Productivity Journal: Quarterly Journal of The National Productivity Council

Apr- to Jun-2024

Cybersecurity and Safeguarding Digital Assets: An Analysis of Regulatory Frameworks, Legal Liability and Enforcement Mechanisms

By: Vandana Ajay Kumar , Sachin Bhardwaj , Mahipal Lather

Page No : 1-10

Abstract
This article highlights the intricate intersection of cybersecurity and law, delving into the legal ramifications of cyber incidents and its impact on safeguarding digital assets. With a focus on the regulatory frameworks, liability issues, and enforcement mechanisms, the study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the evolving landscape. By examining the challenges and opportunities in safeguarding digital assets, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on strengthening the legal foundations crucial for mitigating cyber threats and ensuring the resilience of our increasingly interconnected digital ecosystems.

Authors :
Vandana Ajay Kumar
Professor, Department of Laws, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India.

Sachin Bhardwaj
Assistant Professor, SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Mahipal Lather
Joint Director (Legal), Ministry of Defence, Govt of India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.01.1

Cyberspace vis-a-vis Cybersecurity in India through the Lens of Law and Policy

By: Vivek Kumar , Kusuma Vati , Apeksha Chaudhary

Page No : 11-20

Abstract
Technology, roughly speaking, is a process or method involving use of machines in general, which when applied increases the frequency, efficiency or speed of performing some act; such application resulting in a marked improvement in the state of affairs. Technology, then, is always a product of one’s labour - physical as well as intellectual - and, hence, needs to be protected. In India, the internet started on a small scale but progressed well for a short time. However, its growth was slow and painful. Cybercrimes have become increasingly prevalent, with new kinds and manifestations of cybercriminal activities catching attention. According to the NCRB, India saw a rise of 24 percent in cybercrimes registered in 2022, as compared to 2021. There is therefore, a need to enact relevant government policies and cyber laws, which are necessary for regulating the cyber world in India. The legal system must play an important role in effectively regulating cybercriminal activities. The cybersecurity measures in India are quite ineffective.

Authors :
Vivek Kumar, Kusuma Vati and Apeksha Chaudhary
Assistant Professor, Institute of Legal Studies, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.01.2

Understanding the Influence of Perceived Traceability, Anonymity, and Self-Efficacy on Cryptocurrency Investment Intentions: A Study of Cybersecurity Behaviours

By: K. Mohammed Nabeel , M. Sumathy

Page No : 21-28

Abstract
This article investigates the effects of perceived traceability, anonymity, and self-efficacy on the intention to invest in cryptocurrency. The report is based on a survey of a sample of 235 cryptocurrency investors from Kerala, India. The study design is descriptive, with a focus on the security behaviours of crypto-asset users and the cybersecurity concerns that the crypto business faces. The findings of the multiple regression analysis show that perceived traceability, perceived anonymity, and perceived self efficacy all have a substantial impact on the intention to invest in cryptocurrencies. Perceived traceability and anonymity are positively related to investment intentions. Perceived self-efficacy also has a favourable influence on investment intention, implying that those who are more confident in their ability to carry out cryptocurrency transactions are more likely to invest.

Authors :
K. Mohammed Nabeel
Ph.D Research Scholar, Senior Research Fellow, School of Commerce, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

M. Sumathy
Professor & Head, School of Commerce, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.01.3

Cybersecurity Frameworks and Models: Review of the Existing Global Best Practices

By: Sandeep K. Shukla , Madhusree Kole , Ashish K. Upadhyay , Ayush Sinha , Preet Sharma , Manas Sarkar , Sandeep Kumar Yadav , Sarang Raj Chourasia

Page No : 29-42

Abstract
The pace of digitalization has accelerated, and internet connectivity has expanded beyond traditional computers and mobile phones to encompass other cyber-physical or smart systems. This introduces a new paradigm of threats, including remote exploitation of operational technology networks and systems, such as air defence and coastal surveillance networks, power grids, pipelines, air traffic control systems, port operation systems, railway signaling systems, satellites, industrial plants, and more. Based on the lessons learned, there is an urgent need to further strengthen the cyber resilience of critical national functions, business and industrial processes, and the underlying ICT infrastructure and systems. In the present review article, we review some globally accepted cybersecurity standards and frameworks like NIST CSF, ISO 27001, CRR Framework, CIS Control Framework, and SCF; and three popular cybersecurity maturity models, viz., CMMC, C2M2, and SCF-SP-CMM.

Authors :
Sandeep K. Shukla
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Madhusree Kole, Ashish K. Upadhyay, Ayush Sinha, Preet Sharma, Manas Sarkar, Sandeep Kumar Yadav and Sarang Raj Chourasia
C3iHub, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.01.4

Determinants of Cyber Expense: Exploratory Evidence from Indian Firms

By: Saibal Ghosh

Page No : 43-52

Abstract
Cyber challenges have come to the forefront in recent times. This raises the question as to what are the factors driving cyberspending by firms. To inform this debate, we utilize data on Indian firms for the year 2023. Using two definitions of cyber – narrow and broad - we find that size, age, liquid assets, profitability and leverage are the key drivers of cyber expense. These findings hold after accounting for ownership and industry level controls. Viewed from this standpoint, the study sheds light on the drivers of cybersecurity spending in manufacturing and services firms.

Author :
Saibal Ghosh
Expert (Adviser), Qatar Central Bank, Doha, Qatar.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.01.5

Industry 4.0 and Cyber Security in Engineering Industry Cluster

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 53-67

Abstract
Industry 6.0 is the convergence of various ideas, generating in the minds of leaders, scientists, predicators, and researchers. Industry 6.0 is one step further than Industry 4.0 and 5.0; every operation would be controlled by the human mind and performed by automated robots by covering all planetary boundaries. The objective of this study is to ascertain productivity increase due to the implementation of Industry 4.0 and cybersecurity; to study the implementation of Industry 4.0 and cybersecurity using business analytics techniques and to give suggestions on increasing productivity by cost minimization and profit maximization to the Tirupattur Engineering Cluster (TEC) in the Tirupattur district of Tamil Nadu. The methodology consists of the collection of primary and secondary data from TEC and the Industrial Training Institute, Vaniyambadi. The data was analyzed using descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis and structural equation modelling. The study found that the TEC enterprises have been coordinating with each other to implement Industry 4.0 and cybersecurity, as well as Industry 5.0 and Industry 6.0 to compete in the global market, thereby reducing the cost of production and increasing productivity, turnover and profit.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
General Manager-Grade-I / Joint Director (Engi neering), Depart ment of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Tirupattur, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.01.6

Empowering Women for Cybersecurity Industry and Cybersecurity for Women Empowerment: Case of India

By: Seema Singh

Page No : 68-77

Abstract
Despite taking initiatives for the cybersecurity industry, India’s rank in the MIT Cyber Defence Index 2022-23 is low. In this background, the paper discusses three distinct aspects, i.e., women in the cybersecurity industry, cybersecurity for women engaged in the micro sector, and cybercrime against women and suggests a framework with the corporate sector at its centre for improving the situation.

Author :
Seema Singh
Professor of Economics, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.01.7

Cryptocurrency Trading, Investment Behaviour, Regulatory Challenges and Cybersecurity Issues amongst Rajasthan’s Youth

By: Anurodh Godha

Page No : 78-87

Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of cryptocurrency trading, investment behaviour, regulatory challenges, and cybersecurity concerns among the youth in Rajasthan is crucial for developing informed policies and strategies to support and safeguard their participation in this rapidly evolving digital economy. The purpose of this research is to examine the factors that influence the use of cryptocurrencies among young people in the Indian state of Rajasthan by looking at their trading habits, investment habits, cybersecurity, and knowledge of relevant regulations. To better understand people’s beliefs and habits about cryptocurrencies, a survey was conducted with a sample size of 245. This study analysed responses using quantitative and descriptive statistics to help researchers spot patterns and draw conclusions. The results show that young people in Rajasthan engage in various trading and investment behaviours using cryptocurrencies, highlighting the necessity for personalized educational and regulatory methods. Financial and educational resources were found to have a substantial impact on the adoption of cryptocurrency, in another finding from the study. The respondents’ awareness of the regulatory difficulties related with cryptocurrency is particularly noteworthy. It was also discovered that there is a substantial correlation between investors’ estimates of the potential advantages, cybersecurity and hazards of bitcoin investments. In sum, this study adds to our understanding of the state of the bitcoin market among young people in Rajasthan and should prove useful to policymakers, educators, and industry players. This research highlights the significance of encouraging a responsible and well-informed approach to cryptocurrency use and regulation in the region as cryptocurrencies continue to grow in popularity.

Author :
Anurodh Godha
Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, School of Commerce and Management, Director, Regional Centre, Ajmer, Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota, Rajasthan, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.01.8

Need Assessment for Livelihood of the Households in a Selected Village in Uttar Pradesh: Some Observations

By: Bhaskar Majumder

Page No : 88-95

Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to examine the types of needs that the households of the selected village could fulfil and could expect to fulfil. The objectives of the paper were to examine the means of livelihood of the households, what private and public needs they could fulfil, the culture and caste questions in the village that helped or hindered their access to utilities. The households lived to fulfil subsistence needs that were mainly food-based. It is the responsibility of the Government of Uttar Pradesh to provide them with public utilities. The households ensure their need-based private utilities.

Author :
Bhaskar Majumder
Professor (Retired), G. B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.01.9

Federalism and Interstate Water Disputes in India: A Study of the River Mahanadi

By: Bishnupriya Panda , Seema Mallik

Page No : 96-107

Abstract
Indian federalism is unique in spirit and her practice of cooperative federalism has placed her as a successful democratic state in the world today. However, there are several lacunas in her federalism with respect to the discourse on water disputes, which need to be addressed. Although there are various constitutional provisions apart from the statutory laws and obligations on the part of the centre and the states, there is a significant growth in water dispute cases in the country. The Mahanadi river water dispute between the states of Odisha and Chhattisgarh is one such case. This paper explores the significant issues in this dispute while drawing insights from similar cases across the country. It also suggests a way forward in resolving river water disputes, given the importance of river water, which is becoming a scarce commodity requiring just and fair management.

Authors :
Bishnupriya Panda
Bishnupriya Panda is a Doctoral Scholar in the Department of Political Science, Utkal University and is also a faculty in the Department of Political Science, Gopabandhu Science College, Athgarh, Cuttack, Odisha, India.

Seema Mallik
Seema Mallik is faculty in the Department of Political Science, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.01.10

Jul- to Sep-2024

Does the Savings-Led Growth Hypothesis Support the Viksit Bharat@2047 Mission in India?

By: P. K. Mishra

Page No : 107-117

Abstract
Savings is considered a driver of economic growth as it contributes to investment in an economy. In this context, this study examines the validity of the savings-led growth hypothesis in India over the sample period spanning from 1961 to 2022. By estimating the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ADL) model, the study found a positive effect of savings on economic growth in the country. Thus, the study validates the savings-led growth hypothesis. The implication is that sustaining higher economic growth requires an increase in gross domestic savings. So, the study recommends savings promotion measures in the country. Therefore, the Viksit Bharat@2047 mission is not an unattainable goal in the country.

Author :
P. K. Mishra : Department of Economic Studies, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.02.1

Unravelling the Determinants of Domestic Savings in India: An ARDL Approach

By: Suresh Kumar Patra , Rajiv Kant Yadav , Saurabh Kumar

Page No : 118-132

Abstract
The Indian economy has undergone substantial changes in the post-reform era, marked by a shift towards greater market orientation in policy and notable macroeconomic progress, including the development of a diverse financial market and increased global integration. Recognizing the pivotal role of domestic savings in fostering capital accumulation and supporting sustained economic growth, there is a pertinent need to reassess the factors influencing savings behaviour within this altered economic landscape. Against this backdrop, this study empirically examines the determinants of domestic savings in India using the latest available data. Employing the ARDL approach, which is well-suited for modeling equations involving both stationary and nonstationary variables of order I(1) and addressing potential endogeneity issues, the findings indicate that GDP, financial development, age dependency, inflation, fiscal deficit, real interest rate, and net barter terms of trade exert statistically significant influences on domestic savings in both the short and long term. In terms of policy implications, maintaining price stability and ensuring continuity in the growth trajectory are recommended strategies for bolstering savings and perpetuating the symbiotic relationship between savings and economic expansion in India. Further, through increasing economic development and income levels, policies like export diversification, trade barrier reduction, and competitiveness enhancement that aim to improve the net barter terms of trade can have a favorable effect on domestic savings.

Authors :
Suresh Kumar Patra : Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India.
Rajiv Kant Yadav : Department of Economics, School of Social Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.
Saurabh Kumar : Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.02.2

Pattern of Household Expenditure and Savings in India

By: Mary K. Francis , Sabu P. J.

Page No : 133-140

Abstract
Households are the main contributors to the domestic savings of the country. The income received by the households can be invested in productive purposes which will help in the growth of the economy. The changing nature of the consumption expenditure highlights the changes in the consumption pattern of the households. The social and economic changes make the household preference their income for consumption, saving, and investment. The paper tries to analyze household savings which have a major share in gross savings. The major share of household savings goes to bank deposits, loans and financial liabilities.

Authors:
Mary K. Francis : Assistant Professors Post Graduate and Research Department of Economics, St. Thomas College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala, India.
Sabu P. J. : Assistant Professors Post Graduate and Research Department of Economics, St. Thomas College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.02.3

A Study on the Socioeconomic Determinants Affecting Individuals’ Savings Habits

By: Meenakshi Tyagi , Gagneet Kaur Bhatia , Tanushree Sanwal , Shrishti Singh

Page No : 141-150

Abstract
Savings are one of the highly important components that may be used to create capital and invest to increase production, employment, income, and other socio-economic factors that contribute to the development of a nation. However, domestic savings are also thought to be crucial for covering unforeseen expenses for individuals, families, and businesses. The portion of current income that is deposited in a bank account or other financial institution for possible future use rather than being used for immediate consumption is known as savings. Within the context of the economic field, savings are a crucial macroeconomic indicator that must be examined at both the individual and household levels. In an emerging market like India, the majority of people are engaged in the unorganized sector, where low and uncertain wages are considered the main features of this sector, and the result is that MPC is greater than MPS. Elevated rates of inflation and consumption also have the negative effect of reducing savings and capital formation. This paper aims to examine the socioeconomic limitations that Delhi residents experienced during the inflationary period. In order to investigate the impact of factors like family size and income, a questionnaire was created. 50 respondents were included in the sample. The respondents’ ratings were analyzed using regression analysis. The findings indicate that inadequate savings are associated with low income.

Authors:
Meenakshi Tyagi : Associate Professor, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi NCR, Ghaziabad, India.
Gagneet Kaur Bhatia : Associate Professor, Ideal Institute of Management and Technology, India.
Tanushree Sanwal : Assistant Professor, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi NCR, Ghaziabad, India.
Shrishti Singh : MBA Student, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi NCR, Ghaziabad, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.02.4

Evaluating the Effect of Financial Literacy and Financial Attitude on Saving Behaviour in the Modern Era

By: ASI Vasudeva Reddy , Chitra Rekha Y. , Anu Priya P. , Aksa Rachel Prasad

Page No : 151-160

Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of financial literacy and financial attitude on saving behaviour among individuals along with financial attitude. It utilizes a simple random sampling technique to gather data which was collected through a structured questionnaire. Pearson correlation and regression analysis were employed to ascertain the relationship between various factors and the saving behaviour of individuals. The results indicate that financial literacy and financial attitude both show a significant positive correlation with saving behaviour, however, financial attitude has a more predominant impact on the saving behaviour of individuals as compared to financial literacy. The results also demonstrate a significant effect of financial literacy on saving behaviour, both directly and indirectly, and confirm a decent mediation by financial attitude on the association between financial literacy and saving behaviour.

Authors:
Asi Vasudeva Reddy : VIT Business School, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.
Chitra Rekha Y. : Department of Science & Humanities, NBKR Institute of Science & Technology, Tirupati, AP, India.
Anu Priya P. : MBA Student, VIT Business School, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.
Aksa Rachel Prasad : MBA Student, VIT Business School, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.02.5

Domestic Savings toward Healthcare Expenditure

By: Anil Kumar Yadav , Bhaskarjyoti Bora

Page No : 161-168

Abstract
In the present study, the researchers try to examine the role of domestic savings towards healthcare in the district of Kamrup Metro, Assam. The study concludes that most households do not save monthly for healthcare but only occasionally. In addition, socio-demographic factors have a positive relationship with household savings for general purposes as well as for healthcare.

Authors :
Anil Kumar Yadav : Research Scholar.
Bhaskarjyoti Bora : Professor, Department of Commerce, Gauhati University.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.02.6

Domestic Savings in the Coir Industry Cluster

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 169-183

Abstract
Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries or SFURTI is one of the flagship schemes of the Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises for the creation of common facility centres and infrastructure development. This scheme has been integral to the achievement of various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the past few years, including Goal 8, ‘Decent Work and Economic Growth’ and Goal 9, ‘Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure’. Many state-of-the-art machines and equipment have been set up, helping MSMEs bring innovation in their work. The objective of this study is to examine the physical and financial performance of the coir industry clusters (CICs) in India, and to estimate the technical efficiency of CICs. The methodology adopted is collection of secondary input data like the number of common facility centres created, investment by artisans using domestic savings and grants from the Government of India, and employment created, and output data like production, sales and monthly earnings of artisans after the application of the cluster development approach. The data was collected from various websites and success stories of the CICs. The study reveals an improvement in the state-wise physical and financial performance of CICs in India, and increase in production, sales and earnings per month of artisans before and after the intervention. Thus, due to the implementation of the cluster development approach, nine coir clusters are efficient and if the other 11 clusters follow the slack variables, input and output targets, and peer cluster to increase their production, sales and monthly earnings of artisans, they can become efficient. There is an average increase in production, sales and monthly earnings of artisans. Domestic savings by artisans, and investments in the cluster along with grants from the Government of India are the reason for improvement in the performance of 20 coir clusters in India. This trend will continue if the cluster development approach is continued.

Author:
E. Bhaskaran : General Manager-Grade-I / Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Tirupattur, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.02.7

The Mediating Role of Support Systems Between Antecedents and Outcomes of Women’s Empowerment in India

By: M. Harita , A. Amruth Prasad Reddy

Page No : 184-197

Abstract
This study aims to investigate the moderating effect of support systems on the interplay of socio-cultural, economic, and health factors influencing women’s empowerment in India. The results suggest that support systems have an important role in moderating the interlinkages between socio-cultural, economic, and health factors and women’s empowerment. Specifically, strong support systems enhance the positive effects of economic independence and health status on women’s empowerment while also mitigating the negative impact of socio-cultural barriers. The study utilized both descriptive and inferential statistics to interpret the data in all dimensions. The descriptive statistics consist of measures such as mean, SD, and other elementary statistical measure. The quantitative aspect involved structured surveys administered to a diverse sample of women across various parts of the SPSR Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh. This study contributes to the existing literature on women’s empowerment in India by focusing on the mediating role of support systems, which has received limited attention in previous research.

Authors :
M. Harita : Research Scholar, Department of Business Administration,Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.
A. Amruth Prasad Reddy : Research Supervisor & Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.02.8

Phenomena of Migration: An Empirical Survey

By: Mohammed Taukeer

Page No : 198-217

Abstract
Uttar Pradesh leads in labour migration to Mumbai and the Gulf countries. The objective of this research paper is the analyses of process, determinants and consequences of labour migration from India to the Gulf countries. The methodology of the research paper consists of an empirical survey of migrant labourers from India to the Gulf countries conducted in Uttar Pradesh, Mumbai and the United Arab Emirates. The findings from the study show that there is a well-developed social network of migration within the region of migration as well as a safe zone of migration.

Author :
Mohammed Taukeer : He is a research fellow in the International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.02.9

The COVID-19 Pandemic and Autonomous Investment in India: A Keynesian Perspective

By: Karuna Shanker Kanaujiya , Abhishek Singh

Page No : 218-228

Abstract
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been evident in macroeconomic performance indicators globally. With the adoption of lockdown measures varying in duration across nations, economic activity experienced a downturn reminiscent of the Great Depression of the 1930s. At the time, Keynes’ effective demand model accentuated the importance of using expansionary fiscal and monetary policy. So, the public sector plays a significant role when an economy faces a crisis. We can easily comprehend the status and role of the public sector during the pandemic, particularly in terms of health, security and policing. A state of lockdown during the pandemic led to widespread job losses, business closures, and supply chain disruptions, which had severe economic consequences. This study highlights the potential of the effective demand theory in addressing the uncertainties brought about by the pandemic, particularly in India, while advocating for amplified government participation. In addition, the study also aligns with the Keynesian approach of robust government intervention to mitigate the repercussions of the pandemic and underscores the pivotal role of the public sector in navigating through the crisis.

Authors :
Karuna Shanker Kanaujiya : Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Commerce, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India.
Abhishek Singh : Research Scholar (ICSSR Doctoral Fellow), Department of Applied Economics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.02.10

Oct- to Dec-2024

Indian Food Security: Directions and Deviations

By: Dr. V. Basil Hans

Page No : 229-243

Abstract
The availability, accessibility, and use of food to guarantee a healthy and active life for all Indians is a major concern. This article examines the many facets of India’s food security, including policy directions and implementation discrepancies. The article examines government programs such as the Public Distribution System (PDS), the National Food Security Act (NFSA), and integrated child development services to assess progress and obstacles. It also examines how socioeconomics, climate change, and agriculture affect food security. This study highlights gaps in current tactics and presents practical ideas to improve food security in India through a detailed literature review, policy analysis, and case studies. The findings emphasize the necessity for a multi-sectoral strategy for food insecurity and sustainable development.

Author:
Dr. V. Basil Hans : Professor, Srinivas University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.03.1

Circularity of Agricultural Systems for Rural Livelihood and Food Security

By: R.M. Kathiresan

Page No : 244-253

Abstract
The farming system strategy aims at sustainable management of resources for ensuring enhanced food security, livelihoods nutritional status of farming households, and environmental quality. This integration also serves to impart climate resilience. However, integrating these farming components is more feasible in smallholder farms compared to large farm holdings. Asia has 200 million rice farms smaller than 1 ha, accounting for 90% of world rice production. Millions of impoverished rural residents in Asia, Africa, and Latin America make their living mostly on rice-based farming systems.
Research on Farming System and Extension at Annamalai University, India, has evolved models of the integrated farming system featuring the integration of best-suited animal components for both irrigated lowland and rainfed upland farming agroecologies. Integration of fish polyculture and poultry rearing, directly in the transplanted rice fields followed by vegetables in the fallows, offers better scope for lowland rice farmers. Similarly, the integration of goat + millet or vegetable or flower crops holds good potential for upland farmers. Integrating other farm enterprises with the traditional cropping pattern in small-holder farms offer good scope for food security, enhancing livelihoods, and imparting environmental security.

Author :
R.M. Kathiresan : Vice-Chancellor, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.03.2

Productivity Enhancement of Crops through the Application of Biostimulants towards Food Security

By: R. Raman

Page No : 254-261

Abstract
Biostimulants are a novel, environmentally-sound innovation which assures increased crop productivity, blooming, plant growth, fruit set and nutrient usage efficiency. In recent years, they have been playing a major role—minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers and enhancing plant growth, resilience to abiotic and water stresses. These compounds are very effective at lower concentrations, encouraging the best possible performance of the essential functions of a plant and enabling high yields and products of outstanding quality. Field probes were conducted to study the role of foliar nutrition by organic biostimulants in enhancing plant growth and yield. These biostimulants are highly recommended by the Department of Agriculture. Research trial 1 was conducted at the experimental farm in the Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University to study the effect of organic foliar nutrition on crop growth and yield of green gram from February to April, 2007. The findings showed that the Panchagavya + vermiwash + faloar spray of NAA (15, 30, 45 DAS) resulted in higher plant height (43.36 cm), LAI (4.26), number of pods/plant (20.12), haulm production (2135 kg ha-1) and grain production (905.36 kg ha-1). Research trial 2 was conducted in a grower’s field in the village of Periya Muliyanur in Erode, Tamil Nadu to study the effect of foliar nutrition of organic biostimulants on the growth and yield of groundnut cv. Co 3 during October 2020-February 2021. The findings reveal that superior growth and yield. Plant height (30.74 cm), LAI (5.33), No. of pods/plant-1(22.67), kernel yield (17.16 q ha-1) and haulm weight (36.20 q ha-1) improved with the application of RDF + Humic acid @ 0.4 % on 30 and 45 DAS.

Author:
R. Raman : Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.03.3

Strengthening Food Security through Agricultural Productivity in India

By: K.M. Singh , S. Sangeeta Kumari , Nasim Ahmad

Page No : 262-271

Abstract
With the Green Revolution as the bedrock of Indian agriculture, India has increased food production and built adequate food grain stocks. Over the years, the Indian agricultural sector has undergone significant transformation owing to technological advancements, policy reforms, and shifting socio-economic dynamics. With increasing growth in population and rural-urban disparities, agricultural productivity is crucial for meeting food security challenges by influencing food availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. The positive relationship between agricultural productivity and food insecurity is a matter of sustenance and a key determinant of economic stability and societal well-being, as it can contribute to the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of Zero Hunger by 2030. Without sustainable agricultural productivity growth, we will be unable to meet current and future generations’ food and nutritional requirements, conserve natural resources, and ensure the long-term viability of agriculture. Therefore, harnessing the effectiveness of productivity growth demands a comprehensive assessment of the positive and negative impacts of productivity growth, along with a systematic approach to managing trade-offs while safeguarding the social and environmental welfare of the people.

Authors:
K.M. Singh : Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Post Graduate College of Agriculture, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India.
S. Sangeeta Kumari : PhD Student, Department of Agricultural Economics, Post Graduate College of Agriculture, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India.
Nasim Ahmad : Senior Technical Officer, Department of Agricultural Economics, Post Graduate College of Agriculture, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.03.4

Food Security Implementation through the Cluster Development Approach

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 272-288

Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the rice mill cluster at Alangulam in the state of Tamil Nadu in terms of its physical and financial performance using business analytics. Primary and secondary data was collected from enterprises, central and state government websites. The data was analysed using structural equation modelling and data envelopment analysis, along with business analytics techniques like descriptive analysis, diagnostic analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, inferential analysis predictive analysis, prescriptive analysis and decision analysis. The physical and financial performance of the rice mill cluster shows an increasing trend, indicating appropriate food security. Input variables like employment, wages and machinery were effectively used over the years for output variables like production, total revenue and earnings before income tax, and depreciation through the common facility centre provided by the Governments of India and Tamil Nadu. The correlation analysis also reveals high degree of relationship among variables. Predictive or trend analysis reveals that there is an increasing trend in input and output variables. The regression analysis and structural equation modelling also show positive trends. Finally, some enterprises were found to be inefficient; it is recommended that they become efficient by following the efficient enterprises in the cluster. The common facility centre is utilized by rice mill enterprises in full and saves service charges when compared to the open market. To conclude, food security is maintained in the rice mill cluster at Alangulam by way of the cluster development approach where their enterprise cost is minimized and profit is maximized and thus, productivity increases.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : General Manager / Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.03.5

Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture Through Odisha Millets Mission

By: Dr. Seema Mallik

Page No : 289-296

Abstract
Despite the growing income and GDP of nations, the world is experiencing huge challenges to human security and existence. With the increasing waves of globalization, several countries have shown remarkable economic growth. However, large swathes of their populations are faced with increased hunger, poverty, and growing inequalities. The threats of hunger and food insecurity have been on the rise and intensified by the pandemic, wars, conflict, and climate change, to highlight a few causes. It is in this light that the urgency of addressing food insecurity in India has emerged since the late 1990s. The Right to Food has gained heightened political and ideological significance. The problem of food insecurity is particularly acute in rural India, where more than seventy percent of the population still lives and draws its sustenance. In recent years agriculture has been badly affected and its contribution to the GDP has gone down. Although agriculture and allied activities employ nearly 60% of the population, their contribution to India’s GDP is less than 20%. As the world faces challenges due to climate change and food insecurity, millet has proven its adaptivity to adverse agro-climates. It is in this context that the present paper explores strengthening food security in Odisha and ending hunger through sustainable agricultural practices. The Odisha Millet Mission is an attempt by the Government in Odisha to remove food insecurity while enhancing the capabilities of rural households, particularly women.

Author:
Dr. Seema Mallik : Department of Political Science, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.03.6

Case Study on the Implementation of the Food Security Law in India with Special Reference to the State of Arunachal Pradesh

By: Samir Bhadury , Khyoda Yaluk

Page No : 297-307

Abstract
The right to food is a fundamental human right implicitly protected under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. It is essential for promoting nutrition, health, human dignity, poverty alleviation, food security, empowerment, social justice, and environmental sustainability. Ensuring food security through the realization of the right to food is crucial for promoting stability, reducing vulnerability to food shortages, and building resilience against food crises.
Due to its geographical peculiarity, Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest net sown area in the northeastern states of India of only 2.1%. The state suffers from food insecurity due to various factors like limited agricultural land and dependency on imports and traditional farming practices, so 50% of the population is completely dependent on government subsidies and schemes. To ensure food security and to achieve Millennium Goal SDG-1, India has covered 75% of the rural and 50% of the urban population under the National Food Security Act, 2013 through various mechanisms like the Public Distribution System (PDS), Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS), Integrated Child Development Services and Mission Poshan Abhiyan, among others. In this paper, the authors attempt to identify the need of food security in Arunachal Pradesh and its problems, with the help of various government records and data. It also analyzes the concept, cases of food insecurity and overall food grain production in the state, and also analyzes the right to food as a constitutional right with the help of various decided cases.

Authors :
Samir Bhadury : Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
Khyoda Yaluk : Research Scholar, Department of Law, Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.03.7

Influence of Food Security Status on Mental Health and Cognitive Abilities of Adolescents

By: Amit Kumar , Damodar Suar , Bimal Kishore Sahoo

Page No : 308-316

Abstract
This study examines the influence of food security status on the mental health and remind cognitive abilities of adolescents and subgroups of younger (10-14 years) and older (15-19 years) adolescents in two Indian villages in Bihar (India) under the capability framework during COVID-19. Younger and older adolescents participated 100 each from food-insecure and food-secure families were randomly selected from 302 and 198 households respectively. Mental health was assessed on anxiety and depression, and cognitive abilities on planning and information integration. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. On mental health, food-insecure adolescents were found to be more anxious and depressed than food-secure adolescents, and younger adolescents were more anxious and depressed than older adolescents. On cognitive abilities, food-secure adolescents completed the design configuration and auditory sequence faster than food-insecure adolescents. Older adolescents performed better than younger adolescents on design configuration. Thus, food security decreases adolescents’ anxiety and depression along with improving their performance in information integration.

Authors :
Amit Kumar : Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal and IIM Ahmedabad, Gujrat, India.
Damodar Suar : Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal and KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.
Bimal Kishore Sahoo : Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.03.8

GNSS-Based Electronic Toll Collection System in the Indian Context

By: Brajnandan Kumar , Akhilesh Srivastav , Rasjesh Krisnan , P. K. Sarkar

Page No : 317-324

Abstract
The economic wealth of a nation is closely tied to efficient methods of transportation. The rapid increase in the number of vehicles on the road has become a major factor of concern, because of problems such as high maintenance costs, high levels of congestion, rise in road accidents, air pollution and many others. Various Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems were introduced as a means of raising funds for road maintenance and reduction in travel time because of the elimination of waiting at the toll highways. Some other expected outcomes include minimization of unproductive fuel consumption, air pollution, unnecessary road congestion, and increase in road safety. This paper explores the architecture of an integrated and interoperable GNSS-based electronic toll collection system as a novel approach to road pricing, which utilizes virtual toll booths installed in on-board units (OBU) of vehicles traveling the tolled road network to monitor the entry and exit of vehicles from tolled sections/zones along with debit transactions for toll, supported with an enforcement system. This GNSS-based tolling system communicates with GNSS-enabled vehicles, eliminating the need for physical toll booths.

Authors :
Brajnandan Kumar : ICT/ITS consultant.
Akhilesh Srivastav : ITS consultant.
Rasjesh Krisnan : Member of G7- its committee of IRC, ITS expert.
P. K. Sarkar : Former professor at SPA, New Delhi, ITS expert.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.03.9

Significance of Productivity Concept

By: P. N. Kumar

Page No : 325-331

Abstract
In the old days, productivity was the way of measuring the value of economic activities of man by comparing the value of the combination of his inputs (factors) and output (Revenue). He understood that every factor has different/alternative uses and by varying the combination, he could increase his profits. He realised that time is money, and if time is saved from one activity and used in another, it would raise the revenue. Therefore, the way to increase profit was to reduce the cost of inputs and keep the same input cost or increase the profit by using stimulants of growth inter alia, use of better seed, fertilizer, machinery, the incentive to labour, new techniques, and processes, new skills learned by education and knowledge, and better logistics, with the sole objective of increasing output in minimum time by application of PERT / CPM, and Sigma Six techniques.
Now, the consideration of starting new economic activity and improving productivity in that pursuit has shifted from maximum profit to a fair amount of profit, but with mental satisfaction, creating opportunities for employment, using all the government incentives, using the latest technologies and know-how, using various productivity software available, but always observing government policies and regulations, protecting self from risks and adverse impact of obstacles, emerging from the delay in the approval of projects, and nature’s calamities, and market upheavals. The usefulness of the concept of productivity must survive as passion in the mind of every individual, who must aim at increasing profits and gains, because if every individual at the micro level grows, then, the nation at the macro level will also grow multiple times.

Author :
P. N. Kumar : M A (English, Economics), FCS, LLB, Member ICA, ILI, FACT Gurgaon, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.65.03.10

Jan- to Mar-2025

Energy Productivity and Green Energy Productivity in India: Do they Follow the Same Trend?

By: Mousami Prasad , Poulomi Bhattacharya

Page No : 333-348

Abstract
Balancing emissions and economic growth is central to India’s energy and climate policy. Energy productivity is a useful frame for energy policy planning. The present study investigates the factors driving it, particularly efficiency. The study also analyzes green energy productivity and its determinants. Using LMDI I decomposition, the study reveals that energy efficiency has been a major driver of energy consumption and intensity improvements from 2013 to 2023, with shifts in economic activity having minimal impact. However, the trends in energy productivity and green energy productivity differ, emphasizing the complexity of sustainable energy development.

Authors :
Mousami Prasad, Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, IIT Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Poulomi Bhattacharya, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Management Sciences, IIT Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2025.65.04.1

Enhancing Green Productivity in Less Developed Countries

By: V. Basil Hans

Page No : 349-356

Abstract
Green productivity transforms economic growth and environmental sustainability, making it crucial for less developed countries (LDCs). This article discusses green productivity in these locations, where resource limits, fast urbanization, and fragile ecosystems typically hinder development. LDCs can boost industrial productivity and reduce environmental damage by adopting eco-friendly technologies, sustainable practices, and capacity-building. Case examples demonstrate how innovation, public-private partnerships, and international cooperation promote sustainable development through green productivity initiatives. Policy support, financial mechanisms, and community engagement are needed to balance expansion with environmental stewardship. This report concludes that green productivity is an ecological necessity and a path to developing nations’ egalitarian and resilient economic growth.

Author :
V. Basil Hans, Research Professor, Srinivas University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2025.65.04.2

A Study on Investor Insights: Navigating Green Swan Events and its Evolving Landscape in India

By: J. Sneha Jayalakshmi , M. Sumathy , G. Anitha Rathna

Page No : 357-366

Abstract
The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, dubbed “green swans,” necessitates a closer examination of their impact on financial systems and, specifically, investor behavior. This study investigates investor perceptions and knowledge of green swans, analysing their influence on investment decisions and preferences. Through a survey of 168 respondents, the study uncovers diverse knowledge levels concerning green swans and potential multicollinearity among survey statements, indicating the need for further research on investor responses to climate risks.The findings highlight a positive correlation between knowledge of green swans and consideration of climate change in investment decisions, suggesting that educational initiatives can play a pivotal role in equipping investors with the tools necessary to navigate green swan uncertainties. The study also underscores the significance of collaborative efforts from researchers, educators, and policymakers to build financial resilience in the face of green swan events.

