar Pradesh. The findings from the study show that semi-skilled including drivers, tailors, welders, plumbers, and electricians gained skills of occupation through informal mode during internal migration in cities of India while skilled migrant including managers and engineers gained skills of occupation through formal mode in training institutions/organisations in India. It is found that there was interconnection between internal and international migration because a vast majority of the international return migrant labourers were involved in internal migration before migration to Gulf countries. Analyses of primary data show that international return migrant labourers gained more income in Gulf countries relative to internal migration in India. Skills of occupation determined the pattern of income, remittances, and expenditure of international return migrant labourers in both internal and international migration. Apart from this, analyses of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) model show that there were significant differences in the pattern of income, remittances, and expenditure of international return migrant labours according to the skills of occupation in Gulf countries.

Author :
Mohammed Taukeer
Research Fellow in The International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.9

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Consequences of Online Learning of Students

By: S. Catherine Rex

Page No : 330-339

Abstract
Physical classroom learning is no longer the sole mode of learning for the current younger generations (Gen Y onwards) nowadays. Internet-enabled distance learning, generally known as online education plays a vital role in the country’s education system. It is undeniable that online education provides ample of benefits to young learners. Nevertheless, there are many negative implications from online education. Limited collaborative learning, increase in time spent and effort are some negative implications of online education. This study examines such implications of online education among students, especially during the pandemic. Data was collected through a survey questionnaire and interviews, and was analyzed using SPSS. The study found that there are various serious issues with online education and its effect on the quality of the education provided in India to a certain extent. Several issues were identified, which have to be resolved in order to sustain the quality of education for future generations. Furthermore, India should formulate a standard policy, monitor the implementation of online education closely, evaluate and review the teaching methods used and institute regular upgrades in order to maintain the quality of online education.

Author :
S. Catherine Rex
Asst. Professor, AMET Business School, AMET University, Chennai.
 

 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.10

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Jan-2022 to Mar-2022

The Dynamics of Health, Productivity, and Development: A Policy Prescription

By: Neha Purohit , Shankar Prinja

Page No : 341-254

Abstract
There have been remarkable achievements in terms of life expectancy and mortality rates across the globe. The traditional economist accepted health as a by-product of economic prosperity, but was unable to explain the historical gains in health. Our paper discusses the empirical connections by which improvements in health lead to economic growth, and more broadly to human development, and examines health interventions in light of economic development. The review concludes that health is an important contributor to productivity and overall well-being, and this can be achieved through a multisectoral action. It endorses the “health in all policies” and targeting “causes of causes” approaches to achieve sustainable development.

Authors :
Neha Purohit
Research Officer, Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh.

Shankar Prinja
Professor – Health Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.1

Price: 251

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Women, Health and Productivity - Some Issues in India’s Development

By: V. Basil Hans

Page No : 355-366

Abstract
India is on the path to becoming an economic superpower but its performance in the health component of human development, particularly that of women is not impressive at all. The typical advantage in life expectancy is not afforded to women in India. In the context of the new economics of liberalization and the challenges it presents to work, human security, and development, it is necessary to understand whether women are in a position to take advantage of the economic take-off. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to analyse the health issues of women in India in relation to their work environment, productivity, and welfare. It focuses on two broad areas of gender-based differences and inequalities, viz. the links between gender and economic productivity, and the development of human capital.
 

Author :
V. Basil Hans
Retired Associate Professor, St Aloysius Evening College, Mangalore.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.2

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Examining Socio-economic Inequalities in Tobacco Cessation in India: An Analysis of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2

By: Rajmohan Panda , Supriya Lahoti , Rajath R Prabhu

Page No : 367-376

Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the socio-economic patterns of tobacco cessation among tobacco users (smokers as well as smokeless tobacco users). Data on tobacco users was derived from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2016-17 (GATS-2). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association of socio-demographic variables with tobacco cessation outcomes. Tobacco users of lower socio-economic status were found to be less successful in quitting, compared with their counterparts of higher socio-economic. The inequalities identified suggest targeted interventions for particular groups of tobacco users. Decreases in morbidity and mortality attributable to tobacco will have long-term effects on productivity of the population.

Authors :
Rajmohan Panda
Research Division, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, Haryana.

Supriya Lahoti
Research Division, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, Haryana.

Rajath R Prabhu
Research Division, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, Haryana.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.3

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Status of Child Health Deprivation in West Bengal during 2005-06 to 2015-16: A Multidimensional Analysis

By: Satyanarayan Kumbhakar , Shama Firdaush , Pinaki Das

Page No : 377-386

Abstract
This paper assesses the child health deprivation ratio, intensity, and determinants of multidimensional child health deprivation in West Bengal using unit level data from the two latest rounds, 2005- 06 and 2015-16, of the National Family Health Survey. Our analysis shows that children were more deprived in terms of health rather than in terms of nutrition, sanitation, and safe drinking water. Child health deprivation in West Bengal has decreased significantly over time, but still remains a major concern. Ordered logistic regression illustrates that higher education levels, health insurance, supplementary nutrition and other services from ICDS play a vital role in reducing child deprivation in West Bengal.

Authors :
Satyanarayan Kumbhakar
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India.

Shama Firdaush
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India.

Pinaki Das
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.4

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The Performance of Pharma and Biotechnology Clusters in Tamil Nadu

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 387-398

Abstract
A few Chennai-based micro and small enterprises manufacturing steel products faced a few issues with reference to value addition in the pharma products manufactured by them. The Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) approached the Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) and the Government of India (GoI) through the Tamil Nadu Small Industries Development Corporation (TANSIDCO) and formed a cluster at Alathur Pharma, SIDCO Industrial Estate, Chennai for the installation of a Common Effluent Treatment Plant. The objective is to examine the physical and financial performance of the Pharma clusters, and ascertain the productivity of the cluster by analyzing independent variables like No. of Units, Employment and Production, and dependent variables like Exports. The methodology adopted for this study consists of collecting primary data like no. of units [Un], employment in no’s [En], production in crores [Pc] and exports in crores [Ec], and its analysis using tools such as Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), Descriptive Analysis, Correlation Analysis, Trend Analysis, Regression Analysis, Structural Equation Modelling, and Value Chain Analysis. There is an increase in the number of units, employment, production, and exports after adopting the Cluster Development Approach, leading to an increase in productivity, which is expected to continue well into the future.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.5

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Economic Growth and Inequality: Non-linearity

By: Mohd Azhar Ud Din Malik , Muzamil Jan

Page No : 399-407

Abstract
This paper studies the impact of nonlinear income distribution on economic growth in the developing world. Understanding whether there is a trade-off between growth and inequality is fundamental in order to pay adequate attention to those policies that fend increases in inequality, which may harm overall growth. Beyond simple organizational identity implied by the cross-country panel regression analyses and Kuznets curve, this work attempts to shed light on the impact and dynamic causal relationship between inequality and economic growth — using vector auto regression (VAR) models and vector error correction model (VECM) for individual economies. The study highlights constituents such as access to legal and credit systems for the poor, which are fundamental for creating an egalitarian society and to eliminate the unfair advantages enjoyed by the rich. It also provides useful means for promoting participation through designing and monitoring programs and projects. Given the increasing challenges of reducing inequalities, economies could create a proper inequality quarry as a binding constraint in achieving economic growth, rather than using strategies like growth first and redistribution later.

Authors :
Mohd Azhar Ud Din Malik
Lecturer, Department of Higher Education, Jammu & Kashmir.

Muzamil Jan
Assistant Professor, Department of Higher Education, Jammu & Kashmir.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.6

Price: 251

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Labour Productivity, Structural Change and Economic Growth: State Level Analysis of Indian Economy

By: Sanjeev Kumar , Kavita Baliyan , Simran

Page No : 408-420

Abstract
The economic reforms of 1991, Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation (LPG) changed the composition and structure of the emerging Indian economy significantly, which reallocated factors of economic activities in India transversely. It is in this context that the present paper examines the emerging trends in labour productivity, structural changes, and economic growth in India at an aggregate as well as disaggregate level during the period 1980-81 to 2017-18. The study analyses the contribution of productivity growth and structural change to the overall economic growth at the country as well as the state level. The McMillan and Rodrik growth accounting approach was employed which decomposes labour productivity growth into ‘within’ sector and ‘structural change’ components. The progress is diverse across the state level in India, indicating that labour has not been exiting agriculture as fast as the share of value added by agriculture has been declining. The results also reveal that changing final demand is the most crucial factor in labour reallocation in India. Due to its existing structure, India is capable of leading global economic growth in the future. There is a great need for policies on human capital development, and outwardoriented, economic reform measures.

Authors :
Sanjeev Kumar
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut.

Kavita Baliyan
Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies (GIDS), Lucknow.

Simran
Research Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.7

Price: 251

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Impact of Lockdown on Returnee Migrant Workers: A Study in Two Villages in Uttar Pradesh

By: Bhaskar Majumder

Page No : 421-429

Abstract
The reason why the migrant workers decided to return home postdeclaration of lockdown abruptly declared by the Government of India, was their immediate job loss. Also, they had been evicted by their landlords for non-payment of rent. The distressed migrant workers’ return home was different from reverse migration in that it was not accompanied by any informed job opportunity at the root state. This paper examines the impact of lockdown on returnee migrant workers.

Author :
Bhaskar Majumder
G. B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.8

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Prioritization of Ecologically Sensitive Regions at Disaggregated Levels in Dakshina Kannada District, Central Western Ghats

By: T V Ramachandra , Bharath Setturu , Vinay S

Page No : 430-461

Abstract
Ecological sensitivity refers to the permanent and irreversible damage of existing biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem with a considerable erosion in the functional aspects of progression and speciation with the alterations in the ecological integrity of a region. The comprehensive knowledge of the ecological fragility of a region will aid in evolving strategies of conservation. This entails understanding factors responsible for ecological sensitivity, including landscape dynamics, to visualize future transitions to mitigate the problems of haphazard and uncontrolled development approaches. Ecological sensitive regions at disaggregated levels were identified in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka State, India. The 33% (24 grids) of the area corresponding to 54 villages represents ESR 1, 20% (15 grids) of the area is demarcated as ESR 2 covering 81 villages, 28% (20 grids) of the area encompassing 145 villages shows ESR 3, and 19% area (14 grids) covering 100 villages ESR 4. Regions ESR 1 and ESR 2 indicate high ecological sensitiveness that needs to be protected with stringent conservation measures. ESR 3 denotes a zone of moderate conservation, with scope for structured developmental activities. ESR 4 represents a zone of the least diverse space, with the potential for developmental activities in accordance with the local requirements under stringent regulatory monitoring with vigilance.

Authors :
T V Ramachandra
Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES], Centre for Sustainable Technologies (astra), Centre for infrastructure, Sustainable Transportation and Urban Planning [CiSTUP], Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka.

Bharath Setturu
Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES], Bangalore, Karnataka.

Vinay S
Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES], Bangalore, Karnataka.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.9

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Community Resilience and Climate Justice for Sustainable Development in India

By: Kiran Prasad

Page No : 462-468

Abstract
India has experienced several climate disasters which have had an adverse effect on the large rural population of 857 million, who are among the most vulnerable and in need of climate justice. There is a resurgence of community resilience underscored through the philosophical strands interwoven in the cultures, traditions, religions, and values that accord special merit to ecological conservation and the regeneration of nature. People’s participation in the process of development and localized solutions to their problems leads to self-reliance which is on the basis of the Atmanirbhar Bharat policy being promoted by the government. The pandemic has sparked a rethinking of the much trodden economic development path to a people-centric approach based on building and strengthening social capital and community participation for sustainable development. This paper will analyze the interrelations between communication and culture for building resilient communities for the mitigation of climate change, and strategic action towards climate justice that lies at the heart of inclusive sustainable development.

Author :
Kiran Prasad
Department of Communication & Journalism, Sri Padmavati Mahila University, Tirupati.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.10

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Apr- to Jun-2019

Technology Investment and its Effect on the Productivity of Banks in India

By: T Viswanathan , Kartikay Pathak , Nidhi Nair

Page No : 1-10

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to examine whether technology leads to an increase in a bank’s productivity. The main objective of technology investment is to improve the efficiency of operations, reduce employee cost and increase the revenue by offering innovative products and services. There is a trade-off between the cost of investment and the benefits arising thereon. The paper examines whether the investment in technology improves bank productivity. Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) are considered as the performance measures (outputs) of banks. The input variables are the ratio of IT investment to net fixed assets, IT to equity, IT to total cost, and IT to operating cost. Overall, 34 public and private banks were considered for the study, and panel data analysis are applied to measure the effect of leading indicators on profitability. The study covers the period between 2010 and 2019. We found there is a positive effect of investment in technologies on the profitability and performance of the Indian commercial banks. However, the effect is more evident in public sector banks than in private sector banks.

Authors :
T Viswanathan : Professor, Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Bengaluru.
Kartikay Pathak : MBA Student, Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Bengaluru.
Nidhi Nair : MBA Student, Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Bengaluru.

 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.1

Price: 251

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Artificial Intelligence and Banking Services – Way Forward

By: Seema Ghosh , Deepak Chanda

Page No : 11-18

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a dynamic tool that has incredible potential for positive effect if the organisations utilise it with adequate consideration and conscientiousness. The rise of AI has certainly brought transformation in financial services business in a very broad, multi-dimensional context.
This paper deals with the dimension where AI equally contributes positively to the financial services of a company and it may include trading, risk management, asset management, credit decisions, virtual assistants and prevention of fraud and banking services. The paper presents a holistic view on AI today: where it works and what is for the financial services industry to facilitate better delivery of customer services and robust decisions all across, on a transparent and integral manner.