Authors :
J. Sneha Jayalakshmi, PhD Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Dr. M. Sumathy, Professor and Head, Department of Commerce, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Dr. G. Anitha Rathna, Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, (E-commerce), PSG College of Arts and Science Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2025.65.04.3

Enhancing Green Productivity in Infrastructure Projects: Innovations and Recommendations

By: Thiruvenghadam T. S. , Anand Prakash

Page No : 367-374

Abstract
This study intends to integrate environmental engineering, construction management, and sustainability principles to enhance infrastructure projects’ green productivity (GP). This research applies a qualitative exploratory design to target key areas such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction, water conservation, waste management, adoption of digital technologies, equipmen upgrades with advanced hydraulic systems, and hybrid engines coupled with grid electricity and portable solar arrays to leverage the principles of the circular economy. Infrastructure projects can achieve significant environmental and economic benefits by embedding such GP measures in design, operations, and policy frameworks to sustainable development goals.

Authors :
Thiruvenghadam T. S., Research Scholar, School of Project Management, NICMAR University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Anand Prakash, Ph.D., Associate Professor, School of Project Management,NICMAR University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2025.65.04.4

Implementation of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Green Production for an Automotive Components Cluster in Chennai

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 375-391

Abstract
This study explores the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotics in promoting green production within an automotive component manufacturing cluster in Chennai. The objective of the study is to utilize these technologies to enhance both production efficiency and environmental sustainability. By integrating AI and Robotics, the cluster aims to optimize production processes, reduce energy consumption, minimize waste, and lower carbon emissions, while improving overall operational performance and reducing costs. The research methodology examines the impact of automation, predictive maintenance, energy-efficient production techniques, and waste reduction driven by AI systems using input, process, and output variables. Additionally, it highlights the importance of workforce training and the adoption of sustainable technologies to align with eco-friendly production goals. Findings indicate that the implementation of AI and Robotics can significantly improve resource efficiency, cut costs, and boost environmental performance, contributing to the shift toward greener manufacturing practices. To conclude, the study provides valuable insights into how automotive component manufacturers in Chennai can adopt these technologies to foster innovation, enhance competitiveness, and meet sustainability requirements, ensuring long-term success in a rapidly evolving industry.

Authors :
E. Bhaskaran, Post Doctoral Research Scholar, Manipur International University, Manipur, and General Manager / Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2025.65.04.5

Cleantech Entrepreneurs Driving Sustainability: An Analysis of Emerging Technologies and Funding Trends

By: Swati Anavatti , Deepa Prajapati

Page No : 392-401

Abstract
This research paper overviews various innovative startups and companies across India and Singapore focusing on sustainability, clean technology, and advanced energy solutions. It highlights key players in fields such as building automation, battery recycling,air filtration, water management, biofuels, and renewable energy. Notable companies include 75F — specializing in energy-efficient building solutions; Ace Green Recycling — offering advanced battery recycling technologies; and AirOk — known for its high-efficiency air filters. Other prominent firms include altM - which develops sustainable materials from agricultural residues; CleanMax Enviro Energy Solution — focusing on rooftop solar and wind projects; and Ecoze — which leverages solar technology for agricultural and cold chain applications. The startups have collectively secured significant investments to advance their technologies and expand their operations, with funding from notable investors like Siemens AG, Blue Ashva Capital, and the Danish Investment Fund for Developing Countries. Each company is contributing uniquely to addressing global environmental challenges and advancing the transition towards a more sustainable future.

Authors :
Swati Anavatti, Assistant Professor, St. Francis Institute of Management and Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
Deepa Prajapati, Assistant Professor, St. Francis Institute of Management and Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2025.65.04.6

Livelihood Conditions of the Workers in India’s Unorganized Service Sector: Some Facts from the Urban Fringes in West Bengal

By: Bhaskar Majumder

Page No : 402-409

Abstract
This paper deals with the livelihood conditions of workers engaged in the unorganized segment of the urban economy, taking as the unit of study individuals engaged in several types of work, while also considering members of the same household engaged in different types of work. We talk about the livelihood conditions of the household since individual conditions are the outcome of work performed by many hands of the household. We suggest provision of public utilities like potable water supply, all-season motorable roads, and first aid, among others. The responsibility is for the local administration to shoulder.

Author :
Bhaskar Majumder, Professor of Economics (Retired) G.B.Pant Social Science Institute Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2025.65.04.7

A Simple Parameter for Monitoring Manufacturing Plant Performance

By: Palanki Balakrishna

Page No : 410-417

Abstract
This research suggests a simple parameter for monitoring a manufacturing plant’s performance to be used in the pharmaceutical, ceramic, powder metallurgical and other industries that use powder as the raw material and make solid components such as tablets as the product. It is the fraction or percentage of super blends among all the powder blends used in a year. A super powder blend is one that gives a product yield of above 90%. Yield is defined as the weight of quality cleared solid product as a percentage of th weight of the starting powder. The advantage of plots of proportion of super blends over normal yield plots is that the trend of quality performance stands amplified. This enables early detection and corrective actions by employees, management, and other stake holders. Eight case studies from the author’s own experience in nuclear fuel manufacturing are presented to illustrate the scope of the parameter.

Author :
Palanki Balakrishna, Manufacturing Engineer (Retired), Nuclear Fuel Complex, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2025.65.04.8

Study of Best Practices to Increase Manufacturing Productivity: A Case- Based Approach

By: Lokpriya Gaikwad , Vinod Surange , Kaustubh Chavan , Ajay Hundiwale

Page No : 418-429

Abstract
Today, manufacturing companies are facing intense competition, with each striving to boost productivity and profitability by adopting effective practices within their operations. This article explores the best practices in manufacturing organizations that drive productivity improvements and highlights the emerging trends in these strategies. This research is based on a case study of a successful manufacturing company in India. A case study approach was employed to examine how lean practices have impacted the company’s productivity. One key finding from this study is that the company has significantly enhanced productivity by implementing lean practices.

Authors :
Lokpriya Gaikwad, Assistant Professor, SIES Graduate School of Technology, Navi Mumbai, India.
Vinod Surange, Assistant Professor, Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Nagpur Campus, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India.
Kaustubh Chavan, Assistant Professor, SIES Graduate School of Technology, Navi Mumbai, India.
Ajay Hundiwale, Assistant Professor, SIES Graduate School of Technology, Navi Mumbai, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2025.65.04.9

An Analysis of Social Network System in Labour Migration from Uttar Pradesh to the Gulf Countries

By: Mohammed Taukeer

Page No : 430-441

Abstract
The social network is an important mechanism of migration that leads to the process of migration from India to the Gulf countries. In light of these consequences, the present paper explores the process, determinants, and consequences of the social network system in labour migration from Uttar Pradesh to the Gulf countries.The methodology of the paper comprises of an empirical survey through a mixed method approach involving a field survey in selected study areas of Uttar Pradesh between November 2017 and March 2018. Apart from this, supplementary fieldwork was conducted in both rural and urban areas of Prayagraj district in Uttar Pradesh between October 2023 and November 2023 for better justification of the objective in the current phenomena. Qualitative data was analysed by case studies, narratives and descriptions and quantitative data was analysed by statistical tools such as Chisquare. Consequence of social network system of migration works as pull factor in the function of migration from Uttar Pradesh to the Gulf countries. This study also encourages students, policymakers, and academicians to further develop policy-oriented research.

Author :
Mohammed Taukeer, Research Scholar, The International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2025.65.04.10

Apr- to Jun-2023

What Constrains Financial Inclusion in India? A Study Concerning the Emerging Indian Economy

By: Anurag Bhadur Singh

Page No : 1-14

Abstract
The goal of the current study is to examine various obstacles that stand in the way of financial inclusion in India. The study uses primary data gathered through a structured questionnaire from 300 households in the National Capital Region of India. Firstly, factor analysis was used to find out the various factors explaining financial inclusion. Non-parametric tests were also used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the various groups. According to the findings, the majority of respondents own bank accounts with well-known financial institutions. The survey also discovered that there is a considerable disparity between rural and urban areas in terms of financial literacy, with urban areas performing far better than rural areas. However, the active usage of financial services by respondents remains low.

Author :
Anurag Bhadur Singh : Assistant Professor (SG), XIM University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.1

Financial Inclusion in the Industrial Cluster

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 15-34

Abstract
The Government of India and the concerned state governments are implementing plenty of programmes and schemes for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on entrepreneurship. Out of the 17 SDGs, goal 8 relates to Decent Work and Economic Growth including Financial Inclusion and goal 9 relates to Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure. The objective of this paper is to study the business analytics of financial inclusion in industrial clusters in Tamil Nadu and their relevance to sustainable development goals. Several analyses such as diagnostic analysis, descriptive analysis, inferential analysis, predictive analysis, prescriptive analysis, and decision analytics were performed. The methodology adopted by the researcher is to develop a model by collecting primary data, such as, input variables like grants from the Government of India, grants from the state government of Tamil Nadu, special purpose vehicle (SPV) / entrepreneur contribution, and bank loans and output variables like project cost, from various departments and corporations of the Government of Tamil Nadu and secondary data from other government websites. The data was analyzed through percentage analysis, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and structural equation modelling. Financial inclusion in industrial clusters is the need of the hour, which is already underway, in the form of grants from the Government of India and Tamil Nadu, Cluster Development Programmes, SPV contribution and bank loans to improve productivity and reduce costs, and common facility centres in clusters.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : Joint Director (Engineering)/General Manager, DIC Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.2

A Post-COVID State Level Study of Financial Inclusion in India in 2022

By: Archna Chaudhry

Page No : 35-42

Abstract
Academicians and policymakers alike are becoming increasingly curious about the scope and significance of financial inclusion because of its ramifications for growth, poverty eradication, equality and the sustainable development goals. The present study is an attempt to know about the status and disparities in financial inclusion at the state and regional levels in India post-COVID in the year 2022. On the basis of the index of financial inclusion at the state level, the union territory of Chandigarh stood first, Goa second and Delhi third, with high levels of financial inclusion. On the other hand, Nagaland, Bihar and U.P. stood last with the 34th, 35th and 36th positions. Andhra Pradesh with an IFI of 0.220 and Mizoram with IFI of 0.206 stood in the middle in the 18th and 19th positions. Twenty eight states are low financial inclusion states which implies that India has miles to go to achieve the goal of financial inclusion.

Authors :
Archna Chaudhry : Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.3

Association between Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth in India: A Co-Integration Approach

By: Gourab Panja , Pravat Kumar Kuri

Page No : 43-53

Abstract
This paper examines the association between financial inclusion and economic growth in the context of the Indian economy. The Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL), Error Correction Mechanism (ECM), and impulse response function have been used for establishing the association between the two. Using panel data regression over the time period 2001 to 2019, the paper shows that there exists a positive, bidirectional association between financial inclusion and economic growth in the long run. However, there is a unidirectional relationship in the short run, i.e., only economic growth is the precondition for financial inclusion. Therefore, in the long run, economic growth helps to remove demand and supply side obstacles while financial inclusion reduces poverty and inequality, and hence promotes inclusive growth.

Authors :
Gourab Panja : Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Burdwan University, West Bengal, India.
Pravat Kumar Kuri : Professor, Department of Economics, Burdwan University, West Bengal, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.4

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna: A Tool for Financial Inclusion

By: Anupama Sharma , Sumita Kukreja

Page No : 54-61

Abstract
Financial inclusion helps emerging countries achieve inclusive development, and offers countries like India hope for sustained growth. Inclusive finance offers low-income and disadvantaged people access to inexpensive financial services. It helps in bridging the gap between financially weak individuals and the formal financial system by improving financial literacy and increasing the channels providing credit facilities. Marginalized groups need financial freedom to flourish economically and socially. Financial inclusion catalyzes economic and social progress, but it is not enough. The effect of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) on financial inclusion and India’s position in the global economy has been investigated in this article. The research is based on data obtained from sources such as the Reserve Bank of India, the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, as well as various academic papers.

Authors :
Anupama Sharma : Assistant Professor, Maharaja Surajmal Institute, New Delhi, India.
Sumita Kukreja : Assistant Professor, Maharaja Surajmal Institute, New Delhi, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.5

Demand for Financial Services and its Determinants: Micro Empirical Evidences from West Bengal, India

By: Avisek Sen

Page No : 62-70

Abstract
The strength of the economy of a country is closely connected to the soundness and effectiveness of its financial system, in general, and the banking system, in particular. In the Indian scenario, the banking sector plays a great role in the inclusion of groups of people in the formal banking system. Financial inclusion is focused on providing financial services to all sections of the society at a reasonable cost. The traditional measures of financial inclusion are focused on the supply dimension of financial services, but not the demand perspective. After the implementation of financial inclusion drives like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), the demand side of financial inclusion gains new importance. This article attempts to recognize some of the demand-based parameters of the financial services after implementation of the PMJDY. The study is based on a primary survey conducted in some selected villages from the Bankura district of West Bengal, where the banking network is not adequate. Besides, the study also evaluates the effects of some socioeconomic factors of the demand of financial services. The empirical evidences show that the asset composition of the household and the income level of the family are effective in determining the demand for financial services.

Author :
Avisek Sen : Assistant Professor of Commerce, Kabi Jagadram Roy Government General Degree College, Mejia, Bankura, West Bengal, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.6

ICT Adoption and Factor Productivity of Manufacturing Firms in India

By: Vikash Gautam , Niharika

Page No : 71-82

Abstract
This paper examines the effect of information and communication technology (ICT) adoption on the factor productivity of the Indian manufacturing firms during 2010-19. The study focuses on the selfselection and endogenous effects of ICT adoption on capital-labour productivity and discusses strategies to capture untapped growth opportunities. We find that ICT adopters have greater stakes for survival and growth, have a larger proportion of tangible assets, and are intensively engaged in exporting and outreach. In addition, ICT adoption leads to a 155 percent growth in capital productivity and a 62 percent fall in labour productivity – leading to a net growth of 80 percent in the capital-labour productivity ratio.

Authors :
Vikash Gautam : Koan Advisory Group, New Delhi, India.
Niharika : Koan Advisory Group, New Delhi, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.7

Online Learning: Measuring the Satisfaction Level of Management Students in Andhra Pradesh

By: Ch. Kiranmayi , T. Sreenivas , Mabunni Shaik

Page No : 83-94

Abstract
The purpose of the study is to assess the level of student satisfaction with the online mode of teaching/learning, with respect to the independent variables e-learning, course structure, interaction between students and with the faculty, and motivation for attending online classes. A questionnaire was developed along these five dimensions using a 5-point Likert rating scale and distributed to 234 management students. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), reliability testing, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), validity checks and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to analyse the data collected. The results reveal that there is a significant impact of the aforementioned independent variables on student satisfaction, out of which, interaction between students and with the faculty has a high impact on student satisfaction.

Authors :
Ch. Kiranmayi : Asst. Professor, Dept. of Management Studies, TJPS College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
T. Sreenivas : Professor & Dean, Dept. of Business Management, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Mabunni Shaik : Associate Professor, Department of Management Sciences, RVR & JC College of Engineering, Chowdavaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.8

An Analysis of the Living and Working Conditions of Migrant Labourers in Mumbai

By: Mohammed Taukeer

Page No : 95-106

Abstract
Mumbai is the heartland for migrant labourers from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar because the city provides them livelihood. The present paper explores the living and working conditions of semi-skilled and unskilled migrant labourers. The methodology of the paper consists of collection of primary data using a mixed method approach in the form of a field visit to Mumbai in February 2019. Qualitative data in the form of narratives, case studies and descriptions was analysed, while quantitative data was analysed using simple statistics and ANOVA. The findings from the study show that these migrant labourers face challenges of socio-economic and political identity in Mumbai but have developed their own cultural landscape to adjust to life in Mumbai. The quantitative findings show that there are variations in the patterns of income, remittances and expenditure of migrant labourers according to their occupation in Mumbai. Therefore, the findings of the study provide a better understanding of the living and working conditions of migrant labourers as well as encourage academicians, policymakers, and researchers for further research in this area.

Author :
Mohammed Taukeer : Research Fellow, International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.9

Odisha’s Extractive Industries: Present Status and Future Prospects

By: Baijayanti Rout , Prof. Jaya Prakash Pradhan

Page No : 107-114

Abstract
Odisha is blessed with an abundance of natural resources, including minerals, forests, marine life, and water. Odisha is one of India’s top producers of valuable minerals such as chromites, nickel ore, coal, bauxite, iron ore, and manganese. In addition to providing habitat and a means of subsistence for the state’s expanding tribal population, around 30 percent of its land is covered with forests, which also serve as the catchment areas of key rivers, home to rich mineral deposits and biodiversity hotspots. This article aims to analyse the current status of several extractive industries as well as their potential for the future. A significant portion of the study is based on secondary data. Simple percentage shares and yearly average growth rate have been used to analyse data and strengthen the argument. The results from the paper demonstrate that mining production and value have grown over time. However, the average yearly growth rate has been declining. The Gross State Value Added (GSVA) of the mining sector in Odisha has hardly increased and still lags behind the manufacturing sub-sector. Furthermore, the state’s exchequer has profited significantly from the mining sector’s performance (in terms of output, value, and income) and from its broad use of mining activities. However, employment statistics indicate that the locals in the mining region have not seen a significant increase in wealth.

Authors :
Baijayanti Rout : Ph.D Scholar, Centre for Studies in Economics and Planning, School of Social Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
Prof. Jaya Prakash Pradhan : Dean, Centre for Studies in Economics and Planning, School of Social Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.01.10

Jul- to Sep-2023

E-Commerce: An Empirical Study

By: Rajeshwari M. Shettar

Page No : 115-122

Abstract
E-commerce or electronic commerce is the buying and selling of goods or services on the internet. It encompasses a wide variety of data, systems and tools for online buyers and sellers, including mobile shopping and online payment encryption. Most businesses with an online presence use an online store and platform to conduct e-commerce marketing and sales activities and to oversee logistics and fulfillment. Global retail e-commerce sales are expected to surpass US$5 trillion for the first time, accounting for more than a fifth of overall retail sales, and by 2025, total spending will exceed US$7 trillion, despite slowing growth. E-commerce also known as e-business or electronic business, is simply the sale and purchase of services and goods over an electronic medium, like the Internet. It also involves electronically transferring data and funds between two or more parties. E-commerce started way back in the 1960s when organizations began to use electronic data interchange. Today, e-commerce has become an integral part of everyday life. Accessibility to an e-commerce platform is not a privilege but rather a necessity for people, particularly those from urban areas. Due to the fast adoption of internet-enabled devices like smartphones and tablets, there has been an unparalleled growth in e-commerce. The growth of e-commerce volumes in India is attracting the attention of players around the globe. The present study is descriptive in nature and is based on secondary data. The study found that e-commerce sites run quickly, determined by computer and bandwidth considerations on both consumer device and e-commerce site. The study also found that an e-commerce transaction can comprise of a few clicks and take less than few minutes.

Author :
Rajeshwari M. Shettar : Principal, Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Shri. Hurakadli Ajja Shikshan Samiti’s Smt. K. S. Jigalur Arts and Dr. (Smt.) S. M. Sheshgiri Commerce College for Women, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.02.1

Role of E-Commerce in Productivity

By: Chandra Sekhar Pattnaik

Page No : 123-130

Abstract
Productivity and production go hand in hand in the sustainability and management of any business enterprise. Due to the ever changing situations in this age of volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity (VUCA), productivity plays a crucial role in the success of a business, whether it is a service or a manufacturing or even an ancillary unit. Technological advancements have thrown both challenges and opportunities to enhance productivity. Ecommerce is one such significant contributing factor to productivity. This paper throws light upon the role of e-commerce in productivity, and enumerates the issues and challenges associated with the effective and efficient use of e-commerce for productivity.

Author :
Chandra Sekhar Pattnaik : Professor, Omega P G College-MBA, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.02.2

E-commerce in India and its Business Models

By: Jagdish H. Gojiya

Page No : 131-138

Abstract
There are many opportunities for e-commerce to develop in India thanks to the country’s large youth population, rising standard of living, changing lifestyle, rapid expansion in information and communication technology, availability of broadband, 4G technologies, etc. Customers can electronically exchange goods and services with no time or distance restrictions thanks to ecommerce. Over the past five years, electronic commerce has grown rapidly, and experts expect that it will continue to grow at this rate or perhaps faster. However, there is a lack of an e-commerce legal framework, inconsistent economic climate, inadequate transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, and varying social and educational attitudes towards e-commerce, etc. The distinction between “traditional” and “electronic” commerce will become increasingly hazy in the near future as more companies migrate portions of their activities online. Due to the internet’s extreme saturation and the difficulty of using technological gadgets, the ecommerce industry in India is expanding at an exceptional rate. However, India’s recent e-commerce growth rate has lagged much below that of other wealthy nations. E-commerce rewards include ease, time savings, options, and flexibility, simple to compare, simple to find reviews, coupons and discounts, a growing consumer base, increased sales, open 24/7/365, and company development.

Author :
Jagdish H. Gojiya : Assistant professor, Saurashtra Gnanpith arts and Commerce College – Bravala Junagdh, Gujarat, India

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.02.3

Impact of Goods and Services Tax (GST) on Retail Business Productivity

By: Goutam Tanty , Sandeep Kumar

Page No : 139-145

Abstract
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced to simplify the tax system by eliminating the cascading effect of multiple taxes, leading to uniform tax rates across states and the creation of a unified market for goods and services. This research aims to investigate how the implementation of GST has impacted the productivity of India’s retail industry. By replacing various indirect taxes, GST streamlined the tax structure and aimed to promote ease of doing business, reduce compliance burdens, and potentially boost productivity in the retail sector. The study examines different aspects, including tax structure, supply chain efficiency, tax evasion, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), tax compliance, and consumer prices, to assess the overall effect of GST on the productivity of the retail business.

Authors :
Goutam Tanty : Associate Professor, Faculty of Commerce & Management, Sarala Birla University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
Sandeep Kumar : Dean, Faculty of Commerce & Management, Sarala Birla University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.02.4

E-Commerce Performance of Industrial Clusters in India

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 146-174

Abstract
The Ministry of MSME administers the Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) Mart, while the Ministry of Commerce and Industry administers the Government E-Market (GeM). A study was conducted to understand the performance of industrial clusters in India on these portals with the objective of studying the physical and financial performance of MSME Mart and GeM for MSMEs. The methodology of this study consists of the collection of secondary data from the MSME Mart website using input variables like No. of MSMEs, Micro (Mn), Small (Sn), Medium (Dn), Total Uydam Registration (Ut), No. of MSME Clusters in India (Cn), No. of Working Enterprises in India (Un), Employment in India (En), Original Value of P & M in India (INR crores; Pc), Market Value of Fixed Assets in India (INR crores; Mc), Award of Contract in India (Ac) and output variables like Gross Output in India (INR crores; Gc), which were analysed using descriptive analysis. It was found that there is an increase in the CAGR. The Award of Contract given to MSMEs should be increased as Karnataka and West Bengal are performing well in MSME Mart. The input variables collected from GeM like No. of Orders Placed (Op), No. of Unique Products Sold (Up), No. of Total Products Sold (Ps), No. of Organizations Registered (Cumulative) on GeM (Gn), No. of Sellers/Service Providers (Cumulative; Sn), Order Value (INR crores) by State/UT’s (Os), Order Value (INR crores) by Central Organizations (Co.) and No. of MSE Sellers (Cumulative; Mn) and output variables like Order Value (INR crores; Ove) were analysed using descriptive analysis; it was found that the CAGR is increasing. A correlation analysis was conducted; the findings reveal a strong relationship between the input and output variables. The trend and regression analyses reveal increases in output and input variables. The Government of India and the concerned state governments implement the MSME Mart and GeM for MSME clusters in India to reduce the costs of production and marketing and increase profits, which allows MSMEs to compete in the domestic and international markets through ecommerce.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : Joint Director (Engineering)/General Manager, DIC, Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.02.5

Factors Affecting Online Food Purchase Decisions of Urban Consumers

By: Kavita Indrapurkar , Namita Kapoor , Nandini Chaudhary

Page No : 175-186

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected consumer behaviour and accelerated the adoption of online food purchasing. Understanding the factors influencing online food purchase decisions of urban consumers in the post-pandemic era is crucial for businesses to adapt to the changing landscape and meet evolving consumer demands. In this regard, the study aims to provide insights into the attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control that influence consumers’ intentions to engage in online food purchasing. The findings reveal that these constructs significantly predict intentions to engage in online food purchase; in addition, gender differences were not found to be significant.

Authors :
Kavita Indrapurkar : Professor & Joint Administrator, Amity School of Economics, Amity University, Noida, India.
Namita Kapoor : Associate Professor, Amity School of Economics, Amity University, Noida, India.
Nandini Chaudhary : Student, Amity School of Economics, Amity University, Noida, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.02.6

The Impact of GeM on Gen Z: A Perspective on E-Commerce

By: Tanushree Sanwal , Ankita Sharma , Jyoti Pandey , Kanishka Mittal

Page No : 187-193

Abstract
This paper aims to discover the effects of e-commerce on the younger generations. The Indian e-commerce market is expanding at a fast rate and is expected to experience accelerated expansion in the coming years. Between 2019 and 2022, the e-commerce business experienced extraordinary growth, with its total revenues increasing by more than 60 times. In India, approximately 180 million internet users, or about 80 million households, are “ready” for e-commerce, but fewer than 10 million of these individuals make online purchases. One of the most significant benefits of e-commerce for a developing country like India is its capacity to support its young population. As Indian e-commerce nurtures, the most consistent returns for investors will come from enterprises with high margins. E-commerce, which consists of marketing and other commercial processes conducted over computer-mediated networks, is influencing the operations of businesses in a variety of industries. It causes some job responsibilities to be mechanized and others to be replaced by self-service operations, thereby increasing production per worker and decreasing the demand for some occupations. The introduction and use of new technologies have posed significant challenges for commercial employees around the globe. E-commerce has also boosted employment in the disciplines that develop the systems and software required for it, as well as those that deal with websites and networks. This is beneficial for young people, particularly those with an interest in engineering and technology. Recent college graduates favour the e-commerce industry and plan to invest in it to launch their own profitable businesses. The present paper looks into the influence of e-commerce, especially the effect of GeM, the government e-marketplace on the generation of youth more commonly known as Generation Z or simply, Gen Z.

Authors :
Tanushree Sanwal : Assistant Professor, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, India.
Ankita Sharma : Assistant Professor, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, India.
Jyoti Pandey : Student, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, India.
Kanishka Mittal : Student, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.02.7

Studying Consumer Behaviour of Shopping Through Online Portals from Students’ Perspective

By: Bhagyashree Deshpande

Page No : 194-201

Abstract
Online buying has risen to prominence among modern college students because of the booming worldwide e-commerce sector. An empirical study was conducted among management students of various b-schools in Maharashtra to understand their shopping habits on online portals. The intention was to identify the factors that drive students purchase decisions. This paper also analyzes the impact of gender on purchase types. It was observed that gender has no impact on purchase decisions of students. The findings demonstrate that enjoyment, perceived risk, and social influence have a considerable impact on students online shopping habits. Indian online business owners may find these results to be a useful source of information for their marketing plans.

Author :
Bhagyashree Deshpande : Assistant Professor (Management Department), Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.02.8

Poverty Reduction through MGNREGA in Himachal Pradesh

By: Balbir Singh , S L Kaushal

Page No : 202-209

Abstract
People are considered poor if their levels of income and consumption fall below a given minimum level necessary to fulfill their basic needs. Poverty reduction aims at improving the quality of life through various government schemes launched from time to time. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 or MNREGA is one such scheme that provides hundred days of guaranteed employment to each household in a financial year. The present paper is an endeavour to study the impact of the scheme on poverty reduction in the Sirmour and Solan districts of the states of Himachal Pradesh. For this study, 400 below poverty line (BPL) MNREGA beneficiaries were selected and data collected with the help of a questionnaire on aspects like food availability, earnings, expenditure patterns, risk management, and savings, among others. Their level of living has improved significantly, and the scheme has been proven to be an important source for their income and survival. The study also revealed that after MNREGA employment, the poor were able to procure food grains from fair price shops and grain shops. The findings also show that expenditure on the education of children, medical facilities, insurance, entertainment, social occasions, etc. has increased in poor households after the implementation of MNREGA.

Authors :
Balbir Singh : Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Sardar Patel University, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
S L Kaushal : Ex Director & Dean, Faculty of Commerce, Management & Tourism, Professor, Himachal Pradesh University Business School, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.02.9

Determination of the Optimum Mix of Pollution Abatement Methods Used in a Thermal Power Plant – A Case Study

By: V. Durga Prasada Rao , N. Siva Rami Reddy , N. Harsha

Page No : 210-219

Abstract
In a country like India, one of the primary sources of emissions is thermal power plants. A draft regulation has been proposed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests for emission standards in coalfired power plants. This consists of notable reductions in particulate matter (PM), sulphur-dioxide (SO2 ), and oxides of nitrogen (NOX). The main thrust of this work is the determination of the optimum mix of pollution abatement methods used in a thermal power station near Vijayawada in the state of Andhra Pradesh by using the big – M simplex method of linear programming. The plant has 7 units working under 4 stages with a power capacity of 1,760 MW and generating 42 million kWh electrical energy per day. This case study is focused on the 6th and 7th power generating units of the plant. The abatement methods aimed at SO2, NOX and PM removal consist of taller smoke chimneys; filters such as desulphurisation plant, nitrogen oxides removal plants, and electrostatic precipitators; and better coal. Among these pollution abatement methods, electrostatic precipitators and taller chimneys are already in use at the plant. With the advent of new emission legislations, it is the need of the hour to understand different possibilities for the reduction of SO2 and NOX levels by 90% or more. So, in this study, a combination of desulphurisation, nitrogen oxide removal and better coal methods were added and the optimum mix of the fractional capacities of all these abatement methods were obtained by formulating a linear programming problem and solving it. This study helps in optimizing the maintenance costs of the SO2, NOX and PM removal equipment used in the plant. Also, the optimum solution suggests that a combined fractional use of all the pollution abatement methods helps in reducing the different air pollutants released from the plant, i.e., the emission rate of pollutants can be reduced to the required levels.

Authors :
V. Durga Prasada Rao : Dept. of Mechanical Engg., S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaram, India.
N. Siva Rami Reddy : Dept. of Mech. Engg., Annamacharya Institute of Tech. and Sciences, Rajampet, India.
N. Harsha : Dept. of Mechanical Engg., S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaram, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.02.10

Oct- to Dec-2023

Stress, Causes, Consequences and its Management

By: Shayana Deb , Sibnath Deb , Anjali Gireesan

Page No : 221-230

Abstract
Stress is a normal phenomenon in everyone’s life. Optimal performance in any task requires minimal stress, while overstress adversely impacts performance. Technological advancements, overpopulation, urbanisation and modernisation constitute additional burden leading to stress. Nevertheless, the effect of stress varies from individual to individual. People experience stress at different points of time for different reasons. The broad objective of this article is to provide an overview of stress, its major causes and its impact. At the end, the article discusses possible remedial measures.

Authors :
Shayana Deb : Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Sibnath Deb : Department of Applied Psychology, Pondicherry University (A Central University), Puducherry, India.
Anjali Gireesan : DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.03.1

Exploring the Relationship between Life Satisfaction, Coping with Stress and Work Behaviour

By: Sanjib Biswas , Satirtha Dawn , Krishna Roy

Page No : 231-248

Abstract
The present work endeavours to delve into the relationship between life satisfaction, coping behaviour for stress, and innovative work behaviour. To do so, the current work utilizes a q-rung orthopair fuzzy (q-ROF) based group decision making framework. The paper uses the framework to measure three aspects, life satisfaction (LS), stress coping (SC) and work behaviour (WB) from the past studies. A questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale was administered to the target respondents. For each respondent, the responses received from each respondent were aggregated using the q-ROF Einstein weighted average (q-ROFEWA) as the aggregation operator (AO). The relationships were then examined using the Mann Whitney U test. It was observed that LS has a positive relationship with SC, which also maintains a positive linkage with WB. The present paper provides useful insights for talent management by providing a framework for the assessment of productivity while keeping track of mental health.

Authors :
Sanjib Biswas : Decision Sciences & Operations Management, Calcutta Business School, Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India.
Satirtha Dawn : Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India.
Krishna Roy : Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.03.2

Stress Management amongst Shift Workers in India

By: B. K. Cyndia , K. S. Shoba Jasmin

Page No : 249-260

Abstract
Shift work stands as an indispensable pillar of contemporary society, facilitating ceaseless operations across an array of industries. However, stress is a significant, formidable challenge associated with shift work, which has extensive repercussions on the wellbeing of shift operatives. This study is an exploration of stress relief in the specific context of shift employment. It lays particular emphasis on the insights from studies that cast light on the intricate interplay of shift work, stress, and the ensuing ramifications for health. In this context, the present study is aimed at discussing the stress management strategies used by shift workers in India. The study uses primary data collected from 60 sample respondents through convenient sampling using a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that stress management strategies for shift workers is an area that presents opportunities to determine some ways to manage stress not only for shift workers but for the worker population in general.

Authors :
B. K. Cyndia : Saveetha School of Law, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
K. S. Shoba Jasmin : Associate Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Saveetha School of Law, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.03.3

Time and Stress Management for Better Productivity

By: C. Vijai

Page No : 261-269

Abstract
Time management involves the art of prioritizing tasks, allocating resources wisely, and ensuring that crucial activities receive the attention they deserve. With numerous commitments vying for attention, mastering time management techniques can help individuals streamline their efforts, minimize wasted time, and achieve their goals more effectively. Concurrently, stress management is crucial for maintaining mental and emotional equilibrium in the face of mounting pressures. Effectively managing stress allows individuals to remain focused, resilient, and better equipped to handle challenges. This paper explores various stress management strategies.

Author :
C. Vijai : Associate Professor, Department of Commerce and Business Administration, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.03.4

Stress Management on Industrial Clusters in India

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 270-287

Abstract
Micro & Small Enterprises - Cluster Development Programme (MSECDP) is one of the flagship schemes of the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME) for the creation of common facility centres and infrastructure development. Various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were served in past few years, including Goal 8, ‘Decent Work and Economic Growth’ and Goal 9, ‘Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure’. MSMEs are provided grants for the setting up of state-of-the-art machines and equipment, thus helping them bring innovation to their work. The objective of this paper is to study the state-wise performance of MSMEs and MSME clusters in India and to compare MSME performance; and various stress management techniques adopted by the clusters. Secondary data was collected from the Udayam Registration, Ministry of MSME, Government of India, and various cluster websites, and analysed using various analytical tools like diagnostic analysis, descriptive analysis, predictive analysis, inferential analysis, prescriptive analysis and decision analytics. Input variables considered were no. of clusters, no. of working enterprises, employment generated, value of plant and machinery in INR crore, market value of fixed assets in INR crore and gross value of fixed assets in INR crore. The data was compared with variables like Common Facility Centre approved (CFCa), CFC in progress (CFCp), CFC Completed (CFCc), Infrastructure Development approved (IDa), Infrastructure Development in progress (IDp), Infrastructure Development Completed (IDc) and output variables like Total CFC and ID (CFC_ID_T) and No. of Clusters (Cn). The findings indicate that in order to achieve SDGs 8 and 9, there is need for more decent work, economic growth, industry, innovation, and infrastructure in the industrial clusters.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : Joint Director (Engineering)/General Manager, District Industries Centre (DIC), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.03.5

A Study of Stress among Women Employees in the Banking Sector with Special Reference to Jaipur City

By: Salim Khan , Ekta , Meena

Page No : 288-297

Abstract
Indian women perform many roles, ranging from homemaker to leader. Women today have developed skills and abilities as a result of being to their male partners and being homemakers. They have preserved the traditional work culture of family while also taking on new jobs. The banking industry is currently expanding at such a rapid rate that women must work longer hours to support their lifestyles and meet their basic needs. Despite the career advancement, women feel overloaded by work. According to the findings from this investigation, a significant number of bankers are under a lot of stress as a result of their jobs. While the causes of stress include long shifts, unsuitable reward structures, lack of worker self-governance, authoritative organizational culture, job struggle, among others, the most important reason is that management does not provide employees with enough support. Employees can see that there is a lot of pressure on them in different ways. Even though there may be no immediate signs, stress can cause serious health problems, like depression, heart problems, diabetes, and other conditions. Bankers’ health and relationships at home are also affected because most employees cannot spend time with their families or at home. Nevertheless, bankers’ levels of stress can be significantly reduced with effective management strategies.

Authors :
Salim Khan : Former Head and Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, St. Xavier’s College, Jaipur, India.
Ekta : Former Head and Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, St. Xavier’s College, Jaipur, India.
Meena : Head and Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, St. Xavier’s College, Jaipur, India

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.03.6

Financing the Cooperatives: The Integrated Approach

By: Sundeep Kumar Nayak , Ayasakanta Mohanty , P. K. Swain

Page No : 298-307

Abstract
The paper deals with the integrated single-window finance approach for cooperative businesses and the statutory institution for development finance set up by the Government of India in 1963 under an Act of the Parliament. The institution, National Cooperative Development Corporation, an entity with net-zero NPA, has explosively expanded its lending footprint across geographies and sectors since 2015. The key strategies adopted by the institution are covered in the discussion.

Authors :
Sundeep Kumar Nayak : PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Ayasakanta Mohanty : Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
P. K. Swain : Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.03.7

An Analysis of Financial Inclusion of India

By: Charan Singh , Ayanendu Sanyal

Page No : 309-320

Abstract
Financial inclusion (FI) means the assurance that all individuals, especially those who are marginalised, and businesses have easy and economical access to financial products and services. This includes financial services like accounts in financial institutions, facility for institutionalised credit, insurance, and other financial products that empower an individual to participate in the economy. The concept of FI has acquired greater relevance in the recent years, as access to financial services is considered as a major stimulant of economic growth and poverty reduction. Individuals who are unable to access financial services, may be excluded from the formal financial system, leaving them vulnerable to financial shocks. This article argues that since 2014, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Government of India (GoI) have formulated strategies to boost FI and explains how it helped India in surviving financial shock during the pandemic, one of the greatest crises the world has seen. It also concludes that more work is needed in this area, which is where policy makers should focus on.

Authors :
Charan Singh : CEO, EGROW Foundation, Noida, India.
Ayanendu Sanyal : Expert (Honorary), EGROW Foundation, Noida, India

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.03.8

Sustainability in Indian MSMEs: Literature Review and Practical Implications

By: Subrata Mitra

Page No : 321-335

Abstract
Sustainability or sustainable development has become an important issue in the context of climate change and growing social inequity. While large companies are held responsible for their environmental and social obligations, the collective responsibility of small companies, called Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises or MSMEs, cannot be ignored. MSMEs are an important part of a country’s economy, required generating employment and contributing to the national income, however they also have a significant carbon footprint, and being located mostly in rural and remote areas, have important social obligations to fulfil. This paper presents a review of literature on sustainability in Indian MSMEs. Based on the literature review, the paper identifies the barriers to and drivers of the implementation of sustainable practices in MSMEs. Survey results on the effects of implementing sustainable practices on firms’ economic, environmental and social performance are also reviewed. Based on the summary of the literature review, the paper draws important managerial insights and practical implications for owners/managers of MSMEs, governments/regulatory bodies and industry associations/chambers of commerce in order to ease and facilitate the implementation of sustainable practices. The paper concludes with some directions for future research on sustainability in MSMEs.

Author :
Subrata Mitra : Professor of Operations Management, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, Kolkata, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.03.9

Post-MFA Analysis of Indian Textile Exports

By: Greeshma Manoj , S Muraleedharan

Page No : 336-344

Abstract
The Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA), which had governed the global textile and apparel trade was replaced by the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) on January 1, 2005. The removal of quota restrictions has brought comparative advantage back to significant surplus economies such as China and India, and has also provided significant opportunities as well as challenges to the developing economies. Compared to its competitors, the Indian textile industry enjoys certain advantages, but at the same time, the industry also faces numerous challenges in the changed trade scenario. In this context, the present study analyses the performance of the Indian textile industry in terms of its export performance changes in the composition and destination of textile exports in the post-MFA period. The analysis period is from 1990-91 to 2020-21, divided into a transition period (1990-2004) and a post-MFA period (2005-2020). The annual growth of textile exports from India registered fluctuations both during the transition and post-MFA regime. The mean values of the major subsectors of Indian textiles, viz, readymade garments, cotton textiles, and manmade textiles were higher in the post-MFA than during the transition period. The regression results show improved performance in the exports of textiles, readymade garments, cotton textiles, and manmade textiles in the post-MFA period.

Authors :
Greeshma Manoj : Associate Professor, Department of Economics, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.
S Muraleedharan : Associate Professor (Retired), Visiting Faculty, KNRC, MG University, Kottayam, Centre for Budget Studies, CUSAT

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.64.03.10

Jan- to Mar-2024

A Review of Climate Change and Vulnerability Indices of Indian States

By: S. N. Nandy

Page No : 345-354

Abstract
The world has achieved massive economic progress in the past few decades, along with population explosion and rapid urbanization/ industrialization, the effects of which are being realized across the world in the form of global climate change with huge environmental impact. Though climate change is a natural phenomenon, the release of several greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere through human activities has made a greater contribution to global warming. The present paper is a review of Indian climate features/ trends and their consequences across the country. Recent countrywide trends in some selected climatic parameters like rainfall and temperature have been depicted. India is an agrarian country and is exposed to various hydro-ecological vulnerabilities, particularly successively occurring, extreme, climatic hazards like drought, flood and cyclone. Based on some indices, possible vulnerable areas due to the effect of climate change have also been depicted. Although the analyses are based on national level secondary data on selected parameters, some region-specific micro-level studies may better reveal the significance of these vulnerabilities. The present paper an attempt to map the climate variability across the nation.

Author :
S. N. Nandy : HARSAC, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Campus, Hisar, Haryana, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.64.04.1

By: M. Balasubramanian

Page No : 355-364

Abstract
Climate change is one of the most critical socio-economic and environmental problems in India. Although India’s per capita emission is very low compared to other developed nations, the economic impacts are very high as millions depend on climate sensitive sectors for instance, agriculture and forestry etc. Given the above context, this paper discusses the status of climate change, its economic impacts, especially for agriculture and forestry, climate change and financial gaps and other climate policy initiatives in India. In addition, this paper also discusses the four aspects such as climate change and macro-economic impacts, distributional aspects, social cost of carbon, and finally finance and technological aspects. There arises an urgent requirement to conduct a vulnerability assessment for reducing future poverty and inequality associate to climate change in India.

Author :
M. Balasubramanian : Assistant Professor, Centre for Ecological Economics and Natural Resources, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Dr. V. K. R. V. Rao Road Nagarabhavi, Bangalore, karnataka, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.64.04.2

Climate Change and Indian Food Security: Challenges and Solutions

By: Ranjeet Singh , Dhritiman Saha

Page No : 365-373

Abstract
Climate change poses a formidable threat to food security in India, a country with a population of over 1.3 billion people heavily dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods. This paper provides an overview of the challenges and potential solutions for addressing the intersection of climate change and food security in India. The impact of climate change, such as altered precipitation patterns, extreme weather events, rising temperatures, and changing pest and disease dynamics, have profound consequences for Indian agriculture, exacerbating the already existing vulnerabilities within the food system, from smallholder farmers to the overall supply chain. The consequences of a disrupted food supply extend to issues of malnutrition, hunger, and socio-economic instability.
This paper explores various facets of this complex issue such as the specific challenges faced by Indian agriculture due to climate change and the resultant threats to food security, ongoing efforts and potential solutions, including the adoption of climateresilient crop varieties, precision agriculture, and sustainable water management practices, to mitigate these challenges, and the necessity of policy intervention to enhance climate resilience within Indian agriculture.

Authors :
Ranjeet Singh : Principal Scientist and Head - Automation & Sensor Technology Division, ICAR-CIPHET, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
Dhritiman Saha : Scientist - Automation & Sensor Technology Division, ICAR-CIPHET, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.64.04.3

Potential Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Productivity: A Cross Country Analysis

By: Anju Kohli , Deepa Soni

Page No : 374-383

Abstract
Climate change is a spontaneous process which can be observed over a longer duration of time - around ten to fifteen years. It refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Climate variation has been identified as the major cause of year-to-year fluctuations in agricultural production in both developed and developing countries. The present paper investigates the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity by employing the stochastic frontier production function proposed by Battese and Coelli (1995) with time varying effect using panel data spanning from 1995 to 2022 for four leading agricultural countries - Brazil, China, India and US. The stochastic frontier production function is based on the Cobb-Douglas production function in which agricultural output is regressed on various inputs along with the climate parameter to capture the technical efficiency effects involved in production function. The estimated results suggest that there is a significant negative impact of climate change on agricultural production as well as its technical efficiency. The correlation results also indicate that climate change has a detrimental impact on agricultural output as well as labour productivity. There is need for policies that jointly address sustainable development and climate change. Three broad categories of action are required - cutting emissions, adapting to climate change and financing for required adjustments. Alternative development pathways such as pursuing institutional changes and stimulating clean technology innovations can affect climate change. While excessive government intervention is inadvisable, if climate change is left unchecked, it will be a drag on the economy.

Authors :
Anju Kohli : Emeritus Professor, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Deepa Soni : Assistant Professor, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.64.04.4

Climate Change and Indian Agriculture: A Critical Review

By: K.S. Kavi Kumar , Anubhab Pattanayak

Page No : 384-392

Abstract
This paper provides a brief review of climate change impacts on Indian agriculture. In addition to discussing the broad insights from various agronomic and economic analyses, the paper elaborates on the treatment of adaptation in impact estimations. The paper also discusses the distributional issues associated with climate change impacts and highlights the implications of climate change impacts on other dimensions such as migration and farmer suicides.

Authors :
K.S. Kavi Kumar : Professor, Madras School of Economics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Anubhab Pattanayak : Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT-Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.64.04.5

Global Green Credit Initiative and Cooperatives Businesses for Climate Action

By: Sundeep Kumar Nayak , Ayasakanta Mohanty , P. K. Swain

Page No : 393-399

Abstract
Under Green Credit Program launched by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, green credits will initially be generated from water conservation and afforestation projects. This is a market-based mechanism to incentivize voluntary environmental actions by various stakeholders including cooperatives. India has about 0.8 million primary level cooperatives working in diverse fields. There are other types of cooperatives at District, Apex and Multi-State levels. The total number of cooperatives of all types is little less than 0.9 million. This paper presents the argument that cooperatives have a big role in the green credit program to fight climate change as an economic activity.

Authors :
Sundeep Kumar Nayak : PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Ayasakanta Mohanty : Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
P. K. Swain : Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.64.04.6

How the Leather Industry Cluster is Combating Climate Change

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 400-418

Abstract
Sustainable Development Goal 13 deals with climate action. Climate change is a real and undeniable threat to our entire civilization. The objective of this paper is to study: the performance of common effluent treatment plants of the Leather clusters in Ambur and Vaniyambadi in combatting climate change; the efforts made by the Leather cluster towards getting the Leather Working Group (LWG) certification; the effects of the Zero Effect and Zero Defect (ZED) certification; and the efforts made to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 13 on Climate Action in Tamil Nadu. The methodology of the study includes the collection of primary and secondary data from various websites of the Governments of India and Tamil Nadu and also from associations like the Council for Leather Exports, Ambur Economic Development Corporation Limited (AEDOL), Ambur and Vaniyambadi Leather Clusters. The data was analysed using CAGR, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis and structural equation modelling. It was found that the Governments of India and Tamil Nadu, and the SPV of the Leather cluster have been coordinating with each other to mitigate climate change in the leather sector by installing common effluent treatment plants, obtaining the Leather Working Group and the Zero Effect and Zero-Defect certifications, and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 13 on Climate Action and Change.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : General Manager-Grade-I / Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Tirupattur, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.64.04.7

Impact of Climate Change on Plant Photosynthesis and Productivity: Threats and Opportunities

By: Anupama Mahato

Page No : 419-429

Abstract
In this era of global climate change, land degradation and biodiversity loss have had significant impact on photosynthesis and productivity of the plant kingdom. The forestry and agricultural sectors also emit greenhouse gases such as CH4 , N2 O etc. which contribute to global warming. On the other hand, forestry and agricultural sectors are most vulnerable and sensitive to climate change, since the growth and productivity of these sectors depend on local climate parameters such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, solar radiation, soil health etc. The impact of climate change events varies regionally. This paper provides an overview of the potential impact of climate change on crop productivity. It also explains in detail the threats and possible opportunities in dealing with the changing climate.

Authors :
Anupama Mahato : Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Environmental Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Chhattisgarh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.64.04.8

Assessment of Climate Trends and Carbon Sequestration in a Forest Ecosystem through InVEST

By: T.V. Ramachandra , Tulika Mondal , Paras Negi , Bharath Setturu

Page No : 430-441

Abstract
Carbon sequestration constitutes a vital ecological function executed by ecosystems to mitigate global warming due to the burgeoning sustained anthropogenic activities which release greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, etc.). The current study evaluates carbon dynamics in forest ecosystems through the InVest model with temporal land use analyses using remote sensing data from 1973 to 2021 in the Chikamagaluru district of Karnataka. Land use dynamics were assessed using temporal remote sensing data through a machinelearning-based supervised Random Forest algorithm, which shows a decline in forest cover of 28.98%, an increase in agricultural area by 5.31%, and horticulture by 42.52% in the last five decades, which has led to the depletion of carbon stock by 30683.81 Gg. Land use changes have a long-term effect on climatic variables, leading to changes in local temperature, annual rainfall, and number of rainy days in the study area.

Authors :
T.V. Ramachandra : Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Environmental Information System, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES]. Centre for Sustainable Technologies (Astra). Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable Transportation and Urban Planning [CiSTUP], Indian Institute of Science, Karnataka, India.
Tulika Mondal : Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Environmental Information System, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES].
Paras Negi : Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Environmental Information System, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES].
Bharath Setturu : Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Environmental Information System, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES], Chanakya University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.64.04.9

Migration and Global Culture: An Ethnographic Survey in the Context of Migration to the Middle East

By: Mohammed Taukeer

Page No : 442-452

Abstract
There is cordial nexus between migration and culture in the context of globalization. Labour migration from India to the Gulf countries is a consequence of globalization. The present study examines the nexus of migration and culture in the context of labour migration from Uttar Pradesh to the Gulf countries using an ethnographic approach through field work from November 2017 to December 2019 in Uttar Pradesh as the root, Mumbai as the transit destination and the United Arab Emirates as the international destination. The findings from the study show that there is interconnection between internal and international migration because of the culture of migration from Uttar Pradesh to the Gulf via Mumbai. This has resulted in the development of the concept of safe zone of migration.

Author :
Mohammed Taukeer : He is associated as research fellow in the International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2024.64.04.10

Apr-2022 to Jun-2022

Infrastructure Development in India: Present Status, Global Positioning and Comparative Picture

By: Shivani Tewari

Page No : 1-10

Abstract
India aims to become the world’s third largest economy (US$ 5 trillion) by 2025, a dream which was derailed to a certain extent because of the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several ways to achieving the target set, albeit with some time lag. One way to support the economy in such a high-pressure situation is through infrastructure development. A positive correlation between infrastructure development and economic development has been proved beyond doubt. Infrastructure development also supports socio-cultural development. The present paper is an attempt of understand the trends and status of infrastructure development in India. It is very important to take stock of the domestic situation in a global context, to have a more realistic picture and understand the gaps. The second part of the paper presents a comparative picture of infrastructure development in India and China.

Author :
Kishor Bhanushali
Director-Research, Karnavati University,Gandhinagar

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.1

Does Physical Infrastructure Investment Facilitate Resilient and Sustainable Productivity in India? An Empirical Investigation

By: Biswajit Paul , Ashish Kumar Sana

Page No : 11-20

Abstract
Total factor productivity (TFP) is an important indicator for measuring the relationship between outputs (total product) and inputs i.e., factors of production. It is primarily related with labour and capital. Increased TFP is the result of economic growth, technological change, education, innovation, etc. India, as one of the emerging market economies, should play an effective role in ensuring resilience and sustainability with respect to productivity. The objective of the study is to examine the influence of Infrastructure Investment (PII) on TFP in India. Annual time series data from the Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) for the time period 1961 to 2020 has been used for this. Econometric tools such as Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Philips-Perron (PP) tests confirm the problem of non-stationarity at level. This problem was eliminated by taking first difference of all variables. Johansen Co-integration test was applied to find out co-integration. To capture the long-run and short-run causal relationships between PII and TFP, the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was applied. The results confirm that there is an impact of PII on TFP. Short-run causal effects of PII on TFP have also been found. The Error Correction Term (ECT) value reveals that the model is in equilibrium and adjusts itself to external shock. Each result shows evidences of validation of PII for TFP. This study can serve as a guideline for policy makers so that they can strive to make productivity sector resilient and sustainable in post-pandemic era.

Authors :
Biswajit Paul
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal.

Ashish Kumar Sana
Professor, Department of Commerce, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.2

Energy Infrastructure in India: Challenges and Opportunities

By: Rajarshi Majumder , Subhadip Ghosh , Bidisha Chatterjee

Page No : 21-34

Abstract
Productivity is the new buzzword for economic growth in the era of globalization, as countries with higher productivity levels enjoy a comparative advantage over their competitors. Infrastructure is critical in this quest for higher productivity, growth, and development, and energy infrastructure is one of its crucial components. Longterm planning for ensuring that energy demands are met has become an integral part of policy-making, as energy infrastructure requires a huge lump sum investment and has a long gestation period. So, capacity augmentation and installing energy infrastructure in its physical form (refineries, power plants, pipelines, distribution lines, and so on) have to be planned and executed early. In this paper, we first narrate India’s energy demand/consumption trends over the last four decades and then try to forecast future energy demands and related energy infrastructure needs over the medium to long run period of 20 years from 2020 to 2040. Total Primary Energy Consumption is expected to be more than double the current level, and electricity demand to treble. As a result, coal production, oil refining, gas importing and distribution, electricity generation, and transmission & distribution capacities all have to grow substantially. Thus, we are looking at massive infrastructure requirements for the energy production sector. Finally, policy implications are also discussed.

Authors :
Rajarshi Majumder
Professor of Economics, University of Burdwan, India.

Subhadip Ghosh
Assistant Professor, School of Business, Grant MacEwan University, Canada.

Bidisha Chatterjee
Research Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Burdwan, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.3

Revisiting Infrastructure Development and Institutional Response for Mitigation of Air Pollution in India

By: Naresh Kumar , Shiv Narayan Nishad

Page No : 35-47

Abstract
Air pollution has become one of the major societal and environmental challenges in India that has put millions of people’s health at high risk. India has witnessed extreme pollution events (EPEs) that have become a major concern for the policy makers and decision makers. Therefore, effective and efficient management of air pollution has become the need of the hour. The present study explores the initiatives taken by government agencies to mitigate the impact of air pollution in terms of policy development, infrastructure development, and institutional response for the control and mitigation of the impact of air pollution.

Authors :
Naresh Kumar
CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, Krishnan Marg, New Delhi.

Shiv Narayan Nishad
CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, Krishnan Marg, New Delhi.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.4

Infrastructure, Productivity and Poverty Nexus: The Case of Indian States

By: Akshay Dhume , R. S. Deshpande

Page No : 48-71

Abstract
Infrastructure development has assumed greater importance in the post-1991 phase in India’s development. Theoretically, this is an important determinant that is expected to enhance productivity, leading to the creation of income generating opportunities that would help in alleviating poverty. The Indian government, at various points in time, has launched several projects aimed at achieving a high infrastructural base. In this study, an attempt was made to explore whether infrastructure has improved productivity and reduced poverty. Four infrastructure indicators were considered for this purpose namely: irrigation, power, transport. It is hypothesized that high productivity (GVO per capita) and poverty rate may be associated (positively or negatively) with infrastructural development. The results for productivity are a bit of a mixed bag, possibly due to the indicators themselves, but some of the results across states are quite interesting. This paper clearly brings out the patches that need policy interventions.

Authors :
Akshay Dhume
Professor, Department of Economics, Alliance University, Bengaluru.

R. S. Deshpande
Former Director, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.5

Rural Health Infrastructure in India – A Study in Selected Villages of Karnataka

By: V. Basil Hans

Page No : 72-82

Abstract
Health as a basic right is essential for the personal, social, economic and political development of every individual. Health is a valuable investment as well. It is more than 30 years since the member states of the World Health Organisation made an ambitious commitment to a global strategy of ‘Health for All by 2000 A.D.’ (i.e., HFA Goal), health as a basic right, and to the principles of primary health care. Moreover, health has no geographical boundaries. Good health like good governance has to be present everywhere in the form of good food and nutrition, health and best practices, and value orientation towards human dignity, including child protection and women empowerment. Thus, health is an inclusive problem for study and action. In India, despite modernisation and globalisation, good health infrastructure and services still seem to elude the countryside. Simply put, we need to address health problems at the village level. Health interventions are needed. Rural health services are essential to bring the rural folks to a more productive level and assimilate them in the national mainstream of manpower planning and human development. Every state must have this goal. The present study, however, is confined to one state, i.e. Karnataka. From the findings of the study, we can infer that there is a close relationship between rural economic development and health infrastructure. People take increasing interest in health promotion activities, but not always as resources are not adequate and accessible. There is inter-state, inter-district, inter-taluk, and inter-village disparities in this regard. It is only with the collaboration of the governments, private sector, and the third sector that we can make the much necessary headway. There should be no compromise on that.

Author :
V. Basil Hans
Retired Associate Professor, St Aloysius Evening College, Mangalore.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.6

Infrastructure Development in Chennai Automotive Components Industry Cluster

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 83-96

Abstract
Chennai is nicknamed the ‘Detroit of Asia’ due to the presence of major automobile manufacturing units and allied industries around the city. The infrastructure of Ambattur, Thirumudivakkam and Thirumalisai Industrial Estates were required to be upgraded, and they formed the Chennai Auto Ancillary Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Company (CAAIIUC) for upgradation of the infrastructure of these three industrial estates. The CAAIIUC got funds under the Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Scheme (IIUS), DPIIT, Government of India and developed these three industrial estates, and utilized physical infrastructure and centralized facilities under the Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Scheme of the Government of India.
The objective was to perform a qualitative analysis of the CAAIIUC before and after the implementation of the IIUS Scheme. Qualitative data was collected from 100 industries using a questionnaire and analyzing the responses using Reliability Analysis, Descriptive Analysis, Factor Analysis, Correlation Analysis and Confirmatory Factory Analysis. Reliability Analysis proved that the data is excellent. Confirmatory Factory Analysis proved that the parameters on infrastructure, technology, procurement, production and marketing interrelationships are significant. There is a high degree of linkage between infrastructure and the other interrelationships like procurement, technology, production and marketing. Due to the implementation of the cluster development approach, the selling price of auto components of individual enterprises will decrease and they will be able to compete in the global market. The costs of marketing, infrastructure development, human resources, raw material and production will decrease and there will be an increase in the profit/turnover.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.7

An Assessment of Infrastructural Development and Enrollment in Elementary Education in Odisha

By: Himani Majhi , Minati Mallick

Page No : 97-106

Abstract
Being an important component of the Human Development Index, education plays a very important role in the economic progress of an economy. The right to education has been enshrined as a fundamental right in the Constitution of India, which states that: “the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children aged six to fourteen years in such a manner as the state may, by law, determine.” Both the central and the state governments have been paying increased attention to the need to provide “education for all”. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is one of the flagship programmes of Government of India, which has been implemented in all the 30 districts of Odisha since 2001 in order to achieve universal elementary education. Availability of physical infrastructure is crucial for ensuring quality in elementary education. In this back drop an attempt has been made in the present study to construct a physical infrastructure index for government and private schools across the districts of Odisha, while assessing the role this plays in improving the enrolment (using secondary data collected from the report of DISE for the year 2014-15).

Authors :
Himani Majhi
Research Scholar, PG Department of Economics, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanjdeo University, India.

Minati Mallick
Associate Professor, PG Department of Economics, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanjdeo University, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.8

Impact of Adequacy of Social Infrastructure on Social Development in Uttar Pradesh

By: Sarvesh , Karuna Shanker Kanaujiya , Abhishek Singh

Page No : 107-120

Abstract
Infrastructure is the prerequisite for the development of any economy. It is difficult to imagine the modern world without basic facilities. Education is a human right while health is a human need. Both education and health are necessary for human emancipation and the social development of regions. Among the various elements of the basic structural characteristics, health and education levels are the best showcases of regional development due to their dual functions as cause and effect of modernization. The proposed study establishes the relationship between social infrastructure and social development using the infant mortality rate (IMR) and literacy rate of Uttar Pradesh, and also attempts to find out the cause-effect relation between both.

Authors :
Sarvesh
Research Scholar, Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Commerce, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India.

Karuna Shanker Kanaujiya
Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Commerce, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India.

Abhishek Singh
Research Scholar, Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Commerce, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.9

Effect of COVID-19 on Manufacturing MSMEs in Bangalore

By: Theresa Nithila Vincent , Bhoomika Lakshminarayana , Lakshmi Bhooshetty , Enu Chalissery

Page No : 121-131

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the functioning of enterprises and posed a significant effect on the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector. This research intends to explore the effect of COVID-19 on the manufacturing MSMEs in Bangalore by studying the key performance indicators, namely, Labour, Revenue, Production and Supply Chain. The study also tries to determine the extent to which manufacturing MSMEs benefitted from government relief packages. The paper followed a mixed-method approach and employed the indexing method by assigning index scores to draw inferences about the level of effect caused by COVID-19 on the KPIs of manufacturing MSMEs. Primary data was collected from MSME owners through a structured online questionnaire. The government and the policymakers can use this research to draw insights and reinforce MSMEs in the short and long term.

Authors :
Theresa Nithila Vincent
Professor and Head, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

Bhoomika Lakshminarayana
Scholar, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

Lakshmi Bhooshetty
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

Enu Chalissery
Scholar, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.10

Jul-2022 to Sep-2022

Productivity Linkage of India’s Export Competitiveness with Free Trade Agreement Partners

By: Kashika Arora , Biswajit Nag

Page No : 133-142

Abstract
This paper makes an attempt to link export performance with productivity, using Indian data, to assess whether sectors with higher comparative advantage in the FTA partner markets have experienced increased productivity over the years. Changes in exports are then correlated with changes in productivity. The sectors to be studied were identified after calculating the Bilateral Revealed Comparative Advantage (BRCA), and productivity using Data Envelop Analysis (DEA). Malmquist Productivity Index at the sectoral level was used to calculate Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth. The findings from the paper reveal that though it is natural that due to intense competition at the international level, productive firms will survive; in reality, a few other factors play an important role. A labourabundant country tends to specialise in labour-intensive sectors, but due to low penetration of technology, its TFP growth is slower. Price advantages received by firms are solely due to cheaper labour costs. These firms face challenges in reaping the benefits from economies of scale, which is possible only when the scale of operations is larger, along with higher productivity. Also, the relationship between export competitiveness and productivity tends to ignore various forms of trade barriers. The introduction of new forms of non-tariff barriers mars productivity benefits. Regulatory barriers, licensing, etc. play an important role and productivity growth requires concurrent adherence to such barriers for higher exports.

Authors :
Kashika Arora
Consultant, Ministry of Commerce, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi.

Biswajit Nag
Professor, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.1

Are Indian Agricultural Commodities Competitive under the ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement?

By: Subhash Jagdambe , Rajesh Raushan

Page No : 143-155

Abstract
The inclusion of the agricultural sector under the free trade agreement (FTA) has been a topic of discussion since its inception. This study addresses the question of whether the Indian agricultural commodities are competitive under the ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement (AIFTA). It relies on the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) data for ASEAN and India between the years 2001 and 2021. Methodologically, the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) index value was calculated to evaluate the competitiveness of India on 15 selected agricultural commodities. The study reveals that India has comparative advantage at the aggregate level but there are strong variations across the commodities at a disaggregate level. Commodities such as meat, spices, and cotton products were found to have strong comparative advantage reflecting India’s future export potential in the ASEAN market. On the contrary, commodities like diary, edible fruit coffee, soya-bean and palm oil products were found to be at a comparative disadvantage in the ASEAN market over the study period. There is a need to reframe the Indian agricultural trade policy and priority should be given to the exportoriented, high-value goods for augmenting competitiveness with the ASEAN countries in the future.

Authors :
Subhash Jagdambe
Assistant Professor, Balurghat Mahila Mahavidayalya, Dakshin Dinajpur, West Bengal, India.

Rajesh Raushan
Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Dalit Studies (IIDS), New Delhi, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.2

Proposed India-UK Free Trade Agreement: Estimating Potential Export Gains for India

By: Rinku Manocha , Niti Bhasin

Page No : 156-168

Abstract
In view of the consistent efforts of India and UK to negotiate a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), the paper attempts to estimate the potential export gains for India from the proposed India-UK FTA. The trends of India’s exports to the UK have been analysed using compound annual growth rate. To estimate the potential short- and long-run impact of the FTA on India’s exports to the UK, the ARDL framework has been employed. The results indicate that market size and liberal trade policies are contributing to India-UK exports in the long-run. The tariff imposed by the UK on India’s exports was found to be negative and significant, both for the long- and short-run, thereby suggesting that reduction or removal of tariffs due to the FTA will significantly enhance trade gains for India.

Authors :
Rinku Manocha
Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Hindu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi.

Niti Bhasin
Professor (International Business), Programme Coordinator: MBA (IB), Department of Commerce, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.3

The Impact of Regional Trade Agreements on Trade between India and Belt and Road Initiative Nations

By: Hajra Manzoor , Parvez Ahmad Mir

Page No : 169-176

Abstract
This article evaluates the influence of regional trade agreements (RTAs) and international borders on international trade between India and the BRI nations using the structural gravity framework. The methodology utilised in this research produces robust results by accounting for endogeneity, RTA phasing-ins, multilateral impacts, and multiple estimation techniques. This analysis demonstrates that the influence of RTAs on trade among India and the BRI countries becomes minimal when the consequences of globalization are considered. Furthermore, the diminishing influence of international borders on trade flow among member countries shows that more trade being facilitated between open economies.

Authors :
Hajra Manzoor
Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Islamic University of Science and Technology, India.

Parvez Ahmad Mir
Associate Professor, Department of Management Studies, Islamic University of Science and Technology, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.4

An Empirical Analysis of India’s Apparel and Textile Export Policies and Trade Agreements

By: Chandra Prabha , S N Jha

Page No : 177-185

Abstract
This study emphasizes the policies, strategies, trade agreements, and export promotional activities undertaken by the Indian government to develop the Apparel and Textile Industry. The government’s emphasis is on improving textile manufacturing by building the best quality manufacturing capability, improving technology that fosters creativity, and enhancing competencies and conventional strengths in the textile sector to ensure inclusive and participatory growth for India. The primary data has been collected through a questionnaire to analyze exporters’ views and opinions on various issues related to government textile policies, promotional strategies, impact of national and international affairs on the textile export market, and on questions about problems and suggestions.

Authors :
Chandra Prabha
Former Research Scholar, Banaras Hindu University.

S N Jha
Faculty of Commerce, Banaras Hindu University.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.5

The Performance of Tirupur Knitwear Cluster on Trade Agreements

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 186-198

Abstract
The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME), Government of India (GoI) is adopting a cluster development approach for enhancing the productivity and competitiveness of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) and their collective. The Knitwear Cluster in Tirupur was formed during 2003 having MSEs with many interventions by UNIDO and Government of India as well as Government of Tamil Nadu under IIUS and MSE-CDP. The objectives of this research article are: to study the Business Analytics Performance of Tirupur Knitwear Cluster in areas such as diagnostic analysis, descriptive analysis, predictive analysis and prescriptive analysis; to study the diagnostic analysis based on UNIDO intervention in before and after Cluster Development Approach (CDA) to improve the efficiency of the industries, to study the descriptive analysis performance of knitwear export between Government of India and Government of Tamil Nadu, to study the descriptive analysis and predictive analysis of knitwear export based on Number of Units, Employment, Production and Export; to study the prescriptive analysis based on regression analysis and SEM; and to study impact asssessment and make recommendations to exporters, state and the central government on improvements in exports based on trade agreements. The study results show that there is increase in number of units, employment, production and turnover after the adoption of CDA when compared to before CDA. Global market for the knitwear exports from India is estimated at around an average of Rs. 53,884 crores, and from Tamil Nadu it is INR 26,814.17 crores from the year 2016-17 to 2021-22. Recommendations include that further trade agreements should be made with other untapped countries to increase exports of India and that the Government of India and Government of Tamil Nadu should create cluster policies based on export consortia variables.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.6

Trade Effects of Tariff Liberalization of India-UAE CEPA: An Examination

By: Saba Ismail , Shahid Ahmed

Page No : 199-216

Abstract
The present study investigates the effects of tariff liberalization under the India-UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) using a partial equilibrium tool, the WITS-SMART model, to analyse the potential trade effects, specifically trade creation, trade diversion, welfare and revenue effects. Trade effects are assessed at two stages of classification, i.e., the UNCTAD stages of processing classification of goods and the HS 6-digit level of classification. The study examines the potential trade effects of a 100-percent tariff reduction by India and UAE on imports from each other, at the UNCTAD-SOP classification and HS 6-digit level using the SMART Model. The simulation results reveal that the India-UAE CEPA will result in approximately 70% trade creation and 30% trade diversion. The study argues that the India-UAE CEPA will result in trade diversion from many developed countries and other GCC member states, among others. It is pertinent for other GCC countries to negotiate an India-GCC FTA or CEPA to avoid possible trade diversion as a result of the India-UAE CEPA. The results also reveal positive consumer surplus gains for India and the UAE through the CEPA. The study argues that tariff reduction on imports from each other will result in losses in budget revenue, more so for India. Despite all advantages and disadvantages, the results show that overall, trade relations between India and the UAE have improved over time, but there is a lot of untapped potential in order to achieve welfare gains for both trading partners. Finally, the study cautions about the implications of a sensitive list for trade effects and protection from misuse of the rules of origin in the CEPA.

Authors :
Saba Ismail
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi.

Shahid Ahmed
Professor, Department of Economics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.7

An Analysis of Productivity Trends in Indian Manufacturing Sector

By: Chandrima Sikdar , Priya Harikumar

Page No : 217-229

Abstract
Manufacturing sector in India has exhibited a rather stagnant growth over the years and has failed to create business and job opportunities, provide productive employment and drive exports. Against this backdrop, the present paper seeks to analyse the productivity performance of the sector during the last one-and-ahalf decade and identify the firm level characteristics impacting the productivity. Using industry level data from annual survey of industries and firm level data from CMIE prowess database, it is found that the manufacturing sector did experience growth in labour productivity and total factor productivity in some of the years during the period of study. However, the overall productivity growth has not been impressive in the sense that it lacked consistency and inclusivity. Examination of firm level characteristics reveals that features like size, R&D stock and age of firm have been the major drivers of growth. Hence, sectors characterised by large and technologically superior firms managed productivity growth while sectors with dominant share of smaller firms with lower R&D and technological capability have found this benefit elusive.

Authors :
Chandrima Sikdar
Professor, School of Business Management, NMIMS University, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India.