Authors :
Seema Ghosh : Assistant Professor, Bhavans Vivekananda College of Science, Humanities and Commerce,Sainikpuri, Hyderabad
Deepak Chanda : Senior Assistant Director, ICAI, Kanpur
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.2

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Customer Experience with Digital Banking - A Comparative Study of Private and Public Sector Banks

By: Gazia Sayed , Najmus Sahar Sayed

Page No : 19-33

Abstract
Financial Technology (Fintech) has completely changed the entire Indian financial ecosystem. Fintech has reshaped the banking system, especially after the 2008 financial crisis. There has been a huge growth in the usage of debit cards, mobile wallets, ATMs, prepaid cards, RTGS, NEFT, internet banking, mobile banking etc., in the past two decades. However, with advancement of technology, the customers’ perception regarding probability of risk in conducting online banking transaction is also increasing. As the usage of internet has increased, the knowledge of people and their access to information has also improved. Hence, it is necessary to understand the perception of the bank customers with respect to digital banking. It is also necessary to do a comparative study of private and public sector banks customer’s experience with digital banking. Hence, for this study, a descriptive research is used. The views and opinions of 300 respondents were collected through a structured questionnaire. The data was analysed through different statistical tools like frequency table with percentages rank order, and independent t test in SPSS. The analysis reveals that the main reasons for customers to use cashless or digital transactions is that they are a faster way of performing transactions. The study also concludes that for some of the services offered by private and public sector banks, there is no significant difference in the experience levels of the customers. But for the services regarding online home loan facility, online investing of funds, mobile banking services, online application for loan, internet banking services, chatbot and SMS alert facilities, there is a significant difference in the level of experience and satisfaction of customers. For these services, the customers of private sector banks are more satisfied than the customers of public sector banks. Hence, it is recommended that public sector banks should enhance their digital products / services.

Authors :
Gazia Sayed : Faculty-Finance, IES Management College and Research Centre - Mumbai
Najmus Sahar Sayed : Faculty-Accounts, Oriental College of Commerce And Management - Mumbai.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.3

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Input-Output Model Selection in DEA Evaluation Framework for Efficiency Optimization of Indian Banks

By: Seema Garg , Pankaj Kumar Gupta

Page No : 34-47

Abstract
Efficiency of the banking system is critical to every economy. Owing to intense competition, increased customer expectation and a dynamic financial environment, the efficiency and performance evaluation have become a serious concern for the bank managers and stakeholders and regulators and government at large. The choice of an appropriate method of performance, efficiency evaluation is critical to decision makers and policy makers. In the recent past, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has emerged as an effective tool for judging various efficiency aspects of the DecisionMaking Units (DMUs). Within the DEA framework, we find a variety of methods and approaches which have their own benefits and limitations. Analysis of literature hints out that the major problem of contrasting research outputs owes to the selection of input and output variables. In this paper, we have formulated various models by combining inputs and outputs and using a sensitivity analysis, we evolve a methodology for model selection that can best suit to evaluate the performance efficiency of Indian banks. We argue that our approach is better compared to the conventional production approach used by authors in an Indian context and is independent of time frames and sample data sets.

Authors :
Seema Garg : Associate Professor, Amity International Business School, Amity University, Noida
Pankaj Kumar Gupta : Professor, Centre for Management Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi (India).
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.4

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A Study on Financial Inclusion through Mobile Banking Technology of Public Sector Banks

By: R. Gokilavani , M. Durgarani

Page No : 48-59

Abstract
Mobile banking is an emerging trend among all segments of people across all geographical regions of India. Mobile banking increases the hope that financial services given through mobile phones can remove all constraints of conventional banking and enhance financial inclusion of people in simple and easy ways. The findings of this study reveal that significant difference exists between insight of customers on mobile banking of public sector banks and their personal features. Convenient, security for transactions, costeffective, user-friendly, privacy for personal information and minimum efforts are the features that have positive and significant influence on the financial inclusion of customers of public sector banks. Thus, public sector banks should cost-effectively provide mobile banking and must ensure privacy for personal information. These measures will enhance financial inclusion of customers of public sector banks.

Authors :
R. Gokilavani : Associate Professor, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, India
M. Durgarani : Assistant Professor, Jeppiaar Engineering College, Chennai, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.5

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Peer to Peer Restricted Distributed Ledger Technological (P2PRDLT) Arrangement - A Proposed Model in Indian Payment System

By: Rahul Jairam Nikam

Page No : 60-66

Abstract
Technological innovations in financial sector, commonly known as Fintech, have the potential to transform the present financial practices across the globe. Here, the application of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)/blockchain technology has garnered wide interest within the central banking community and the regulators as it is having a potential to overcome from present critical challenges in financial inclusion and transformation. Such as the currency and critical payments infrastructure (payment, clearing and settlement processes), operational & risk management, cyber resilience, how funds are transferred and used in securities market to clear and settle securities, commodities and derivatives. As there is no accepted term & potential having wide spectrum of possible deployments of DLT arrangement, various industries are using various ways according to their needs. The paper explains, reviews the different DLT arrangements, and their potential benefits and challenges in implementing it in the retail segment’s payment infrastructure in India. This paper proposes a model DLT arrangement in the form of Peer to Peer Restricted Distributed Ledger Technological (P2PRDLT) Arrangement and related architecture resilience with present payment framework in India. In P2PRDLT arrangement, care is taken wherever it is necessary, control and present responsibilities of various participants (Nodes) are retained and synchronized. The paper envisages the need for integrating the new fintech potential implications for efficient systemic stability, innovations and overall safety for financial markets more broadly as a positive step from the present classic banking towards taking India to Payments 2.0 Banking.

Author :
Rahul Jairam Nikam : LL.M, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Law at Faculty of Law, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.6

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A Study of User Behaviour and Preferences across Age Groups Towards Digital Wallets

By: Sushil Mavale , Fiza Niyas , Parag A. Narkhede

Page No : 67-73

Abstract
Information technology has transformed multiple industries with startlingly rapid progress. Banking is one of the industries which is determinedly using information technologies to automate many of its services. One such area that got transformed is the way money was transferred. With the advent of digital wallets, there has been a dramatic shift in payment method preferences and behaviour. The present research paper studies the behaviour and preferences of digital wallet users across various age groups. The data was collected from 101 respondents from four different age groups using structured questionnaire. The data was analysed using tests like cross-tabulation, Leven statistics and ANOVA. The researchers found that Google Pay was the most preferred digital wallet followed by Paytm and PhonePe. Google Pay was successful in capturing significant market even after coming late into the market. Most users of digital wallets use it for bookings, bill payments, fees payments and transportation payments. It was found that respondents believe that digital wallets are safe to use.

Authors :
Sushil Mavale and Fiza Niyas : Symbiosis Centre for Management Studies, Symbiosis International University, Pune
Parag A. Narkhede : Institute of Management and Research, Jalgaon.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.7

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What determines Manufacturing sector employment in India: Evidence from panel data?

By: Seema Joshi

Page No : 74-81

Abstract
Development economics literature provides contending hypotheses on whether the manufacturing or services sector is an engine of growth in developing economies. In the case of India, the services sector has become an engine of growth by ‘leap-frogging’- sidestepping the industrial sector which can have serious repercussion for the economy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to revive the manufacturing sector to sustain India’s growth rate in the medium and long term. With this background, the paper examines an important question: What determines manufacturing sector employment in India? In this paper the Random Effect Regression Model is applied on panel data for 20 states of India for three time periods i.e.1999-2000, 2004-05 and 2011-12 to identify the factors which can be expected to influence manufacturing sector employment. URB, FLFPR and SERVEMP were significant, emphasizing the importance of policies which promote urbanization, higher female labor force participation and service sector jobs.

Author :
Seema Joshi : Associate Professor of Economics, Department of Commerce, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.8

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Impact of Direct Institutional Credit on Agricultural Productivity in India: An Empirical Analysis

By: Kappa Kondal

Page No : 82-96

Abstract
Government provides certain direct and indirect facilities to boost the agriculture sector through different financial institutions. Credit helps the farming community to purchase modern machines, tub wells, seeds, fertiliser, pesticides and other inputs. The aim of the present study is to analyse the trends and impact of direct institutional credit on agricultural productivity in India. Secondary data have been used (1980–81 to 2017–18). Descriptive statistics and multiple natural log linear regression models have been employed. The study reveals that there was a positive growth in flow of institutional credit to agriculture sector. After new economic reforms, there was a significant progress of SCBs credit to agriculture sector compared to Cooperative Banks, RRBs. The main finding is that all the independent variables (area, credit, fertiliser and new economic reforms) are affecting positively and significantly on agriculture productivity in India.

Author :
Kappa Kondal : UGC-Post Doctoral Fellow, Dept. of Economics, Osmania University, Telangana State, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.9

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Agrarian Distress and Indebtedness of Farmer Households in Rural Uttar Pradesh: Emerging Issues and Challenges

By: Nomita P. Kumar

Page No : 97-114

Abstract
This paper discusses some of the dimensions of agrarian distress in Uttar Pradesh that is leading to the collapse of the farmer’s economy. The paper draws upon the fact that U.P.’s economy is still predominantly rural. Agriculture remains the main source of livelihood and accounts for the highest share in the total workforce but is accompanied by decline in the share of national product. This paper is divided into four prominent sections. The crisis is observed to impinge upon the increasing marginalization of holdings leading to the emergence of small – marginal holdings as a numerically dominant group. Another section focuses on the growing resource crunch experienced in agriculture and the resultant indebtedness. The fifth section deals with the credit availability and their impact on the farming community. The final section is devoted to conclusion and discussion of alternative strategies to overcome the current crisis to launch agriculture on the path of accelerated growth and development.

Author :
Nomita P. Kumar : Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.10

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Annual Index

By: ..

Page No : 115-116

Jul-2019 to Sep-2019

Empowering Women in India : Viewpoint

By: Devendra Kothari

Page No : 115-124

Abstract
In the context of Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India) vision, better utilization of the enormous unexploited or underutilized pool of female working force is crucial to stimulate productivity growth and develop human capital. Greater female labour force participation (FLFP) could boost productivity growth by increasing the labour supply, while poor use of women’s potential places a significant drag on the economic growth.
The main purpose of the paper is to acquire an understanding of the status of women/girls in the ‘modern’ India. It also argues that there is clearly a need for policy initiatives to empower women as gender disparities are not only persisting but increasing rapidly even against the backdrop of economic growth. The paper concludes that women’s empowerment is the single greatest enabler of human development and sustainable economic growth. It does not mean pitting women against men. In this context, the role of patriarchal culture must be discussed and how its impact can be minimized. For this, a strategy known as HDPlus, is proposed.

Author :
Devendra Kothari : Ph.D, Population Development Analyst, Forum for Population Action.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.1

Price: 251

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Women Empowerment through Self Help Groups in HP: An Analysis

By: Shyam L. Kaushal , Nivedita Sharma

Page No : 125-136

Abstract
Women empowerment is a buzzword around the globe including India. Here, many initiatives are taken for this purpose and among those, Self Help Groups (SHGs) have emerged as one of the important options. Basically, empowerment refers to social and political succession that is dependent on economic empowerment. It consists of income and livelihood on one side, and freedom to spend income and control over resources on the other. Review of literature witnessed that education, access to resources, nutritional food, health care facilities, decision-making power and selfemployment are the basic tenets and the Self Help Group movement paved the way to empower women in India. Further, the studies show direct relationship between growth of SHGs and women empowerment. But women empowerment in a patriarchal society remains a critical challenge in reality, and time to time attracts academicians and policy makers to debate the issue. The present paper is an endeavour to study the women empowerment through SHGs by examining its growth pattern in HP. The data and information were collected from primary and secondary sources like books, magazines, journals, newspapers, websites and MIS/offices circulars etc. The collected data was analysed with suitable statistical tools. From the data analysis, it is concluded that SHGs are spreading throughout the country including HP but their formation and growth prototype is uneven. However, upward trend clearly hint that SHGs are helping significantly in financial inclusion of poor women. In consequence to their association with SHG movement, women have started saving small amounts of money for their future needs, linked themselves with formal banking system and availed micro credit on easy terms. Thus, it demonstrates that SHGs are not only solving their routine problems but also improving their decision-making and risk-taking habits. However, its growth pattern was not same in all areas in the country. In the same vein, in Himachal Pradesh where 33 per cent SHGs were formed in two districts of the state could be a pointer to prevalent irritants and bottlenecks in other regions. However, the fact is that need-based training capsules and access to economic resources at affordable rates motivate women to start new economic units collectively under the ownership of SHGs, which improved their confidence levels, moral strengths, leadership qualities, managerial and entrepreneurial skills and decision-making skills. Yet, a need has been felt to educate women about government policies, training programmes, banking system and interest rates for attaining real objectives of SHGs and consequently achieving the cherished goal of women empowerment in reality. But from the analysis, it can be concluded that women have diversified their sources of income by looking beyond agricultural activities and became financially independent on one side, and paved way to their social and political advancement.

Authors :
Shyam L. Kaushal : Dean, Faculty of Commerce, Management & Tourism, Professor, Himachal Pradesh University of Business School, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla - 171005, Himachal Pradesh. (India)
Nivedita Sharma : Research Scholar, Himachal Pradesh University of Business School, Shimla - 171005, Himachal Pradesh. (India)
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.2

Price: 251

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Constraining Factors Affecting Women Entrepreneurs in Enterprise Creation: A Study of Hadoti Region of Rajasthan

By: Anurodh Godha , Monika Talreja

Page No : 137-153

Abstract
Women are now playing versatile roles. No doubt, they have created sensations in all the spheres but still there is a requisite to give them equal footings with the male-dominated society. They still face impediments in every walk of life. In order to explore this critical issue, the present study aimed to identify various problems faced by women entrepreneurs of Hadoti region. Moreover, an attempt was made to examine the difference in the opinions of women entrepreneurs on these problems, based on four districts of the region. The study was carried out on 275 women entrepreneurs applying stratified random sampling technique. Pearson’s Chisquare test was used to test the stated hypothesis. The results revealed that women entrepreneurs belonging to this region face a lot of problems and challenges. However, the degree to which they face these problems varies with the district that they belong to. Lastly, the researcher has suggested an appropriate framework for the development of women entrepreneurship in this region.

Authors :
Anurodh Godha : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, School of Commerce and Management, Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota (Rajasthan) India.
Monika Talreja : Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, School of Commerce and Management, Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota (Rajasthan) India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.3

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The Performance of Women Readymade Garments Cluster

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 154-168

Abstract
WRMGC was formed by 30 women entrepreneurs as a special purpose vehicle (SPV) for setting up of a common facility centre under the Government of India scheme, viz., Micro and Small Enterprises Cluster Development Programme (MSE-CDP), engaged in ready made garment manufacture in and around Dhalavaipuram, Virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu. The objective is to study the Physical and Financial Performance of Women Ready Made Garment Cluster before and after Cluster Development Approach (CDA) and also Difference in Differences of the control and the treated groups. The methodology adopted is collection of primary and secondary data from 375 cluster members and using SCOT Analysis, CAGR, Descriptive Analysis, Correlation Analysis, Regression Analysis, Time Series Analysis, T-Test ANOVA, Difference in Differences Analysis, Value Chain Analysis and development of Cluster Map. To conclude, there is significant increase in no. of units, employment and machinery, which are all an independent variables, and significant increase in Turnover which is a dependent variable. The Difference in Difference (DID) value is a positive one which implies the treated group has got much benefitted on CDA when compared to control group which have not adopted CDA, which also implies that the government’s policy on CDA is a success. The WRMGC still needs to tap export market to compete in the global market.