Priya Harikumar
Former Project Research Scholar and Former Student, Sarla Modi School of Economics, NMIMS University, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.8

Productivity Enhancement and Water Saving by SRI: A Study of Canal Irrigated Area

By: G Karthiga Devi , A Narayanamoorthy , P Jothi , K S Sujitha

Page No : 230-238

Abstract
The new method of paddy cultivation known as the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) helps in saving water and increasing the productivity of paddy. SRI has been in practice over the last few years in India, but not many studies have attempted to find out whether the SRI method of paddy cultivation is useful to farmers in terms of saving water and increasing the yield of paddy, using data collected from canal irrigated areas. In this study, an attempt has been made to fill this gap using data collected from a total sample of 100 farmers from a district in the state of Tamil Nadu. The study shows that SRI farmers can save 33 percent on water, 26 percent on the cost of cultivation. Productivity can also be increased by about 48 percent, in comparison with non-SRI farmers.

Authors :
G Karthiga Devi
Research Scholar, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

A Narayanamoorthy
Senior Professor and Head, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

P Jothi
Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

K S Sujitha
Research Assistant, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.9

Handicrafts, ODOP and Aspirational Districts: Qualitative Observations from the Field Survey

By: Roli Misra , Nagendra Kumar , Shivani Tewari

Page No : 239-244

Abstract
The new method of paddy cultivation known as the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) helps in saving water and increasing the productivity of paddy. SRI has been in practice over the last few years in India, but not many studies have attempted to find out whether the SRI method of paddy cultivation is useful to farmers in terms of saving water and increasing the yield of paddy, using data collected from canal irrigated areas. In this study, an attempt has been made to fill this gap using data collected from a total sample of 100 farmers from a district in the state of Tamil Nadu. The study shows that SRI farmers can save 33 percent on water, 26 percent on the cost of cultivation. Productivity can also be increased by about 48 percent, in comparison with non-SRI farmers.

Authors :
Roli Misra
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Lucknow.

Nagendra Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Economics, University of Lucknow.

Shivani Tewari
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Study Hall College, University of Lucknow.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.10

Oct-2022 to Dec-2022

Indian Cooperatives Everywhere: An Assessment of Possibilities and Fiscal Options

By: Sundeep Kumar Nayak , K.T. Chhaneshappa , Ayasakanta Mohanty , P. K. Swain

Page No : 245-259

Abstract
The Cooperative movement in India in the British legal context, dates back to 1904, although the Vedas highlight the spirit of cooperation and prosperity on earth centuries ago. With the creation of an independent Ministry of Cooperation in the Central Government, this movement has received a big boost with right frameworks being put in place through a slew of strategic decisions. The focus is on primary cooperatives playing a frontal multi-activity role in transforming India’s rural economy, instead of the traditional focus on inputs such as credit, fertiliser, pesticides, etc. The scope of work of primary agricultural cooperative credit societies has been expanded through a model by-law to about 25 diverse business activities. Also, the aim is to set up 200,000 new and modern cooperatives across the country. This paper examines the context, opportunities and challenges in some sectoral types of cooperatives.

Authors :
Sundeep Kumar Nayak
PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

K.T. Chhaneshappa
Former Executive Director, National Cooperative Development Corporation, Ministry of Cooperation, New Delhi, India.

Ayasakanta Mohanty
Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

P. K. Swain
Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.1

Time to Seize Opportunity Through an Understanding of E-Waste Management Systems

By: Raveesh Agarwal , Deepak Mahaur

Page No : 260-270

Abstract
Generally, e-waste is improperly handled by the unorganized sector in India due to a lack of expertise and knowledge. Setting up proper systems for handling and managing e-waste has been a major issue for stakeholders throughout the world. The objective of this paper is to study e-waste, its classification, understanding the levels of awareness about e-waste, people’s perception and issues related to the management of e-waste. Informal interactions were conducted in Bareilly and its surrounding areas to know more about the respondents’ understanding, perception and awareness of e-waste and its management systems.

Authors :
Raveesh Agarwal
Professor and Head, Department of Business Administration, Rajshree Institute of Management & Technology, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Deepak Mahaur
Assistant Professor, Rajshree Law College, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.2

A Review of the Treatment of E-Waste in India

By: Arif Khan , Meena Murmu

Page No : 271-280

Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest growing waste sources in the country. The use of electronic equipment has risen exponentially as a result of the growth of the communications and information technology sector. Since e-waste contains hazardous materials, the huge deposition of electronic waste and its recycling for the extraction of valuable metals using primitive methods is a major concern in developing countries. Consumers are being forced to replace outdated gadgets due to their rapid obsolescence and subsequent upgrades, which generates massive amounts of e-waste into the solid waste stream. When toxic metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, and other electronic products are dumped, it contaminates the environment. Typically, non-biodegradable, toxic metals found in e-waste will have long-lasting harmful effects on the environment in general and our health in particular. Because of the toxic and other hazardous materials it contains, e-waste has grown to be both an immediate and long-term problem. Its uncontrolled and improper collection, recycling, and disposal can cause serious environmental issues that endanger not only the health of people and animals but also the environment. This paper attempts to analyse the situation of e-waste in India and mentions some innovative recycling methodologies and technologies that can be useful for the proper management of e-waste to ensure that it is either eliminated or minimally disposed of into the environment. The paper also focuses on the various management techniques for managing this toxic substance, as well as the health risks associated with e[1]waste.

Authors :
Arif Khan
Registrar, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

Meena Murmu
Assistant Professor, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.3

The Role of E-Waste Management in India Achieving the SDGs

By: Neeta Saxena

Page No : 281-289

Abstract
India is galloping fast towards achieving development goals in all areas, leading to dangers arising from development plans. Large scale generation of “electronic waste” (hereafter referred to as e-waste), with the lack of effective and efficient methods to dispose of it, is among the bigger threats. Lifestyle changes in India have been a huge contributor in generating nearly 3 million tons of e-waste annually, making India the third largest producer of e-waste in the world after China and the US. However, the more serious matter of concern is the fact that less than 2 percent of its e-waste produced annually is recycled in the country, against the global figure of 20 percent. Further, given its harmful impact on both human and environmental health because of the lack of adequate and effective management, along with the possibilities and greater opportunities of producing recycled metals such as iron, steel, plastics, and other non-ferrous metals, the need of the hour is that significant policies and strategies should be framed, followed by strict implementation. India’s commitment to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 (namely, targets 3, 8, 11, 12, and 17) will directly or indirectly depend on India’s management of e-waste in the upcoming years. This study focuses on the importance of e-waste management in achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and also to suggest some strategies for adequate e-waste management in the future.

Author :
Neeta Saxena
Associate Professor, SAGE University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.4

Solutions and Strategies for Regulation of E-Waste Management

By: Lakshmi Priya Vinjamuri , Aghanaashaa A

Page No : 290-302

Abstract
Sustainability must be realized holistically in this era of rapid technological advancements, with a focus on the various processes that generate by-products that have a deleterious and devastating impact on the environment as a whole.
Industrialization and globalization have their advantages as well as challenges in terms of handling aspects that have a huge and drastic impact on sustainability. Electronic waste (e-waste) is a critical issue these days, leading to excessive pollution of both biotic and abiotic components, but is not a matter of debate to the same extent as climate change, greenhouse gas emissions and increased carbon footprint.
This paper focuses on solutions to curb, control, and contain electronic waste. There are two dimensions to this paper, it describes an application as well as the legal protocols that are to be implemented globally in order to address the environmental impact of e-waste and its subsequent strategic management.

Authors :
Lakshmi Priya Vinjamuri
Associate Professor, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University, Uttarakhand, India.

Aghanaashaa A
Software Engineer, Nine Leaps Technologies, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.5

High Obsolescence Level of E-Waste among Rural and Urban Household Consumers in Kerala: Key Facts

By: Shibulal A. L. , K. S. Chandrasekar

Page No : 303-312

Abstract
E-Waste is an emerging environmental problem in India and the rest of the world. It is a paradox of a sort as e-waste has both beneficial and harmful effects. The sudden growth of the IT and electronics industries, changing lifestyles of people, availability of low priced electronic gadgets, technological advancements, among others, have led to increased use of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) in India. The existing conditions are also instrumental in the state of Kerala becoming one of the fastest e-waste generating states in India. The total waste stream from obsolete EEE is normally generated from household and institutional consumers. A pilot study of scrap dealers of Kerala revealed that the majority of WEEE was generated by household consumers across rural and urban areas of the state. This is the right period to filter the major factors leading to the high obsolescence rate of this ‘new generation waste’ in Kerala. The study was conducted among 400 household consumers across Kerala. This descriptive study, which shows the awareness level of household consumers towards e-waste generation and handling, contributes considerably to research on the generation of electrical and electronic wastes (WEEE).

Authors :
Shibulal A. L.
Associate Professor & HoD, Mohandas Institute of Management, MCET, APJAK Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

K. S. Chandrasekar
Senior Professor & HoD, Institute of Management in Kerala, SBM&LS, University of Kerala, Kariyavattom campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.6

Problems of E-Waste Management in the NCR: An Enviro-Legal Human Rights Study

By: Vaibhav Goel Bhartiya , Apeksha Chaudhary , Afreen Almas

Page No : 313-331

Abstract
‘Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam’. The meaning of this famous Sanskrit phrase is that the whole world is one family, which is what the world is becoming. In this era of modernization and information technology, people are becoming more connected with each other. This has been made possible with the discovery of long waveradio frequency, broadband spectrums, etc. Inventions like the television, radio, mobile phones and computers have made our lives easier. We are heading towards a better quality and higher standard of life. However, we must pay the price of all this development in the form of destruction of the environment. When electronic products become obsolete, they fall under the category of e-waste, whichis a major concern for all countries at present. Man creates and moldshis environment which sustains and leads to “intellectual, social, moral and spiritual growth” (UN, 1972, p. 3). The preservation and conservation of environment is therefore necessary if humanity has to survive. Developing countries face enormous challenges related to the generation and management of e-waste which iseither internally generated or imported illegally, with India being no exception. Informal processing of electronic waste in developing countries causes serious health and pollution problem.

Authors :
Vaibhav Goel Bhartiya
Dean, Faculty of Law, Subharti Law College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Apeksha Chaudhary
Assistant Professor, Institute of Legal Studies, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut. Uttar Pradesh, India.

Afreen Almas
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Subharti Law College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut. Uttar Pradesh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.7

Perceived Management of Emotions and Satisfaction with Job of Sales Representatives

By: Jahanvi Bansal , Sapna Rana

Page No : 332-342

Abstract
Every day, sales representatives experience intense multifaceted emotions that bring along a lot of provocations. Simultaneously, today’s customers are more conversant, challenging, and less patient than before, making it difficult for sales representatives to gauge their emotional intelligence. The stiff sales environment further creates mental pressure that disrupts the routine functioning and job satisfaction of sales representatives. This calls for the study of the psychological processes underlying employees’ perceptions of satisfaction with their job; which has not been given comprehensive consideration in past research. This paper extends this idea by touching on the origin and progression of emotional intelligence over time and the relational analysis of one of its key sub-sets namely, management of emotions with job satisfaction. For statistical analysis, tools including EFA, CFA, correlation, and linear regression were employed on a sample of 424 respondents based out of the Delhi/National Capital Region (NCR). Empirical analysis indicated a significant and positive association between perceived management of emotions and satisfaction with job of sales representatives.

Authors :
Jahanvi Bansal
Associate Professor, Shri Jaysukhlal Vadhar Institute of Management (JVIMS), Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.

Sapna Rana
Assistant Professor, KIIT College of Engineering, Gurugram, Haryana, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.8

Role of Geography in Structural Transformation: The Story of Indian States

By: Chhaya Singh

Page No : 343-354

Abstract
Economic activity as a measure of development is generally estimated in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). But the propriety of GDP as a measure of development has been subject to debate. Different theoretical as well as empirical evidences have hinted towards a relationship between geography and economic growth. This paper attempts to test the geographical proximity hypothesis (i.e., economic growth of a region is determined by its geography in general, and its proximity to other developing or under developed regions in particular) in context of India. This paper argues that the growth rate of a region is determined by the proximity to developed or under-developed states and such clusters of proximate states grow together as a whole. This inference has huge policy implications and makes a favourable case for inclusion of geography as a significant determinant of economic growth.

Author :
Chhaya Singh
Assistant Director, Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, New Delhi, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.9

Optimization and Study of Wear Behaviour of Carbon Fibre PLA parts produced by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D Printer

By: SK. R.S. Mahaboob Ali

Page No : 355-364

Abstract
The present work is an examination of the effect of wear test parameters, viz., track diameter, load and speed on the wear rate of carbon fibre PLA. The specimens for wear test were designed as per the ASTM-G99 type 1 standard. They were printed by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) process by considering one of the best combinations of its parameters viz., layer thickness, in fill pattern and extrusion temperature. The wear testing was conducted on the specimens using pin on disc Tribometer by considering three levels of each of the wear test parameters. Wear tests were designed according to L9 orthogonal array. The results were analysed using Taguchi analysis (DOE) on the MINITAB-19 software and it was found that the track diameter is the most significant parameter with respect to wear of carbon fibre PLA. The results of the interaction plot of S/N ratios of wear show that there is a substantial influence of interactions between track diameter and speed, and speed and load on the wear of carbon fibre PLA. But little effect was observed on the wear of carbon fibre PLA as far as the interaction between track diameter and load is considered.

Authors :
V. Durga Prasada Rao
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

N. Harsha
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

SK. M.Z.M. Saqheeb Ali
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

SK. R.S. Mahaboob Ali
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.10

Migration from India to Gulf Countries: An Analysis from Root to Destinations

By: SK. R.S. Mahaboob Ali

Page No : 365-373

Abstract
This study examines the determinants of labour migration from India to the Gulf countries by exploring facts about working and living conditions of migrant labourers in Mumbai and the United Arab Emirates. Hence, field work was conducted in India as well as the United Arab Emirates between 2017 and 2019. The paper covered a total of 540 migrant labourers including 180 international return migrant labourers at root in Uttar Pradesh, another 180 migrant labourers from North India in Mumbai and 180 Indian migrant labourers in the United Arab Emirates. The methodology used in this paper is mixed method approach at root in Uttar Pradesh and qualitative study design at both internal and international destinations, namely, Mumbai and United Arab Emirates respectively. It was observed that internal migration leads to international migration; both types of migration are the result of similar economic and non-economic causes. Migrant labourers find similar working and living conditions in Mumbai and the United Arab Emirates.

Authors :
Mohammed Taukeer
Research Fellow, The International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.03.11

Jan- to Mar-2023

Potential of India’s Future Workforce

By: A Srija

Page No : 375-388

Abstract
India is one of the developing countries with a demographic advantage recognized almost two decades ago. However, has India been able to transform this demographic advantage into human capital to achieve an inclusive and sustainable economic growth? In this paper we are trying to look at the strengths of our existing workforce, identify the gaps existing in the reach of our social programs for enhancing the educational and skill levels of our workforce of the future, and the path to be followed for building our potential human capital for achieving a faster and equitable distribution of the benefits of economic growth.

Author :
A Srija : Economic Advisor, Department of School Education & Literacy, Ministry of Education, New Delhi, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.1

Missing Women in the Labour Force: Detrimental to India’s Growth

By: Monika Singh , Charan Singh

Page No : 389-396

Abstract
Since 2005, India has been witnessing a continuous downward trajectory in its already low female labour force participation rate (FLPR). In 2021, India’s FLPR declined even below the rates of our neighbouring countries - Pakistan and Bangladesh. Mechanization in agriculture, lack of job opportunities in semi-urban areas, regressive socio-cultural factors, lack of frequent transportation, and lack of affordable child care are some of the reasons for such a low and declining FLPR. Increasing FLPR has both social as well as economic benefits. Higher participation of women can improve the nation’s aggregate economic productivity by ensuring optimum utilization of human talent and ensuring diversity in the workplace. High FLPR can also help in improving development indicators like child nutrition, and women empowerment.

Authors :
Monika Singh : Assistant Director, NITI Aayog, New Delhi, India.
Charan Singh : CEO, Foundation for Economic Growth and Welfare, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.2

Female Labor Force Participation and Labour Productivity: A Preliminary Analysis

By: Laxmi Narayan

Page No : 397-409

Abstract
The recent trends in female labour force participation have garnered considerable attention among policymakers and research scholars in India, primarily because of the sudden and significant falls in female labour force participation rates in the presence of many enabling factors, particularly the growth of the GDP. Studies on the falling rates have examined many underlying ‘pull and push’ factors but few of them have analysed the role of productivity. This study attempts to have a preliminary understanding of the role of labour productivity on the female labour force participation in India using cross-section and panel data. The study found a link between labour productivity and wages which could impact female labour force participation. The paper found that the FLFPR function for the rural and urban sectors is markedly different from each other and hence, should be studied separately.

Author :
Laxmi Narayan : Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Govt. College, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.3

Agricultural Workforce in India: Emerging Trends, Issues and Policy Implications

By: Deepak Shah

Page No : 410-416

Abstract
The country has witnessed large scale shifting of labour from the agricultural sector during the last three decades, resulting in cost escalation in crop production. The major factors responsible for migration include better opportunities in alternate sectors, higher wages, better living conditions, and uninterrupted work opportunities. This calls for prevention of labour migration, which requires a number of measures like effective implementation of a minimum wage act, improving working conditions, health care, social security, skill development, etc. The policy measures initiated to address these issues will not only help in developing agricultural sector but also the overall growth of the economy.

Author :
Deepak Shah : Professor, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (Deemed to be a University), Deccan Gymkhana, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.4

Impact of Psychological Well-being on Employee Performance and Productivity

By: Fayaz Ahmad , Ishfaq Bashir

Page No : 417-427

Abstract
This paper intends to identify the key factors of employee engagement and well-being as antecedents to employee performance and the resultant impact on employee productivity. The study is empirical in nature and simple random sampling was used for data collection with the private sector of the state of Jammu & Kashmir as the universe. A total of 550 questionnaires were distributed and 513 valid responses collected. Regression and structural equation modelling (SEM) were used to predict and estimate the relationship. The findings from the study reveal that all identified factors are predictors of psychological well-being (r2 = 0.46), however, the variables that have a major impact are environmental mastery. autonomy, and self-acceptance. Psychological well-being has a significant impact on employee performance (r2 = 0.42). This study contributes to both theory and practice by investigating the impact of psychological well-being on employee performance and productivity in private sector undertakings.

Authors :
Fayaz Ahmad : Professor & Dean, School of Business Studies, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
Ishfaq Bashir : Research Scholar in Management, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.5

The Economic Cost of Stereotypes, Stigma, and the Exclusion of LGBTQ Workforce: The Indian Context

By: Soumi Rai , Shalini S Gopalkrishnan

Page No : 428-436

Abstract
The LGBTQ community has historically been a significant stakeholder in the diverse social fabric of India. With the advent of the British rule, this vulnerable group was marginalized, outlawed and their conduct subject to criminal law under IPC Section 377 (Indian Police Code) that continued well into 21st century India; an abhorring act that was repealed by the Supreme Court of India after a protracted legal battle by the community. We focus on the inclusivity and dignity of the marginalized groups in the workforce contrasting their growth and progress in the backdrop of a developing economic powerhouse. We review literature across sectors including policies and legislation of the Indian Government to understand the challenges being faced by this community in their struggle for acceptance and dignity in the Indian workforce. We also highlight the preliminary efforts made by several organizations towards restoration of the fundamental citizenship rights and dignity of the LGBTQ community. The paper concludes with implementable action points for the Indian corporate sector, in line with enhancing inclusivity for this social group and other marginalized communities.

Authors :
Soumi Rai : Senior Associate Professor, NICMAR University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Shalini S Gopalkrishnan : Visiting Professor, Golden Gate University, CA, USA and Middlebury Institute, Monterey, Canada.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.6

Work Force Efficiency in the Safety Match Clusters

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 437-456

Abstract
India, one of the largest manufacturers of matchboxes, produces about 4 crore boxes per day. There is a need to study the technical efficiency of the workforce of the Safety Match Clusters (SMC) in Tamil Nadu. The objective is to study the physical and financial performance, and technical efficiency of four SMCs in Tamil Nadu. The methodology consists of collection of primary data for various periods from 2016-17 to 2020-21 and secondary data from SMC officials. The input variables are Units, Employment and Investment, whereas the output variables are Production and Turnover. Data was analysed for ascertaining the technical efficiency of 4 SMCs before and after the implementation of the Cluster Development Approach (CDA), using the output-oriented Banker, Charnes, and Cooper (BCC) model of DEA, output-orientated Malmquist DEA, and stochastic frontier analysis. The study concluded that three clusters are highly efficient, but one needs improvement in workforce and investment to increase turnover. The Malmquist Index Summary of Firm Means indicates an efficiency change of 22% and pure efficiency change of 26%. As per the stochastic frontier equation To=-10.51-0.90En+4.34 In, with a unit increase in employment, the turnover decreases by 0.9 units which is insignificant, and for every unit increase in investment on machinery, the turnover increases by 4.4 units which is significant. The workforce needs further improvement for one firm, whereas the other three are highly efficient.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.7

Bridging the Skill Gap Through Internships: Stakeholders Theory Perspective

By: R. Belinda

Page No : 457-464

Abstract
The skill gap among the youth of today is widening and is resulting in unemployability. It is time to revisit the education system and work strategies to develop employability skills among students. One such strategy can be incorporating internships in the curriculum at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels across disciplines. While offering an internship course, it is of utmost importance that the stakeholders involved, namely the primary stakeholders, which include the interning student, the Higher Educational Institution (HEI) and the organisation in which the intern is placed, should maintain continuous communication through which all three of them benefit. This paper attempts to examine the perception of the stakeholders about bridging the skill gap through internships, and their advantages and challenges.

Author :
R. Belinda : Associate Prof. & Head, Dept. of Social Work (SFS), Madras Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.8

Human Resource Management Practices as Determinants of Organizational Performance

By: Vandana Madhavkumar

Page No : 465-477

Abstract
Human capital being unique and inimitable is a source of competitive advantage for organizations. Literature suggests that effective and well-established human resource management (HRM) practices help in better retention and utilization of human resources, thereby resulting in the improvement of the organizational performance overall. Most studies have examined the linkage between HRM practices and organizational performance in large organizations. Not much research is available on the effect of HR practices on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Coimbatore is an entrepreneurial hub, its industrial ecosystem dominated by SMEs, therefore, there is a need to explore the HR practices in the SMEs of Coimbatore. This study evaluates the relationship among HR practices and organizational performance of SMEs in Coimbatore. Data was collected from 200 SMEs that were members of the Coimbatore District Small Scale Industries Association (CODISSIA). It was found that HRM practices had a significant positive effect on organizational performance.

Author :
Vandana Madhavkumar : Associate Professor, GRG School of Management Studies, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.9

Economic Analysis of Edible Sugarcane Cultivation under Drip and Non-drip Method of Irrigation in Tamil Nadu: A Field Level Study

By: P. Padmavathi

Page No : 478-485

Abstract
This article attempts to investigate the effects of growing edible sugarcane using the drip as well as the conventional irrigation method with the help of field-level survey data collected in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. This research investigates edible irrigated sugarcane in light of the rapid fall in irrigation water potential and low water-use efficiency in non-edible, flood-irrigated sugarcane cultivation. Using drip irrigation for growing edible sugarcane not only helps to conserve water, but also boosts crop yields. When comparing drip- and flood-irrigated edible sugarcane farming, the study indicated that the former used around 37 percent less water and the latter made about 103 percent more money. Also, compared with the more conventional flood method of irrigation (FMI), edible sugarcane grown with drip method of irrigation (DMI) reduces electricity costs by roughly 51 percent. DMI farmers had a higher gross cost of cultivation, water and electricity savings, gross value of output, productivity, and profitability from growing edible sugarcane. Finally, the study recommends that the benefits of sugarcane cultivation under drip irrigation be disseminated among farmers as soon as possible by bolstering quality extension service programmes, awareness campaigns, and providing extensive publicity on a continual basis to reduce farmer misery.

Author :
P. Padmavathi : Assistant Professor and Head, Department of Economics, VidhyaaGiri College of Arts and Science, Puduvayal, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2023.63.04.10

Apr-2021 to Jun-2021

Trailing Towards Self-Reliance in Pulses in India

By: D.P. Malik , Neeraj Pawar , Monika Chauhan , Sanjay

Page No : 1-14

Abstract: Grain legumes are excellent sources of protein, dietary fibres, starch, micronutrients and vitamins particularly for economically poor section of population in India. The study is targeted to analyse the growth in area and production, demand, availability and trade of pulses in India and also to examine policy options for enhancing pulses production. Pulses reached an all-time high production level of 23.92 million tonnes in TE2018–19. Pulses production registered an annual increase of 3.84 per cent in nearly last two decades owing to the expanding area and better yield. Madhya Pradesh alone contributed about one-third (30.95%) of pulses production in India indicating a growth rate of 5.57 per cent. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh are sharing about 70 per cent of total pulses production in India. Chickpea, lentil and pigeon pea are greatly cultivated in these states having a dominant place in global production. Uttar Pradesh had indicated negative sign in pulses due to shifting of area towards wheat, paddy, oilseeds and sugarcane because of encouraging public policies and profitability. The chickpea area is mostly concentrated in central and southern region of India owing to evolution of short duration with tolerance of biotic and abiotic stresses. The net availability of pulses in India improved noticeably in recent years reaching to a level of 20.40 kg/year /capita as a result of higher internal production and large imports from North America, Russia, Australia, Myanmar and African nations. India imported one-fourth of total pulses production, mainly lentil, dry peas, pigeon pea, mung bean and urad bean to meet the rising demands of vegetarian population. India also exported Kabuli chickpea and organic pulses, a small portion of total production in Indian sub-continent, to African nations and Gulf countries.
For sustainable and higher production in India, concerted research efforts are required for development of cultivars having biotic and abiotic resistance with suitability for different agro-ecologies with continued support for adoption of improved production and protection technologies from various crop development programmes to realize higher farm yield. The additional area under pulses needs to be explored by extending cultivation in rice fallow areas in the eastern and coastal states, replacement with low productive crops, intercropping and cultivation on farm. Besides, robust market mechanism, price deficiency payment mechanism, lower limit of hoarding, proper storage facilities and creation of buffer stock, lucrative MSP and value addition are also required for sustaining pulses production in India. The PPP model and formation of FPOs for pulses should be extended to harvest higher yield and to benefit resource-poor pulse growers by undertaking activities such as assembling, processing, retailing etc. and also through collective bargaining. The pulses should be included in TDPS, MDM and SNP programmes to address nutrient deficiency and better accessibility of pulses to the under privileged sections of population.

Authors :
D.P. Malik
Professor and Head, Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004.

Neeraj Pawar
Assistant Scientist (Agricultural Economics), Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004.

Monika Devi
Assistant Scientist (Statistics), Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004.

Sanjay
Assistant Scientist (Agricultural Economics), Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.1

Poverty and Food Insecurity in India: Exploring Linkages between Ownership Rights to Women Farmers and Food Security

By: Seema Mallik

Page No : 15-23

Abstract
Despite rapid economic growth since the 1990s and agricultural reforms, India continues to be home to the largest number of the poor and the hungry in the world. Food security continues to elude large sections of vulnerable population, particularly in rural India. Different welfare schemes that have been initiated have increased their dependency on the government. As agriculture continues to be the backbone of rural economy employing the largest chunk of the population, despite its contribution to the GDP falling, the paper argues that agriculture and its allied activities need to be strengthened not only to feed millions but to ensure self-reliance of rural India. Further, as there is an increase of women–headed households and the feminization of agriculture, empowerment of women is crucial in reducing poverty and dependency in the rural economy while also ensuring food security. In this regard, the paper argues that ownership rights of land and other resources of production to women will empower them socially and economically, and increase their decision-making powers in family and community. These entitlements will build their capabilities and ensure food security, wherein family gets access to food and nutrition.

Author :
Seema Mallik
Faculty, Department of Political Science, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.2

Agro-ecosystem Based Approaches for Sustainable Enhancement of Rice Productivity in Kerala

By: B.Shanmugasundaram , Neetha Rose

Page No : 24-31

Abstract
Agro-ecosystems provide various benefits termed as ecosystem services. Currently, more than 60 percent of ecosystem services supply is facing destruction or degradation. Rice is the staple crop of Kerala, cultivated in 7 diversified agro-ecosystems. The area and production under rice cultivation experienced a steep fall while productivity improved at a slow pace. This situation aggravated the problems such as food insecurity, poor profitability, environmental and ecological issues. Keeping in view the ecological significance and multifunctionality of rice ecosystems, the agro-ecosystem based approaches are best as it balances economic and ecological effects.

Authors :
B.Shanmugasundaram
Professor (Agricultural Extension), Division of Social Science, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala.

Neetha Rose
Asst Professor (Agricultural Economics), Division of Social Science, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.3

One District One Product (ODOP) Scheme: A Tale of Two Agricultural Products in Eastern Uttar Pradesh

By: Roli Misra , Nagendra Kumar , Shivani Tewari

Page No : 32-42

Abstract
Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in the country, dominated by agrarian activities, continues to be backward in the national context and also in intra-state comparisons. The Eastern U.P. comprising of 28 districts is officially designated as the most backward region in Uttar Pradesh and each district faces situational factors of development which are unique to it. In 2018, the government of Uttar Pradesh came out with a unique scheme ‘One District One Product (ODOP)’ which was launched in 75 districts of the state. This scheme’s purpose is to encourage a district-specific product, either agricultural or craft-based, which has the potential to increase employment and means of livelihood. In this backdrop, this study attempts to analyze the impact of the ODOP scheme in increasing productivity of agricultural goods, generating employment and enhancing incomes of the beneficiaries in two aspirational districts of the Eastern Uttar Pradesh, namely, Balrampur and Siddharthnagar.The ODOP products of these two districts are Masoor Dal (Red Lentil) and Kalanamak rice, respectively. This study utilizes data collected through a field survey in the selected districts through a structured questionnaire. The study takes a qualitative and case study approach to analyze the problems and prospects in implementation of the ODOP scheme and suggest some policy interventions for making it a game changer in the upliftment of the beneficiaries of ODOP products.

Authors :
Roli Misra
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Lucknow.

Nagendra Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Economics, University of Lucknow.

Shivani Tewari
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Study Hall College, University of Lucknow.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.4

The Performance of Paddy and Rice Mill Cluster in Thanjavur District of Tamil Nadu

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 43-54

Abstract
Micro and Small Manufacturing Enterprises (MSMEs) in Thanjavur who mill rice have to depend on the common facility centre to increase their value addition and productivity by adopting a cluster development approach. They formed the Paddy and Rice Mill Cluster (PRMC) to make use of the common facility centre through interrelationships for cost minimization and profit maximization by converting paddy into rice.The objective is to study the Difference in Differences (DID) on the control and experimental variables on productivity after Government of India and Tamil Nadu Policy Intervention on PRMC. The methodology adopted is collection of data from 27 rice mill manufacturers and performing statistical analyses like CAGR, Descriptive, Correlation, Trend, Regression Analysis and also Structural Equation Modelling. Physical performance is an increasing trend for a number of units, employment and machinery and also for financial performance like turnover as per increasing CAGR. To conclude, the control group (who have not adopted the Cluster Development Approach) and the treatment group (who did adopt Cluster Development Approach) exhibit difference in differences on units, employment, machinery, and turnover. There is an increase in the utilization of the resources of the Common Facility Centre by the experimental group, which has resulted in a productivity increase.The cluster approach has been beneficial to the Paddy and Rice Mill Cluster members, by enabling their utilization of better infrastructure, procurement, technology, production and marketing technologies.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.5

Climate Resilient Participatory Farming System Design for Sustainability and Livelihood Security in Cauvery Delta of Tamil Nadu, India

By: Kathiresan Ramanathan

Page No : 55-63

Abstract
Integrated fish polyculture and poultry rearing, directly in the transplanted rice fields, through the Annamalai Rice + Fish + Poultry design was upscaled for participatory on-farm research. This model was adopted in 200 m2 area of individual holdings by 300 wetland rice farmers in Tamil Nadu. Three model clusters, each comprising three villages with 100 farmers were formed in Tamil Nadu. The results proved that the livelihoods of farmers increased by 80 per cent (INR 25,516). On an average, manurial addition by poultry to rice was around 8 tonnes/ha/season displacing the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Additional employment generation was 219 mandays/ year. A total of 5,46,500 kg of broiler meat and 1,67,500 kg of fish were produced from these clusters in a three year duration. The average rice productivity for the 300 farm holdings from three districts increased by 9.38 percent.

Author :
Kathiresan Ramanathan
Professor of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.6

A Study on Kisan Credit Card Scheme in Rayagada District of Odisha

By: Kathiresan Ramanathan , N V J Rao

Page No : 64-76

Abstract
This study is totally based on the Kisan credit card scheme, which is very helpful to introduce the various features, importance, objectives, technical feasibility, financial viability and common as well as official documents that are required under this scheme. The model was being prepared by NABARD on the recommendations of the R.V. Gupta committee. This study was intended to evaluate the association between the level of productivity and size of land holdings of the beneficiaries of the Kisan credit card scheme, to find out the association between the levels of income and size of landholdings of the beneficiaries, as well as to find out the relationship between the level of productivity and level of income of the beneficiaries. This research-based study was conducted by adopting interview-based schedule randomly from the 140 respondents who are the beneficiaries under the Kisan credit card scheme of Rayagada district of Odisha. The researcher employed Chi-Square test as well as the Spearman rank correlation test by employing SPSS software to examine the hypothesized relationship. The conclusion suggests that “the different level of productivities” and “the different levels of the size of land holdings” as well as the significant association between the two variables such as “the different level of incomes” and “different size of land holdings” of the beneficiaries under this scheme by employing the Chi-Square test and at last there is a significant positive relationship between “the different level of incomes” and “the different levels of the size of landholding” of the beneficiaries under the Kisan credit card scheme of Rayagada District of Odisha.

Authors :
Karteek Madapana
Research Scholar, School of Management Studies, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha.

N V J Rao
Principal Research Guide, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.7

Development-Induced Displacement of People in Post-Independence India: Some Facts

By: Bhaskar Majumder

Page No : 77-85

Abstract
While land acquisition in the early stages of development in post-independence India did not face public resistance, the same action in the recent past raised questions on the nature of development, for, it started being realized that the development was also displacing people dependent on land for livelihood. Based on five selected recent examples in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in India, we explored how far it was development-oriented and to what extent it had adverse impact on the land-dependent marginalized sections in India’s rural economy. What we observed was that not only the owners of cultivable land were dispossessed of land but also the wage-workers on land lost the opportunity to remain engaged on land. The paper concludes with some recommendations.

Author :
Bhaskar Majumder
G. B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.8

Environmental Attitudes and Behaviours Among Adolescents in Kerala

By: Nirmala Padmanabhan , Raisa Sherif

Page No : 86-95

Abstract
This paper studies environmental attitudes and behaviours among adolescents using a survey of over 3,000 students from thirty schools in Kerala. The survey scale is adapted from the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) scale, modified to fit the sample age group and environmental issues of Kerala. The results indicate that respondents on average have high levels of environmental awareness and hold beliefs that are consistent with protecting the environment, but falls short of translating them to environmental behaviors that are measured. Closing this gap between awareness and actions is critical to address rising environment challenges.

Authors :
Nirmala Padmanabhan
Associate Professor in Department of Economics, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam, India.

Raisa Sherif
PhD student at the Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance, Munich Graduate School of Economics, University of Munich, Germany.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.9

An Empirical Study on The Impact of Passenger Loyalty Program on Passenger Retention with Reference to Air India

By: N. V. Suresh , S. Bhavadharani

Page No : 96-102

Abstract
The customer loyalty program has been used as a marketing tool to build strong relationships between a company and its customers. This program is used in many sectors like retail shops, hospitality industries, etc. The aviation industry also utilizes a passenger loyalty program which is referred to as the frequent flyer program. This study attempts to research how airlines gain passengers using this program with reference to Air India. As a famous full-service airline, Air India has its own frequent flyer program named Flying Returns. Data was collected from a sample of 100 Air India passengers from southern India selected using the snowball sampling method. Descriptive research was performed on the data. SPSS was used for analysis and interpretation. The findings from this research will be useful for Air India.

Authors :
N. V. Suresh
Assistant Professor and Head of the Department Remo International College, Chennai.

S. Bhavadharani
Student, Remo International College, Chennai.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.10

Jul-2021 to Sep-2021

Technology, Productivity Growth, and Productivity-Employment Trade-offs

By: Arup Mitra

Page No : 103-111

Abstract
The paper tries to reflect on the concept of total factor productivity growth and its determinants, including technology, infrastructure and trade openness. The inverse relationship between labour productivity growth and employment growth becomes distinct particularly when one of the two grows rapidly. Policy planners would advocate for countries with low wages to have higher productivity growth so that the benefits can be transferred partly to the workers. On the other hand, sluggish productivity growth along with slow employment growth is not a desirable outcome. Only when value added growth is stepped up by total factor productivity growth (i.e., TFP-driven growth), employment growth can still be faster, particularly if the technology is labour intensive in nature and/or the “scale effect” is substantial.

Author :
Arup Mitra
Professor, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi University Enclave, Delhi-110007.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.1

Technology Readiness Level: An Assessment of the Usefulness of this Scale for Translational Research

By: Sujit Bhattacharya , Vipan Kumar , Shiv Narayan Nishad

Page No : 112-124

Abstract
Technology assessment at different stages of a ‘technology development cycle’ is critical for successful technology development and deployment. One of the useful frame works for technology assessment is the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale. This paper draws attention to the evolution of this scale, making an implicit argument that revisiting the technologies developed in India through a suitably modified TRL scale can provide a useful direction for technology development and in translation/commercialization. It highlights the CSIR TRL assessment to show how the scale is developed in actual practice. It concludes with the challenges that need to be addressed while implementing this scale.

Authors :
Sujit Bhattacharya
CSIR National Institute of Science, Communication and Policy Research, K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012.

Vipan Kumar
CSIR National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012.

Shiv Narayan Nishad
CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, Krishnan Marg, New Delhi.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.2

Advancement of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology in Clinical Research

By: Bhawna Srivastava , Reddy P.B

Page No : 125-131

Abstract: CRISPR has emerged recently as a powerful molecular tool to quickly alter any mutated sequence of DNA in any gene accurately. Scientists have found it to be more efficient and accurate than other existing genome editing methods, that has the potential to transform genetic research and can greatly impact human health, food security, and environmental sustainability.
The present study is based on secondary data obtained from various data sources. Results reveal that the CRISPR-Cas9 system consists of a Cas9 enzyme and a guide RNA, which has become an indispensable alternative tool for producing targeted mutations. Owing to its relative simplicity and cost-effectiveness compared to other molecular clippers (ZFN and TALEN), the CRISPR-Cas9 method has been revealed to have an immense control on genetic studies regardless of the species variation. This revolutionary CRISPR technology has been successfully applied in the treatment of wide range of genetic diseases, and in the food and agriculture industries to achieve environmental sustainability.
In the present manuscript, we will briefly introduce the CRISPR/ Cas9 system and talk about the issues and concerns around the CRISPR system. Besides, their applications in the treatment of a wide range of genetic diseases, and future perspectives on the CRISPR system will be described. Despite its immense prospects, major issues including off-target activity, method of delivery, and ethical and regulatory issues still remain unresolved. In this paper, we explore the up-to-date evolution in the CRISPR–Cas9 technology and its applications in the clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of several common human diseases along with its current status in India.

Authors :
Bhawna Srivastava
Department of Zoology, DAV College, Kanpur, U.P, India.

Reddy P.B
Government PG College, Ratlam, M.P, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.3

Industrial Energy Demand and Technological Change: A Firm-level Analysis of the Manufacturing Sector of India

By: Santosh Kumar Sahu , Satyanarayanan Seshadri

Page No : 132-144

Abstract
This paper examines the firm-level determinants of productionrelated energy use in Indian manufacturing firms from 2008 to 2019. The methodological approach is to estimate a system of factor share equations for the Indian manufacturing sector. Our main results indicate that non-natural (biased) technological change explains ‘factor-saving’ for energy and labour, ‘factor-using’ for capital and materials, energy complements materials and capital, and substitutes for labour in terms of cross-price elasticities.

Authors :
Santosh Kumar Sahu
Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras.

Satyanarayanan Seshadri
Associate Professor, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.4

Technology-enabled Retail and Consumer Takeaways for the Post Vaccine Arena

By: Vijayendra Gupta , Monica Verma

Page No : 145-151

Abstract
Physical retail stores have switched to online selling after the pandemic. Since 19th March 2020, when a countrywide lockdown was declared by Shri N. Modi, the fear of the COVID19 virus and restrictions resulted in fewer consumers stepping out of their homes. Consumers have started shopping online and retailers have started buying & selling online. The order volume for unicommerce, ecommerce have increased by 31% in second quarter in year – on – year (e-commerce SaaS platform). Technological innovations are driving retail forward quickly, and retailers who can’t keep pace face risk of losing ground — both to online contenders and to physical stores that are making their own investments in digital transformations. (Text from: https://biztechmagazine.com/ resources/white-paper/technology-boost-retail-productivity). This study draws attention to some neglected strands of productivity of the retail sector. Through qualitative research, it will provide useful insights into productivity strategies that could allow productivity enhancements in the area of Digital Services Marketing. Digitalfirst and omnichannel retailers were able to transition more easily, but retailers that prioritized physical stores and face-to-face engagement over omnichannel strategies have struggled to respond. The study covers various aspects of e-commerce, but the focus will be on gathering qualitative insights from market participants on such trends, practices, and issues, which are relevant to the online retailing business of the existing physical and online retailers. The authors will describe productivity of the retail sector as a service. They will identify and describe exemplary anecdotes, with supportive data to describe how productivity of the retail business in India has increased because of the boost by technological advancement, and also suggest some strategies for global retailers.

Authors :
Vijayendra Gupta
Assistant Professor, Marwadi University, Rajkot.

Monica Verma
Associate Professor, Marwadi University, Rajkot.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.5

Technology Intervention in the Nilgiris Sweater Cluster

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 152-169

Abstract
The micro manufacturing enterprises in Coonoor, Niligiris manufacturing woolen sweaters have to depend on the common facility centre to meet their technology, value addition and productivity needs by adopting the Cluster Development Approach. They formed the Coonoor Sweater Cluster (CSC) to make use of the common facility centre through technology inter-relationships for cost minimization and profit maximization by converting wool into sweaters. The objective is to study the effects of technology adopted by the Coonoor Sweater Cluster and the Difference in Differences (DID) between the control and experimental variables on productivity after the policy interventions by the Government of India and the Government of Tamil Nadu. The value chain was studied and cluster maps were formed. Data was collected from 125 Coonoor sweater manufacturers and analysed using statistical tools like Descriptive Statistics, CAGR, Correlation, Trend, Regression Analysis, and Structural Equation Modelling. Physical Performance is on an increasing trend in terms of no. of units, employment and production, as are financial performance measures like turnover as per increasing CAGR. To conclude, after the new technology intervention and value chain analysis, the profit earned per firm has increased. The difference in difference (DID) of the control group (who have not undergone Cluster Development Approach) and the treatment group (who have undergone Cluster Development Approach) shows a significant difference in the number of units, employment, production, and turnover, with an increase in productivity. This is due to the adoption of latest technology in cluster development approach by experimental group by managing latest technology in common facility centre available in the Cluster. The interrelationships because of the cluster approach enables members make use of infrastructure, procurement, technology, production, and marketing successfully.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.6

Mitigating Risks in Food Security through Transparency and Traceability of Agro-Supply Chain

By: Rachita Gupta , Ravi Shankar

Page No : 170-179

Abstract
The agricultural supply chain has the capability to strengthen the social and economic well-being of a nation, if it can be run effectively and efficiently. This requires accelerating the transformation of the agro supply chain from its traditional approach to an innovative and technologically advanced one. The adoption of blockchain technology enhances the transparency and traceability of the entire agro supply chain through the elimination of trust related issues among the involved actors. By leveraging the benefits of blockchain technology, policymakers can work towards achieving food security by ensuring availability and accessibility of quality food for citizens. To attain this, the concerned authorities should have a thorough understanding of the various risks associated with food security issues in the existing food system. This research involves the identification of food security risks and their classification in three categories based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Further, a conceptual framework has been developed to assess the impact of blockchain technology on the resultant risk categories; social, economic, and operational risks.The study provides valuable insights to decision makers as to how they can adopt blockchain technology throughout agro supply chain in order to deal with existing risks.

Authors :
Rachita Gupta
Indian Institute of Management Kashipur, Kashipur, Uttarakhand - 244713, India.

Ravi Shankar
Department of Management Studies, Vishwakarma Building, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110016, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.7

Revamping Hospitality Industry Cycle in COVID-19 Scenario: An Indian Perspective

By: Anurodh Godha

Page No : 181-190

Abstract
Hospitality organizations across the industry are struggling; sustainability has been especially hard during the COVID-19 crisis.Permanent and temporary layoffs were inevitable for the survival of many Indian hospitality organizations. The COVID-19 outbreak limited traveller mobility and hotels observed drops in occupancy rates and revenue per available room (RevPar), as people were required to stay at home. It is clear that uncontrollable factors and events in India adversely affected the hospitality industry and its performance. The key to success for all hospitality organizations is to identify early indicators of these consumer actions and provide proper service based on the current customer behaviours (Lee & Ann, n.d.). This paper discusses the effects of COVID-19 on the hotel industry and analyse the seven main revamping strategies in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. These strategies are: 1) live update about sanitization, 2) fitness certification of hotel and F&B staff members, 3) use of UV sterilizer and disinfection spray, 4) use of technology, 5) redesign space, 6) avoiding over crowding, and 7) overall hygiene. This paper is based on an overview of the relevant literature on these revamping strategies. The author will investigate how the hospitality industry can recover post COVID-19, and how it can be made sustainable in a dramatically changed world. Anexploratory research design has been used, convenient sampling was employed for data collection, and the appropriate statistical tools were used for analysis. This paper presents a charter for the hospitality industry post COVID-19. The recommended revamping strategies are intended to help hotels recover from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Author :
Anurodh Godha
Assistant Professor of Commerce, School of Commerce and Management, Director, Regional Centre, Ajmer, Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota (Rajasthan) India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.8

Problems and Prospects of Drip Irrigation In Tamil Nadu

By: G. Nedumaran , M. Manida

Page No : 191-196

Abstract
The drip system of irrigation is said to have a major impact on agricultural resource and cost savings, yield of crops and overall profitability. Hence, the drip system of irrigation should be extensively promoted, especially in those areas where there is insufficient water for irrigation. However, there is resistance from farmers because the lateral pipes required for this system are expensive, and are susceptible to salt deposits and rodent damage. The majority off armers are not able to replace the damaged laterals. Other factors that lead to low adoption of the drip irrigation system are lack of knowledge about maintenance, inability to monitor the drippers continuously, lack of follow up activities or service from the drip company, and unavailability of spare parts.

Authors :
G. Nedumaran
Professor, Department of Commerce, Alagappa University, Karaikudi.

M. Manida
Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Alagappa, University, Karaikudi.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.9

How Relevant are Management Courses? (Reflections from the Field)

By: Rukmani Devi , S K Pant

Page No : 197-207

Abstract
In recent years, the education sector has been visualized not only its ability to enhance human capability but also by its potential to provide people with an assured and lasting future. The ensuing study covers the district of Allahabad from Uttar Pradesh, and is based on primary and secondary data. While the secondary data has been procured from the AICTE website, ASSOCHAM reports and some other reports published by State Governments and the Central Government; primary data has been collected from the eight management institutes in Allahabad from both government and private sectors that recorded the highest levels of enrollment.

Authors :
Rukmani Devi
Research Scholar in Economics, G B Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad.

S K Pant
Professor in Economics, G B Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.10

Oct-2021 to Dec-2021

Attitudinal Segmentation of Mobile Banking Users: A Perspective on Continuance Intention

By: Vibhuti Tripathi , Ankita Khare , Kumar Saurabh

Page No : 209-224

Abstract
India is inching towards digitalisation of essential services riding on technological innovations and development. In the drive to digitise, banks are offering various services through different platforms and mobile banking is one such service. Users’ mindsets and demographics are changing. In this competitive era, it is difficult for the banking organisations to retain their initial adopters to continue utilising their services. This makes identification of the antecedents of continuance intention of mobile banking usage an important research area that can help the banks to segment their markets on the basis of user attitude to effectively formulate strategies and retain their existing users.

Authors :
Vibhuti Tripathi
Associate Professor & Head, School of Management Studies, MNNIT Allahabad.

Ankita Khare
Research Scholar, School of Management Studies, MNNIT Allahabad.

Kumar Saurabh
Assistant Professor, ICFAI Dehradun.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.1

“Virtual Erudite” as a New Entry in Segmentation

By: Ajai Prakash, , Ajitesh K. Tiwari

Page No : 225-234

Abstract
Improvements in productivity are the mainstay of manufacturing companies. These companies face the challenge of identifying suitable groups of customers to present their offerings and hence are on a constant lookout for innovations either in their product, ways to market the product, or to influence other stages in their value chain. Given the emergence of diversified purchase platforms, a new insight is the emerging segment of ‘virtually erudite’ customers that emerges out of this research. This segment promises a range of gains for both companies and customers in the given group. Frameworks for segmentation are evolving, and the most significant evolution in recent times is the departure from existing frameworks due to technological interventions. This piece of research establishes how there is a shift from the traditional brick and mortar purchase considerations to the behaviour of the virtually erudite segment. The research finds out how humans of different age groups exhibit different purchase behaviour (this is true for the year 2021). Differences in purchase behaviour have evolved due to technological exposure and technology adaptation which gives rise to technological rationality. The result of complete interaction between the abovementioned variables is the virtual erudite segment. Segmentation as we all know is the classification of a group of customers with different needs into sub-groups with similar needs and preferences. This has its own ramifications at the production level also. The STP model which consists of segmentation, targeting, and positioning is well accepted in modern marketing. It is important to create a clear segmentation strategy to successfully implement STP practices in the current dynamic environment. The approach falters if the right criteria have for segmentation are not set. The following work looks at how technology has influenced the understanding of the prospects of customer groups and has changed their perception, process of purchase, and post purchase behaviour. This work has been addressed to four different groups consisting of students, businessmen, servicemen, and executives of the e-commerce platforms, through unstructured questionnaires. The work introduces virtual erudite as a new category of segmentation, and presents a detailed discussion on how this category has evolved and is applicable to most parts of the globe.

Authors :
Ajai Prakash
Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, University of Lucknow.

Ajitesh K. Tiwari
Research Associate, Department of Business Administration, University of Lucknow.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.2

Assessing The Stability of Market Segments Using Indexes

By: Rohit Vishal Kumar

Page No : 235-247

Abstract
The purpose of marketing is to match the needs and wants of the customers with the products and services offered by the producers. In order to do so effectively and efficiently, manufacturers and producers need to understand the consumer markets and plan their offerings. This is achieved by (a) deciding which consumer groups to focus on (segmenting and targeting) and (b) the image of the organisation that needs to be created in the marketplace (positioning). These two decisions are critical to the organisation as they decide on the long-term commitment of the organisation and cannot be easily reversed. In this paper, we aim to focus on understanding market segmentation stability using cluster indexes. We look at 10 cluster indexes and then demonstrate the process using a real-world database. It is to be remembered that the focus of this paper is not to make readers expert on segmentation but to demonstrate how we can create better segments using the modern tools and techniques available to us.

Author :
Rohit Vishal Kumar
Associate Professor (Marketing), International Management Institute, Bhubaneswar.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.3

Market Segmentation Framework for Generation Alpha Cohorts

By: Anand Shankar Raja M , Deep Jyoti Gurung , Theresa Nithila Vincent

Page No : 248-254

Abstract: The Generation Alpha cohort is a customer group made up of children born after 2010 to millennial parents. Universally recognised as a distinct segment, this generation is at ease with technology, is incredibly tech-savvy, and is very active on social media from a young age. Communicating with this cohort must be done in a way that appeals to them and through the media they utilise. The literature suggests that increased exposure to social media advertisements stimulates Generation Alpha to become customers with persuasive power over their parents’ buying behaviour. This research employs a qualitative approach, using the content-coding technique, to profile Generation Alpha and propose a framework for market segmentation. Using this framework, marketers can fine-tune marketing strategies focusing on business sustainability.

Authors :
Anand Shankar Raja M
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

Deep Jyoti Gurung
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

Theresa Nithila Vincent
Professor and Head, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.4

Examining Causal Variables Triggering Indian Farmer Suicide: Rising Rural Health Concern

By: Priyanka Murria

Page No : 255-262

Abstract
The Indian agrarian economy is facing a distress situation on account of mounting farmer suicides year after year. This is a serious socio-economic issue as it affects not only the farmers but also their families. A staggering number of farmer suicides have been reported, particularly in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and West Bengal. This has aggravated the Indian agricultural sector that is already battling problems such as under-performance, low production, and low vigour for a long time now. In October this year, India Today reported that over 15,000 farmers has committed suicide in Maharashtra in a span of 6 years from 2013 to 2018. This is the just one instance of the reporting on farmers suicide over the past few years. These suicides have posed a big question mark on the Indian economy, ranked seventh in terms of nominal GDP by the IMF Economic Forum in 2018. On the one side, the Indian economy is on its way to becoming the 5th largest economy of the world by surpassing United Kingdom and France in 2019. On the other side, its farm sector is facing distress deaths and massive despair. The present paper, therefore, makes an attempt to investigate these incidents and uncover the causal variables leading to this epidemic that is rapidly spreading to the entire country.
The paper is divided under four sections. Section I provides an introduction to farmer suicides in India. In addition, the objectives and methodology of the paper have been discussed. In Section II, an attempt has been made to highlight the gravity of this issue which is hampering the health of Rural Indian Economy. A factsheet has been prepared that enumerates the facts and figures related to this issue. Further, in Section III, an extensive review of research work on farmer suicides has been done in order to describe the critical causal variables. For this purpose, the literature and figures from 1995 to 2021 have been considered. The paper ends with Section IV where concluding remarks have been mentioned along with some suggestive measures.

Author :
Priyanka Murria
Associate Professor (Economics), Institute of Innovation in Technology and Management, G.G.S.I.P University, New Delhi.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.5

Economic Returns of Sweet Potato Cultivation: A Field Level Analysis in South India

By: P. Jothi , C. Renuka , N. Devika

Page No : 263-271

Abstract: Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, but the truth is, the situation of the farmers is dire. India has a lot of sectors and professions, and they seem to grow at a healthy rate. The agriculture sector has also grown extensively, but farmers have been struggling to improving their quality of life, especially in times of distress, such as climate change and disaster (Covid 19). Therefore, an attempt has been made in this study to analyze the economic returns of sweet potato cultivation using farm level data collected from Kalaiyar Kovil block, Sivagangai district of Tamil Nadu. The study reveals that sweet potato cultivation provides a number of benefits, especially for the poor and marginal farmers. Sweet potato is comparatively free from many serious diseases in India, although the crop has been reported susceptible to more than 40 diseases in other countries. Consequently, sweet potato is considered as a win-win crop as an environmentally sound and a farmer-friendly crop. Sweet potatoes cultivation demands less pesticides, fertilizers and labour, because of which, there is lesser land degradation. Besides, the profit realized from sweet potato cultivation is substantially higher at about `65,142 / acre.

Authors :
P. Jothi
Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

C. Renuka
Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

N. Devika
Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.6

Drivers behind the Choice of Sector of Activity by Women in Uttar Pradesh: Examining NSSO & PLFS Data

By: Nomita P. Kumar , Achala Srivastava

Page No : 272-291

Abstract
This paper is based on different rounds of National Sample Survey Organization data from 1993–94 to the recent PLFS (2017-18) unit level data to elaborate on the patterns and trends of female labour-force participation in Uttar Pradesh’s labour market. It charts the extent of the recent downward plunge in Female Labour-force Participation Rates (FLPR) and estimates the contribution of various demographic and socioeconomic factors affecting their participation in the labour market. An analysis of the data reveals that female labour force participation dropped between 2004-05 to 2017–18 in rural areas (14.9 percent points) and in urban areas during the same period (6.4 percent points). It develops a multinomial regression model based on unit level data from the NSSO to comprehend factors that influence the choice of employment in both informal and formal labour markets in Uttar Pradesh. The variables selected for the analysis are income deciles, social groups, religion, educational level, age, and household size, as these are the drivers of the decisions pertaining to the choice of sectors whether informal or formal. Informal workers include unpaid family workers, self-employed, and casual wage workers. Women in the age group 15-59 were studied to ascertain their choice of economic activities.

Authors :
Nomita P. Kumar
Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow.

Achala Srivastava
Senior Research Associate, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.7

Measuring the Financial Performance of the Dairy Industry by Applying Discriminant Function Analysis

By: P. Sarveswara Rao , N. Madhava Rao

Page No : 292-312

Abstract
Seven dairy units, spread over the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh were studied for a period of 7 years, using Discriminant Analysis. The study is divided into two sections; the first section deals with the identification of a set of variables to construct a model for evaluating the performance of the dairy units; the second section is concerned with developing the discriminant function to predict the nature of the performance.
Z= -22.009 – 3.21*CR + 6.92*LR + 12.71*STCR + 0.21*SWCR + 28.32*BFWC + 32.56*PR + 1.99*DER +1.19 * GPR – 0.318 *NPR+ 2.968 * ICR — (6.1)
We evaluated the function given in (6.1) for each unit by substituting the values of the 10 FRs mentioned in the function, which gave us the Z-Scores for each unit. If the score was equal to or more than the cutoff value, the unit was classified as good; otherwise it was classified as poor. We concluded that three dairies are good performers, and the remaining four dairies are poor performers.

Authors :
P. Sarveswara Rao
Assistant Professor of Commerce, SR & BGNR Government Arts & Science College, Khammam, Telangana.

N. Madhava Rao
Assistant Professor of Commerce, Government Degree College, Nelakondapalli, Khammam, Telangana.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.8

An Analysis of Impact of Occupation on Income, Remittances and Expenditure of International Return Migrant Labourers of Uttar Pradesh in Gulf Countries

By: Mohammed Taukeer

Page No : 313-329

Abstract
Uttar Pradesh is ranked first in the labour migration from India to the Gulf countries according to the analysis of emigration clearance data of the ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. In this content the present paper analysed the impact of occupation on income, remittances and expenditure of international return migrant labourers of Uttar Pradesh in Gulf countries. I conducted field work between November 2017 and March 2018 in selected rural and urban areas of Lucknow district in Uttar Pradesh. The findings from the study show that semi-skilled including drivers, tailors, welders, plumbers, and electricians gained skills of occupation through informal mode during internal migration in cities of India while skilled migrant including managers and engineers gained skills of occupation through formal mode in training institutions/organisations in India. It is found that there was interconnection between internal and international migration because a vast majority of the international return migrant labourers were involved in internal migration before migration to Gulf countries. Analyses of primary data show that international return migrant labourers gained more income in Gulf countries relative to internal migration in India. Skills of occupation determined the pattern of income, remittances, and expenditure of international return migrant labourers in both internal and international migration. Apart from this, analyses of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) model show that there were significant differences in the pattern of income, remittances, and expenditure of international return migrant labours according to the skills of occupation in Gulf countries.

Author :
Mohammed Taukeer
Research Fellow in The International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.9

Consequences of Online Learning of Students

By: S. Catherine Rex

Page No : 330-339

Abstract
Physical classroom learning is no longer the sole mode of learning for the current younger generations (Gen Y onwards) nowadays. Internet-enabled distance learning, generally known as online education plays a vital role in the country’s education system. It is undeniable that online education provides ample of benefits to young learners. Nevertheless, there are many negative implications from online education. Limited collaborative learning, increase in time spent and effort are some negative implications of online education. This study examines such implications of online education among students, especially during the pandemic. Data was collected through a survey questionnaire and interviews, and was analyzed using SPSS. The study found that there are various serious issues with online education and its effect on the quality of the education provided in India to a certain extent. Several issues were identified, which have to be resolved in order to sustain the quality of education for future generations. Furthermore, India should formulate a standard policy, monitor the implementation of online education closely, evaluate and review the teaching methods used and institute regular upgrades in order to maintain the quality of online education.

Author :
S. Catherine Rex
Asst. Professor, AMET Business School, AMET University, Chennai.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.10

Jan-2022 to Mar-2022

The Dynamics of Health, Productivity, and Development: A Policy Prescription

By: Neha Purohit , Shankar Prinja

Page No : 341-254

Abstract
There have been remarkable achievements in terms of life expectancy and mortality rates across the globe. The traditional economist accepted health as a by-product of economic prosperity, but was unable to explain the historical gains in health. Our paper discusses the empirical connections by which improvements in health lead to economic growth, and more broadly to human development, and examines health interventions in light of economic development. The review concludes that health is an important contributor to productivity and overall well-being, and this can be achieved through a multisectoral action. It endorses the “health in all policies” and targeting “causes of causes” approaches to achieve sustainable development.

Authors :
Neha Purohit
Research Officer, Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh.

Shankar Prinja
Professor – Health Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.1

Women, Health and Productivity - Some Issues in India’s Development

By: V. Basil Hans

Page No : 355-366

Abstract
India is on the path to becoming an economic superpower but its performance in the health component of human development, particularly that of women is not impressive at all. The typical advantage in life expectancy is not afforded to women in India. In the context of the new economics of liberalization and the challenges it presents to work, human security, and development, it is necessary to understand whether women are in a position to take advantage of the economic take-off. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to analyse the health issues of women in India in relation to their work environment, productivity, and welfare. It focuses on two broad areas of gender-based differences and inequalities, viz. the links between gender and economic productivity, and the development of human capital.

Author :
V. Basil Hans
Retired Associate Professor, St Aloysius Evening College, Mangalore.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.2

Examining Socio-economic Inequalities in Tobacco Cessation in India: An Analysis of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2

By: Rajmohan Panda , Supriya Lahoti , Rajath R Prabhu

Page No : 367-376

Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the socio-economic patterns of tobacco cessation among tobacco users (smokers as well as smokeless tobacco users). Data on tobacco users was derived from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2016-17 (GATS-2). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association of socio-demographic variables with tobacco cessation outcomes. Tobacco users of lower socio-economic status were found to be less successful in quitting, compared with their counterparts of higher socio-economic. The inequalities identified suggest targeted interventions for particular groups of tobacco users. Decreases in morbidity and mortality attributable to tobacco will have long-term effects on productivity of the population.

Authors :
Rajmohan Panda
Research Division, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, Haryana.

Supriya Lahoti
Research Division, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, Haryana.

Rajath R Prabhu
Research Division, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, Haryana.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.3

Status of Child Health Deprivation in West Bengal during 2005-06 to 2015-16: A Multidimensional Analysis

By: Satyanarayan Kumbhakar , Shama Firdaush , Pinaki Das

Page No : 377-386

Abstract
This paper assesses the child health deprivation ratio, intensity, and determinants of multidimensional child health deprivation in West Bengal using unit level data from the two latest rounds, 2005- 06 and 2015-16, of the National Family Health Survey. Our analysis shows that children were more deprived in terms of health rather than in terms of nutrition, sanitation, and safe drinking water. Child health deprivation in West Bengal has decreased significantly over time, but still remains a major concern. Ordered logistic regression illustrates that higher education levels, health insurance, supplementary nutrition and other services from ICDS play a vital role in reducing child deprivation in West Bengal.

Authors :
Satyanarayan Kumbhakar
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India.

Shama Firdaush
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India.

Pinaki Das
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.4

The Performance of Pharma and Biotechnology Clusters in Tamil Nadu

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 387-398

Abstract
A few Chennai-based micro and small enterprises manufacturing steel products faced a few issues with reference to value addition in the pharma products manufactured by them. The Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) approached the Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) and the Government of India (GoI) through the Tamil Nadu Small Industries Development Corporation (TANSIDCO) and formed a cluster at Alathur Pharma, SIDCO Industrial Estate, Chennai for the installation of a Common Effluent Treatment Plant. The objective is to examine the physical and financial performance of the Pharma clusters, and ascertain the productivity of the cluster by analyzing independent variables like No. of Units, Employment and Production, and dependent variables like Exports. The methodology adopted for this study consists of collecting primary data like no. of units [Un], employment in no’s [En], production in crores [Pc] and exports in crores [Ec], and its analysis using tools such as Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), Descriptive Analysis, Correlation Analysis, Trend Analysis, Regression Analysis, Structural Equation Modelling, and Value Chain Analysis. There is an increase in the number of units, employment, production, and exports after adopting the Cluster Development Approach, leading to an increase in productivity, which is expected to continue well into the future.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.5

Economic Growth and Inequality: Non-linearity

By: Mohd Azhar Ud Din Malik , Muzamil Jan

Page No : 399-407

Abstract
This paper studies the impact of nonlinear income distribution on economic growth in the developing world. Understanding whether there is a trade-off between growth and inequality is fundamental in order to pay adequate attention to those policies that fend increases in inequality, which may harm overall growth. Beyond simple organizational identity implied by the cross-country panel regression analyses and Kuznets curve, this work attempts to shed light on the impact and dynamic causal relationship between inequality and economic growth — using vector auto regression (VAR) models and vector error correction model (VECM) for individual economies. The study highlights constituents such as access to legal and credit systems for the poor, which are fundamental for creating an egalitarian society and to eliminate the unfair advantages enjoyed by the rich. It also provides useful means for promoting participation through designing and monitoring programs and projects. Given the increasing challenges of reducing inequalities, economies could create a proper inequality quarry as a binding constraint in achieving economic growth, rather than using strategies like growth first and redistribution later.

Authors :
Mohd Azhar Ud Din Malik
Lecturer, Department of Higher Education, Jammu & Kashmir.

Muzamil Jan
Assistant Professor, Department of Higher Education, Jammu & Kashmir.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.6

Labour Productivity, Structural Change and Economic Growth: State Level Analysis of Indian Economy

By: Sanjeev Kumar , Kavita Baliyan , Simran

Page No : 408-420

Abstract
The economic reforms of 1991, Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation (LPG) changed the composition and structure of the emerging Indian economy significantly, which reallocated factors of economic activities in India transversely. It is in this context that the present paper examines the emerging trends in labour productivity, structural changes, and economic growth in India at an aggregate as well as disaggregate level during the period 1980-81 to 2017-18. The study analyses the contribution of productivity growth and structural change to the overall economic growth at the country as well as the state level. The McMillan and Rodrik growth accounting approach was employed which decomposes labour productivity growth into ‘within’ sector and ‘structural change’ components. The progress is diverse across the state level in India, indicating that labour has not been exiting agriculture as fast as the share of value added by agriculture has been declining. The results also reveal that changing final demand is the most crucial factor in labour reallocation in India. Due to its existing structure, India is capable of leading global economic growth in the future. There is a great need for policies on human capital development, and outwardoriented, economic reform measures.

Authors :
Sanjeev Kumar
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut.

Kavita Baliyan
Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies (GIDS), Lucknow.

Simran
Research Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.7

Impact of Lockdown on Returnee Migrant Workers: A Study in Two Villages in Uttar Pradesh

By: Bhaskar Majumder

Page No : 421-429

Abstract
The reason why the migrant workers decided to return home postdeclaration of lockdown abruptly declared by the Government of India, was their immediate job loss. Also, they had been evicted by their landlords for non-payment of rent. The distressed migrant workers’ return home was different from reverse migration in that it was not accompanied by any informed job opportunity at the root state. This paper examines the impact of lockdown on returnee migrant workers.

Author :
Bhaskar Majumder
G. B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.8

Prioritization of Ecologically Sensitive Regions at Disaggregated Levels in Dakshina Kannada District, Central Western Ghats

By: T V Ramachandra , Bharath Setturu , Vinay S

Page No : 430-461

Abstract
Ecological sensitivity refers to the permanent and irreversible damage of existing biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem with a considerable erosion in the functional aspects of progression and speciation with the alterations in the ecological integrity of a region. The comprehensive knowledge of the ecological fragility of a region will aid in evolving strategies of conservation. This entails understanding factors responsible for ecological sensitivity, including landscape dynamics, to visualize future transitions to mitigate the problems of haphazard and uncontrolled development approaches. Ecological sensitive regions at disaggregated levels were identified in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka State, India. The 33% (24 grids) of the area corresponding to 54 villages represents ESR 1, 20% (15 grids) of the area is demarcated as ESR 2 covering 81 villages, 28% (20 grids) of the area encompassing 145 villages shows ESR 3, and 19% area (14 grids) covering 100 villages ESR 4. Regions ESR 1 and ESR 2 indicate high ecological sensitiveness that needs to be protected with stringent conservation measures. ESR 3 denotes a zone of moderate conservation, with scope for structured developmental activities. ESR 4 represents a zone of the least diverse space, with the potential for developmental activities in accordance with the local requirements under stringent regulatory monitoring with vigilance.

Authors :
T V Ramachandra
Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES], Centre for Sustainable Technologies (astra), Centre for infrastructure, Sustainable Transportation and Urban Planning [CiSTUP], Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka.

Bharath Setturu
Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES], Bangalore, Karnataka.

Vinay S
Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES], Bangalore, Karnataka.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.9

Community Resilience and Climate Justice for Sustainable Development in India

By: Kiran Prasad

Page No : 462-468

Abstract
India has experienced several climate disasters which have had an adverse effect on the large rural population of 857 million, who are among the most vulnerable and in need of climate justice. There is a resurgence of community resilience underscored through the philosophical strands interwoven in the cultures, traditions, religions, and values that accord special merit to ecological conservation and the regeneration of nature. People’s participation in the process of development and localized solutions to their problems leads to self-reliance which is on the basis of the Atmanirbhar Bharat policy being promoted by the government. The pandemic has sparked a rethinking of the much trodden economic development path to a people-centric approach based on building and strengthening social capital and community participation for sustainable development. This paper will analyze the interrelations between communication and culture for building resilient communities for the mitigation of climate change, and strategic action towards climate justice that lies at the heart of inclusive sustainable development.

Author :
Kiran Prasad
Department of Communication & Journalism, Sri Padmavati Mahila University, Tirupati.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.10

Apr- to Jun-2019

Technology Investment and its Effect on the Productivity of Banks in India

By: T Viswanathan , Kartikay Pathak , Nidhi Nair

Page No : 1-10

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to examine whether technology leads to an increase in a bank’s productivity. The main objective of technology investment is to improve the efficiency of operations, reduce employee cost and increase the revenue by offering innovative products and services. There is a trade-off between the cost of investment and the benefits arising thereon. The paper examines whether the investment in technology improves bank productivity. Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) are considered as the performance measures (outputs) of banks. The input variables are the ratio of IT investment to net fixed assets, IT to equity, IT to total cost, and IT to operating cost. Overall, 34 public and private banks were considered for the study, and panel data analysis are applied to measure the effect of leading indicators on profitability. The study covers the period between 2010 and 2019. We found there is a positive effect of investment in technologies on the profitability and performance of the Indian commercial banks. However, the effect is more evident in public sector banks than in private sector banks.

Authors :
T Viswanathan : Professor, Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Bengaluru.
Kartikay Pathak : MBA Student, Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Bengaluru.
Nidhi Nair : MBA Student, Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Bengaluru.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.1

Artificial Intelligence and Banking Services – Way Forward

By: Seema Ghosh , Deepak Chanda

Page No : 11-18

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a dynamic tool that has incredible potential for positive effect if the organisations utilise it with adequate consideration and conscientiousness. The rise of AI has certainly brought transformation in financial services business in a very broad, multi-dimensional context.
This paper deals with the dimension where AI equally contributes positively to the financial services of a company and it may include trading, risk management, asset management, credit decisions, virtual assistants and prevention of fraud and banking services. The paper presents a holistic view on AI today: where it works and what is for the financial services industry to facilitate better delivery of customer services and robust decisions all across, on a transparent and integral manner.