Authors :
E. Bhaskaran : Joint Director (Engineering),Department of Industries and Commerce,Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai 32, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.4

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A Study on Productivity & Empowerment of Women Intensive Sericulture Sector of West Bengal

By: Chandan Roy , Sanchari Roy Mukherjee

Page No : 169-179

Abstract
Sericulture is a women-intensive sector where 60 per cent of the workers are either family workers or hired female workers. Productive skill makes the presence of women indispensible both in pre- and post-cocoon sectors. This larger participation is expected to raise their level of empowerment too. Higher level of empowerment is expected to induce the woman to usher improved productive technology. However, field survey in Malda districts of West Bengal reveals a complete bleak picture. Neither productivity nor the empowerment levels have reached the desired level, which calls for an immediate intervention and revision of policies.

Authors :
Chandan Roy : Associate Professor & Head, Department of Economics, Kaliyaganj College, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal-733129.
Sanchari Roy Mukherjee : Professor of Economics & Dean of Arts, Commerce & Law, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal-734013.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.5

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Socio-economic Development of Women in Rural Bhutan

By: Pawan Kumar Sharma

Page No : 180-190

Abstract
This study is concerned with women’s contribution towards socioeconomic development in rural Bhutan. The need to evaluate the effects in terms of empowerment and contribution towards socioeconomic development arises due to the perception that intercessions have little effect on women’s contribution in the development processes in rural Bhutan owing to cultural factors. To test the proposition, Chapcha Gewog under Chukha Dzongkhag has been studied and analyzed. The paper evaluates participation, contribution, and sustainability of the women in family earnings in Bhutan. It is expected to help researchers with useful insights into the issues of women’s empowerment and contribution towards socioeconomic development. The findings indicate improvements in education, involvement in economic and social activities, and participation in decision-making processes, etc. However, the results also confirm the paradoxical situation facing women’s participation in developmental activities and involvement in decisionmaking processes. Finally, it concludes that women contribute to socio-economic development, but not more than the men do.

Author :
Pawan Kumar Sharma : Principal, Dyal Singh College (E), University of Delhi
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.6

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Packtech Industry in India : A Promising Future

By: Asiya Chaudhary , Gulfishan Akhtar

Page No : 191-205

Abstract
Innovative products and technologies, nowadays multi-functional fibres and high-performance materials are emerging and are commonly known as Technical Textile, is an advanced technology upcoming sector that is gaining ground in India. Based on usage, there are 12 Technical textile segments, i.e. Agrotech, Meditech, Clothtech, Hometech, Packtech, Protech, Geotech, Indutech, Buildtech, Sporttech, Oekotech and Mobiletech. This sector has become significant due to the rising per capita income of consumer, increasing flexibility and recognition of products, expansion of industry sectors, government’s FDI promotion initiatives, investment promotion scheme by the government etc. The objective of the present study is to evaluate and analyse the production of various segments of Technical Textile industry. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to find out which segment helps in the growth of the industry and strengthens the country’s inherent competitive advantages in manufacturing field. One-way ANOVA and Multiple Comparison Technique have been applied to find out if there is statistically any significant difference across various segments of Technical textile, covering the period of 12 years i.e 2004–05 to 2015–16. The result reveals that there is only one pair of group whose mean significantly differ at the 0.05 significance level from each other, i.e., Packtech industry, whereas, Clothtech, Geotech, Indutech, Sporttech, Buildtech, Mobiletech, Hometech, Meditech, Protech, Agrotech and Oekotech segments in each group differ insignificantly from each other.

Authors :
Asiya Chaudhary : Professor, Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (UP), India-202002.
Gulfishan Akhtar : Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (UP), India-202002.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.7

Price: 251

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Finger Millet, the Smallholders’ Livelihood and Urban Consumers’ Health-food in India: An Economic Analysis

By: B. Ganesh Kumar , N. Sivaramane , Ch. Srinivasa Rao

Page No : 206-218

Abstract
This study has been conducted with the aim of finding reasons why the farmers continue cultivation of finger millet and also the possible future of this important crop for its increasing consuming pattern. The study is based on both primary and secondary data which were collected from the farmers in the state of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh and pertained to the year 2015- 16.For estimating the elasticity of price and income on ragi consumption, the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model with two stages is attempted in the study. It was also observed that in all the study states, the farmers were found cultivating this crop mostly under rainfed conditions, except in Karnataka where it was being cultivated under irrigated conditions significantly. The study has found that finger millet is being replaced by other competing fine cereals and commercial crops. The profitability of ragi is being affected due to its low productivity, absence of an organized seed supply chain, high labour requirement and lack of markets. On the other hand, the study has observed a perceptible demand of ragi among the urban population because of its nutritive value. The Government of Karnataka has included finger millet in its social programmes and study has suggested that other states should also make its reach to the smallholders.

Authors :
B. Ganesh Kumar : Principal Scientist at NAARM, Hyderabad.
N. Sivaramane : Senior Scientist at NAARM, Hyderabad.
Ch. Srinivasa Rao : Director of CRIDA and NAARM, Hyderabad.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.8

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A Case Study on Improvement of Plant Layout for Effective Production

By: P. Sivasankaran , P. Sridhar , A. Rajesh , M. Ugendiran

Page No : 219-235

Abstract
The fundamental issue with the design is the arrangement of the departments according to the material flow between them. The design criterion that is regularly used in most layout design processes does not capture the effect of layout setup on operational quality measurements such as cycle time, processing department queue times, performance and throughput rate. In a manufacturing industry, plant layout is a systematic and functional arrangement of various departments, machines, equipments and services. It is vital to have a well-developed plant layout in an optimal way for all available resources and to obtain the facility’s highest production ability. Production effectiveness relies on how well the different machines and services are produced. This research paper aims at studying and improving the current layout of the plant, and is analyzed and designed using string diagrams. An attempt is made to use systematic layout planning (SLP) to measure the current and proposed factory layout and to calculate the efficiency of the current and the proposed layout of the plant.

Authors :
P. Sivasankaran : Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, Pondicherry-605 017.
P. Sridhar : B.Tech (Final Year), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, Pondicherry-605 017.
A. Rajesh : B.Tech (Final Year), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, Pondicherry-605 017.
M. Ugendiran : B.Tech (Final Year), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, Pondicherry-605 017.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.9

Price: 251

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Milk Production Sector in India: Analysis of Trend and Pattern

By: S. Mohana Kumar

Page No : 236-249

Abstract
India is the largest producer of milk in the world and one of the potential and growing markets for milk and milk products in the world. The demand for milk products has substantially increased with the rise in per capita income over the years. However, India’s share in world trade of dairy products is not commensurate with her size of milk production and domestic market. The low productivity of milch animals—measured in terms of milk produced per day per animal in India—is one of the major constraints in the expansion and diversification of trade of dairy products in the international market. It has a bearing on the international competitiveness of the dairy sector too, as the quantity and value of dairy products imported have been on the rise. It is argued in the paper that the competiveness of the dairy farmers in India would deteriorate unless the domestic market is protected from external competition and the production is reorganized from its current status of family labour-based small farms for subsistence into a commercialized farm with advanced technology in production, distribution and value addition.

Author :
S. Mohana Kumar : Associate Professor, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.10

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Oct-2019 to Dec-2019

Are we consuming less to produce more? A case study towards sustainability of natural resources

By: Mohit Kumar Kolay

Page No : 251-260

Abstract
The present paper examines, through productivity measures, whether the growth rate in consumption of natural resources is lower than the growth rate in output to assure their decoupling towards sustainability goal in the realm of natural resource accounting. Three factors, viz, the rate of consumption of i) iron ore, ii) energy, and iii) emission rate of carbon dioxide are considered here for two Indian steel companies for assessing natural factor productivity. The derived figure when combined with manpower productivity reflects the total factor productivity. This, in turn, is viewed in relation to the technology deployed to reflect their overall productivity achievements. Results show each factor—productivity, total, and overall productivity—of both companies are on an appreciating track, clearly confirming the sustainability of natural resources consumed.

Author :
Mohit Kumar Kolay : Professor, Visiting, Techno India University, Kolkata.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.1

Price: 251

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Challenges of Water Resources Management and Water Allocation in India

By: M. Dinesh Kumar , M.V.K. Sivamohan , Nitin Bassi

Page No : 261-272

Abstract
With growing water scarcity, the priorities for the water agencies of the country have broadened from mere water development to encompass water allocation and water resources management. But the line agencies responsible for water resources and services management lack the capacity to meet the changing needs and priorities of the sector. Building institutional capacity warrants primarily the following: i] framing the right kind of water policies; ii] crafting the right kind of rules and regulations, institutions and instruments; and, iii] fostering the needed organizational changes among the agencies concerned with water allocation and sustainable water resources management. The article highlights three sets of key issues and challenges facing water resources management and water allocation in India from an institutional perspective. They are: a] team building of professionals with multi-disciplinary skills, to provide research and expert inputs for policy formulation, institutional design and design of economic instruments; b] mobilizing resources and skills for creating new organizations including development of local institutions, and restructuring wherever needed; and, c] augmenting the overall strength of technical staff in various departments engaged in water resources management and water-related services.

Authors :
M. Dinesh Kumar : Executive Director, IRAP, Telangana.
M.V.K. Sivamohan : Principal Consultant, IRAP, Hyderabad, Telangana.
Nitin Bassi : Principal Researcher, Institute for Resource Analysis and Policy (IRAP).
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.2

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The Resource Management in Chennai Heavy Engineering Cluster

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 273-284

Abstract
Micro and Small Manufacturing Enterprises in Chennai who are manufacturing Heavy Engineering Components are dependent on common infrastructure resource, technology resource, procurement resource, production resource and marketing resource by adopting Cluster Development Approach. They formed the Chennai Heavy Engineering Cluster (CHEC) to make use of common resources through interrelationships, for cost minimization and profit maximization. The objective is to study on the Resource Management of CHEC and to find Difference in Differences (DID) on the control variable, and experimental variables on productivity after Government of India and Tamil Nadu Policy interventions on CHEC. Physical Performance is an increasing trend for a number of units for employment and machinery, and also for financial performance like Turnover as per increasing CAGR. To conclude, as per DID the control group (who have not undergone Cluster Development Approach) and Treatment Group (who have undergone Cluster Development Approach) have much Difference in Differences on employment, machinery, turnover and export, and there is an increase in productivity due to adoption of Cluster Development Approach by the experimental group by managing common resources available in the Cluster. The interrelationships / cluster approach made Chennai Heavy Engineering Enterprises and cluster members make use of resources like infrastructure, procurement, technology, production and marketing successfully.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce,Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai 32, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.3

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Biomedical Waste Resource Management: Opportunities and Challenges

By: Raveesh Agarwal , Alok Gupta

Page No : 285-301

Abstract
Due to COVID-19, the generation of biomedical waste is increasing many times. Government has taken several initiatives for biomedical waste management. The objectives of this paper are to study the current practices related to biomedical waste management and to know about how we can convert waste to wealth by utilizing the resources. The data for this research paper is collected from secondary sources. It is found that we need more initiatives for biomedical waste management. This paper also highlights the challenges while offering some suggestions related to biomedical waste resource management.

Authors :
Raveesh Agarwal : Professor, Department of Business Administration, Rajshree Institute of Management & Technology, Bareilly U.P., India.
Alok Gupta : Professor, Amity Law School, Amity University, Noida.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.4

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Assessing Customer as a Key in Resource Management for Measuring Productivity of Financial Services-A Comparative Study of SBI & HDFC BANKS

By: D. Veerababu

Page No : 302-315

Abstract
The success or failure of an organisation is based upon the management of resources available to it, hence services rendered to the customers of a services-based unit plays a pivotal role in the existence of that unit. It becomes more crucial if the unit provides financial services. Financial services are the act of financial intermediaries to the households in a financial system, which involves different kinds of organisations that come together and work in synchronisation. These divergent organisations offer their expert opinion to cater the tapped or untapped market; by offering either the existing services or developing all together new services i.e. customised services for a specific set of potential customers. Organisations, for success in the market, mainly focus on men, material, and machines as resources for converting input into output. But technology has given the customers a tool to respond more aggressively towards the product and services offered; therefore, firms have to consider customers also as a new resource for themselves, especially in the service sector. The present study aims to assess customer as a key in resource management for the efficacy of financial services offered by SBI and HDFC Bank.

Authors :
Sebastian, T. Joseph : Sr. Assistant Professor, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences.
Abhishek Janvier Frederick : Assistant Professor, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.5

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GIS-mapped Solid Waste Generation Clusters Capture Eco-friendly Waste Management Practices

By: T. Dhanalakshmi

Page No : 316-326

Abstract
Waste generation regionalization delineates areas of similar types of wastes, quantity of waste, and activities generating wastes provide a basis for systematic solid waste management. Advances in Geographical Information System and big data analysis approaches, provide new opportunities for regionalization, especially in terms of solid waste generation patterns through various activities. Here, we show that solid waste generation dynamics can be captured by Dynamics of activities and we conduct a regionalization based on the dynamics of household activities, commercial activities, market, and institutional activities using GIS mapping in the study area— Cochin. The objective of the study is to know the quantity of waste, to identify the waste generation activities, and to form clusters. The clusters based on household, commercial, household and commercials, market and commercials explained more variance and greater within-region homogeneity, compared to conventional regionalization for large quantities of wastes irrespective of types of activities generating waste. These results suggest that solid waste generation regionalization based on GIS mapping have clear advantages over conventional regionalization for certain applications, and they are also more easily updated.

Author :
T. Dhanalakshmi : Professor, Matha College Of Technology, N. Paravur, Kerela.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.6

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Conceptualizing Energy Efficiency: A TechnoEconomic Approach

By: Vijayamohanan Pillai N. , A.M. Narayanan

Page No : 327-335

Abstract
Conserving electrical energy through energy efficiency measures can meet the dual challenges of increasing energy demands at reasonable costs in a sustainable manner, and of reducing the environmental and health threats associated with the use of hydrocarbons, having the potential to encourage clean energy systems. The present paper seeks to document the technoeconomic conceptualization of energy efficiency as a prelude to a documentation of the analytical methods of its measurement, which we consider in another paper. Defining energy efficiency in the Patterson’s sense of useful output per unit of input leads us to define energy efficiency also as an increase in net benefits per unit of energy. This helps us differentiate between energy efficiency and energy conservation, which is an important complement to the former. It is possible to design and devise energy efficiency indicators at different levels of aggregation in a pyramidal structure, using the corresponding statistics, such as the international statistics for national level indicators, national economic statistics for various macro-sectoral indicators and so on down to the most disaggregated micro level data on individual plant for the corresponding operational units. It is generally believed that energy consumption at any level of aggregation is essentially determined by three effects, viz., activity, structure and intensity. The paper presents a detailed illustration of this for the bottom micro-level sectors, as well as a conceptual framework that can be followed in an empirical exercise.