Authors :
Seema Ghosh : Assistant Professor, Bhavans Vivekananda College of Science, Humanities and Commerce,Sainikpuri, Hyderabad
Deepak Chanda : Senior Assistant Director, ICAI, Kanpur

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.2

Customer Experience with Digital Banking - A Comparative Study of Private and Public Sector Banks

By: Gazia Sayed , Najmus Sahar Sayed

Page No : 19-33

Abstract
Financial Technology (Fintech) has completely changed the entire Indian financial ecosystem. Fintech has reshaped the banking system, especially after the 2008 financial crisis. There has been a huge growth in the usage of debit cards, mobile wallets, ATMs, prepaid cards, RTGS, NEFT, internet banking, mobile banking etc., in the past two decades. However, with advancement of technology, the customers’ perception regarding probability of risk in conducting online banking transaction is also increasing. As the usage of internet has increased, the knowledge of people and their access to information has also improved. Hence, it is necessary to understand the perception of the bank customers with respect to digital banking. It is also necessary to do a comparative study of private and public sector banks customer’s experience with digital banking. Hence, for this study, a descriptive research is used. The views and opinions of 300 respondents were collected through a structured questionnaire. The data was analysed through different statistical tools like frequency table with percentages rank order, and independent t test in SPSS. The analysis reveals that the main reasons for customers to use cashless or digital transactions is that they are a faster way of performing transactions. The study also concludes that for some of the services offered by private and public sector banks, there is no significant difference in the experience levels of the customers. But for the services regarding online home loan facility, online investing of funds, mobile banking services, online application for loan, internet banking services, chatbot and SMS alert facilities, there is a significant difference in the level of experience and satisfaction of customers. For these services, the customers of private sector banks are more satisfied than the customers of public sector banks. Hence, it is recommended that public sector banks should enhance their digital products / services.

Authors :
Gazia Sayed : Faculty-Finance, IES Management College and Research Centre - Mumbai
Najmus Sahar Sayed : Faculty-Accounts, Oriental College of Commerce And Management - Mumbai.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.3

Input-Output Model Selection in DEA Evaluation Framework for Efficiency Optimization of Indian Banks

By: Seema Garg , Pankaj Kumar Gupta

Page No : 34-47

Abstract
Efficiency of the banking system is critical to every economy. Owing to intense competition, increased customer expectation and a dynamic financial environment, the efficiency and performance evaluation have become a serious concern for the bank managers and stakeholders and regulators and government at large. The choice of an appropriate method of performance, efficiency evaluation is critical to decision makers and policy makers. In the recent past, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has emerged as an effective tool for judging various efficiency aspects of the DecisionMaking Units (DMUs). Within the DEA framework, we find a variety of methods and approaches which have their own benefits and limitations. Analysis of literature hints out that the major problem of contrasting research outputs owes to the selection of input and output variables. In this paper, we have formulated various models by combining inputs and outputs and using a sensitivity analysis, we evolve a methodology for model selection that can best suit to evaluate the performance efficiency of Indian banks. We argue that our approach is better compared to the conventional production approach used by authors in an Indian context and is independent of time frames and sample data sets.

Authors :
Seema Garg : Associate Professor, Amity International Business School, Amity University, Noida
Pankaj Kumar Gupta : Professor, Centre for Management Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi (India).

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.4

A Study on Financial Inclusion through Mobile Banking Technology of Public Sector Banks

By: R. Gokilavani , M. Durgarani

Page No : 48-59

Abstract
Mobile banking is an emerging trend among all segments of people across all geographical regions of India. Mobile banking increases the hope that financial services given through mobile phones can remove all constraints of conventional banking and enhance financial inclusion of people in simple and easy ways. The findings of this study reveal that significant difference exists between insight of customers on mobile banking of public sector banks and their personal features. Convenient, security for transactions, costeffective, user-friendly, privacy for personal information and minimum efforts are the features that have positive and significant influence on the financial inclusion of customers of public sector banks. Thus, public sector banks should cost-effectively provide mobile banking and must ensure privacy for personal information. These measures will enhance financial inclusion of customers of public sector banks.

Authors :
R. Gokilavani : Associate Professor, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, India
M. Durgarani : Assistant Professor, Jeppiaar Engineering College, Chennai, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.5

Peer to Peer Restricted Distributed Ledger Technological (P2PRDLT) Arrangement - A Proposed Model in Indian Payment System

By: Rahul Jairam Nikam

Page No : 60-66

Abstract
Technological innovations in financial sector, commonly known as Fintech, have the potential to transform the present financial practices across the globe. Here, the application of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)/blockchain technology has garnered wide interest within the central banking community and the regulators as it is having a potential to overcome from present critical challenges in financial inclusion and transformation. Such as the currency and critical payments infrastructure (payment, clearing and settlement processes), operational & risk management, cyber resilience, how funds are transferred and used in securities market to clear and settle securities, commodities and derivatives. As there is no accepted term & potential having wide spectrum of possible deployments of DLT arrangement, various industries are using various ways according to their needs. The paper explains, reviews the different DLT arrangements, and their potential benefits and challenges in implementing it in the retail segment’s payment infrastructure in India. This paper proposes a model DLT arrangement in the form of Peer to Peer Restricted Distributed Ledger Technological (P2PRDLT) Arrangement and related architecture resilience with present payment framework in India. In P2PRDLT arrangement, care is taken wherever it is necessary, control and present responsibilities of various participants (Nodes) are retained and synchronized. The paper envisages the need for integrating the new fintech potential implications for efficient systemic stability, innovations and overall safety for financial markets more broadly as a positive step from the present classic banking towards taking India to Payments 2.0 Banking.

Author :
Rahul Jairam Nikam : LL.M, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Law at Faculty of Law, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.6

A Study of User Behaviour and Preferences across Age Groups Towards Digital Wallets

By: Sushil Mavale , Fiza Niyas , Parag A. Narkhede

Page No : 67-73

Abstract
Information technology has transformed multiple industries with startlingly rapid progress. Banking is one of the industries which is determinedly using information technologies to automate many of its services. One such area that got transformed is the way money was transferred. With the advent of digital wallets, there has been a dramatic shift in payment method preferences and behaviour. The present research paper studies the behaviour and preferences of digital wallet users across various age groups. The data was collected from 101 respondents from four different age groups using structured questionnaire. The data was analysed using tests like cross-tabulation, Leven statistics and ANOVA. The researchers found that Google Pay was the most preferred digital wallet followed by Paytm and PhonePe. Google Pay was successful in capturing significant market even after coming late into the market. Most users of digital wallets use it for bookings, bill payments, fees payments and transportation payments. It was found that respondents believe that digital wallets are safe to use.

Authors :
Sushil Mavale and Fiza Niyas : Symbiosis Centre for Management Studies, Symbiosis International University, Pune
Parag A. Narkhede : Institute of Management and Research, Jalgaon.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.7

What determines Manufacturing sector employment in India: Evidence from panel data?

By: Seema Joshi

Page No : 74-81

Abstract
Development economics literature provides contending hypotheses on whether the manufacturing or services sector is an engine of growth in developing economies. In the case of India, the services sector has become an engine of growth by ‘leap-frogging’- sidestepping the industrial sector which can have serious repercussion for the economy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to revive the manufacturing sector to sustain India’s growth rate in the medium and long term. With this background, the paper examines an important question: What determines manufacturing sector employment in India? In this paper the Random Effect Regression Model is applied on panel data for 20 states of India for three time periods i.e.1999-2000, 2004-05 and 2011-12 to identify the factors which can be expected to influence manufacturing sector employment. URB, FLFPR and SERVEMP were significant, emphasizing the importance of policies which promote urbanization, higher female labor force participation and service sector jobs.

Author :
Seema Joshi : Associate Professor of Economics, Department of Commerce, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.8

Impact of Direct Institutional Credit on Agricultural Productivity in India: An Empirical Analysis

By: Kappa Kondal

Page No : 82-96

Abstract
Government provides certain direct and indirect facilities to boost the agriculture sector through different financial institutions. Credit helps the farming community to purchase modern machines, tub wells, seeds, fertiliser, pesticides and other inputs. The aim of the present study is to analyse the trends and impact of direct institutional credit on agricultural productivity in India. Secondary data have been used (1980–81 to 2017–18). Descriptive statistics and multiple natural log linear regression models have been employed. The study reveals that there was a positive growth in flow of institutional credit to agriculture sector. After new economic reforms, there was a significant progress of SCBs credit to agriculture sector compared to Cooperative Banks, RRBs. The main finding is that all the independent variables (area, credit, fertiliser and new economic reforms) are affecting positively and significantly on agriculture productivity in India.

Author :
Kappa Kondal : UGC-Post Doctoral Fellow, Dept. of Economics, Osmania University, Telangana State, India

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.9

Agrarian Distress and Indebtedness of Farmer Households in Rural Uttar Pradesh: Emerging Issues and Challenges

By: Nomita P. Kumar

Page No : 97-114

Abstract
This paper discusses some of the dimensions of agrarian distress in Uttar Pradesh that is leading to the collapse of the farmer’s economy. The paper draws upon the fact that U.P.’s economy is still predominantly rural. Agriculture remains the main source of livelihood and accounts for the highest share in the total workforce but is accompanied by decline in the share of national product. This paper is divided into four prominent sections. The crisis is observed to impinge upon the increasing marginalization of holdings leading to the emergence of small – marginal holdings as a numerically dominant group. Another section focuses on the growing resource crunch experienced in agriculture and the resultant indebtedness. The fifth section deals with the credit availability and their impact on the farming community. The final section is devoted to conclusion and discussion of alternative strategies to overcome the current crisis to launch agriculture on the path of accelerated growth and development.

Author :
Nomita P. Kumar : Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.10

Annual Index

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Page No : 115-116

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Jul-2019 to Sep-2019

Empowering Women in India : Viewpoint

By: Devendra Kothari

Page No : 115-124

Abstract
In the context of Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India) vision, better utilization of the enormous unexploited or underutilized pool of female working force is crucial to stimulate productivity growth and develop human capital. Greater female labour force participation (FLFP) could boost productivity growth by increasing the labour supply, while poor use of women’s potential places a significant drag on the economic growth.
The main purpose of the paper is to acquire an understanding of the status of women/girls in the ‘modern’ India. It also argues that there is clearly a need for policy initiatives to empower women as gender disparities are not only persisting but increasing rapidly even against the backdrop of economic growth. The paper concludes that women’s empowerment is the single greatest enabler of human development and sustainable economic growth. It does not mean pitting women against men. In this context, the role of patriarchal culture must be discussed and how its impact can be minimized. For this, a strategy known as HDPlus, is proposed.

Author :
Devendra Kothari : Ph.D, Population Development Analyst, Forum for Population Action.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.1

Women Empowerment through Self Help Groups in HP: An Analysis

By: Shyam L. Kaushal , Nivedita Sharma

Page No : 125-136

Abstract
Women empowerment is a buzzword around the globe including India. Here, many initiatives are taken for this purpose and among those, Self Help Groups (SHGs) have emerged as one of the important options. Basically, empowerment refers to social and political succession that is dependent on economic empowerment. It consists of income and livelihood on one side, and freedom to spend income and control over resources on the other. Review of literature witnessed that education, access to resources, nutritional food, health care facilities, decision-making power and selfemployment are the basic tenets and the Self Help Group movement paved the way to empower women in India. Further, the studies show direct relationship between growth of SHGs and women empowerment. But women empowerment in a patriarchal society remains a critical challenge in reality, and time to time attracts academicians and policy makers to debate the issue. The present paper is an endeavour to study the women empowerment through SHGs by examining its growth pattern in HP. The data and information were collected from primary and secondary sources like books, magazines, journals, newspapers, websites and MIS/offices circulars etc. The collected data was analysed with suitable statistical tools. From the data analysis, it is concluded that SHGs are spreading throughout the country including HP but their formation and growth prototype is uneven. However, upward trend clearly hint that SHGs are helping significantly in financial inclusion of poor women. In consequence to their association with SHG movement, women have started saving small amounts of money for their future needs, linked themselves with formal banking system and availed micro credit on easy terms. Thus, it demonstrates that SHGs are not only solving their routine problems but also improving their decision-making and risk-taking habits. However, its growth pattern was not same in all areas in the country. In the same vein, in Himachal Pradesh where 33 per cent SHGs were formed in two districts of the state could be a pointer to prevalent irritants and bottlenecks in other regions. However, the fact is that need-based training capsules and access to economic resources at affordable rates motivate women to start new economic units collectively under the ownership of SHGs, which improved their confidence levels, moral strengths, leadership qualities, managerial and entrepreneurial skills and decision-making skills. Yet, a need has been felt to educate women about government policies, training programmes, banking system and interest rates for attaining real objectives of SHGs and consequently achieving the cherished goal of women empowerment in reality. But from the analysis, it can be concluded that women have diversified their sources of income by looking beyond agricultural activities and became financially independent on one side, and paved way to their social and political advancement.

Authors :
Shyam L. Kaushal : Dean, Faculty of Commerce, Management & Tourism, Professor, Himachal Pradesh University of Business School, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla - 171005, Himachal Pradesh. (India)
Nivedita Sharma : Research Scholar, Himachal Pradesh University of Business School, Shimla - 171005, Himachal Pradesh. (India)

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.2

Constraining Factors Affecting Women Entrepreneurs in Enterprise Creation: A Study of Hadoti Region of Rajasthan

By: Anurodh Godha , Monika Talreja

Page No : 137-153

Abstract
Women are now playing versatile roles. No doubt, they have created sensations in all the spheres but still there is a requisite to give them equal footings with the male-dominated society. They still face impediments in every walk of life. In order to explore this critical issue, the present study aimed to identify various problems faced by women entrepreneurs of Hadoti region. Moreover, an attempt was made to examine the difference in the opinions of women entrepreneurs on these problems, based on four districts of the region. The study was carried out on 275 women entrepreneurs applying stratified random sampling technique. Pearson’s Chisquare test was used to test the stated hypothesis. The results revealed that women entrepreneurs belonging to this region face a lot of problems and challenges. However, the degree to which they face these problems varies with the district that they belong to. Lastly, the researcher has suggested an appropriate framework for the development of women entrepreneurship in this region.

Authors :
Anurodh Godha : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, School of Commerce and Management, Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota (Rajasthan) India.
Monika Talreja : Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, School of Commerce and Management, Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota (Rajasthan) India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.3

The Performance of Women Readymade Garments Cluster

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 154-168

Abstract
WRMGC was formed by 30 women entrepreneurs as a special purpose vehicle (SPV) for setting up of a common facility centre under the Government of India scheme, viz., Micro and Small Enterprises Cluster Development Programme (MSE-CDP), engaged in ready made garment manufacture in and around Dhalavaipuram, Virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu. The objective is to study the Physical and Financial Performance of Women Ready Made Garment Cluster before and after Cluster Development Approach (CDA) and also Difference in Differences of the control and the treated groups. The methodology adopted is collection of primary and secondary data from 375 cluster members and using SCOT Analysis, CAGR, Descriptive Analysis, Correlation Analysis, Regression Analysis, Time Series Analysis, T-Test ANOVA, Difference in Differences Analysis, Value Chain Analysis and development of Cluster Map. To conclude, there is significant increase in no. of units, employment and machinery, which are all an independent variables, and significant increase in Turnover which is a dependent variable. The Difference in Difference (DID) value is a positive one which implies the treated group has got much benefitted on CDA when compared to control group which have not adopted CDA, which also implies that the government’s policy on CDA is a success. The WRMGC still needs to tap export market to compete in the global market.

Authors :
E. Bhaskaran : Joint Director (Engineering),Department of Industries and Commerce,Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai 32, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.4

A Study on Productivity & Empowerment of Women Intensive Sericulture Sector of West Bengal

By: Chandan Roy , Sanchari Roy Mukherjee

Page No : 169-179

Abstract
Sericulture is a women-intensive sector where 60 per cent of the workers are either family workers or hired female workers. Productive skill makes the presence of women indispensible both in pre- and post-cocoon sectors. This larger participation is expected to raise their level of empowerment too. Higher level of empowerment is expected to induce the woman to usher improved productive technology. However, field survey in Malda districts of West Bengal reveals a complete bleak picture. Neither productivity nor the empowerment levels have reached the desired level, which calls for an immediate intervention and revision of policies.

Authors :
Chandan Roy : Associate Professor & Head, Department of Economics, Kaliyaganj College, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal-733129.
Sanchari Roy Mukherjee : Professor of Economics & Dean of Arts, Commerce & Law, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal-734013.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.5

Socio-economic Development of Women in Rural Bhutan

By: Pawan Kumar Sharma

Page No : 180-190

Abstract
This study is concerned with women’s contribution towards socioeconomic development in rural Bhutan. The need to evaluate the effects in terms of empowerment and contribution towards socioeconomic development arises due to the perception that intercessions have little effect on women’s contribution in the development processes in rural Bhutan owing to cultural factors. To test the proposition, Chapcha Gewog under Chukha Dzongkhag has been studied and analyzed. The paper evaluates participation, contribution, and sustainability of the women in family earnings in Bhutan. It is expected to help researchers with useful insights into the issues of women’s empowerment and contribution towards socioeconomic development. The findings indicate improvements in education, involvement in economic and social activities, and participation in decision-making processes, etc. However, the results also confirm the paradoxical situation facing women’s participation in developmental activities and involvement in decisionmaking processes. Finally, it concludes that women contribute to socio-economic development, but not more than the men do.

Author :
Pawan Kumar Sharma : Principal, Dyal Singh College (E), University of Delhi

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.6

Packtech Industry in India : A Promising Future

By: Asiya Chaudhary , Gulfishan Akhtar

Page No : 191-205

Abstract
Innovative products and technologies, nowadays multi-functional fibres and high-performance materials are emerging and are commonly known as Technical Textile, is an advanced technology upcoming sector that is gaining ground in India. Based on usage, there are 12 Technical textile segments, i.e. Agrotech, Meditech, Clothtech, Hometech, Packtech, Protech, Geotech, Indutech, Buildtech, Sporttech, Oekotech and Mobiletech. This sector has become significant due to the rising per capita income of consumer, increasing flexibility and recognition of products, expansion of industry sectors, government’s FDI promotion initiatives, investment promotion scheme by the government etc. The objective of the present study is to evaluate and analyse the production of various segments of Technical Textile industry. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to find out which segment helps in the growth of the industry and strengthens the country’s inherent competitive advantages in manufacturing field. One-way ANOVA and Multiple Comparison Technique have been applied to find out if there is statistically any significant difference across various segments of Technical textile, covering the period of 12 years i.e 2004–05 to 2015–16. The result reveals that there is only one pair of group whose mean significantly differ at the 0.05 significance level from each other, i.e., Packtech industry, whereas, Clothtech, Geotech, Indutech, Sporttech, Buildtech, Mobiletech, Hometech, Meditech, Protech, Agrotech and Oekotech segments in each group differ insignificantly from each other.

Authors :
Asiya Chaudhary : Professor, Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (UP), India-202002.
Gulfishan Akhtar : Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (UP), India-202002.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.7

Finger Millet, the Smallholders’ Livelihood and Urban Consumers’ Health-food in India: An Economic Analysis

By: B. Ganesh Kumar , N. Sivaramane , Ch. Srinivasa Rao

Page No : 206-218

Abstract
This study has been conducted with the aim of finding reasons why the farmers continue cultivation of finger millet and also the possible future of this important crop for its increasing consuming pattern. The study is based on both primary and secondary data which were collected from the farmers in the state of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh and pertained to the year 2015- 16.For estimating the elasticity of price and income on ragi consumption, the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model with two stages is attempted in the study. It was also observed that in all the study states, the farmers were found cultivating this crop mostly under rainfed conditions, except in Karnataka where it was being cultivated under irrigated conditions significantly. The study has found that finger millet is being replaced by other competing fine cereals and commercial crops. The profitability of ragi is being affected due to its low productivity, absence of an organized seed supply chain, high labour requirement and lack of markets. On the other hand, the study has observed a perceptible demand of ragi among the urban population because of its nutritive value. The Government of Karnataka has included finger millet in its social programmes and study has suggested that other states should also make its reach to the smallholders.

Authors :
B. Ganesh Kumar : Principal Scientist at NAARM, Hyderabad.
N. Sivaramane : Senior Scientist at NAARM, Hyderabad.
Ch. Srinivasa Rao : Director of CRIDA and NAARM, Hyderabad.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.8

A Case Study on Improvement of Plant Layout for Effective Production

By: P. Sivasankaran , P. Sridhar , A. Rajesh , M. Ugendiran

Page No : 219-235

Abstract
The fundamental issue with the design is the arrangement of the departments according to the material flow between them. The design criterion that is regularly used in most layout design processes does not capture the effect of layout setup on operational quality measurements such as cycle time, processing department queue times, performance and throughput rate. In a manufacturing industry, plant layout is a systematic and functional arrangement of various departments, machines, equipments and services. It is vital to have a well-developed plant layout in an optimal way for all available resources and to obtain the facility’s highest production ability. Production effectiveness relies on how well the different machines and services are produced. This research paper aims at studying and improving the current layout of the plant, and is analyzed and designed using string diagrams. An attempt is made to use systematic layout planning (SLP) to measure the current and proposed factory layout and to calculate the efficiency of the current and the proposed layout of the plant.

Authors :
P. Sivasankaran : Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, Pondicherry-605 017.
P. Sridhar : B.Tech (Final Year), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, Pondicherry-605 017.
A. Rajesh : B.Tech (Final Year), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, Pondicherry-605 017.
M. Ugendiran : B.Tech (Final Year), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, Pondicherry-605 017.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.9

Milk Production Sector in India: Analysis of Trend and Pattern

By: S. Mohana Kumar

Page No : 236-249

Abstract
India is the largest producer of milk in the world and one of the potential and growing markets for milk and milk products in the world. The demand for milk products has substantially increased with the rise in per capita income over the years. However, India’s share in world trade of dairy products is not commensurate with her size of milk production and domestic market. The low productivity of milch animals—measured in terms of milk produced per day per animal in India—is one of the major constraints in the expansion and diversification of trade of dairy products in the international market. It has a bearing on the international competitiveness of the dairy sector too, as the quantity and value of dairy products imported have been on the rise. It is argued in the paper that the competiveness of the dairy farmers in India would deteriorate unless the domestic market is protected from external competition and the production is reorganized from its current status of family labour-based small farms for subsistence into a commercialized farm with advanced technology in production, distribution and value addition.

Author :
S. Mohana Kumar : Associate Professor, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur, Rajasthan.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.10

Oct-2019 to Dec-2019

Are we consuming less to produce more? A case study towards sustainability of natural resources

By: Mohit Kumar Kolay

Page No : 251-260

Abstract
The present paper examines, through productivity measures, whether the growth rate in consumption of natural resources is lower than the growth rate in output to assure their decoupling towards sustainability goal in the realm of natural resource accounting. Three factors, viz, the rate of consumption of i) iron ore, ii) energy, and iii) emission rate of carbon dioxide are considered here for two Indian steel companies for assessing natural factor productivity. The derived figure when combined with manpower productivity reflects the total factor productivity. This, in turn, is viewed in relation to the technology deployed to reflect their overall productivity achievements. Results show each factor—productivity, total, and overall productivity—of both companies are on an appreciating track, clearly confirming the sustainability of natural resources consumed.

Author :
Mohit Kumar Kolay : Professor, Visiting, Techno India University, Kolkata.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.1

Challenges of Water Resources Management and Water Allocation in India

By: M. Dinesh Kumar , M.V.K. Sivamohan , Nitin Bassi

Page No : 261-272

Abstract
With growing water scarcity, the priorities for the water agencies of the country have broadened from mere water development to encompass water allocation and water resources management. But the line agencies responsible for water resources and services management lack the capacity to meet the changing needs and priorities of the sector. Building institutional capacity warrants primarily the following: i] framing the right kind of water policies; ii] crafting the right kind of rules and regulations, institutions and instruments; and, iii] fostering the needed organizational changes among the agencies concerned with water allocation and sustainable water resources management. The article highlights three sets of key issues and challenges facing water resources management and water allocation in India from an institutional perspective. They are: a] team building of professionals with multi-disciplinary skills, to provide research and expert inputs for policy formulation, institutional design and design of economic instruments; b] mobilizing resources and skills for creating new organizations including development of local institutions, and restructuring wherever needed; and, c] augmenting the overall strength of technical staff in various departments engaged in water resources management and water-related services.

Authors :
M. Dinesh Kumar : Executive Director, IRAP, Telangana.
M.V.K. Sivamohan : Principal Consultant, IRAP, Hyderabad, Telangana.
Nitin Bassi : Principal Researcher, Institute for Resource Analysis and Policy (IRAP).

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.2

The Resource Management in Chennai Heavy Engineering Cluster

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 273-284

Abstract
Micro and Small Manufacturing Enterprises in Chennai who are manufacturing Heavy Engineering Components are dependent on common infrastructure resource, technology resource, procurement resource, production resource and marketing resource by adopting Cluster Development Approach. They formed the Chennai Heavy Engineering Cluster (CHEC) to make use of common resources through interrelationships, for cost minimization and profit maximization. The objective is to study on the Resource Management of CHEC and to find Difference in Differences (DID) on the control variable, and experimental variables on productivity after Government of India and Tamil Nadu Policy interventions on CHEC. Physical Performance is an increasing trend for a number of units for employment and machinery, and also for financial performance like Turnover as per increasing CAGR. To conclude, as per DID the control group (who have not undergone Cluster Development Approach) and Treatment Group (who have undergone Cluster Development Approach) have much Difference in Differences on employment, machinery, turnover and export, and there is an increase in productivity due to adoption of Cluster Development Approach by the experimental group by managing common resources available in the Cluster. The interrelationships / cluster approach made Chennai Heavy Engineering Enterprises and cluster members make use of resources like infrastructure, procurement, technology, production and marketing successfully.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce,Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai 32, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.3

Biomedical Waste Resource Management: Opportunities and Challenges

By: Raveesh Agarwal , Alok Gupta

Page No : 285-301

Abstract
Due to COVID-19, the generation of biomedical waste is increasing many times. Government has taken several initiatives for biomedical waste management. The objectives of this paper are to study the current practices related to biomedical waste management and to know about how we can convert waste to wealth by utilizing the resources. The data for this research paper is collected from secondary sources. It is found that we need more initiatives for biomedical waste management. This paper also highlights the challenges while offering some suggestions related to biomedical waste resource management.

Authors :
Raveesh Agarwal : Professor, Department of Business Administration, Rajshree Institute of Management & Technology, Bareilly U.P., India.
Alok Gupta : Professor, Amity Law School, Amity University, Noida.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.4

Assessing Customer as a Key in Resource Management for Measuring Productivity of Financial Services-A Comparative Study of SBI & HDFC BANKS

By: D. Veerababu

Page No : 302-315

Abstract
The success or failure of an organisation is based upon the management of resources available to it, hence services rendered to the customers of a services-based unit plays a pivotal role in the existence of that unit. It becomes more crucial if the unit provides financial services. Financial services are the act of financial intermediaries to the households in a financial system, which involves different kinds of organisations that come together and work in synchronisation. These divergent organisations offer their expert opinion to cater the tapped or untapped market; by offering either the existing services or developing all together new services i.e. customised services for a specific set of potential customers. Organisations, for success in the market, mainly focus on men, material, and machines as resources for converting input into output. But technology has given the customers a tool to respond more aggressively towards the product and services offered; therefore, firms have to consider customers also as a new resource for themselves, especially in the service sector. The present study aims to assess customer as a key in resource management for the efficacy of financial services offered by SBI and HDFC Bank.

Authors :
Sebastian, T. Joseph : Sr. Assistant Professor, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences.
Abhishek Janvier Frederick : Assistant Professor, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.5

GIS-mapped Solid Waste Generation Clusters Capture Eco-friendly Waste Management Practices

By: T. Dhanalakshmi

Page No : 316-326

Abstract
Waste generation regionalization delineates areas of similar types of wastes, quantity of waste, and activities generating wastes provide a basis for systematic solid waste management. Advances in Geographical Information System and big data analysis approaches, provide new opportunities for regionalization, especially in terms of solid waste generation patterns through various activities. Here, we show that solid waste generation dynamics can be captured by Dynamics of activities and we conduct a regionalization based on the dynamics of household activities, commercial activities, market, and institutional activities using GIS mapping in the study area— Cochin. The objective of the study is to know the quantity of waste, to identify the waste generation activities, and to form clusters. The clusters based on household, commercial, household and commercials, market and commercials explained more variance and greater within-region homogeneity, compared to conventional regionalization for large quantities of wastes irrespective of types of activities generating waste. These results suggest that solid waste generation regionalization based on GIS mapping have clear advantages over conventional regionalization for certain applications, and they are also more easily updated.

Author :
T. Dhanalakshmi : Professor, Matha College Of Technology, N. Paravur, Kerela.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.6

Conceptualizing Energy Efficiency: A TechnoEconomic Approach

By: Vijayamohanan Pillai N. , A.M. Narayanan

Page No : 327-335

Abstract
Conserving electrical energy through energy efficiency measures can meet the dual challenges of increasing energy demands at reasonable costs in a sustainable manner, and of reducing the environmental and health threats associated with the use of hydrocarbons, having the potential to encourage clean energy systems. The present paper seeks to document the technoeconomic conceptualization of energy efficiency as a prelude to a documentation of the analytical methods of its measurement, which we consider in another paper. Defining energy efficiency in the Patterson’s sense of useful output per unit of input leads us to define energy efficiency also as an increase in net benefits per unit of energy. This helps us differentiate between energy efficiency and energy conservation, which is an important complement to the former. It is possible to design and devise energy efficiency indicators at different levels of aggregation in a pyramidal structure, using the corresponding statistics, such as the international statistics for national level indicators, national economic statistics for various macro-sectoral indicators and so on down to the most disaggregated micro level data on individual plant for the corresponding operational units. It is generally believed that energy consumption at any level of aggregation is essentially determined by three effects, viz., activity, structure and intensity. The paper presents a detailed illustration of this for the bottom micro-level sectors, as well as a conceptual framework that can be followed in an empirical exercise.

Authors :
Vijayamohanan Pillai N : Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
A.M. Narayanan : Energy Management Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.7

Digital Platform Economy: Overview, Emerging Trends and Policy Perspectives

By: S.K. Sasikumar , Kanikka Sersia

Page No : 336-347

Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis has stimulated an unprecedented surge in digitalisation, which has in turn massively accelerated the growth of the digital platform economy. The increasing significance of digital platforms is apparent as millions of people turn towards them for work, livelihood, trade, information and entertainment. This paper is an attempt to situate the growth and diversification of digital platforms in the post-pandemic economic scenario. The paper delineates the theoretical underpinnings of digital platforms with a focus on definition, characteristics and typology. It highlights the emerging trends in the overall digital economy and traces the potential future contours of digital platforms. The paper also discusses key labour market issues with respect to the digital platform economy as well as some major policy imperatives to situate platform work within the frame of a brighter future of work.

Authors :
S.K. Sasikumar : Senior Fellow, V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, NOIDA, UP.
Kanikka Sersia : Junior Research Fellow, Department of Sociology, Delhi School of Economics.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.8

Analysis of Productivity: A Comparative Study of Pharmaceutical Sector Companies Included in Nifty 50

By: Meenu Maheshwari , Priya Taparia

Page No : 348-395

Abstract
Research Issue: Productivity is the ratio of the output to the inputs used in the production process. In the present research, an attempt has been made to measure, analyze and compare intra-company and inter-company overall productivity of pharmaceutical sector companies from 2010–11 to 2017–18 i.e. for eight years.
Research Findings: For intra-company comparison, chi-square test has been used and the results indicate that null hypothesis drawn is accepted in case of Cipla Ltd., Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. and Lupin Ltd., while it is rejected in the case of Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. For inter-company comparison, Kruskal Wallis’ One Way Analysis of Variance Test has been used and results indicate that null hypothesis is rejected. This means that there is significant difference in the productivity ratios of the pharmaceutical sector companies included in Nifty 50.
Conclusion and Suggestions: It may be concluded from the analysis that the pharmaceutical sector companies included in Nifty 50 are not able to utilize its resources efficiently as for each amount of input, less amount of output is obtained. Productivity of a company can be improved by optimally utilizing the raw material without any wastage or spoilage, the labour cost by adopting techniques such as incentive schemes, workers participation in the management, etc.

Authors :
Meenu Maheshwari : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce and Management, University of Kota, Kota, (Rajasthan).
Priya Taparia : Research Scholar, Department of Commerce and Management, University of Kota, Kota, (Rajasthan).

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.9

Public Space in the City of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh: Uses, Misuses and Consequences

By: Bhasker Majumder

Page No : 366-373

Abstract
In India’s transformation for urbanization by expanding economic opportunities and hence rising population in towns, absolute and as a percentage of the total population of the country, formation of slums is an immediate consequence. Most of these households who live at the bottom, construct a cluster of houses on land lying vacant that are known as slums. We examined the social matrix that facilitated the households to live in the slums in the city of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, and unobstructed the non-slum households to annex the public space in the city. We observed that both the slum households and the non-slum households lived in the same barometer of knowledge so far as public space was concerned. Parallel to the perceived unstable living of the households in slums, the state’s intervention through demolition of structures built up by the non-slum households on public space for private purposes remained unquestioned in the city remodelling.

Author :
Bhasker Majumder : Professor of Economics, G.B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.10

Jan-2020 to Mar-2020

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Economic Growth of India

By: M. Syed Ibrahim

Page No : 375-383

Abstract
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays an important role in global business and it affords a firm with new marketing channels, cheaper production facilities, access to technology transfer, and financing. With the advent of globalisation and strong governmental support, foreign investment has lent a hand and the Indian economy has grown tremendously. India has constantly sought to attract investment from the world’s major investors. In 1998 and 1999, the Government of India announced a number of reforms designed to encourage and promote a constructive business environment for investors. FDI means an investment through which the non-resident investor and foreign company can start a new company or can acquire shares in an existing Indian company. Foreign investments in the country can take the form of investments in listed companies i.e., Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs), Investments in listed/unlisted companies other than through stock exchanges i.e., through the FDI or private equity/foreign venture capital investment route, investments through American Depositary Receipts (ADR), Global Depositary Receipts (GDR), investments by Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) in various forms. This paper attempts to review the impact of FDIs in Indian economy, particularly after a decade of economic reforms, and analyse the role played by FDI in the economic development of the country. The study is diagnostic and exploratory in nature and makes use of secondary data. The study finds and concludes that the FDIs in India have significantly improved and have developed the economy as well.

Author :
M. Syed Ibrahim : Assistant Professor and Research Supervisor, Post-Graduate and Research Department of Commerce, Govt. Arts College (Autonomous), Salem-636 007. Tamil Nadu, South India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.1

An Economic Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflows in Indian Economy

By: Ritu Kang Walia

Page No : 384-393

Abstract
In the present scenario, the relation between FDI and economic growth is a matter of great debate among researchers. So, the present study is an attempt to analyse various aspects of FDI Inflows in to the Indian economy. The paper will explore growth and trend of FDI inflows in India, inward direction of FDI, and the sectoral and regional distribution of FDI inflows in India. The study will also examine the relation between FDI and Indian economy’s growth. The study considers the time period from 2000–01 to September 2020. To analyse growth and trend, Annual Growth Rate (AGR) and Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) are computed, and for analysing the relation between FDI and economic growth, Simple Linear Regression Model is applied.

Author :
Ritu Kang Walia : Assistant Professor in Economics, R.K.S.D. (PG) College, Kaithal (Haryana).

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.2

Impact of FDI on Automobile Sector in India – An Empirical Analysis

By: Jeena Mariot Xavier , K V Raju

Page No : 394-403

Abstract
This article tries to analyse the linkages between and spillovers from foreign parent firms to foreign subsidiaries in host country’s automotive industry. Conceptually, the article identifies spillovers, linkages and the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on domestic firms. We analyse the linkage channels of six major automobile manufacturers in India. The compound annual growth rate of FDI equity inflows is analysed using semi-log model and the average domestic input share is utilized to form linkage effect. Regressing the average sales of each firm on linkage gives the spillover effect of linkage channel on average sales of the firms. CAGR of FDI is 11.35 per cent for the period of study. Maruti Suzuki India Ltd and Honda Cars India Ltd have a significant spillover effect of linkages in the FDI on average sales of the firm. We cannot ignore the role of FDI in generating linkages, spillovers and technological transfers. Effective policy measures, FDI-friendly policy regimes, attractive incentives, pro-manufacture environment are essential in driving more FDI in automobile sector.

Authors :
Jeena Mariot Xavier : Research Scholar, Sacred Heart College, Thevara and Assistant Professor of Economics, Maharaja’s College, Ernakulam.
K V Raju : Associate Professor and Research Guide, Department of Economics, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Ernakulam

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.3

A Covid-19 Combat Policy Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment Flows on Sustainability Issues

By: Swapnamoyee Palit , Ronismita Mishra

Page No : 404-411

Abstract
The uncertainties meted out during crisis conditions like the COVID19 pandemic-generated economic turmoil amplify the volatility of the financial market, of which the Foreign Direct Investment is a vital component. This necessitates unprecedented strategies and policies to grip the flow within a limit and thus prevent excessive deviation or downturn. However, the present scenario under COVID19 for the economy in general and FDI in particular is inconclusive as the policies adopted to stabilise the market may show gradual normalisation and is surrounded with uncertainties. The focus of the present paper is to analyse the strategies and policies adopted by the government to combat the anticipated fluctuations in FDI inflows in the present scenario with an empirical forecast of the FDI flow over the future years. Though the forecast values of FDI over the next 10 years shows a mild increasing trend, showing a silver lining, its tilt towards the lower limit shows the dampened rate of growth of FDI expected on one hand; while on the other, it points to the immense potential which can be tapped with the right strategic policy incentives of the government to ensure the flow of FDI and providing a stature of resilience to it, enabling it to be towards its upper frontier.

Authors :
Swapnamoyee Palit : Assistant Professor, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University.
Ronismita Mishra : Research Scholar, KIIT School of Humanities, KIIT Deemed to be University.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.4

Estimation and Decomposition of Productivity Growth of the Organized Manufacturing Industries of Transport Equipments in India: An Interstate Analysis

By: Prasanta Kumar Roy

Page No : 412-426

Abstract
The study applies stochastic frontier approach to estimate and decompose the sources of total factor productivity growth (TFPG) of the 2-digit manufacturing industries of transport equipments in fifteen major industrialised states in India, as well as in AllIndia. The periods cover 1981–82 to 2010–11, engulfing the prereform (1981–82 to 1990–91) and post-reform periods (1991–92 to 2010–11), and also during two different decades of the postreform period, i.e., 1991–92 to 2000–01 and 2001–02 to 2010–11. The components of TFPG are technological progress (TP), technical efficiency change (TEC), economic scale change (SC) and allocation efficiency change (AEC). According to the estimated results, technological progress (TP) is the major contributing factor to the TFPG of the organised manufacturing industries of transport equipments in India and in its fifteen major industrialised states during the period 1981–82 to 2010–11. Further, TFPG of the 2-digit manufacturing industries of transport equipments have increased during the post-reform period (1991–92 to 2010–11) and the increase is mainly accounted for by the increase in TP too for the same period.

Author :
Prasanta Kumar Roy : Assistant Professor, Dept. of Economics, Midnapore College (Autonomous), Midnapore, Paschim Medinipur (West Bengal).

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.5

Balancing Employee Skill with Technology Adoption in Indian Context

By: Mohit Kumar Koley

Page No : 427-438

Abstract
A snapshot study has been done in this paper to examine the compatibility between employee skill and technology adopted by 100 organisations in India, taking top 10 from each of the 10 sectors. Technology level is assessed by the conventional measure of net block and employee related cost is considered as the surrogate measure of employee skill. Organisational performance is analysed for the full sample and sector-wise, taking two sets of input parameters, i) net block versus employee related cost, and ii) techintensity versus employee skill-intensity. Correlation analysis is done to examine organisational performance for the full sample and sector-wise data. It is found that the employee related cost is below 8 per cent of net block, and employee skill-intensity is just 4 per cent compared to overall tech-intensity of 52 per cent. Correlation gives significant results for the full sample, and six out of 10 sector data. The study indicates that there is much more scope to upgrade employee skill to match with the level of technology adoption to improve their performances.

Author :
Mohit Kumar Koley : Professor, Visiting, Techno India University, Kolkata

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.6

Investigating Determinants of Declining Participation of Women in Uttar Pradesh Rural: An Inter-District Analysis

By: Nomita P. Kumar , Kavita Baliyan

Page No : 439-453

Abstract
The paper presents trends in growth of workforce and changes in its structure using census data from the last several decades in Uttar Pradesh. It is an attempt to highlight the relative performance in the present decade as compared to the 1980s and 1990s, for which we have comparable data. Precisely, the objectives are to examine trends, patterns and factors propelling / discouraging women to participate in workforce in rural Uttar Pradesh and is understood with the help of social and religious factors, land rights, agricultural income and education. The study highlights that women employment in rural Uttar Pradesh has been continuously declining, possibly, for the following reasons: firstly, women participation in the labour market is driven due to distress conditions; secondly, they find working conditions either unsafe or unsuitable due to increase in crimes against women in recent times; and thirdly, social norms restrict their entry into the job market (Bhattacharya and Goyal, 2017). Studies suggest that by improving their access to land and productive resources, providing them decent work opportunities and prioritising their education and skills training will collectively lead to the improvement of women’s socioeconomic status (Bhattacharya and Goyal, 2017) along with empowering them.

Authors :
Nomita P. Kumar : Assistant Professor (Senior Scale), Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow.
Kavita Baliyan : Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.7

Empirical Evidences of Tribal Women Participation in Local Economy

By: Archana Sinha

Page No : 454-462

Abstract
Tribal women are the worst sufferers as most large-scale industries are displacing them from their lands and denying them access and control over natural resources. Tribal women who have been dependent on traditional land, forests and water-based occupations. Thereby it has led to the reduction in the social and economic status of women, especially indigenous women, as a result of forced transition from land-based traditional systems to contemporary economies. In India, women perform 2.6 times more unpaid care and domestic work than men. While families, societies and economies depend on this work, for women, it leads to lower earnings and less time to engage in non-work activities. In addition to equal distribution of economic resources, which is not only a right but also accelerates development in multiple areas, there needs to be a fair balance of responsibility for unpaid care work between men and women (Gender Equality, Goal 5 SDG). The working conditions of women workers are deteriorating and there are no legal protections for women to demand for their rights and duties. They also bear disproportion responsibility for unpaid work and are undervalued for their work, like, household activities where she is not considered as part of labour force and is an invisible labour. The work participation rate and occupational composition among them, and prevailing sex disparity in different economic pursuits certainly reveal their economic status and the system of social organization in it. This study is an attempt to understand the perceptions, responses and actions, and the determinants of actions in the society as well as the lives of the tribal women in the context of existing gender relations in general and among tribal societies in particular in the preview of constitutional amendment. The rooted patriarchal structure in the society manifests among tribal societies. Further, the study attempts to understand how the women place themselves in the constricted situations and deal with home and social responsibilities and what the outcomes of the processes were. In light of this, the present study was undertaken under the premises of Indian Social Institute, to study the participation of tribal women in local economy: “Case Studies in Jharkhand and Assam” in the year 2020, with perspectives from tribal women. The author acknowledges Indian Social Institute, New Delhi, for the same.

Authors :
Archana Sinha : Head, Department of Women’s Studies, Indian Social Institute, 10, Institutional Area, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110003

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.8

Literature Review on Quality Concepts in Industrial Systems using QFD (Quality Function Deployment) – Survey and Extensions

By: P. Sivasankaran

Page No : 463-469

Abstract
In this paper, the importance of quality concepts in product development is studied by reviewing several papers from various reputed journals. In order to improve the quality of product design, QFD (Quality Function Deployment) is used as a tool that studies the various parameters of product design such as aesthetic appeal, cost, service life, maintenance, etc. In QFD, the analysis is carried out to improve the quality of the product design based on customer’s evaluation. The use of QFD helps the product development management team to take decisions about the product quality by studying and improving its characteristics. In every organization, there will be a cross functional team, which comprises of Design, Safety, Quality and Maintenance. With the help of the cross functional team member’s suggestions, it will be possible to improve the safety, design and aesthetic appeal of a product. Hence, in this paper, an attempt has been made to study and review various characteristics of product design and development, namely QFD model and also report several case studies in different domains of industrial applications.

Author :
P. Sivakaran : Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, Pondicherry.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.9

Problems Faced by Physically Challenged Students in Accessing and Utilizing the Library Resources and Services of College Students in India

By: M. Murugan , R. Jeyshankar

Page No : 470-484

Abstract
This study explores the personal and institutional issues confronted by physically challenged UG and PG college students of India in accessing and utilising the library resources and services. The data was collected from 27 randomly selected colleges. Census method was employed to select the respondents. A well-structured questionnaire was employed to collect the required data. 129 respondents participated in the study. The study reveals that: The most prominent personal issues faced by the respondents in accessing the library, its resources and services include lack of ICT skills, difficulty to reach the library, lack of internet skills, lack of computer skills and difficulty to get required information by themselves. The institutional issues most agreed by the respondents include insufficient space, materials and equipment, no disability-friendly furniture, inadequacy of recent publications and current journals and lack of guidance about use of library resources and services. Nature of disability, studying district and gender do not, but studying course and studying department do have an impact on the institutional problems faced by the respondents.

Authors :
M. Murugan : Research Scholar (Part Time), Department of Library and Information Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
R. Jeyshankar : Associate Professor, Department of Library and Information Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.10

Apr-2019 to Jun-2019

Do Entrepreneurial Intentions Drive Outcomes?

By: Brajaballav Kar

Page No : 1-11

Abstract
Entrepreneurial intentions and outcomes differ and this research investigates if intentions influence the outcomes. Factor analysis of the 20 items related to the entrepreneurial intent construct was done to group it to 7 parsimonious factors. Reliability of self-reported 4 item scale for the entrepreneurial outcome was tested. Total entrepreneurial outcome factors were regressed with 7 intentions factors as the independent variables to understand its influence on the total outcome. This research indicates that the entrepreneurial outcomes (income and savings, social respect, career, and overall satisfaction) are positively and significantly influenced by intentions such as esteem seeking, idea & skill, and altruism; but negative significant influences were observed for intentions related to necessity and alertness. The intention factors related to individualism and kinship had insignificant positive and negative relationship with outcomes respectively.

Author :
Brajaballav Kar : Associate Professor, School of Management, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.1

Social Entrepreneurship in Agriculture Sector: Challenges and Opportunities

By: Sujit Majhi

Page No : 12-19

Abstract
Agri-Social entrepreneurship is a process of creation, change, sustainable development and significant social problem solving mechanism. Social entrepreneurship development in agriculture sector has a significant role in India. The major challenges for social entrepreneurship development in agriculture are cultural complexity, lack of proper understanding of the social enterprise; low priority against urban based enterprises etc. Agriculture sector has tremendous potential and opportunities for social entrepreneurship development considering different activities and dimension. Organic farming, value chain management, agridecision support system, input and product management are some of the opportunities for agri-social entrepreneurship development in India.

Author :
Sujit Majhi : Assistant Professor (Agra Extension), College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhawani patna

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.2

Factors Influencing the success of Women Entrepreneurs in Factor driven Economies

By: Amandeep Dhaliwal

Page No : 20-31

Abstract
Women entrepreneurship has been growing significantly all over the world. But it has been seen that women owned businesses tend to underperform and has higher failure/closure rates as compared to businesses owned by men. As per GEM report (2017), 4 out of 10 women exit business in the initial stage itself in case of factor driven countries. This research therefore identified a list of factors from literature and empirically surveyed the women entrepreneurs to find out the factors that influence the success of women entrepreneurs in such economies. Findings of the study found that the Support Systems, Personal Orientation & Knowledge Base were the overarching factors having the most impact on the success of women entrepreneurs in such economies.

Author :
Amandeep Dhaliwal : Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Manav Rachna Institute of Research & Studies, Faridabad.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.3

Women Entrepreneurs in India Set to Spread their Wings in the Corporate World

By: Ruchi Gupta

Page No : 32-41

Abstract
Women constitute 48.5% of the country’s population. According to the Sixth Economic Census released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation they constitute around 14% of the total entrepreneurship. Women entrepreneurship is largely skewed towards smaller sized firms, as almost 98% of women-owned businesses are micro enterprises. The paper deals with women entrepreneurs in the current global scenario and their status as per sixth economic census (2013-14). It further deals with various government initiatives towards promoting and encouraging women entrepreneurs, identifying the challenges and offering few suggestions which may help overcome the barriers to women entry in corporate world.

Author :
Ruchi Gupta : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Iswar Saran P.G. College, University of Allahabad

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.4

Paving the Way for Transformational Future - Women Entrepreneurs in Uttar Pradesh

By: Nomita P. Kumar

Page No : 42-56

Abstract
This paper venture into the issue of what propels women into entrepreneurial activity: Is it due to economic or social pressure, or are they attracted to it? While the number of woman entrepreneurs are on the rise in India, but experts have different views on what is driving this surge. The study surveyed a sample of 300 women entrepreneurs. While drawing the sample care was taken to cover women entrepreneurs from different types of business activity and different size/categories in terms of capital and employment, and those who had at least three years of experience and employing more than two workers. Pre-coded interview schedule was administered to gather the required information about their family background, socio-economic conditions, push and pull factors involved, problems and constraints etc.

Author :
Nomita P. Kumar : Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.5

Strategies towards Sustainability of Business Schools in India

By: Mohit Kumar Kolay

Page No : 57-69

Abstract
In the present paper attention has been focused on the majority of Business Schools in India towards the extent of fulfilment of the goals and thus their capacity towards sustainability. A review on this aspect shows a rather dismal performance on the part of majority of B-schools. To turn the table for these B-schools towards the path of sustainability, ten strategies are outlined here in this paper. These strategies are: i) re-orient MBA curriculum, ii) ensure adherence to multi-attribute admission criteria, iii) recruit quality faculty, iv) use of relevant teaching materials, v) test and re-test teaching-learning pedagogy, vi) encourage competition amongst students, vii) enhance interaction with local organizations, viii) institutionalize mechanism of direct quality assurance of teaching and learning, ix) promote entrepreneurship culture within the Bschool, and x) focus on research. The paper analyzes the impact of the above ten strategies on various input and output parameters of learning and development using the system dynamic concept of feedback loop.

Author :
Mohit Kumar Kola : Faculty at NITIE, ASCI & IIT, Kharagpur.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.6

A Study of Effect of NPAs on the Financial Performance of Public Sector Banks in India

By: Preeti , Kuldip Singh Chhikara

Page No : 70-78

Abstract
Presently, the Indian Banking System is passing through an uncertain phase of distress due to growing NPAs (Non-Performing Assets) having negative impact on the performance of the banks in particular and growth & development of the nation in general. The present study is purely based on secondary data collected from various sources and were analyzed with the help of appropriate statistical techniques such as Mean, Standard Deviation, CAGR, Diagrams, and Charts, etc. to draw the conclusions. A very high degree of negative correlation was found between NPAs and ROA & ROE of the PSBs indicating towards a very high degree of negative impact of NPAs on the banks’ financial performance. It was exposed through the results of the study that the problem of bad loans has matured with the passage of time due to irresponsible role played by the top level management of public sector banks in general and the regulatory authorities in particular. Further, the populist government schemes have also told upon the health of the banks and hence serious and stringent actions and decisions are required to be taken and implemented at various levels not only by banks but also by RBI, other regulatory authorities and GOI to boost the financial position of the banks in general and of the economy of the country in particular.

Authors :
Preeti : Research Scholar, Department Of Commerce, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak.
Kuldip Singh Chhikara : Professor, Department of Commerce and Director DDE, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.7

Genetic Diversity and its Impact on Productivity of Cotton Crop in Punjab

By: Joginder Singh

Page No : 79-87

Abstract
The traditional cotton belt of Punjab state has made significant contribution to India’s cotton production and a source of livelihood. The area under the crop has shown marked difference due to varying productivity, jeopardising the mere sustainability of the crop. The basic issues namely: plant protection practices for changing scenario of insect-pests and choice of suitable varieties remained haunting. The pre-Bt period had witnessed a serious attack of bollworms adversely affecting the crop productivity and area under cotton crop cultivation. There was a rapid diversification of varieties which were short field life but put together elongated the crop season and thus encouraged the pests. However, the situation improved with evolutions of Bt varieties in 2002-03. The crop productivity responded well during its introduction period, showing CGR of 11.8% and consequently area under the crop increased. Left to the choice of farmers to select Bt varieties/trade names out of scores available, did not have the desired impact as the crop yield did not improve. Analysis for the overall study period favoured genetic diversity for productivity improvement. This potential belt, which has already lost more than 55% cotton area stands further endangered and calls for measures for its revival through area-specific short-listing of varieties, discouraging paddy crop.

Author :
Joginder Singh : Professor & Head (Rtd.) Department of Economics & Sociology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.8

Performance of Area, Production and Productivity of Cashew in India and Kerala

By: Binu Kumar , A. Abdul Salim

Page No : 88-95

Abstract
Cashew industry is a prominent agro based, export oriented and traditional industry which provide employment and income for the economic development of Kerala. There are lakhs of workers engaged in the cashew processing industry; about ninety three percent are women workers. The performance of cashew in the international scenario reveals the position with which the cashew holds among the agricultural commodities. India is the first country which commercialized cashew as a horticultural crop. India’s raw nut production is not sufficient to sustain the processing capacity established in the country. The low yielding old aged cashew trees are needed to be replaced with cashew grafts of high yielding varieties along with adoption of improved production technologies. Higher productivity as well as production is the urgent need for all the major producers of cashew across the globe. The scrutiny of cashew productivity data in India over the last few years indicated stagnation and there was a wide gap existing between the actual and potential yields. It is essential that India should keep pace and meet the requirement of raw cashew nuts for cashew processing industries and achieve self sufficiency. The present paper examines the performance of cashew sector in terms of area, production and productivity in India and Kerala.

Author :
Binu Kumar, B.J : Assistant Professor of Department of Economics, NSS College, Nilamel
Abdul Salim A. : Professor and Head of the Department of Economics, University of Kerala

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.9

Structural Change in Employment Pattern in Odisha: An Analysis in the Post Reform Period

By: Priyabrata Sahoo , Ranjan Kumar Nayak

Page No : 96-103

Abstract
This paper is an attempt to look into the structural transformation in Odisha economy by looking at the pattern and nature of employment in the post reform period. The unit level data of employmentunemployment survey (EUS) and the EUS reports have been used for calculation of employment figures. The primary sector income share has been declining at a faster rate than the decline in the employment share. The tertiary sector recorded a faster growth in income and increase in income share though the labour absorbing capacity of this sector is low. Hence instead of having high growth in Odisha, as referred to in many literatures, the structural transformation in the economy is a stunted one. In terms of employment growth, the self -employment category has seen a faster rise during the post reform. Class wise (decile) analysis shows that, it’s the casual labour, that is more deprived.

Authors :
Priyabrata Sahoo : Assistant Professor in Christ University, Bangalore in School of Business Studies and Social Science, CHRIST University, Bangalore
Ranjan Kumar Nayak : Lecturer in Bihar PSC

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.10

Jul-2019 to Sep-2019

Indian Labour Migration to the Gulf: Recent Trends, the Regulatory Environment and New Evidences on Migration Costs

By: S.K. Sasikumar

Page No : 111-125

Abstract
This paper examines the recent trends in Indian labour migration to the Gulf countries. It analyses the regulatory structure governing low-skilled labour migration in conjunction with the mapping of the recruiting landscape. The paper provides evidences on migration costs in the India-Saudi Arabia migration corridor based on a primary survey undertaken by the World Bank-led Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). It provides policy recommendations in relation to three core aspects of international labour migration from India: improving the information base on international labour migration; restructuring the regulatory environment for international labour migration; and reducing migration costs borne by workers to obtain overseas employment.

Author :
S.K. Sasikumar : Senior Fellow, V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, Noida

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.1

Climate and Weather Induced Agricultural Distress and Migration: Characteristics and Evidence

By: K.S. Kavi Kumar , Brinda Viswanathan , P. Dayakar

Page No : 126-135

Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature examining the three-way linkage between weather/climate variability, agricultural productivity and migration. Highlighting low elasticity of migration to agricultural productivity in India, the paper explores potential reasons behind low rural-urban/inter-state migration rates. The paper further provides evidence on short-term migration in India and discusses a potential manifestation of the same in the form of feminization of agriculture. The paper argues for enabling policies that enhance non-agricultural rural livelihood options as well as policies that facilitate greater participation of women in agricultural management.

Author :
K.S. Kavi Kumar : Professor, Madras School of Economics, Chennai
Brinda Viswanathan : Professor, Madras School of Economics, Chennai
P. Dayakar : ICSSR Research Fellow, Madras School of Economics, Chennai

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.2

Reintegration of Return Migrants and State Responses: A Case Study of Kerala

By: S. Irudaya Rajan , C S Akhil

Page No : 136-143

Abstract
Countries of Origins are witnessing increasing rate of return migration of temporary labour migrants in the past decade. This paper analyses the process of reintegration of return migrants in Indian context by examining Kerala as a case study and portrays the existing state responses towards return migrants. Kerala is selected because of the rich tradition of international labour migration and the existence of a state-run institutional mechanism to manage migration. The study uses Kerala Migration Survey to create a profile of the return migrants to the state. The reintegration process has been analysed using semi-structured interviews with government officials and returnees followed by the analysis of policy documents. The basic profiling of return migrant clearly shows that majority of them are unskilled and semi-skilled workers returning due to loss of job because of the ongoing recession and nationalisation policies in the Gulf countries. The poor savings rate of return migrants and lack of employment opportunities in the state show that reintegration of return migrants would not happen without the support of the state. Even though Kerala has a well-developed migration management system compared to other Indian states, it is not enough to meet the demands of return migrants. The paper urges national government to create a comprehensive framework for return migrants by collaborating with state governments, which involves effective management of the skills earned by migrants in the host country and long-term financial assistance for reintegration.

Authors :
S. Irudaya Rajan : Professor, Centre for Development Studies Thiruvananthapuram.
C S Akhil : Doctoral Scholar, Centre for Development Studies Thiruvananthapuram

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.3

Competitive or Complementary: Impact of Interstate Migration on Native Workers of Kerala

By: Likhitha. K , A. Abdul Salim

Page No : 144-149

Abstract
Migration is unarguably the most influential process that has determined what the Kerala state now. That much impact the process has as far as all the fields of life in the state is concerned. This process of emigration facilitated the replacement migration of the labourers from other state of Kerala. Replacement migration is mainly due to the large scale migration of young working population along with the unwillingness of the people of Kerala to do manual works. A large number of migrant labourers got attracted to the state due to high wage rate, and better working and living conditions, which helped to reduce this imbalance between demand for and supply of labour. This labour in-migration obviously affected the economy and society to a great extent not only in positive but in negative terms also. One of the major adverse effects of in-migration is supposed to be in the labour market of the native workers. This paper examines whether the labour migration to Kerala is competitive or complementary to the native workers. This is examined in the framework of the competitive and complementary effect aspect of Borjas’ theory of Immigration and supported by the evidences from the primary survey. The study finds that in-migration in the present context is not a threat to the native workers as majority of the in-migrants is unskilled or semi-skilled who are not competitive to the skilled native workers of Kerala.

Authors :
Likhitha. K : Research Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Kerala, Trivandrum
A. Abdul Salim : Professor & Head, Department of Economics, University of Kerala, Trivandrum

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.04

Male Out-migration and its Implications on the Socio-economic Status in Rural Bihar

By: Ugra Mohan Jha , Nisha Varghese

Page No : 150-161

Abstract
The implications of migration are complex in nature and affect the economic growth of the region wherein it exists. India has witnessed more than three-fold increase in the levels of mobility from 1950 to 2011. Considering the long history of migration from Bihar, this study was conducted to examine factors influencing migration and its implication on the socio-economic status of the migrants in Bihar. Migration has resulted in several changes in the migrant households. It was found that the role of women in decision making related to various farming activities was more in case of migrant households. Migration has also resulted in diversification of the food basket.

Authors :
Ugra Mohan Jha : PhD Research Scholar, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi
Nisha Varghese : Assistant Professor, School of Extension and Development Studies, IGNOU, New Delhi

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.5

Dual-Step Migration from a Village in Uttar Pradesh: Causes, Processes and Consequences

By: Bhaskar Majumder , Md. Taukeer

Page No : 162-174

Abstract
Cross-border migration often takes place at two levels. In the first level labourers migrate from their native places to the destination city within the national economy facilitated by their social network, and in the second level they migrate abroad for economic opportunities. The first one provides space and time to take decisions, while the second one lifts their economic status often at the cost of risks. We selected a village — Inayat Patti in the district of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh to examine migration of labourers, first to the metropolitan city of Mumbai and then to countries in the Gulf. The labourers migrated to the Gulf countries based on informed positive wage-differential. The causes, processes, and consequences of dual-step migration by selected indicators are explained in this paper. The paper pleads for a positive role of the state to safeguard the labourers migrating to the Gulf countries.

Authors :
Bhaskar Majumder : Professor in Economics in G.B.Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad.
Md. Taukeer : D.Phil. Scholar, G.B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.6

Measurement of Material Productivity: A Case Study of Pharmaceutical Sector Companies included in Nifty 50

By: Meenu Maheshwari , Priya Taparia

Page No : 175-194

Abstract
In this modern environment, productivity has become an indicator of the progress of a country. It may be treated as a key to prosperity. Productivity can be denoted as a ratio of the monetary value of the output to the monetary value of the input which shows the actual performance of a unit. Higher the productivity means a more efficient use of the resources in an organisation. Productivity may include material productivity, labour productivity and overhead productivity and also the overall productivity. The Material Productivity of pharmaceutical sector companies included in Nifty 50 has been analysed in the present study. The sector consists of Cipla Ltd., Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd., Lupin Ltd. and Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Material productivity of eight years has been studied in the present study from 2008-09 to 2015-16. Both intra-sector and inter-sector hypotheses have been tested and results have been drawn from it. For intra-sector hypothesis, an analysis has been drawn with the help of Chi-Square Test and it has been observed that in all companies except in Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. null hypothesis has been accepted, which shows that the material productivity ratios of the sampled company for the study period are approximately equal. In the case of Butin Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd an alternate hypothesis is accepted. In inter-sector hypothesis, analysis is drawn with the help of Kruskal Wallis Rank Sum Test popularly known as H Test and it has been observed that the null hypothesis is rejected, which means that the material productivity ratios between the pharmaceutical sector companies included in Nifty 50 differ significantly. The reason for the increase or decrease in the material productivity may be due to increase or decrease in the output or input or the components associated with productivity. For improving the material productivity it is recommended to improve the output, input or components of output or input.

Authors :
Meenu Maheshwari : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce and Management, University of Kota
Priya Taparia : Research Scholar, Department of Commerce and Management, University of Kota.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.7

Demonetization In India- The Journey So Far

By: Krishn Awatar Goyal , Vijay Singh

Page No : 195-203

Abstract
With each passing day, in the light of various reports and data, the consequences of demonetization are becoming far clearer and comprehensible. The jury is still to give its verdict on the demonetization, which is certainly a watershed event in the political and economic history of our nation. However, it is not that easy to choose between the pro and anti-demonetization divide. There is little doubt about the stated objectives and intentions behind the decision of demonetization, which primarily includes checking the menace of black money, black economy, corruption, FICN, antistate activities and to enhance cashless & digital economy. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) led NDA government at the Centre shall be praised for taking such a huge political risk to cleanse the economy of our nation. However, there was clear cut indication of lack of proper and adequate planning on the part of the government, which led to unintended adverse consequences like loss of employment and daily wages, deaths, suicides etc. Even after more than two years of the demonetization, it is indeed very difficult to clearly mention that it is good or bad for the Indian economy as the whole picture is still to be unfolded.

Authors :
Krishn Awatar Goyal : Associate Professor, Department of Business Finance & Economics, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur.
Vijay Singh : Research Scholar, Department of Business Finance & Economics, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.8

Factors Influencing Yield Rate in West Bengal Agriculture: A Panel Data Approach

By: Amit Kundu , Pubali Goswamy

Page No : 204-213

Abstract
In West Bengal Economy, the role of agriculture is still very important. This paper shows that in most of the districts of West Bengal, the agricultural productivity or yield rate of different food and cash crops have increased since 2000-01. Using panel data fixed effect regression technique, it is proved that average harvest price of the previous year, average rainfall and average money wage rate of the agricultural labourers play a positive role behind this improvement of average yield rate in agricultural production. Positive relationship between average yield rate of agricultural production and average agricultural wage establishes consumption efficiency relationship.

Authors :
Amit Kundu : Professor, Department of Economics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Pubali Goswamy : Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.9

Participatory Rural Planning for Sustainable Agriculture: An Observation from Rural Jharkhand of India

By: Niranjan Sahoo

Page No : 214-225

Abstract
This article is an attempt to know how the community level participatory process could be used to advance agricultural efforts and livelihood initiatives. This empirical study is carried out in two villages of Jharkhand state in India to examine as to how the community people make an interaction with common resources for agricultural planning and development through knowledge management. It is firmly believed that humans are so called unexplored treasures and each additional individual born in this world strains world resource by being a consumer. But by being a producer, each individual has enormous potentialities to explore and contribute to the world resources. Now our concern is as on how to convert the human beings into human resources? More growth of population means, more overtax of the resources, which will ultimately result in widespread poverty and hunger (Thomas Malthus 1798). Malthus theory on population and general prediction about the common man of third world countries could be reversed by way of converting the human population into human resource through education, training for agriculture. Overpopulation is not a burden rather it may be termed as an opportunity especially for agriculture and rural development sectors. Participation is an indigenous or native instinct, which has paramount importance in helping common people in villages in increasing production and productivity. When common people unite in a participatory process they tend to explore more their inherent skills and knowledge. This empirical study is carried out in two villages of Bero block in Jharakhand state to find the systems and strategies of participatory process where the common and illiterate people became proficient to explore their potentialities for making micro-planning for village development. Various methods of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) like logical framework analysis (LFA) and objective variable indicators (OVI) are also discussed in the full paper.

Author :
Niranjan Sahoo : Professor of Rural Development, Xavier Institute of Social Service, Ranchi

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.10

Oct-2019 to Dec-2019

Reusing Fractions of Legacy Municipal Solid Wastes in India: A Circular Economy Approach

By: Richa Singh , Bakul Rao , Krishnanand Maillacheruvu , Shyam R. Asolekar

Page No : 227-238

Abstract
Management of the so-called legacy wastes (i.e. aged wastes) is one of the challenging tasks faced by developing nations including India. Such sites are often those locations where fresh wastes are not brought because the sites are fully packed and inoperable. The un-scientific operations at those abandoned dumpsites have led to various long term challenges such as ground and surface water pollution, air pollution, dumpsite fires, and on-site scavenging - which have been periodically creating massive threats to public health. This paper focuses on management of legacy wastes by adopting feasible, affordable, and environmentally sound technological options aimed at recovery of the maximum possible resources and also generate energy from the combustible waste fractions obtained from mining of these dump sites. The study envisages the need of integrating the circular economy approach with sustainable waste management in India by utilizing waste fractions for gainful applications and ensuring that negligible amount of waste is ending-up into the dumpsites or landfills. It is hoped that this study will serve two purposes, i.e., energy and land recovery by scientific and systematic management of the combustible and inert fraction of the legacy wastes and conversion of reclaimed land to scientific landfills by installing composite liner system for a sustainable landfilling practice. As an add-on, the reclaimed land can also be sold or used for any other purposes after satisfying the adequate fit-for-use criteria for the specific application.

Authors :
Richa Singh : Environmental Science & Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai
Bakul Rao : Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Krishnanand Maillacheruvu : Civil Engineering and Construction, Bradley University, Peoria, USA
Shyam R. Asolekar : Environmental Science & Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.1

Conversion of Marble Waste into a Value Added Composite Materials for Civil Infrastructure

By: Asokan Pappu , Ranjan Chaturvedi , Anam Khan , Ravi Patidar , Edward Peters ,

Page No : 239-249

Abstract
During marble processing, cutting and polishing, more than 12 MT (million tons) of marble waste per year has been produced only in the state of Rajasthan, India. Safe disposal of such huge quantity of marble wastes become a major environmental issue. In the present study, attempt have been made to recycle marble waste collected from Makrana marble processing industries, Rajasthan, as raw materials, for making composite materials. Characterisation studies showed that the major mineral present in marble waste are Calcite (CaCO3), Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) and Quartz (SiO3). Composite materials were made using marble waste reinforced with jute textile fibres in epoxy resin system. The findings of the study showed that marble waste composites reinforced with jute textile have resulted about 50% higher flexural strength (48.48 MPa) than the commercially available MDF (medium density fibre) board (24.23 MPa). It also showed very low water absorption (24 hour immersion) and thickness swelling. The microstructure of fractured surface of marble waste composite showed very good bonding between the marble waste, fibre and the matrix. The composite materials have multifunctional applications in civil construction sector, transport system as doors, false ceilings, architectural wall panels, partition and furniture etc. The marble waste composite materials are stronger than teak wood and other traditional materials such as medium density board, particle board, and rice husk board. Commercial realisation of this composite technology would significantly contribute to Nation program on clean India, make in India and advanced manufacturing missions. Efforts are being made to ease the commercialisation of this technology.

Authors :
Asokan Pappu : Senior Principal Scientist, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal
Ranjan Chaturvedi : PhD Scholar, AcSIR, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal
Prashant Tyagi : Research Associate, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal
Anam Khan : Project Assistant, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal
Ravi Patidar : Project Assistant, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal
Edward Peters : Principal Technical Officer, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.2

Hospitals - Enormous Waste Powerhouses: Leapfrog to Environmental Sustainability

By: Vikram Sandhu , Harleen Kaur , Heena Atwal

Page No : 250-263

Abstract
Every living thing, be it a single cell to as large as blue whale, takes in nutrient and excretes waste. Most of the machinery is based on this simple biological model of nutrients in and wastes out. The main aim of research conducted for this paper is to study the present actions related to the various waste management techniques and various practices taken by the healthcare organisations for the disposal of the waste. Waste management requires dire need for alteration to proffer sustainable practices in the anticipation of offering the waste management sector a more economically feasible and socially admissible answer to the current waste management predicament. It is necessary to consider explanation of the costs of different disposal practices and not just the cost of the recycling process but also the worth of the domesticated material. Making note of the quantum of common waste as well as bio-waste produced and managing routine observation of health care waste organization tradition, the hospitals can help in preserving the environment.

Authors :
Vikram Sandhu : (PhD), Assistant Professor, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab
Harleen Kaur : BDS, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab
Heena Atwal : (PhD), Assistant Professor, Punjabi University Patiala

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.3

Cost Benefit and Economic Return on Productivity of Reuse and Recycle in Ernakulam

By: T. Dhanalakshmi

Page No : 264-273

Abstract
On an average 6000 tonnes/day of municipal solid waste is being generated in Kerala. Paper, glass, bottle, plastic, metal, cans and dry waste together comprise 60% - 85% of total material. In terms of revenue, these materials represent from 75 to 90% of total monthly income. Thus, given its importance the objectives are to arrive at average production, to get an estimated amount of resource recovered and to calculate cost benefit of reuse and recyclable waste. Both primary and secondary data were used.This study not only reduces waste production, but also initiates reuse of the materials considered waste.