Authors :
Vijayamohanan Pillai N : Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
A.M. Narayanan : Energy Management Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.7

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Digital Platform Economy: Overview, Emerging Trends and Policy Perspectives

By: S.K. Sasikumar , Kanikka Sersia

Page No : 336-347

Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis has stimulated an unprecedented surge in digitalisation, which has in turn massively accelerated the growth of the digital platform economy. The increasing significance of digital platforms is apparent as millions of people turn towards them for work, livelihood, trade, information and entertainment. This paper is an attempt to situate the growth and diversification of digital platforms in the post-pandemic economic scenario. The paper delineates the theoretical underpinnings of digital platforms with a focus on definition, characteristics and typology. It highlights the emerging trends in the overall digital economy and traces the potential future contours of digital platforms. The paper also discusses key labour market issues with respect to the digital platform economy as well as some major policy imperatives to situate platform work within the frame of a brighter future of work.

Authors :
S.K. Sasikumar : Senior Fellow, V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, NOIDA, UP.
Kanikka Sersia : Junior Research Fellow, Department of Sociology, Delhi School of Economics.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.8

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Analysis of Productivity: A Comparative Study of Pharmaceutical Sector Companies Included in Nifty 50

By: Meenu Maheshwari , Priya Taparia

Page No : 348-395

Abstract
Research Issue: Productivity is the ratio of the output to the inputs used in the production process. In the present research, an attempt has been made to measure, analyze and compare intra-company and inter-company overall productivity of pharmaceutical sector companies from 2010–11 to 2017–18 i.e. for eight years.
Research Findings: For intra-company comparison, chi-square test has been used and the results indicate that null hypothesis drawn is accepted in case of Cipla Ltd., Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. and Lupin Ltd., while it is rejected in the case of Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. For inter-company comparison, Kruskal Wallis’ One Way Analysis of Variance Test has been used and results indicate that null hypothesis is rejected. This means that there is significant difference in the productivity ratios of the pharmaceutical sector companies included in Nifty 50.
Conclusion and Suggestions: It may be concluded from the analysis that the pharmaceutical sector companies included in Nifty 50 are not able to utilize its resources efficiently as for each amount of input, less amount of output is obtained. Productivity of a company can be improved by optimally utilizing the raw material without any wastage or spoilage, the labour cost by adopting techniques such as incentive schemes, workers participation in the management, etc.

Authors :
Meenu Maheshwari : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce and Management, University of Kota, Kota, (Rajasthan).
Priya Taparia : Research Scholar, Department of Commerce and Management, University of Kota, Kota, (Rajasthan).
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.9

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Public Space in the City of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh: Uses, Misuses and Consequences

By: Bhasker Majumder

Page No : 366-373

Abstract
In India’s transformation for urbanization by expanding economic opportunities and hence rising population in towns, absolute and as a percentage of the total population of the country, formation of slums is an immediate consequence. Most of these households who live at the bottom, construct a cluster of houses on land lying vacant that are known as slums. We examined the social matrix that facilitated the households to live in the slums in the city of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, and unobstructed the non-slum households to annex the public space in the city. We observed that both the slum households and the non-slum households lived in the same barometer of knowledge so far as public space was concerned. Parallel to the perceived unstable living of the households in slums, the state’s intervention through demolition of structures built up by the non-slum households on public space for private purposes remained unquestioned in the city remodelling.

Author :
Bhasker Majumder : Professor of Economics, G.B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.10

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Jan-2020 to Mar-2020

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Economic Growth of India

By: M. Syed Ibrahim

Page No : 375-383

Abstract
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays an important role in global business and it affords a firm with new marketing channels, cheaper production facilities, access to technology transfer, and financing. With the advent of globalisation and strong governmental support, foreign investment has lent a hand and the Indian economy has grown tremendously. India has constantly sought to attract investment from the world’s major investors. In 1998 and 1999, the Government of India announced a number of reforms designed to encourage and promote a constructive business environment for investors. FDI means an investment through which the non-resident investor and foreign company can start a new company or can acquire shares in an existing Indian company. Foreign investments in the country can take the form of investments in listed companies i.e., Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs), Investments in listed/unlisted companies other than through stock exchanges i.e., through the FDI or private equity/foreign venture capital investment route, investments through American Depositary Receipts (ADR), Global Depositary Receipts (GDR), investments by Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) in various forms. This paper attempts to review the impact of FDIs in Indian economy, particularly after a decade of economic reforms, and analyse the role played by FDI in the economic development of the country. The study is diagnostic and exploratory in nature and makes use of secondary data. The study finds and concludes that the FDIs in India have significantly improved and have developed the economy as well.

Author :
M. Syed Ibrahim : Assistant Professor and Research Supervisor, Post-Graduate and Research Department of Commerce, Govt. Arts College (Autonomous), Salem-636 007. Tamil Nadu, South India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.1

Price: 251

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An Economic Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflows in Indian Economy

By: Ritu Kang Walia

Page No : 384-393

Abstract
In the present scenario, the relation between FDI and economic growth is a matter of great debate among researchers. So, the present study is an attempt to analyse various aspects of FDI Inflows in to the Indian economy. The paper will explore growth and trend of FDI inflows in India, inward direction of FDI, and the sectoral and regional distribution of FDI inflows in India. The study will also examine the relation between FDI and Indian economy’s growth. The study considers the time period from 2000–01 to September 2020. To analyse growth and trend, Annual Growth Rate (AGR) and Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) are computed, and for analysing the relation between FDI and economic growth, Simple Linear Regression Model is applied.

Author :
Ritu Kang Walia : Assistant Professor in Economics, R.K.S.D. (PG) College, Kaithal (Haryana).
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.2

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Impact of FDI on Automobile Sector in India – An Empirical Analysis

By: Jeena Mariot Xavier , K V Raju

Page No : 394-403

Abstract
This article tries to analyse the linkages between and spillovers from foreign parent firms to foreign subsidiaries in host country’s automotive industry. Conceptually, the article identifies spillovers, linkages and the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on domestic firms. We analyse the linkage channels of six major automobile manufacturers in India. The compound annual growth rate of FDI equity inflows is analysed using semi-log model and the average domestic input share is utilized to form linkage effect. Regressing the average sales of each firm on linkage gives the spillover effect of linkage channel on average sales of the firms. CAGR of FDI is 11.35 per cent for the period of study. Maruti Suzuki India Ltd and Honda Cars India Ltd have a significant spillover effect of linkages in the FDI on average sales of the firm. We cannot ignore the role of FDI in generating linkages, spillovers and technological transfers. Effective policy measures, FDI-friendly policy regimes, attractive incentives, pro-manufacture environment are essential in driving more FDI in automobile sector.

Authors :
Jeena Mariot Xavier : Research Scholar, Sacred Heart College, Thevara and Assistant Professor of Economics, Maharaja’s College, Ernakulam.
K V Raju : Associate Professor and Research Guide, Department of Economics, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Ernakulam
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.3

Price: 251

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A Covid-19 Combat Policy Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment Flows on Sustainability Issues

By: Swapnamoyee Palit , Ronismita Mishra

Page No : 404-411

Abstract
The uncertainties meted out during crisis conditions like the COVID19 pandemic-generated economic turmoil amplify the volatility of the financial market, of which the Foreign Direct Investment is a vital component. This necessitates unprecedented strategies and policies to grip the flow within a limit and thus prevent excessive deviation or downturn. However, the present scenario under COVID19 for the economy in general and FDI in particular is inconclusive as the policies adopted to stabilise the market may show gradual normalisation and is surrounded with uncertainties. The focus of the present paper is to analyse the strategies and policies adopted by the government to combat the anticipated fluctuations in FDI inflows in the present scenario with an empirical forecast of the FDI flow over the future years. Though the forecast values of FDI over the next 10 years shows a mild increasing trend, showing a silver lining, its tilt towards the lower limit shows the dampened rate of growth of FDI expected on one hand; while on the other, it points to the immense potential which can be tapped with the right strategic policy incentives of the government to ensure the flow of FDI and providing a stature of resilience to it, enabling it to be towards its upper frontier.

Authors :
Swapnamoyee Palit : Assistant Professor, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University.
Ronismita Mishra : Research Scholar, KIIT School of Humanities, KIIT Deemed to be University.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.4

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Estimation and Decomposition of Productivity Growth of the Organized Manufacturing Industries of Transport Equipments in India: An Interstate Analysis

By: Prasanta Kumar Roy

Page No : 412-426

Abstract
The study applies stochastic frontier approach to estimate and decompose the sources of total factor productivity growth (TFPG) of the 2-digit manufacturing industries of transport equipments in fifteen major industrialised states in India, as well as in AllIndia. The periods cover 1981–82 to 2010–11, engulfing the prereform (1981–82 to 1990–91) and post-reform periods (1991–92 to 2010–11), and also during two different decades of the postreform period, i.e., 1991–92 to 2000–01 and 2001–02 to 2010–11. The components of TFPG are technological progress (TP), technical efficiency change (TEC), economic scale change (SC) and allocation efficiency change (AEC). According to the estimated results, technological progress (TP) is the major contributing factor to the TFPG of the organised manufacturing industries of transport equipments in India and in its fifteen major industrialised states during the period 1981–82 to 2010–11. Further, TFPG of the 2-digit manufacturing industries of transport equipments have increased during the post-reform period (1991–92 to 2010–11) and the increase is mainly accounted for by the increase in TP too for the same period.

Author :
Prasanta Kumar Roy : Assistant Professor, Dept. of Economics, Midnapore College (Autonomous), Midnapore, Paschim Medinipur (West Bengal).
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.5

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Balancing Employee Skill with Technology Adoption in Indian Context

By: Mohit Kumar Koley

Page No : 427-438

Abstract
A snapshot study has been done in this paper to examine the compatibility between employee skill and technology adopted by 100 organisations in India, taking top 10 from each of the 10 sectors. Technology level is assessed by the conventional measure of net block and employee related cost is considered as the surrogate measure of employee skill. Organisational performance is analysed for the full sample and sector-wise, taking two sets of input parameters, i) net block versus employee related cost, and ii) techintensity versus employee skill-intensity. Correlation analysis is done to examine organisational performance for the full sample and sector-wise data. It is found that the employee related cost is below 8 per cent of net block, and employee skill-intensity is just 4 per cent compared to overall tech-intensity of 52 per cent. Correlation gives significant results for the full sample, and six out of 10 sector data. The study indicates that there is much more scope to upgrade employee skill to match with the level of technology adoption to improve their performances.

Author :
Mohit Kumar Koley : Professor, Visiting, Techno India University, Kolkata
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.6

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Investigating Determinants of Declining Participation of Women in Uttar Pradesh Rural: An Inter-District Analysis

By: Nomita P. Kumar , Kavita Baliyan

Page No : 439-453

Abstract
The paper presents trends in growth of workforce and changes in its structure using census data from the last several decades in Uttar Pradesh. It is an attempt to highlight the relative performance in the present decade as compared to the 1980s and 1990s, for which we have comparable data. Precisely, the objectives are to examine trends, patterns and factors propelling / discouraging women to participate in workforce in rural Uttar Pradesh and is understood with the help of social and religious factors, land rights, agricultural income and education. The study highlights that women employment in rural Uttar Pradesh has been continuously declining, possibly, for the following reasons: firstly, women participation in the labour market is driven due to distress conditions; secondly, they find working conditions either unsafe or unsuitable due to increase in crimes against women in recent times; and thirdly, social norms restrict their entry into the job market (Bhattacharya and Goyal, 2017). Studies suggest that by improving their access to land and productive resources, providing them decent work opportunities and prioritising their education and skills training will collectively lead to the improvement of women’s socioeconomic status (Bhattacharya and Goyal, 2017) along with empowering them.

Authors :
Nomita P. Kumar : Assistant Professor (Senior Scale), Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow.
Kavita Baliyan : Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.7

Price: 251

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Empirical Evidences of Tribal Women Participation in Local Economy

By: Archana Sinha

Page No : 454-462

Abstract
Tribal women are the worst sufferers as most large-scale industries are displacing them from their lands and denying them access and control over natural resources. Tribal women who have been dependent on traditional land, forests and water-based occupations. Thereby it has led to the reduction in the social and economic status of women, especially indigenous women, as a result of forced transition from land-based traditional systems to contemporary economies. In India, women perform 2.6 times more unpaid care and domestic work than men. While families, societies and economies depend on this work, for women, it leads to lower earnings and less time to engage in non-work activities. In addition to equal distribution of economic resources, which is not only a right but also accelerates development in multiple areas, there needs to be a fair balance of responsibility for unpaid care work between men and women (Gender Equality, Goal 5 SDG). The working conditions of women workers are deteriorating and there are no legal protections for women to demand for their rights and duties. They also bear disproportion responsibility for unpaid work and are undervalued for their work, like, household activities where she is not considered as part of labour force and is an invisible labour. The work participation rate and occupational composition among them, and prevailing sex disparity in different economic pursuits certainly reveal their economic status and the system of social organization in it. This study is an attempt to understand the perceptions, responses and actions, and the determinants of actions in the society as well as the lives of the tribal women in the context of existing gender relations in general and among tribal societies in particular in the preview of constitutional amendment. The rooted patriarchal structure in the society manifests among tribal societies. Further, the study attempts to understand how the women place themselves in the constricted situations and deal with home and social responsibilities and what the outcomes of the processes were. In light of this, the present study was undertaken under the premises of Indian Social Institute, to study the participation of tribal women in local economy: “Case Studies in Jharkhand and Assam” in the year 2020, with perspectives from tribal women. The author acknowledges Indian Social Institute, New Delhi, for the same.

Authors :
Archana Sinha : Head, Department of Women’s Studies, Indian Social Institute, 10, Institutional Area, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110003
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.8

Price: 251

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Literature Review on Quality Concepts in Industrial Systems using QFD (Quality Function Deployment) – Survey and Extensions

By: P. Sivasankaran

Page No : 463-469

Abstract
In this paper, the importance of quality concepts in product development is studied by reviewing several papers from various reputed journals. In order to improve the quality of product design, QFD (Quality Function Deployment) is used as a tool that studies the various parameters of product design such as aesthetic appeal, cost, service life, maintenance, etc. In QFD, the analysis is carried out to improve the quality of the product design based on customer’s evaluation. The use of QFD helps the product development management team to take decisions about the product quality by studying and improving its characteristics. In every organization, there will be a cross functional team, which comprises of Design, Safety, Quality and Maintenance. With the help of the cross functional team member’s suggestions, it will be possible to improve the safety, design and aesthetic appeal of a product. Hence, in this paper, an attempt has been made to study and review various characteristics of product design and development, namely QFD model and also report several case studies in different domains of industrial applications.

Author :
P. Sivakaran : Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, Pondicherry.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.9

Price: 251

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Problems Faced by Physically Challenged Students in Accessing and Utilizing the Library Resources and Services of College Students in India

By: M. Murugan , R. Jeyshankar

Page No : 470-484

Abstract
This study explores the personal and institutional issues confronted by physically challenged UG and PG college students of India in accessing and utilising the library resources and services. The data was collected from 27 randomly selected colleges. Census method was employed to select the respondents. A well-structured questionnaire was employed to collect the required data. 129 respondents participated in the study. The study reveals that: The most prominent personal issues faced by the respondents in accessing the library, its resources and services include lack of ICT skills, difficulty to reach the library, lack of internet skills, lack of computer skills and difficulty to get required information by themselves. The institutional issues most agreed by the respondents include insufficient space, materials and equipment, no disability-friendly furniture, inadequacy of recent publications and current journals and lack of guidance about use of library resources and services. Nature of disability, studying district and gender do not, but studying course and studying department do have an impact on the institutional problems faced by the respondents.

Authors :
M. Murugan : Research Scholar (Part Time), Department of Library and Information Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
R. Jeyshankar : Associate Professor, Department of Library and Information Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.10

Price: 251

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Apr-2019 to Jun-2019

Do Entrepreneurial Intentions Drive Outcomes?

By: Brajaballav Kar

Page No : 1-11

Abstract
Entrepreneurial intentions and outcomes differ and this research investigates if intentions influence the outcomes. Factor analysis of the 20 items related to the entrepreneurial intent construct was done to group it to 7 parsimonious factors. Reliability of self-reported 4 item scale for the entrepreneurial outcome was tested. Total entrepreneurial outcome factors were regressed with 7 intentions factors as the independent variables to understand its influence on the total outcome. This research indicates that the entrepreneurial outcomes (income and savings, social respect, career, and overall satisfaction) are positively and significantly influenced by intentions such as esteem seeking, idea & skill, and altruism; but negative significant influences were observed for intentions related to necessity and alertness. The intention factors related to individualism and kinship had insignificant positive and negative relationship with outcomes respectively.

Author :
Brajaballav Kar : Associate Professor, School of Management, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.1

Price: 251

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Social Entrepreneurship in Agriculture Sector: Challenges and Opportunities

By: Sujit Majhi

Page No : 12-19

Abstract
Agri-Social entrepreneurship is a process of creation, change, sustainable development and significant social problem solving mechanism. Social entrepreneurship development in agriculture sector has a significant role in India. The major challenges for social entrepreneurship development in agriculture are cultural complexity, lack of proper understanding of the social enterprise; low priority against urban based enterprises etc. Agriculture sector has tremendous potential and opportunities for social entrepreneurship development considering different activities and dimension. Organic farming, value chain management, agridecision support system, input and product management are some of the opportunities for agri-social entrepreneurship development in India.

Author :
Sujit Majhi : Assistant Professor (Agra Extension), College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhawani patna
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.2

Price: 251

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Factors Influencing the success of Women Entrepreneurs in Factor driven Economies

By: Amandeep Dhaliwal

Page No : 20-31

Abstract
Women entrepreneurship has been growing significantly all over the world. But it has been seen that women owned businesses tend to underperform and has higher failure/closure rates as compared to businesses owned by men. As per GEM report (2017), 4 out of 10 women exit business in the initial stage itself in case of factor driven countries. This research therefore identified a list of factors from literature and empirically surveyed the women entrepreneurs to find out the factors that influence the success of women entrepreneurs in such economies. Findings of the study found that the Support Systems, Personal Orientation & Knowledge Base were the overarching factors having the most impact on the success of women entrepreneurs in such economies.

Author :
Amandeep Dhaliwal : Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Manav Rachna Institute of Research & Studies, Faridabad.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.3

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Women Entrepreneurs in India Set to Spread their Wings in the Corporate World

By: Ruchi Gupta

Page No : 32-41

Abstract
Women constitute 48.5% of the country’s population. According to the Sixth Economic Census released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation they constitute around 14% of the total entrepreneurship. Women entrepreneurship is largely skewed towards smaller sized firms, as almost 98% of women-owned businesses are micro enterprises. The paper deals with women entrepreneurs in the current global scenario and their status as per sixth economic census (2013-14). It further deals with various government initiatives towards promoting and encouraging women entrepreneurs, identifying the challenges and offering few suggestions which may help overcome the barriers to women entry in corporate world.

Author :
Ruchi Gupta : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Iswar Saran P.G. College, University of Allahabad
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.4

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Paving the Way for Transformational Future - Women Entrepreneurs in Uttar Pradesh

By: Nomita P. Kumar

Page No : 42-56

Abstract
This paper venture into the issue of what propels women into entrepreneurial activity: Is it due to economic or social pressure, or are they attracted to it? While the number of woman entrepreneurs are on the rise in India, but experts have different views on what is driving this surge. The study surveyed a sample of 300 women entrepreneurs. While drawing the sample care was taken to cover women entrepreneurs from different types of business activity and different size/categories in terms of capital and employment, and those who had at least three years of experience and employing more than two workers. Pre-coded interview schedule was administered to gather the required information about their family background, socio-economic conditions, push and pull factors involved, problems and constraints etc.

Author :
Nomita P. Kumar : Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.5

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Strategies towards Sustainability of Business Schools in India

By: Mohit Kumar Kolay

Page No : 57-69

Abstract
In the present paper attention has been focused on the majority of Business Schools in India towards the extent of fulfilment of the goals and thus their capacity towards sustainability. A review on this aspect shows a rather dismal performance on the part of majority of B-schools. To turn the table for these B-schools towards the path of sustainability, ten strategies are outlined here in this paper. These strategies are: i) re-orient MBA curriculum, ii) ensure adherence to multi-attribute admission criteria, iii) recruit quality faculty, iv) use of relevant teaching materials, v) test and re-test teaching-learning pedagogy, vi) encourage competition amongst students, vii) enhance interaction with local organizations, viii) institutionalize mechanism of direct quality assurance of teaching and learning, ix) promote entrepreneurship culture within the Bschool, and x) focus on research. The paper analyzes the impact of the above ten strategies on various input and output parameters of learning and development using the system dynamic concept of feedback loop.

Author :
Mohit Kumar Kola : Faculty at NITIE, ASCI & IIT, Kharagpur.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.6

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A Study of Effect of NPAs on the Financial Performance of Public Sector Banks in India

By: Preeti , Kuldip Singh Chhikara

Page No : 70-78

Abstract
Presently, the Indian Banking System is passing through an uncertain phase of distress due to growing NPAs (Non-Performing Assets) having negative impact on the performance of the banks in particular and growth & development of the nation in general. The present study is purely based on secondary data collected from various sources and were analyzed with the help of appropriate statistical techniques such as Mean, Standard Deviation, CAGR, Diagrams, and Charts, etc. to draw the conclusions. A very high degree of negative correlation was found between NPAs and ROA & ROE of the PSBs indicating towards a very high degree of negative impact of NPAs on the banks’ financial performance. It was exposed through the results of the study that the problem of bad loans has matured with the passage of time due to irresponsible role played by the top level management of public sector banks in general and the regulatory authorities in particular. Further, the populist government schemes have also told upon the health of the banks and hence serious and stringent actions and decisions are required to be taken and implemented at various levels not only by banks but also by RBI, other regulatory authorities and GOI to boost the financial position of the banks in general and of the economy of the country in particular.

Authors :
Preeti : Research Scholar, Department Of Commerce, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak.
Kuldip Singh Chhikara : Professor, Department of Commerce and Director DDE, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.7

Price: 251

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Genetic Diversity and its Impact on Productivity of Cotton Crop in Punjab

By: Joginder Singh

Page No : 79-87

Abstract
The traditional cotton belt of Punjab state has made significant contribution to India’s cotton production and a source of livelihood. The area under the crop has shown marked difference due to varying productivity, jeopardising the mere sustainability of the crop. The basic issues namely: plant protection practices for changing scenario of insect-pests and choice of suitable varieties remained haunting. The pre-Bt period had witnessed a serious attack of bollworms adversely affecting the crop productivity and area under cotton crop cultivation. There was a rapid diversification of varieties which were short field life but put together elongated the crop season and thus encouraged the pests. However, the situation improved with evolutions of Bt varieties in 2002-03. The crop productivity responded well during its introduction period, showing CGR of 11.8% and consequently area under the crop increased. Left to the choice of farmers to select Bt varieties/trade names out of scores available, did not have the desired impact as the crop yield did not improve. Analysis for the overall study period favoured genetic diversity for productivity improvement. This potential belt, which has already lost more than 55% cotton area stands further endangered and calls for measures for its revival through area-specific short-listing of varieties, discouraging paddy crop.

Author :
Joginder Singh : Professor & Head (Rtd.) Department of Economics & Sociology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.8

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Performance of Area, Production and Productivity of Cashew in India and Kerala

By: Binu Kumar , A. Abdul Salim

Page No : 88-95

Abstract
Cashew industry is a prominent agro based, export oriented and traditional industry which provide employment and income for the economic development of Kerala. There are lakhs of workers engaged in the cashew processing industry; about ninety three percent are women workers. The performance of cashew in the international scenario reveals the position with which the cashew holds among the agricultural commodities. India is the first country which commercialized cashew as a horticultural crop. India’s raw nut production is not sufficient to sustain the processing capacity established in the country. The low yielding old aged cashew trees are needed to be replaced with cashew grafts of high yielding varieties along with adoption of improved production technologies. Higher productivity as well as production is the urgent need for all the major producers of cashew across the globe. The scrutiny of cashew productivity data in India over the last few years indicated stagnation and there was a wide gap existing between the actual and potential yields. It is essential that India should keep pace and meet the requirement of raw cashew nuts for cashew processing industries and achieve self sufficiency. The present paper examines the performance of cashew sector in terms of area, production and productivity in India and Kerala.

Author :
Binu Kumar, B.J : Assistant Professor of Department of Economics, NSS College, Nilamel
Abdul Salim A. : Professor and Head of the Department of Economics, University of Kerala
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.9

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Structural Change in Employment Pattern in Odisha: An Analysis in the Post Reform Period

By: Priyabrata Sahoo , Ranjan Kumar Nayak

Page No : 96-103

Abstract
This paper is an attempt to look into the structural transformation in Odisha economy by looking at the pattern and nature of employment in the post reform period. The unit level data of employmentunemployment survey (EUS) and the EUS reports have been used for calculation of employment figures. The primary sector income share has been declining at a faster rate than the decline in the employment share. The tertiary sector recorded a faster growth in income and increase in income share though the labour absorbing capacity of this sector is low. Hence instead of having high growth in Odisha, as referred to in many literatures, the structural transformation in the economy is a stunted one. In terms of employment growth, the self -employment category has seen a faster rise during the post reform. Class wise (decile) analysis shows that, it’s the casual labour, that is more deprived.

Authors :
Priyabrata Sahoo : Assistant Professor in Christ University, Bangalore in School of Business Studies and Social Science, CHRIST University, Bangalore
Ranjan Kumar Nayak :  Lecturer in Bihar PSC
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.10

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Jul-2019 to Sep-2019

Indian Labour Migration to the Gulf: Recent Trends, the Regulatory Environment and New Evidences on Migration Costs

By: S.K. Sasikumar

Page No : 111-125

Abstract
This paper examines the recent trends in Indian labour migration to the Gulf countries. It analyses the regulatory structure governing low-skilled labour migration in conjunction with the mapping of the recruiting landscape. The paper provides evidences on migration costs in the India-Saudi Arabia migration corridor based on a primary survey undertaken by the World Bank-led Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). It provides policy recommendations in relation to three core aspects of international labour migration from India: improving the information base on international labour migration; restructuring the regulatory environment for international labour migration; and reducing migration costs borne by workers to obtain overseas employment.

Author :
S.K. Sasikumar : Senior Fellow, V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, Noida
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.1

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Climate and Weather Induced Agricultural Distress and Migration: Characteristics and Evidence

By: K.S. Kavi Kumar , Brinda Viswanathan , P. Dayakar

Page No : 126-135

Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature examining the three-way linkage between weather/climate variability, agricultural productivity and migration. Highlighting low elasticity of migration to agricultural productivity in India, the paper explores potential reasons behind low rural-urban/inter-state migration rates. The paper further provides evidence on short-term migration in India and discusses a potential manifestation of the same in the form of feminization of agriculture. The paper argues for enabling policies that enhance non-agricultural rural livelihood options as well as policies that facilitate greater participation of women in agricultural management.

Author :
K.S. Kavi Kumar : Professor, Madras School of Economics, Chennai
Brinda Viswanathan : Professor, Madras School of Economics, Chennai
P. Dayakar : ICSSR Research Fellow, Madras School of Economics, Chennai
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.2

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Reintegration of Return Migrants and State Responses: A Case Study of Kerala

By: S. Irudaya Rajan , C S Akhil

Page No : 136-143

Abstract
Countries of Origins are witnessing increasing rate of return migration of temporary labour migrants in the past decade. This paper analyses the process of reintegration of return migrants in Indian context by examining Kerala as a case study and portrays the existing state responses towards return migrants. Kerala is selected because of the rich tradition of international labour migration and the existence of a state-run institutional mechanism to manage migration. The study uses Kerala Migration Survey to create a profile of the return migrants to the state. The reintegration process has been analysed using semi-structured interviews with government officials and returnees followed by the analysis of policy documents. The basic profiling of return migrant clearly shows that majority of them are unskilled and semi-skilled workers returning due to loss of job because of the ongoing recession and nationalisation policies in the Gulf countries. The poor savings rate of return migrants and lack of employment opportunities in the state show that reintegration of return migrants would not happen without the support of the state. Even though Kerala has a well-developed migration management system compared to other Indian states, it is not enough to meet the demands of return migrants. The paper urges national government to create a comprehensive framework for return migrants by collaborating with state governments, which involves effective management of the skills earned by migrants in the host country and long-term financial assistance for reintegration.

Authors :
S. Irudaya Rajan : Professor, Centre for Development Studies Thiruvananthapuram.
C S Akhil : Doctoral Scholar, Centre for Development Studies Thiruvananthapuram
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.3

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Competitive or Complementary: Impact of Interstate Migration on Native Workers of Kerala

By: Likhitha. K , A. Abdul Salim

Page No : 144-149

Abstract
Migration is unarguably the most influential process that has determined what the Kerala state now. That much impact the process has as far as all the fields of life in the state is concerned. This process of emigration facilitated the replacement migration of the labourers from other state of Kerala. Replacement migration is mainly due to the large scale migration of young working population along with the unwillingness of the people of Kerala to do manual works. A large number of migrant labourers got attracted to the state due to high wage rate, and better working and living conditions, which helped to reduce this imbalance between demand for and supply of labour. This labour in-migration obviously affected the economy and society to a great extent not only in positive but in negative terms also. One of the major adverse effects of in-migration is supposed to be in the labour market of the native workers. This paper examines whether the labour migration to Kerala is competitive or complementary to the native workers. This is examined in the framework of the competitive and complementary effect aspect of Borjas’ theory of Immigration and supported by the evidences from the primary survey. The study finds that in-migration in the present context is not a threat to the native workers as majority of the in-migrants is unskilled or semi-skilled who are not competitive to the skilled native workers of Kerala.

Authors :
Likhitha. K : Research Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Kerala, Trivandrum
A. Abdul Salim : Professor & Head, Department of Economics, University of Kerala, Trivandrum
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.04

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Male Out-migration and its Implications on the Socio-economic Status in Rural Bihar

By: Ugra Mohan Jha , Nisha Varghese

Page No : 150-161

Abstract
The implications of migration are complex in nature and affect the economic growth of the region wherein it exists. India has witnessed more than three-fold increase in the levels of mobility from 1950 to 2011. Considering the long history of migration from Bihar, this study was conducted to examine factors influencing migration and its implication on the socio-economic status of the migrants in Bihar. Migration has resulted in several changes in the migrant households. It was found that the role of women in decision making related to various farming activities was more in case of migrant households. Migration has also resulted in diversification of the food basket.

Authors :
Ugra Mohan Jha : PhD Research Scholar, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi
Nisha Varghese : Assistant Professor, School of Extension and Development Studies, IGNOU, New Delhi
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.5

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Dual-Step Migration from a Village in Uttar Pradesh: Causes, Processes and Consequences

By: Bhaskar Majumder , Md. Taukeer

Page No : 162-174

Abstract
Cross-border migration often takes place at two levels. In the first level labourers migrate from their native places to the destination city within the national economy facilitated by their social network, and in the second level they migrate abroad for economic opportunities. The first one provides space and time to take decisions, while the second one lifts their economic status often at the cost of risks. We selected a village — Inayat Patti in the district of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh to examine migration of labourers, first to the metropolitan city of Mumbai and then to countries in the Gulf. The labourers migrated to the Gulf countries based on informed positive wage-differential. The causes, processes, and consequences of dual-step migration by selected indicators are explained in this paper. The paper pleads for a positive role of the state to safeguard the labourers migrating to the Gulf countries.

Authors :
Bhaskar Majumder : Professor in Economics in G.B.Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad.
Md. Taukeer : D.Phil. Scholar, G.B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.6

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Measurement of Material Productivity: A Case Study of Pharmaceutical Sector Companies included in Nifty 50

By: Meenu Maheshwari , Priya Taparia

Page No : 175-194

Abstract
In this modern environment, productivity has become an indicator of the progress of a country. It may be treated as a key to prosperity. Productivity can be denoted as a ratio of the monetary value of the output to the monetary value of the input which shows the actual performance of a unit. Higher the productivity means a more efficient use of the resources in an organisation. Productivity may include material productivity, labour productivity and overhead productivity and also the overall productivity. The Material Productivity of pharmaceutical sector companies included in Nifty 50 has been analysed in the present study. The sector consists of Cipla Ltd., Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd., Lupin Ltd. and Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Material productivity of eight years has been studied in the present study from 2008-09 to 2015-16. Both intra-sector and inter-sector hypotheses have been tested and results have been drawn from it. For intra-sector hypothesis, an analysis has been drawn with the help of Chi-Square Test and it has been observed that in all companies except in Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. null hypothesis has been accepted, which shows that the material productivity ratios of the sampled company for the study period are approximately equal. In the case of Butin Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd an alternate hypothesis is accepted. In inter-sector hypothesis, analysis is drawn with the help of Kruskal Wallis Rank Sum Test popularly known as H Test and it has been observed that the null hypothesis is rejected, which means that the material productivity ratios between the pharmaceutical sector companies included in Nifty 50 differ significantly. The reason for the increase or decrease in the material productivity may be due to increase or decrease in the output or input or the components associated with productivity. For improving the material productivity it is recommended to improve the output, input or components of output or input.

Authors :
Meenu Maheshwari : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce and Management, University of Kota
Priya Taparia : Research Scholar, Department of Commerce and Management, University of Kota.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.7

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Demonetization In India- The Journey So Far

By: Krishn Awatar Goyal , Vijay Singh

Page No : 195-203

Abstract
With each passing day, in the light of various reports and data, the consequences of demonetization are becoming far clearer and comprehensible. The jury is still to give its verdict on the demonetization, which is certainly a watershed event in the political and economic history of our nation. However, it is not that easy to choose between the pro and anti-demonetization divide. There is little doubt about the stated objectives and intentions behind the decision of demonetization, which primarily includes checking the menace of black money, black economy, corruption, FICN, antistate activities and to enhance cashless & digital economy. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) led NDA government at the Centre shall be praised for taking such a huge political risk to cleanse the economy of our nation. However, there was clear cut indication of lack of proper and adequate planning on the part of the government, which led to unintended adverse consequences like loss of employment and daily wages, deaths, suicides etc. Even after more than two years of the demonetization, it is indeed very difficult to clearly mention that it is good or bad for the Indian economy as the whole picture is still to be unfolded.

Authors :
Krishn Awatar Goyal : Associate Professor, Department of Business Finance & Economics, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur.
Vijay Singh : Research Scholar, Department of Business Finance & Economics, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.8

Price: 251

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Factors Influencing Yield Rate in West Bengal Agriculture: A Panel Data Approach

By: Amit Kundu , Pubali Goswamy

Page No : 204-213

Abstract
In West Bengal Economy, the role of agriculture is still very important. This paper shows that in most of the districts of West Bengal, the agricultural productivity or yield rate of different food and cash crops have increased since 2000-01. Using panel data fixed effect regression technique, it is proved that average harvest price of the previous year, average rainfall and average money wage rate of the agricultural labourers play a positive role behind this improvement of average yield rate in agricultural production. Positive relationship between average yield rate of agricultural production and average agricultural wage establishes consumption efficiency relationship.

Authors :
Amit Kundu : Professor, Department of Economics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Pubali Goswamy : Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.9

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Participatory Rural Planning for Sustainable Agriculture: An Observation from Rural Jharkhand of India

By: Niranjan Sahoo

Page No : 214-225

Abstract
This article is an attempt to know how the community level participatory process could be used to advance agricultural efforts and livelihood initiatives. This empirical study is carried out in two villages of Jharkhand state in India to examine as to how the community people make an interaction with common resources for agricultural planning and development through knowledge management. It is firmly believed that humans are so called unexplored treasures and each additional individual born in this world strains world resource by being a consumer. But by being a producer, each individual has enormous potentialities to explore and contribute to the world resources. Now our concern is as on how to convert the human beings into human resources? More growth of population means, more overtax of the resources, which will ultimately result in widespread poverty and hunger (Thomas Malthus 1798). Malthus theory on population and general prediction about the common man of third world countries could be reversed by way of converting the human population into human resource through education, training for agriculture. Overpopulation is not a burden rather it may be termed as an opportunity especially for agriculture and rural development sectors. Participation is an indigenous or native instinct, which has paramount importance in helping common people in villages in increasing production and productivity. When common people unite in a participatory process they tend to explore more their inherent skills and knowledge. This empirical study is carried out in two villages of Bero block in Jharakhand state to find the systems and strategies of participatory process where the common and illiterate people became proficient to explore their potentialities for making micro-planning for village development. Various methods of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) like logical framework analysis (LFA) and objective variable indicators (OVI) are also discussed in the full paper.

Author :
Niranjan Sahoo : Professor of Rural Development, Xavier Institute of Social Service, Ranchi
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.10

Price: 251

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Oct-2019 to Dec-2019

Reusing Fractions of Legacy Municipal Solid Wastes in India: A Circular Economy Approach

By: Richa Singh , Bakul Rao , Krishnanand Maillacheruvu , Shyam R. Asolekar

Page No : 227-238

Abstract
Management of the so-called legacy wastes (i.e. aged wastes) is one of the challenging tasks faced by developing nations including India. Such sites are often those locations where fresh wastes are not brought because the sites are fully packed and inoperable. The un-scientific operations at those abandoned dumpsites have led to various long term challenges such as ground and surface water pollution, air pollution, dumpsite fires, and on-site scavenging - which have been periodically creating massive threats to public health. This paper focuses on management of legacy wastes by adopting feasible, affordable, and environmentally sound technological options aimed at recovery of the maximum possible resources and also generate energy from the combustible waste fractions obtained from mining of these dump sites. The study envisages the need of integrating the circular economy approach with sustainable waste management in India by utilizing waste fractions for gainful applications and ensuring that negligible amount of waste is ending-up into the dumpsites or landfills. It is hoped that this study will serve two purposes, i.e., energy and land recovery by scientific and systematic management of the combustible and inert fraction of the legacy wastes and conversion of reclaimed land to scientific landfills by installing composite liner system for a sustainable landfilling practice. As an add-on, the reclaimed land can also be sold or used for any other purposes after satisfying the adequate fit-for-use criteria for the specific application.

Authors :
Richa Singh : Environmental Science & Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai
Bakul Rao : Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Krishnanand Maillacheruvu : Civil Engineering and Construction, Bradley University, Peoria, USA
Shyam R. Asolekar : Environmental Science & Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.1

Price: 251

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Conversion of Marble Waste into a Value Added Composite Materials for Civil Infrastructure

By: Asokan Pappu , Ranjan Chaturvedi , Anam Khan , Ravi Patidar , Edward Peters ,

Page No : 239-249

Abstract
During marble processing, cutting and polishing, more than 12 MT (million tons) of marble waste per year has been produced only in the state of Rajasthan, India. Safe disposal of such huge quantity of marble wastes become a major environmental issue. In the present study, attempt have been made to recycle marble waste collected from Makrana marble processing industries, Rajasthan, as raw materials, for making composite materials. Characterisation studies showed that the major mineral present in marble waste are Calcite (CaCO3), Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) and Quartz (SiO3). Composite materials were made using marble waste reinforced with jute textile fibres in epoxy resin system. The findings of the study showed that marble waste composites reinforced with jute textile have resulted about 50% higher flexural strength (48.48 MPa) than the commercially available MDF (medium density fibre) board (24.23 MPa). It also showed very low water absorption (24 hour immersion) and thickness swelling. The microstructure of fractured surface of marble waste composite showed very good bonding between the marble waste, fibre and the matrix. The composite materials have multifunctional applications in civil construction sector, transport system as doors, false ceilings, architectural wall panels, partition and furniture etc. The marble waste composite materials are stronger than teak wood and other traditional materials such as medium density board, particle board, and rice husk board. Commercial realisation of this composite technology would significantly contribute to Nation program on clean India, make in India and advanced manufacturing missions. Efforts are being made to ease the commercialisation of this technology.

Authors :
Asokan Pappu : Senior Principal Scientist, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal
Ranjan Chaturvedi : PhD Scholar, AcSIR, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal
Prashant Tyagi : Research Associate, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal
Anam Khan : Project Assistant, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal
Ravi Patidar : Project Assistant, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal
Edward Peters : Principal Technical Officer, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.2

Price: 251

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Hospitals - Enormous Waste Powerhouses: Leapfrog to Environmental Sustainability

By: Vikram Sandhu , Harleen Kaur , Heena Atwal

Page No : 250-263

Abstract
Every living thing, be it a single cell to as large as blue whale, takes in nutrient and excretes waste. Most of the machinery is based on this simple biological model of nutrients in and wastes out. The main aim of research conducted for this paper is to study the present actions related to the various waste management techniques and various practices taken by the healthcare organisations for the disposal of the waste. Waste management requires dire need for alteration to proffer sustainable practices in the anticipation of offering the waste management sector a more economically feasible and socially admissible answer to the current waste management predicament. It is necessary to consider explanation of the costs of different disposal practices and not just the cost of the recycling process but also the worth of the domesticated material. Making note of the quantum of common waste as well as bio-waste produced and managing routine observation of health care waste organization tradition, the hospitals can help in preserving the environment.

Authors :
Vikram Sandhu : (PhD), Assistant Professor, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab
Harleen Kaur : BDS, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab
Heena Atwal : (PhD), Assistant Professor, Punjabi University Patiala

 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.3

Price: 251

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Cost Benefit and Economic Return on Productivity of Reuse and Recycle in Ernakulam

By: T. Dhanalakshmi

Page No : 264-273

Abstract
On an average 6000 tonnes/day of municipal solid waste is being generated in Kerala. Paper, glass, bottle, plastic, metal, cans and dry waste together comprise 60% - 85% of total material. In terms of revenue, these materials represent from 75 to 90% of total monthly income. Thus, given its importance the objectives are to arrive at average production, to get an estimated amount of resource recovered and to calculate cost benefit of reuse and recyclable waste. Both primary and secondary data were used.This study not only reduces waste production, but also initiates reuse of the materials considered waste.

Author :
T. Dhanalakshmi : Professor, Matha College of Technology, N.Paravur, Kochi, Kerala
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.4

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Identification of Factors Influencing Consumers thoughts on Green Marketing Practices: Application of Factor Analysis

By: Selvakumar M , Ramesh Pandi G , Sathyalakshmi, V. , Mohammed Abubakkar Siddique

Page No : 274-284

Abstract
In the modern scenario of globalization, it has become a competitive one to keep the consumers in fold and even keep our natural environment safe. Green marketing is a phenomenon which has developed in the modern market and has emerged as an important concept in India as in other parts of the developing and developed countries which is seen as an important strategy of facilitating sustainable development. A majority of organizations around the world are making an attempt to reduce the harmful impact of production processes on the climate and other environmental conditions. They have comprehensively utilized the word green in marketing campaigns in the form of green marketing, green supply chains, green retailing, green consumers, green products, etc. hence the businesses and the marketers are taking the indication and are going green for the betterment of the entire society. This study is to analyze the thoughts of consumers on green marketing practices in Virudhunagar district. The researcher has used the factor analysis to identify the factors influencing the thoughts of consumers towards green marketing practices. The result reveals that advertisement and media, environmental protection, recycling of waste, green buying behaviour and preference of green products are the most influencing variables towards green marketing practices in Virudhunagar district.

Authors :
Selvakumar, M : Head, P.G. and Research Dept of Commerce, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Tamilnadu
Ramesh Pandi G : Head, Department of Commerce, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education,Tamilnadu
Sathyalakshmi, V. : Ph.D Research Scholar, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College,Tamilnadu
Mohammed Abubakkar Siddique : R, Ph.D Research Scholar, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College,Tamilnadu
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.5

Price: 251

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Environmental Proactiveness and the Power Sector: The Indian Scenario

By: Arun Kumar Vishwakarma , Arvind K. Nema

Page No : 285-291

Abstract
Electrical energy is considered to be a clean and safe form of energy. However, there are environmental issues related to its generation and distribution. The significant contributor of electricity in India is thermal power, primarily using coal. The burning of coal causes emission of various greenhouse gases including CO2. With adverse effect from the changing climate due to global warming the power sector has taken drastic steps for the reduction of emissions caused by fossil fuel burning. Several new technologies are being adopted to fulfil the incessant electrical power requirement of the country. Solar, wind and geo-thermal along with biomass are the constituents of these technologies. Out of these, adoption of solar energy is being done on a larger scale. The government supports the adoption of cleaner technologies by the power sector in the form of subsidies. The policies of the government for conservation of environment will help the power sector to not only fulfil the demand of electricity for infrastructure development, but a sustainable approach will also lead to preservation of environment.

Authors :
Arun Kumar Vishwakarma : J.E., National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Mumbai
Arvind K. Nema : Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.6

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Social Inclusiveness of National Food Security Bill: Issues and Concerns

By: Sandeep Sharma , Dilip Diwakar G , Nitin Tagade

Page No : 292-302

Abstract
The National Food Security Bill (NFSB) came at a point when nutrition based deprivation of not only poor, but also majority of the marginalised communities, especially the SCs is at peril. The main thrust of the bill is built on the existing ICDS, MDM and PDS programmes, however, the existing macro level data and literature clearly shows that nutrition level of children has not improved much in the last two decades. Especially, under nutrition is high among certain social groups such as SCs and STs. But there is no specific mention in the NFSB on addressing the concerns of the marginalised communities. This paper examines the existing utilisation gaps among SC and ST, using the available NFHS and NSSO data. This paper also studies the caste based discrimination in utilising the ICDS, MDM and PDS programmes and proposes measure to bring in social inclusiveness in the NFSB.

Authors :
Dilip Diwakar G : Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala,
Nitin Tagade : Assistant Professor, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
Sandeep Sharma : Senior Research Associate, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.7

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Realizing Total Customer Experience through Six Sigma Marketing: An empirical approach

By: K. Muralidharan , Neha Raval

Page No : 303-315

Abstract
Loyal customer base is the key to successful business model and this pave ways to the intense customer orientation in contemporary business environment. Amplified need of customer orientation has brought monumental changes in marketing functionality. Marketing has progressed from traditional promotion based profit making business function to relationship based customer oriented business function. The focal point of recent marketing effort is on managing pleasurable Total Customer Experience (TCE). This scenario necessitates effective management of marketing actions at strategic, operational and tactical level. One well known approach that can cater to this marketing environment is Six Sigma. With the major focus on data based management philosophy, Six Sigma proposes effective guideline for different stages of marketing function. Amalgamation of these two fields is known as Six Sigma Marketing (SSM). This paper explores how empirical Six Sigma approach can be utilized to manage pleasurable TCE. With reference to realworld case study, this paper tries to demonstrate how empirical Six Sigma Marketing (SSM) approach works for effective marketing management.

Authors :
K. Muralidharan : Professor, Department of Statistics, The Maharajah Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara
Neha Raval : Department of Statistics, The Maharajah Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.8

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Impact of Self Help Group – Bank Linkage Programme and it’s Role in the Upliftment of the Poor

By: K. Fayaz , K. Venugopal Rao

Page No : 316-325

Abstract
Development with social justice has been the fundamental target of development planning in India since independence; it has been evident that women have always been given very respectable position in the society. Gender equality in different socio-economic spheres has always been the top priority among policy makers, decision makers and the government. In the present socio-economic scenario, notions of women empowerment and their security can always be observed in the manifestos of all the political parties and this is the need of hour too for sustainable development. Despite making myriad efforts for women empowerment, the present socio economic status of women in India is very miserable. In this context, NABARD came ahead to launch Self Help Group (SHG) and bank linkage programme in 1992. These programmes have become a very effective tool of uplifting the socio economic status of poor women. There are ample facts across the globe to show, how the SHG and bank linkage programme through its functioning can provide productive employment opportunities, safe credit facilities, saving opportunities and thereby can eradicate poverty. The studies on the Self Help Group-Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP) of the National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) underline that the programme has done extremely well in rural India in terms of its outreach, generating income, reducing poverty levels and empowering people both economically and socially. This paper evaluates the impact of SBLP on Self Help Group (SHG) members at the household level from a gender perspective. This is mainly because female SHGs are doing extremely well in terms of recovery of loans and per capita income and savings. Micro financing through self-help groups has proved to be a strategic measure for organizing poor people in groups and promoting savings habits to gain to access to institutional credit for their socio-economic development and empowerment.

Authors :
K. Fayaz : Ph.D., Faculty of Systems, SKIM, S.K. University, Ananthapuramu
K. Venugopal Rao : Ph.D SKIM, S.K. University, Ananthapuramu
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.9

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Changing Dynamics of Formal- Informal Labour Market in Uttar Pradesh

By: Nomita P. Kumar

Page No : 326-344

Abstract
The present paper examines the trends, patterns and growth in informal and formal employment by sex, sector and place of residence in the state of UP, using the data of 61st (2004-05) and 68th (2011-12) rounds of NSSO’s Employment and Unemployment Surveys. To examine the overall trend and pattern of employment in general and female employment in particular in the formal and informal sector, across industries this paper also focused on the distribution of workers across industrial categories.

Author :
Nomita P. Kumar : Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.10

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Jan-2020 to Mar-2020

Industrial Clustering in India: Conceptual and Policy Concerns

By: Keshab Das

Page No : 345-355

Abstract
This paper examines conceptual issues in industrial clustering from a developing economy perspective and provides an alternative framework underscoring key characteristics of clusters and factors determining their dynamism. It analyzes ‘policy’ interventions in cluster development in India and points out several serious inadequacies those must be addressed. In the absence of a national cluster development policy and a limited and truncated understanding of dynamism of clusters dominated by informality, the paper engages with policy-responsive issues as developing a social statistics on clusters, recognizing myriad constraints facing rural craft-based clusters and networking for broad-basing market access by all clustered firms.

Author :
Keshab Das : Professor, Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Gota, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.1

Price: 251

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Ecology & Economy Integrated Clustering Approaches for Sustainable Development in India

By: Ramachandra T.V , Subash Chandran M.D

Page No : 356-376

Abstract
The concept of economic clustering and trade guilds in India has roots in pre-history. The cocoons and silk processing industry has traditionally existed in clusters, in places such as Banaras, Kancheepuram, Kashmir etc. Cluster-based economic development has become an increasingly popular topic for researchers and economic development professionals. The approach is considered an important aspect of a broader re-orientation of research and economic policy towards laying the foundations of a microeconomic approach for prosperity and growth. The past decades were under the spell of macroeconomics and the creation of market institutions in developing economies. While there is now a fairly broad consensus on the type of macroeconomic and legal conditions necessary to achieve economic progress, it is also becoming clearer that these conditions are not sufficient. As a new approach to help economies reap the full potential of an improved macroeconomic and legal context, cluster-based efforts have received a lot of attention. Clusters are groups of industries and institutions co-located in a specific geographic region (based on availability of natural resources) and linked by interdependencies in providing a related group of products and/or services. Because of the proximity among them—both in terms of geography and of activities—cluster constituents enjoy the economic benefits of several types of positive location-specific externalities. This communication presents integrated clustering of villages for inclusive growth, promoting eco-friendly, local resources, local skill and manpower-based thematic developmental programmes through laying a stronger foundation for sustainable growth. Micro-finance and revival of village-centred enterprises and clustering of villages for thematic development programmes can greatly improve the financial and livelihood security of rural homes, and could provide the largest venues for women empowerment.

Authors :
Ramachandra T.V., and Subash Chandran M.D : Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Environmental Information System, Centre for Ecological Sciences, http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 012, India. ORCID: 0000-0001-5528-1565
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.2

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The Technical Efficiency of Sago and Starch Industry Cluster

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 377-390

Abstract
Salem District of Tamil Nadu manufacturer’s Sago and Starch is India’s fastest growing market. For inclusive growth and sustainable development, Sago and Starch Industries (SSI) in Salem have adopted the Cluster Development Approach (CDA). The objective is to study the valuechain analysis, correlation analysis and data envelopment analysis by finding technical efficiency (Ø), peer weights (λi), input slacks (S- ) and output slacks (S+) of Sago and Starch Industry Cluster (SSIC). The methodology adopted is using data envelopment analysis of output oriented Banker Charnes Cooper (BCC) model by taking the number of bags produced in lakhs and sales value in lakhs, as inputs, and revenue of state government in lakhs and net profit in lakhs, as outputs. The non-zero λi represents the weights for efficient clusters. The S > 0 obtained reveals the excess number of bags or sales value (S- ) and shortage in Government revenue or net profit (S+). To conclude, the variables are highly correlated and for inclusive growth and sustainable development, the inefficient SSI should increase their net profit or decrease the number of bags or sales value. Moreover, for sustainable development, the SSIC should strengthen infrastructure, technology, procurement, production and marketing interrelationships to decrease costs, and to increase productivity and efficiency to compete in the indigenous and export markets.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.3

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Measuring an Agro-Based Cluster’s Productivity

By: Anupam , Sunil Sharma

Page No : 391-399

Abstract
This paper endeavours to develop a framework for measuring the productivity, more popularly called ‘vibrancy’, of agro-based clusters. Clusters, being ‘complex adaptive systems’, need to be assessed through an integrated framework of not only outputs but also processes that shape clusters. The authors have attempted to operationalize the constructs of social capital, firm productivity, entrepreneurship and innovation in context of agro-based clusters. While entrepreneurship, innovation and firm productivity present the output of clusters, social capital tends to have a two-way relationship with the cluster performance. The tool presented can be useful for cluster practitioners to assess the effectiveness of their cluster development initiatives.

Authors :
Anupam : Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Agriculture, Central University of Panjab, Bathinda
Sunil Sharma : Professor, Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.4

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Promoting Agripreneurship through Cluster Development in Mizoram: An Analysis of Economics of Sericulture in Saitual Cluster

By: Lalzuitluangi , Rama Ramswamy

Page No : 400-409

Abstract
Sericulture is an agro-based activity which offers various avenues for employment generation in India. Sericulture is a highly profitable activity and its profitability depends on the production of quality mulberry leaves and its conversion into quality cocoons at economic costs. Over the years, sericulture is playing a vital role in development of the rural economy of Mizoram, in terms of employment opportunities. This paper is based on the mapping of Saitual cluster located about 77 kilometres from Aizawl, the capital city of Mizoram. The primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire, administered to all the agripreneurs (180) engaged in sericulture in Saitual cluster from December 2016 to February 2017. This paper attempts to assess the financial performance of the agrienterprises in Saitual and the impact of subsidies on the returns to the sericulturists in the cluster. Sericulture has emerged as a sustainable livelihood option in Saitual cluster, giving remarkable returns to the agripreneurs in the cluster. The cluster development initiative of the Government of Mizoram has provided an impetus to the business by means of subsidy in terms of providing rearing infrastructure, and construction of rearing house and New Land Use Policy (NLUP). Saitual has emerged as a role model of organic silk farming for other clusters in the region to emulate.

Authors :
Lalzuitluangi : Assistant Professor, St. Xavier’s College, Aizawl, Mizoram
Rama Ramswamy : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.5

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Influence of Indian Automobile Industry in Modern Production Method: A Critical Review

By: J. Venkatesh , Lavanya Kumari

Page No : 410-419

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to study the influence of automobile industry in modern production methods in the context of Indian industry. The automotive industry is a pillar of the industrial economy and a key motive force of macroeconomic growth and technological advancement. It is a consistent, direct and indirect contributor to GDP, foreign investment, employment and innovation in many countries including Germany, United States, Japan, South Korea, Italy and most recently, China. The development of the automobile industry is a prime policy focus of governments in these nations. In India, the automobile industry is a powerful engine of industrial growth which contributes 7.1 per cent of total GDP and employs approximately 32 million people in direct and indirect ways. Automobile industry provides vehicle for quick transport of goods and passengers. Trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, threewheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in India at various locations. Furthermore, this industry attracted US$ 16.5 billion in foreign direct funding between April 2000 and December 2016, and is slated to attract about US$ 8–10 billion more in local and foreign funding by 2023. The study also shows that the rapid improvement of electronic systems in automotive motors has been driven for decades with the aid of continuously growing necessities of legislation for environmental protection, as well as rising needs of the consumer to enhance fuel economy, protection, riding consolation and driving excitement. The manufacturers of mobile networked machines additionally see themselves increasingly confronted with these requirements. The prime objective of this paper is to examine the advantages and also to study the trends in Indian automobile industry. After liberalization, the entry of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market, which led to the healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three-wheelers.

Authors :
J. Venkatesh : Associate Professor, Department of Management Studies, Anna University Regional Campus Coimbatore, Coimbatore.
Lavanya Kumari : Associate Professor, Guest Faculty, School of Information Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.6

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A Model for Technology Diffusion Determines Productivity Distribution and Aggregate Growth

By: Manoj Kumar

Page No : 420-433

Abstract
This paper studies how technology diffusion interacts to endogenously determine the productivity distribution and generate aggregate growth. This paper models firms that choose to adopt technology, or produce with their existing technology. In the context of technology diffusion, one therefore has to consider whether redistributive revenues of the government may, in fact, be allocated towards reducing the fixed costs associated with productive technologies. This paper presents a model in which the cost of technology diffusion is endogenous and varies across heterogeneous firms. The results indicate that the technology with low productivity is used by the majority of individuals in the early stages of development. At this stage, the income distribution is characterized by a relatively higher level of inequality. As capital deepening and redistribution of income and wealth takes place, the inequality among individuals tends to decrease. Once this happens, individuals prefer a relatively larger proportion of government revenue to be allocated towards cost-reducing Research and Development (R&D) expenditures. Eventually, all individuals make the switch to better technology and consequently their incomes converge.

Author :
Manoj Kumar : Professor, Echelon Institute of Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.7

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A Study of Occupational Stress and Workplace Spirituality in Himachal Pradesh Police

By: Shyam Kaushal , Stuti Jalan

Page No : 434-442

Abstract
Occupational stress has become pervasive in nearly all workplaces. The negative effects of occupational stress have become a serious concern for the management. They constantly endeavour to take initiatives in order to control stress. Policing has been identified to be one of the most stressful occupations. Numerous studies have identified the level and sources of job stress in police which result in lower productivity and efficiency of the individuals. Lately, workplace spirituality has been identified to improve the overall functioning of an organization. The study attempts to examine the relationship and impact of workplace spirituality on occupational stress in H.P. police. The study was conducted on 118 police personnel from Shimla and Solan districts of Himachal Pradesh. The results of the study showed that there exists a negative and significant relationship between occupational stress and workplace spirituality. The study also revealed a significant impact of workplace spirituality on occupational stress. Amongst them, sense of community and alignment of organizational values had the most significant impact on occupational stress. Lack of alignment of organizational values was identified as the major cause which resulted in low workplace spirituality. It is suggested that efforts should be taken to strengthen the alignment between organizational and individual values. Also, the decision makers in the state police should focus on nurturing the spiritual aspect of police personnel at workplace in order to control stress.

Authors :
Shyam Kaushal : Dean, Faculty of Commerce & Management, HP University, Shimla
Stuti Jalan : Research Scholar (SRF), HP University Business School, Shimla.

 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.8

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Stress at Work Place: A Study with Reference to Police Personnel of Gajapathi District, Odisha

By: Kalyan Chakravarthy Parle

Page No : 443-451

Abstract
Job stress is a matter of concern in current scenario. Work stress results in disruption of psychological as well as physiological homeostasis of the individual, leading to deviant functioning in the working environment. The present study represents a focused interest in stress research that it seeks to isolate specific selfreported organizational stressors that may negatively impact police performance. Stress scale was used to gather primary data of 303 participants from the universal size of 1010. Student independent sample T-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and descriptive statistics were used in data analysis. The findings showed the stress levels of the respondents have a meaningful impact on job. The descriptive statistics of all the variables are medium, kurtosis is negative, Independent sample T-test indicated that there is no gender difference in opinion. The results indicate that the stress variables are statistical significant with working hour of the respondents as the working hours increased the stress also increases. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Author :
Kalyan Chakravarthy Parle : Assistant Professor, School of Management, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.04.9

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Financial Performance Analysis of Tata Consultancy Services Limited (A case study)

By: Krishn Awatar Goyal , Mala Rathi

Page No : 452-464

Abstract
In the last decade, a new revolution has taken place in the field of computer sciences that has been named as Information Technology Revolution. The revolution has had a great impact on the whole world, especially on India, which is now considered as a destination hub for IT services. With the birth of information technology revolution, a need for software development was felt across world. The sudden increase in demand for software services resulted in the birth of some strong Indian companies like TCS, Infosys, Wipro etc. It is an established fact that India has become a super power in the fields of IT & ITES. The IT companies are playing a major role in providing services to the government and for providing employment as well. Foreign exchange reserves have also increased. Under such a scenario, this paper is an attempt to analyze the financial performance of India’s most renowned company in the IT sector—Tata Consultancy Services (TCS). TCS is a world-class company that has marked its presence on the global platform and is recognized as the world’s 3rd best IT service provider company. Since its foundation 50 years ago, TCS has received many accolades and has provided seamless opportunities for development in the sector, assisting other sectors, enhancing optimum utilization of resources—physical and human, investors etc. Trend analysis, DuPont analysis and Altman B Model have been used to enumerate the financial performance of the company during the last 5 years. The results indicate a positive trend in its revenue, net profit earnings etc of the company. The company is growing positively with great swiftness.

Authors :
Mala Rathi : Research Scholar, Department of Business Finance and Economics, J.N.V.U, Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
Krishn Awatar Goyal : Associate Professor, Department of Business Finance and Economics, Jai Narain Vyas (State) University, Jodhpur (Rajasthan.)
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.10

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Apr-2018 to Jun-2018

Climate Change and Agricultural Sustainability in India: Issues and Policy Options

By: Deepak Shah

Page No : 1-9

Abstract
India faces a major threat from changes in climate since its economy is closely tied to natural-resource-base and climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, water and forestry that happen to be the most vulnerable sectors. India is poorly equipped to cope effectively with the adversities of climate change due to low capabilities, weak institutional mechanisms, and lack of access to adequate resources. Wheat production in the country may decline after 2020 and rice production may be adversely impacted in the eastern states. The eastern region would witness increased temperatures and decreased radiation, resulting in fewer grains and shorter grain filling durations. On the other hand, the potential decline in yields owing to increased temperatures in northern India will be offset by higher radiation, resulting in lower impacts of climate change. There is a possibility of a loss of 4–5 million tonnes in annual wheat production with every 10C rise in temperature even after considering the carbon fertilisation effect. The climate change will affect various crops during the entire growing period owing to extreme whether events. The adaptability of crops-to-climate variability would acquire significant dimension as frequent occurrence of extreme weather conditions may dictate as to how to cope up with the situation.

Author :
Deepak Shah : Faculty Member, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (Deemed to be a University), Deccan Gymkhana, Pune, India
 

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Indian Agrarian Economy or Suicide Economy: Is There Any Way Out?

By: Priyanka Murria

Page No : 10-20

Abstract
During the past two decades, a major public policy issue that has been receiving a lot of media attention is a spate of suicide death among the Indian farmers. The staggering incidents of suicide death among farmers are pointing the strong tentacles of agrarian crisis hampering the Indian Agrarian Economy. The farmers of certain states particularly Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and West Bengal are causing distress deaths ending in elevation of suicide deaths. The problem is so grave that it needs to be addressed on urgent basis and in an integrated manner. Unless and until this problem is addressed, despite achieving the GDP of 2.3 trillion dollars, the India’s macro development objective remains discolored. This is because of the fact that farmers who are responsible for growth of primary sector are ending their lives year by year portraying the grey picture of suicide economic structure in India. This paper is an attempt to understand and analyze the extent and incidence of farmer’s suicides across major suicide prone states in India. For this purpose, data has been considered on various aspects such as total number of farmer’s suicides in India, gender composition of farmers’ suicides, and state-specific suicide death rates of male farmer suicides in major suicide prone states in India. This research paper focuses on the farmers suicides in India for the period of 1995-2014. In addition, the comprehensive review of literature has been attempted in order to explore the stressors that are behind the mounting farmer suicides. Lastly, the suggestions have been made in order to mitigate or curb the practice of farmers’ suicides.

Author :
Priyanka Murria : Assistant Professor, Institute of Innovation in Technology and Management, Janakpuri, New Delhi, India
 

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Fifty years of Punjab Agriculture: An Appraisal

By: M. S. Sidhu , Varinder Pal Singh

Page No : 21-36

Abstract
Punjab with just 1.53 per cent of the geographical area of the country accounted for about 40-45 per cent of wheat and about 25-30 per cent of rice procured for the central pool of food grains during the last 50years or so. The State agriculture, which was growing fast earlier, has now reached a sort of plateau in terms of productivity and production. In the wake declining land – man ratio, it is not able to generate gainful employment and sufficient income for the growing population. There is almost stagnation in the net farm income. The farming alone is not able to generate sufficient income for small and marginal farmers. Due to economic distress, 6926 farmers and agricultural labourers had committed suicides between 2000 and 2010. At present, the farm indebtedness is to the extent of about Rs.80,000, which work out at Rs.7.60 lakh per farming household. Unless the state make rational use of its irrigation resources, it would be difficult to maintain even the present type of cropping pattern in the long run. In the overall interest of rural economy, the employment opportunities in the non-farm sector may be created for the unemployed/ under-employed youth. Future of the state is in the hands of present young generation.

Authors :
M. S. Sidhu : Adjunct Professor, Department of Economics & Sociology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
Varinder Pal Singh : Assistant Professor (Livestock Economics), College of Dairy Science & Technology, GADVASU, Ludhiana, India
 

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Productivity and Farm Income differences of Ginger Cultivation in Sikkim

By: Yograj Sharma , Pradyut Guha

Page No : 37-45

Abstract
The analysis of the data of 200 ginger farming households initiating cultivation in different agro-climatic regions of East and South district of Sikkim at disaggregate level reveals that significant difference of total factor productivity in different agro-climatic regions with average productivity has been found to be maximum in the tropical region and was least in temperate agro-climatic region. Considerable differences in farm business income were also noticed with the change in agro-climatic regions. The expenditure incurred for hired labour, manure, and disease (rhizome rot) seems to have a negative and significant impact on farmer’s income.

Authors :
Yograj Sharma : Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Sikkim University, Sikkim
Pradyut Guha : Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Sikkim University, Sikkim.
 

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Productivity and Profit from Bt Cotton Cultivation: An Analysis of Farm Level Data from Tamil Nadu

By: C. Renuka , A. Narayanamoorthy

Page No : 46-55

Abstract
Cotton crop has been cultivated predominantly in many parts of India, but its productivity is one of the lowest in the world mainly due to severe pests attack. Farmers are unable to control the bollworm attack, which is the key pest in cotton destroying up to 80 percent of crop output. Bt (Bacillus Thuringiensis) cotton introduced during March 2002 for commercial cultivation in India is considered to be an important variety in protecting the crop from bollworm attack. Many studies have been carried out since the introduction of Bt seed focusing on various aspects, but the controversies about the benefits of the new seed variety have been continuing. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the productivity and profitability of Bt cotton by comparing with non-Bt cotton using farm level data collected from sample farmers in Tamil Nadu State. This study shows that while reducing the consumption of pesticides, Bt cotton helps to increase its productivity and profitability considerably as compared to non-Bt cotton.

Authors :
C. Renuka : Research Scholar, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
A. Narayanamoorthy : Professor and Head, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
 

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Farmers Clubs and Livelihood Opportunities through Livestock Development: An Analysis in Select Villages of Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu

By: P. Balamurugan

Page No : 56-61

Abstract
Livestock provides livelihood to two-third of rural community. It also provides employment to about 8.8 per cent of the population in India. India has vast livestock resources. Livestock sector contributes 4.11 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) and 25.6 per cent of total agricultural GDP. Traditionally, livestock maintenance like country side cows and bulls breeding was done as an important part of the farming system. Cow milk, cow dung and cow urine were useful to organic farming and useful in maintaining sustainable environment for human health and natural resources development. At this juncture, an attempt has been made to analyse the uses of cow-based products and their importance to sustainable development in villages, where almost all households engage in cow breeding activities as part of livelihood support.

Author :
P. Balamurugan : Assistant Professor and Principal Investigator, ICSSR Major Research Project, Centre for Rural Development, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, India
 

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Determinants of Major Vegetables’ Return on Investment in Telangana State

By: Kappa Kondal

Page No : 62-72

Abstract
The aim of the present study is to identify the determinants of major vegetables’ return on investment (RoI) in Telangana state, India. Primary data have been collected from vegetable growers by using multi-stage random sampling method through structured schedule. Descriptive statistics and multiple natural log linear regressions have been employed. The present study revealed that medium farm size growers have received highest profitsINR 62,700.4 (63.2 per cent to their revenue). It seems that they were only more efficient producers compared to other farm size growers. Among all crops, ridge guard growers have received highest profits INR 81,640.9 (74.3 per cent to their revenue), but beans grower’s RoI was highest (227.9 per cent). However, majority (84.5 per cent) of growers have received economies of scale. Profits and marketed surplus have positive and negative significant effect on return on investment respectively and remaining variables are not showing any significant effect but there is association with RoI. 91.2 per cent of the variation in the RoI explained by all independent variables. The hypothesis is rejected. It states that there is a significant effect of profits and marketed surplus on RoI, but marketed surplus is not positive effect in the study area.

Author :
Kappa Kondal : UGC Post Doctoral Fellow, Department of Economics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
 

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Role of Indian Cement Sector towards Sustainable Development

By: Arun Kumar Vishwakarma , Arvind K. Nema , Shirish Sangle

Page No : 73-80

Abstract
Infrastructure development is the basic requirement for any developing country like India. Huge investments are being made towards infrastructural development. However, the abrupt use of natural resources has resulted in damage to the environment in the form of greenhouse-gas emission, specifically carbon dioxide. Cement sector is a major contributor towards greenhouse-gas emission. These environmental issues must be addressed so that the development can be considered sustainable. Corporate environmental strategies play a key role in defining the approach of an industry towards environmental protection by way of waste reduction and pollution prevention. Adoption of proactive environmental strategies by the cement sector has resulted in sustainable development without causing damage to the natural environment. Several companies have made a distinguished place in the industry by way of proactive adoption of environmental strategies. Sustainable development is the only way, which can help in overall development at present without depleting natural resources for the future.

Authors :
Arun Kumar Vishwakarma : Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi
Shirish Sangle : Associate Professor, Environmental Engg. and Management, National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE),Vihar Lake, Mumbai
Arvind K. Nema : Professor,Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi
 

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Human Development and Economic Growth in Kerala: Sustainability Issues

By: Manju S. Nair

Page No : 81-91

Abstract
Historically, the state of Kerala has followed a human development lopsided development pattern evidenced by high human development index (HDI) despite low growth rates.For the last two decades, along with high HDI the state experienced high growth in NSDP; the sustainability of this phenomenon (i.e., a movement towards virtuous cycle) depending upon the strength of the causal chain from human development to economic growth and vice versa.The paper attempts at exploring these chains and argues for a complementary approach of strengthening the links between economic growth and human developme