Author :
T. Dhanalakshmi : Professor, Matha College of Technology, N.Paravur, Kochi, Kerala

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.4

Identification of Factors Influencing Consumers thoughts on Green Marketing Practices: Application of Factor Analysis

By: Selvakumar M , Ramesh Pandi G , Sathyalakshmi, V. , Mohammed Abubakkar Siddique

Page No : 274-284

Abstract
In the modern scenario of globalization, it has become a competitive one to keep the consumers in fold and even keep our natural environment safe. Green marketing is a phenomenon which has developed in the modern market and has emerged as an important concept in India as in other parts of the developing and developed countries which is seen as an important strategy of facilitating sustainable development. A majority of organizations around the world are making an attempt to reduce the harmful impact of production processes on the climate and other environmental conditions. They have comprehensively utilized the word green in marketing campaigns in the form of green marketing, green supply chains, green retailing, green consumers, green products, etc. hence the businesses and the marketers are taking the indication and are going green for the betterment of the entire society. This study is to analyze the thoughts of consumers on green marketing practices in Virudhunagar district. The researcher has used the factor analysis to identify the factors influencing the thoughts of consumers towards green marketing practices. The result reveals that advertisement and media, environmental protection, recycling of waste, green buying behaviour and preference of green products are the most influencing variables towards green marketing practices in Virudhunagar district.

Authors :
Selvakumar, M : Head, P.G. and Research Dept of Commerce, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Tamilnadu
Ramesh Pandi G : Head, Department of Commerce, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education,Tamilnadu
Sathyalakshmi, V. : Ph.D Research Scholar, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College,Tamilnadu
Mohammed Abubakkar Siddique : R, Ph.D Research Scholar, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College,Tamilnadu

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.5

Environmental Proactiveness and the Power Sector: The Indian Scenario

By: Arun Kumar Vishwakarma , Arvind K. Nema

Page No : 285-291

Abstract
Electrical energy is considered to be a clean and safe form of energy. However, there are environmental issues related to its generation and distribution. The significant contributor of electricity in India is thermal power, primarily using coal. The burning of coal causes emission of various greenhouse gases including CO2. With adverse effect from the changing climate due to global warming the power sector has taken drastic steps for the reduction of emissions caused by fossil fuel burning. Several new technologies are being adopted to fulfil the incessant electrical power requirement of the country. Solar, wind and geo-thermal along with biomass are the constituents of these technologies. Out of these, adoption of solar energy is being done on a larger scale. The government supports the adoption of cleaner technologies by the power sector in the form of subsidies. The policies of the government for conservation of environment will help the power sector to not only fulfil the demand of electricity for infrastructure development, but a sustainable approach will also lead to preservation of environment.

Authors :
Arun Kumar Vishwakarma : J.E., National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Mumbai
Arvind K. Nema : Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.6

Social Inclusiveness of National Food Security Bill: Issues and Concerns

By: Dilip Diwakar G , Nitin Tagade , Sandeep Sharma

Page No : 292-302

Abstract
The National Food Security Bill (NFSB) came at a point when nutrition based deprivation of not only poor, but also majority of the marginalised communities, especially the SCs is at peril. The main thrust of the bill is built on the existing ICDS, MDM and PDS programmes, however, the existing macro level data and literature clearly shows that nutrition level of children has not improved much in the last two decades. Especially, under nutrition is high among certain social groups such as SCs and STs. But there is no specific mention in the NFSB on addressing the concerns of the marginalised communities. This paper examines the existing utilisation gaps among SC and ST, using the available NFHS and NSSO data. This paper also studies the caste based discrimination in utilising the ICDS, MDM and PDS programmes and proposes measure to bring in social inclusiveness in the NFSB.

Authors :
Dilip Diwakar G : Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala,
Nitin Tagade : Assistant Professor, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
Sandeep Sharma : Senior Research Associate, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.7

Realizing Total Customer Experience through Six Sigma Marketing: An empirical approach

By: K. Muralidharan , Neha Raval

Page No : 303-315

Abstract
Loyal customer base is the key to successful business model and this pave ways to the intense customer orientation in contemporary business environment. Amplified need of customer orientation has brought monumental changes in marketing functionality. Marketing has progressed from traditional promotion based profit making business function to relationship based customer oriented business function. The focal point of recent marketing effort is on managing pleasurable Total Customer Experience (TCE). This scenario necessitates effective management of marketing actions at strategic, operational and tactical level. One well known approach that can cater to this marketing environment is Six Sigma. With the major focus on data based management philosophy, Six Sigma proposes effective guideline for different stages of marketing function. Amalgamation of these two fields is known as Six Sigma Marketing (SSM). This paper explores how empirical Six Sigma approach can be utilized to manage pleasurable TCE. With reference to realworld case study, this paper tries to demonstrate how empirical Six Sigma Marketing (SSM) approach works for effective marketing management.

Authors :
K. Muralidharan : Professor, Department of Statistics, The Maharajah Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara
Neha Raval : Department of Statistics, The Maharajah Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.8

Impact of Self Help Group – Bank Linkage Programme and it’s Role in the Upliftment of the Poor

By: K. Fayaz , K. Venugopal Rao

Page No : 316-325

Abstract
Development with social justice has been the fundamental target of development planning in India since independence; it has been evident that women have always been given very respectable position in the society. Gender equality in different socio-economic spheres has always been the top priority among policy makers, decision makers and the government. In the present socio-economic scenario, notions of women empowerment and their security can always be observed in the manifestos of all the political parties and this is the need of hour too for sustainable development. Despite making myriad efforts for women empowerment, the present socio economic status of women in India is very miserable. In this context, NABARD came ahead to launch Self Help Group (SHG) and bank linkage programme in 1992. These programmes have become a very effective tool of uplifting the socio economic status of poor women. There are ample facts across the globe to show, how the SHG and bank linkage programme through its functioning can provide productive employment opportunities, safe credit facilities, saving opportunities and thereby can eradicate poverty. The studies on the Self Help Group-Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP) of the National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) underline that the programme has done extremely well in rural India in terms of its outreach, generating income, reducing poverty levels and empowering people both economically and socially. This paper evaluates the impact of SBLP on Self Help Group (SHG) members at the household level from a gender perspective. This is mainly because female SHGs are doing extremely well in terms of recovery of loans and per capita income and savings. Micro financing through self-help groups has proved to be a strategic measure for organizing poor people in groups and promoting savings habits to gain to access to institutional credit for their socio-economic development and empowerment.

Authors :
K. Fayaz : Ph.D., Faculty of Systems, SKIM, S.K. University, Ananthapuramu
K. Venugopal Rao : Ph.D SKIM, S.K. University, Ananthapuramu

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.9

Changing Dynamics of Formal- Informal Labour Market in Uttar Pradesh

By: Nomita P. Kumar

Page No : 326-344

Abstract
The present paper examines the trends, patterns and growth in informal and formal employment by sex, sector and place of residence in the state of UP, using the data of 61st (2004-05) and 68th (2011-12) rounds of NSSO’s Employment and Unemployment Surveys. To examine the overall trend and pattern of employment in general and female employment in particular in the formal and informal sector, across industries this paper also focused on the distribution of workers across industrial categories.

Author :
Nomita P. Kumar : Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.10

Jan-2020 to Mar-2020

Industrial Clustering in India: Conceptual and Policy Concerns

By: Keshab Das

Page No : 345-355

Abstract
This paper examines conceptual issues in industrial clustering from a developing economy perspective and provides an alternative framework underscoring key characteristics of clusters and factors determining their dynamism. It analyzes ‘policy’ interventions in cluster development in India and points out several serious inadequacies those must be addressed. In the absence of a national cluster development policy and a limited and truncated understanding of dynamism of clusters dominated by informality, the paper engages with policy-responsive issues as developing a social statistics on clusters, recognizing myriad constraints facing rural craft-based clusters and networking for broad-basing market access by all clustered firms.

Author :
Keshab Das : Professor, Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Gota, Ahmedabad, Gujarat

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.1

Ecology & Economy Integrated Clustering Approaches for Sustainable Development in India

By: Ramachandra T.V , Subash Chandran M.D

Page No : 356-376

Abstract
The concept of economic clustering and trade guilds in India has roots in pre-history. The cocoons and silk processing industry has traditionally existed in clusters, in places such as Banaras, Kancheepuram, Kashmir etc. Cluster-based economic development has become an increasingly popular topic for researchers and economic development professionals. The approach is considered an important aspect of a broader re-orientation of research and economic policy towards laying the foundations of a microeconomic approach for prosperity and growth. The past decades were under the spell of macroeconomics and the creation of market institutions in developing economies. While there is now a fairly broad consensus on the type of macroeconomic and legal conditions necessary to achieve economic progress, it is also becoming clearer that these conditions are not sufficient. As a new approach to help economies reap the full potential of an improved macroeconomic and legal context, cluster-based efforts have received a lot of attention. Clusters are groups of industries and institutions co-located in a specific geographic region (based on availability of natural resources) and linked by interdependencies in providing a related group of products and/or services. Because of the proximity among them—both in terms of geography and of activities—cluster constituents enjoy the economic benefits of several types of positive location-specific externalities. This communication presents integrated clustering of villages for inclusive growth, promoting eco-friendly, local resources, local skill and manpower-based thematic developmental programmes through laying a stronger foundation for sustainable growth. Micro-finance and revival of village-centred enterprises and clustering of villages for thematic development programmes can greatly improve the financial and livelihood security of rural homes, and could provide the largest venues for women empowerment.

Authors :
Ramachandra T.V., and Subash Chandran M.D : Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Environmental Information System, Centre for Ecological Sciences, http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 012, India. ORCID: 0000-0001-5528-1565

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.2

The Technical Efficiency of Sago and Starch Industry Cluster

By: E. Bhaskaran

Page No : 377-390

Abstract
Salem District of Tamil Nadu manufacturer’s Sago and Starch is India’s fastest growing market. For inclusive growth and sustainable development, Sago and Starch Industries (SSI) in Salem have adopted the Cluster Development Approach (CDA). The objective is to study the valuechain analysis, correlation analysis and data envelopment analysis by finding technical efficiency (Ø), peer weights (λi), input slacks (S- ) and output slacks (S+) of Sago and Starch Industry Cluster (SSIC). The methodology adopted is using data envelopment analysis of output oriented Banker Charnes Cooper (BCC) model by taking the number of bags produced in lakhs and sales value in lakhs, as inputs, and revenue of state government in lakhs and net profit in lakhs, as outputs. The non-zero λi represents the weights for efficient clusters. The S > 0 obtained reveals the excess number of bags or sales value (S- ) and shortage in Government revenue or net profit (S+). To conclude, the variables are highly correlated and for inclusive growth and sustainable development, the inefficient SSI should increase their net profit or decrease the number of bags or sales value. Moreover, for sustainable development, the SSIC should strengthen infrastructure, technology, procurement, production and marketing interrelationships to decrease costs, and to increase productivity and efficiency to compete in the indigenous and export markets.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.3

Measuring an Agro-Based Cluster’s Productivity

By: Anupam , Sunil Sharma

Page No : 391-399

Abstract
This paper endeavours to develop a framework for measuring the productivity, more popularly called ‘vibrancy’, of agro-based clusters. Clusters, being ‘complex adaptive systems’, need to be assessed through an integrated framework of not only outputs but also processes that shape clusters. The authors have attempted to operationalize the constructs of social capital, firm productivity, entrepreneurship and innovation in context of agro-based clusters. While entrepreneurship, innovation and firm productivity present the output of clusters, social capital tends to have a two-way relationship with the cluster performance. The tool presented can be useful for cluster practitioners to assess the effectiveness of their cluster development initiatives.

Authors :
Anupam : Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Agriculture, Central University of Panjab, Bathinda
Sunil Sharma : Professor, Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.4

Promoting Agripreneurship through Cluster Development in Mizoram: An Analysis of Economics of Sericulture in Saitual Cluster

By: Lalzuitluangi , Rama Ramswamy

Page No : 400-409

Abstract
Sericulture is an agro-based activity which offers various avenues for employment generation in India. Sericulture is a highly profitable activity and its profitability depends on the production of quality mulberry leaves and its conversion into quality cocoons at economic costs. Over the years, sericulture is playing a vital role in development of the rural economy of Mizoram, in terms of employment opportunities. This paper is based on the mapping of Saitual cluster located about 77 kilometres from Aizawl, the capital city of Mizoram. The primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire, administered to all the agripreneurs (180) engaged in sericulture in Saitual cluster from December 2016 to February 2017. This paper attempts to assess the financial performance of the agrienterprises in Saitual and the impact of subsidies on the returns to the sericulturists in the cluster. Sericulture has emerged as a sustainable livelihood option in Saitual cluster, giving remarkable returns to the agripreneurs in the cluster. The cluster development initiative of the Government of Mizoram has provided an impetus to the business by means of subsidy in terms of providing rearing infrastructure, and construction of rearing house and New Land Use Policy (NLUP). Saitual has emerged as a role model of organic silk farming for other clusters in the region to emulate.

Authors :
Lalzuitluangi : Assistant Professor, St. Xavier’s College, Aizawl, Mizoram
Rama Ramswamy : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.5

Influence of Indian Automobile Industry in Modern Production Method: A Critical Review

By: J. Venkatesh , Lavanya Kumari

Page No : 410-419

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to study the influence of automobile industry in modern production methods in the context of Indian industry. The automotive industry is a pillar of the industrial economy and a key motive force of macroeconomic growth and technological advancement. It is a consistent, direct and indirect contributor to GDP, foreign investment, employment and innovation in many countries including Germany, United States, Japan, South Korea, Italy and most recently, China. The development of the automobile industry is a prime policy focus of governments in these nations. In India, the automobile industry is a powerful engine of industrial growth which contributes 7.1 per cent of total GDP and employs approximately 32 million people in direct and indirect ways. Automobile industry provides vehicle for quick transport of goods and passengers. Trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, threewheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in India at various locations. Furthermore, this industry attracted US$ 16.5 billion in foreign direct funding between April 2000 and December 2016, and is slated to attract about US$ 8–10 billion more in local and foreign funding by 2023. The study also shows that the rapid improvement of electronic systems in automotive motors has been driven for decades with the aid of continuously growing necessities of legislation for environmental protection, as well as rising needs of the consumer to enhance fuel economy, protection, riding consolation and driving excitement. The manufacturers of mobile networked machines additionally see themselves increasingly confronted with these requirements. The prime objective of this paper is to examine the advantages and also to study the trends in Indian automobile industry. After liberalization, the entry of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market, which led to the healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three-wheelers.

Authors :
J. Venkatesh : Associate Professor, Department of Management Studies, Anna University Regional Campus Coimbatore, Coimbatore.
Lavanya Kumari : Associate Professor, Guest Faculty, School of Information Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.6

A Model for Technology Diffusion Determines Productivity Distribution and Aggregate Growth

By: Manoj Kumar

Page No : 420-433

Abstract
This paper studies how technology diffusion interacts to endogenously determine the productivity distribution and generate aggregate growth. This paper models firms that choose to adopt technology, or produce with their existing technology. In the context of technology diffusion, one therefore has to consider whether redistributive revenues of the government may, in fact, be allocated towards reducing the fixed costs associated with productive technologies. This paper presents a model in which the cost of technology diffusion is endogenous and varies across heterogeneous firms. The results indicate that the technology with low productivity is used by the majority of individuals in the early stages of development. At this stage, the income distribution is characterized by a relatively higher level of inequality. As capital deepening and redistribution of income and wealth takes place, the inequality among individuals tends to decrease. Once this happens, individuals prefer a relatively larger proportion of government revenue to be allocated towards cost-reducing Research and Development (R&D) expenditures. Eventually, all individuals make the switch to better technology and consequently their incomes converge.

Author :
Manoj Kumar : Professor, Echelon Institute of Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.7

A Study of Occupational Stress and Workplace Spirituality in Himachal Pradesh Police

By: Shyam Kaushal , Stuti Jalan

Page No : 434-442

Abstract
Occupational stress has become pervasive in nearly all workplaces. The negative effects of occupational stress have become a serious concern for the management. They constantly endeavour to take initiatives in order to control stress. Policing has been identified to be one of the most stressful occupations. Numerous studies have identified the level and sources of job stress in police which result in lower productivity and efficiency of the individuals. Lately, workplace spirituality has been identified to improve the overall functioning of an organization. The study attempts to examine the relationship and impact of workplace spirituality on occupational stress in H.P. police. The study was conducted on 118 police personnel from Shimla and Solan districts of Himachal Pradesh. The results of the study showed that there exists a negative and significant relationship between occupational stress and workplace spirituality. The study also revealed a significant impact of workplace spirituality on occupational stress. Amongst them, sense of community and alignment of organizational values had the most significant impact on occupational stress. Lack of alignment of organizational values was identified as the major cause which resulted in low workplace spirituality. It is suggested that efforts should be taken to strengthen the alignment between organizational and individual values. Also, the decision makers in the state police should focus on nurturing the spiritual aspect of police personnel at workplace in order to control stress.

Authors :
Shyam Kaushal : Dean, Faculty of Commerce & Management, HP University, Shimla
Stuti Jalan : Research Scholar (SRF), HP University Business School, Shimla.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.8

Stress at Work Place: A Study with Reference to Police Personnel of Gajapathi District, Odisha

By: Kalyan Chakravarthy Parle

Page No : 443-451

Abstract
Job stress is a matter of concern in current scenario. Work stress results in disruption of psychological as well as physiological homeostasis of the individual, leading to deviant functioning in the working environment. The present study represents a focused interest in stress research that it seeks to isolate specific selfreported organizational stressors that may negatively impact police performance. Stress scale was used to gather primary data of 303 participants from the universal size of 1010. Student independent sample T-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and descriptive statistics were used in data analysis. The findings showed the stress levels of the respondents have a meaningful impact on job. The descriptive statistics of all the variables are medium, kurtosis is negative, Independent sample T-test indicated that there is no gender difference in opinion. The results indicate that the stress variables are statistical significant with working hour of the respondents as the working hours increased the stress also increases. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Author :
Kalyan Chakravarthy Parle : Assistant Professor, School of Management, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.04.9

Financial Performance Analysis of Tata Consultancy Services Limited (A case study)

By: Mala Rathi , Krishn Awatar Goyal

Page No : 452-464

Abstract
In the last decade, a new revolution has taken place in the field of computer sciences that has been named as Information Technology Revolution. The revolution has had a great impact on the whole world, especially on India, which is now considered as a destination hub for IT services. With the birth of information technology revolution, a need for software development was felt across world. The sudden increase in demand for software services resulted in the birth of some strong Indian companies like TCS, Infosys, Wipro etc. It is an established fact that India has become a super power in the fields of IT & ITES. The IT companies are playing a major role in providing services to the government and for providing employment as well. Foreign exchange reserves have also increased. Under such a scenario, this paper is an attempt to analyze the financial performance of India’s most renowned company in the IT sector—Tata Consultancy Services (TCS). TCS is a world-class company that has marked its presence on the global platform and is recognized as the world’s 3rd best IT service provider company. Since its foundation 50 years ago, TCS has received many accolades and has provided seamless opportunities for development in the sector, assisting other sectors, enhancing optimum utilization of resources—physical and human, investors etc. Trend analysis, DuPont analysis and Altman B Model have been used to enumerate the financial performance of the company during the last 5 years. The results indicate a positive trend in its revenue, net profit earnings etc of the company. The company is growing positively with great swiftness.

Authors :
Mala Rathi : Research Scholar, Department of Business Finance and Economics, J.N.V.U, Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
Krishn Awatar Goyal : Associate Professor, Department of Business Finance and Economics, Jai Narain Vyas (State) University, Jodhpur (Rajasthan.)

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.10

Apr-2018 to Jun-2018

Climate Change and Agricultural Sustainability in India: Issues and Policy Options

By: Deepak Shah

Page No : 1-9

Abstract
India faces a major threat from changes in climate since its economy is closely tied to natural-resource-base and climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, water and forestry that happen to be the most vulnerable sectors. India is poorly equipped to cope effectively with the adversities of climate change due to low capabilities, weak institutional mechanisms, and lack of access to adequate resources. Wheat production in the country may decline after 2020 and rice production may be adversely impacted in the eastern states. The eastern region would witness increased temperatures and decreased radiation, resulting in fewer grains and shorter grain filling durations. On the other hand, the potential decline in yields owing to increased temperatures in northern India will be offset by higher radiation, resulting in lower impacts of climate change. There is a possibility of a loss of 4–5 million tonnes in annual wheat production with every 10C rise in temperature even after considering the carbon fertilisation effect. The climate change will affect various crops during the entire growing period owing to extreme whether events. The adaptability of crops-to-climate variability would acquire significant dimension as frequent occurrence of extreme weather conditions may dictate as to how to cope up with the situation.

Author :
Deepak Shah : Faculty Member, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (Deemed to be a University), Deccan Gymkhana, Pune, India

Indian Agrarian Economy or Suicide Economy: Is There Any Way Out?

By: Priyanka Murria

Page No : 10-20

Abstract
During the past two decades, a major public policy issue that has been receiving a lot of media attention is a spate of suicide death among the Indian farmers. The staggering incidents of suicide death among farmers are pointing the strong tentacles of agrarian crisis hampering the Indian Agrarian Economy. The farmers of certain states particularly Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and West Bengal are causing distress deaths ending in elevation of suicide deaths. The problem is so grave that it needs to be addressed on urgent basis and in an integrated manner. Unless and until this problem is addressed, despite achieving the GDP of 2.3 trillion dollars, the India’s macro development objective remains discolored. This is because of the fact that farmers who are responsible for growth of primary sector are ending their lives year by year portraying the grey picture of suicide economic structure in India. This paper is an attempt to understand and analyze the extent and incidence of farmer’s suicides across major suicide prone states in India. For this purpose, data has been considered on various aspects such as total number of farmer’s suicides in India, gender composition of farmers’ suicides, and state-specific suicide death rates of male farmer suicides in major suicide prone states in India. This research paper focuses on the farmers suicides in India for the period of 1995-2014. In addition, the comprehensive review of literature has been attempted in order to explore the stressors that are behind the mounting farmer suicides. Lastly, the suggestions have been made in order to mitigate or curb the practice of farmers’ suicides.

Author :
Priyanka Murria : Assistant Professor, Institute of Innovation in Technology and Management, Janakpuri, New Delhi, India

Fifty years of Punjab Agriculture: An Appraisal

By: M. S. Sidhu , Varinder Pal Singh

Page No : 21-36

Abstract
Punjab with just 1.53 per cent of the geographical area of the country accounted for about 40-45 per cent of wheat and about 25-30 per cent of rice procured for the central pool of food grains during the last 50years or so. The State agriculture, which was growing fast earlier, has now reached a sort of plateau in terms of productivity and production. In the wake declining land – man ratio, it is not able to generate gainful employment and sufficient income for the growing population. There is almost stagnation in the net farm income. The farming alone is not able to generate sufficient income for small and marginal farmers. Due to economic distress, 6926 farmers and agricultural labourers had committed suicides between 2000 and 2010. At present, the farm indebtedness is to the extent of about Rs.80,000, which work out at Rs.7.60 lakh per farming household. Unless the state make rational use of its irrigation resources, it would be difficult to maintain even the present type of cropping pattern in the long run. In the overall interest of rural economy, the employment opportunities in the non-farm sector may be created for the unemployed/ under-employed youth. Future of the state is in the hands of present young generation.

Authors :
M. S. Sidhu : Adjunct Professor, Department of Economics & Sociology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
Varinder Pal Singh : Assistant Professor (Livestock Economics), College of Dairy Science & Technology, GADVASU, Ludhiana, India

Productivity and Farm Income differences of Ginger Cultivation in Sikkim

By: Yograj Sharma , Pradyut Guha

Page No : 37-45

Abstract
The analysis of the data of 200 ginger farming households initiating cultivation in different agro-climatic regions of East and South district of Sikkim at disaggregate level reveals that significant difference of total factor productivity in different agro-climatic regions with average productivity has been found to be maximum in the tropical region and was least in temperate agro-climatic region. Considerable differences in farm business income were also noticed with the change in agro-climatic regions. The expenditure incurred for hired labour, manure, and disease (rhizome rot) seems to have a negative and significant impact on farmer’s income.

Authors :
Yograj Sharma : Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Sikkim University, Sikkim
Pradyut Guha : Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Sikkim University, Sikkim.

Productivity and Profit from Bt Cotton Cultivation: An Analysis of Farm Level Data from Tamil Nadu

By: C. Renuka , A. Narayanamoorthy

Page No : 46-55

Abstract
Cotton crop has been cultivated predominantly in many parts of India, but its productivity is one of the lowest in the world mainly due to severe pests attack. Farmers are unable to control the bollworm attack, which is the key pest in cotton destroying up to 80 percent of crop output. Bt (Bacillus Thuringiensis) cotton introduced during March 2002 for commercial cultivation in India is considered to be an important variety in protecting the crop from bollworm attack. Many studies have been carried out since the introduction of Bt seed focusing on various aspects, but the controversies about the benefits of the new seed variety have been continuing. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the productivity and profitability of Bt cotton by comparing with non-Bt cotton using farm level data collected from sample farmers in Tamil Nadu State. This study shows that while reducing the consumption of pesticides, Bt cotton helps to increase its productivity and profitability considerably as compared to non-Bt cotton.

Authors :
C. Renuka : Research Scholar, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
A. Narayanamoorthy : Professor and Head, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India

Farmers Clubs and Livelihood Opportunities through Livestock Development: An Analysis in Select Villages of Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu

By: P. Balamurugan

Page No : 56-61

Abstract
Livestock provides livelihood to two-third of rural community. It also provides employment to about 8.8 per cent of the population in India. India has vast livestock resources. Livestock sector contributes 4.11 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) and 25.6 per cent of total agricultural GDP. Traditionally, livestock maintenance like country side cows and bulls breeding was done as an important part of the farming system. Cow milk, cow dung and cow urine were useful to organic farming and useful in maintaining sustainable environment for human health and natural resources development. At this juncture, an attempt has been made to analyse the uses of cow-based products and their importance to sustainable development in villages, where almost all households engage in cow breeding activities as part of livelihood support.

Author :
P. Balamurugan : Assistant Professor and Principal Investigator, ICSSR Major Research Project, Centre for Rural Development, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, India

Determinants of Major Vegetables’ Return on Investment in Telangana State

By: Kappa Kondal

Page No : 62-72

Abstract
The aim of the present study is to identify the determinants of major vegetables’ return on investment (RoI) in Telangana state, India. Primary data have been collected from vegetable growers by using multi-stage random sampling method through structured schedule. Descriptive statistics and multiple natural log linear regressions have been employed. The present study revealed that medium farm size growers have received highest profitsINR 62,700.4 (63.2 per cent to their revenue). It seems that they were only more efficient producers compared to other farm size growers. Among all crops, ridge guard growers have received highest profits INR 81,640.9 (74.3 per cent to their revenue), but beans grower’s RoI was highest (227.9 per cent). However, majority (84.5 per cent) of growers have received economies of scale. Profits and marketed surplus have positive and negative significant effect on return on investment respectively and remaining variables are not showing any significant effect but there is association with RoI. 91.2 per cent of the variation in the RoI explained by all independent variables. The hypothesis is rejected. It states that there is a significant effect of profits and marketed surplus on RoI, but marketed surplus is not positive effect in the study area.

Author :
Kappa Kondal : UGC Post Doctoral Fellow, Department of Economics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India

Role of Indian Cement Sector towards Sustainable Development

By: Shirish Sangle , Arvind K. Nema , Arun Kumar Vishwakarma

Page No : 73-80

Abstract
Infrastructure development is the basic requirement for any developing country like India. Huge investments are being made towards infrastructural development. However, the abrupt use of natural resources has resulted in damage to the environment in the form of greenhouse-gas emission, specifically carbon dioxide. Cement sector is a major contributor towards greenhouse-gas emission. These environmental issues must be addressed so that the development can be considered sustainable. Corporate environmental strategies play a key role in defining the approach of an industry towards environmental protection by way of waste reduction and pollution prevention. Adoption of proactive environmental strategies by the cement sector has resulted in sustainable development without causing damage to the natural environment. Several companies have made a distinguished place in the industry by way of proactive adoption of environmental strategies. Sustainable development is the only way, which can help in overall development at present without depleting natural resources for the future.

Authors :
Arun Kumar Vishwakarma : Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi
Shirish Sangle : Associate Professor, Environmental Engg. and Management, National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE),Vihar Lake, Mumbai
Arvind K. Nema : Professor,Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi

Human Development and Economic Growth in Kerala: Sustainability Issues

By: Manju S. Nair

Page No : 81-91

Abstract
Historically, the state of Kerala has followed a human development lopsided development pattern evidenced by high human development index (HDI) despite low growth rates.For the last two decades, along with high HDI the state experienced high growth in NSDP; the sustainability of this phenomenon (i.e., a movement towards virtuous cycle) depending upon the strength of the causal chain from human development to economic growth and vice versa.The paper attempts at exploring these chains and argues for a complementary approach of strengthening the links between economic growth and human development through successful policies aimed at larger allocation to public services (such as education, health care, nutritional support and environmental protection) and much more comprehensive programmes of economic equity and social security along with development of the physical and social infrastructure.

Author :
Manju S. Nair : Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Kerala, Kerala, India

Child Waste Pickers in the City of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh: Unfolding Some Facts

By: G. Rajvanshi , Bhaskar Majumder

Page No : 92-100

Abstract
The children from underprivileged households remain engaged in collecting materials discarded by the final users on the public space. We assume that the children working as waste pickers in the city of Allahabad are self-employed, in absence of any identified employer, to earn income to sustain the livelihood of their households. The paper, based on a primary survey of children engaged in waste picking in the city of Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh, concluded that the out-of-school children engaged in waste picking reflected their adverse inclusion at the bottom of the labour market. Notwithstanding the fact that the state intervention through Acts so far could hardly protect the childhood of these children, this paper argues for protection of the waste picking children through state intervention.

Authors :
Bhaskar Majumder : G. B. Pant Social Science Institute, A Constituent Institute of the University of Allahabad,Allahabad, India
G. Rajvanshi : G. B. Pant Social Science Institute, A Constituent Institute of the University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India

Jun-2018 to Sep-2018

Relationship between Ethical Climate and Deviant Workplace Behavior

By: Garima Mathur , Richa Banerjee , Kajal Sharma , Harvinder Kaur

Page No : 101-110

Abstract
The research mainly explores the effect of perceived ethical climate on deviant workplace behavior. The behavior of the employees always affects the climate of the organization. Due to the unethical behavior of the employees at the workplace, organizations are not able to maintain an ethical climate. Organizations are trying their level best to ensure that deviant workplace behavior improves through their performance. This study is conducted to show how organizational ethical climate impacts deviant workplace behavior.

Authors :
Garima Mathur : Associate Professor, Prestige Institute of Management, Gwalior
Richa Banerjee : Assistant Professor, Prestige Institute of Management, Gwalior
Kajal Sharma and Harvinder Kaur : Students, Prestige Institute of Management, Gwalior

The Gender Dimensions of Expenditure in India: Some Policy Issues and Concerns

By: Devinder Singh

Page No : 111-120

Abstract
Majority of governments have articulated their promise towards gender equality goals but there are often inconsistencies between policy statements and the ways in which public finances are raised and spent. This paper states that a lot of effort has been taken in gender budget statement (GRB) over the last decade in India. The paper reviews the trends of gender budget in India over the last decade. On the basis of Indian experience, the paper attempts to assess the GRB initiatives in the country taking into consideration few critical questions: first, did GRB result in increased investments and budgetary resources to encourage gender equality? Second, did GRB make governments accountable for their commitments towards gender equality? third, has GRB been able to bring about changes to policies and budgets that would raise the social and economic status of women and further gender equality commitments? And fourth, given the degree of deprivation that exists in India, did GRB, as a tool of fiscal policy, contribute to the creation of an agenda to study budgetary priorities for the most marginalized women? Identifying imperative issues that are limiting the potential of the approach, the paper also recommends important points that the government needs to take into concern.

Author :
Devinder Singh : Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur (Rewari), Haryana

An Exploratory Study on Motivation 3.0 among the Indian IT Workforce

By: Kavya Nihaarika , Sajiv Madhavan , Amalendu Jyotishi

Page No : 121-130

Abstract
The paper revolves around an exploratory study of three driving forces namely Autonomy, Mastery and Purpose (AMP) put forward as Motivation 3.0, which has off late gained relevance in several organizations comprising of knowledge workforce. Given the challenge of retaining talent in the Indian Information Technology (IT)industry, the exploration is confined to employees working in Indian IT sector. Furthermore, the study focuses on comprehending the relationship between the explanatory variables identified under each of the three categories of AMP to that of the career span of knowledge workforce. The key finding is that Indian IT workforce experiences certain level of mastery and purpose with no autonomy at workplace.

Authors :
Kavya Nihaarika Pillarisetty : Cognizant Technology Solutions
Sajiv Madhavan : Amrita School of Business
Amalendu Jyotishi : Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham University

Motivation-to-lead among Police Personnel in India: Does Rank Matter?

By: Mahesh Kumar Maurya

Page No : 131-137

Abstract
The present study was conducted with the objective of investigating the level of motivation-to-lead among police personnel across different ranks. The study was conducted on a sample of 350 (205 constables, 30 head constables, 85 sub inspectors and 30 inspectors) non-gazetted police personnel. The data have been collected on the police organization at the state of Uttar Pradesh in Republic of India. Participants’ responses were obtained on questionnaires which measured motivation-to-lead (Dubrin, 1998) on five point scale. Statistical analysis of the data through F test showed among the motivation-to-lead dimensions, while there was no significant difference between the constables, head constables, sub inspectors and inspectors participants with regard to providing solutions, there were significant differences in managing group activity and providing encouragement reported by constables, head constables, sub inspectors and inspectors. Results of the mean reveals that constables, head constables, sub inspectors and inspectors have strong managing group activity, providing encouragement, providing solutions and total motivation-to-lead. Findings have important implications for award of promotions and giving responsibility to police personnel in duties which needs motivation-to-lead.

Author :
Mahesh Kumar Maurya : Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, C.M.P. Degree College, University of Allahabad, Allahabad (U.P.).

By: Poonam Kaushal , Jai Singh Parmar

Page No : 138-147

Abstract
Individuals encounter more conflict between work life and personal life as they continue to engage in the quality life that they need. Thus, successfully balancing work and family life is one of the major issues being faced by the employees in this global epoch. The present study was designed to assess the relationship between work related variables and wok life balance, and sought to determine the most significant predictors of work life balance among police personnel in Himachal Pradesh (HP). The study was conducted through the sample of 166 Non-gazetted Police Officers (NGOs) of Grade-I employed in HP (India). Data collected was analyzed with the help of SPSS 21 and statistical tools viz. Pearson correlation coefficient and Independent sample t-test were used. The findings of the study showed that there is significant correlation between various work-related variables and work life balance of police personnel. Work support and work role overload were the most influential factors in explaining the work life balance of police personnel followed by work ambiguity, task variety, work autonomy and work schedule flexibility.

Authors :
Poonam Kaushal : Assistant Professor, Bahra University, Waknaghat, Distt Solan, Himachal Pradesh,
Jai Singh Parmar : Professor, Himachal Pradesh University Business School, Summer-Hill, Shimla-5

Workmen Safety and Health: A Rethinking on Mines Safety in Mahanadi Coal Limited (MCL)

By: Ashis Kumar Pradhan , Asis Kumar Senapati

Page No : 148-163

Abstract
This paper purports to show the dismal performance of workmen safety measures provided to the MCL employees. It provides evidence of the way in which the company is found to hide information related to number of cases of Pneumoconiosis. The increase in trends of many diseases also questions the sustainable standards of health among the employees indulged with mining activities. The present study brings out likely concealment of information by the company. The work conditions are particularly hazardous in an unorganized sector and specific sectors are more prone to particular health and life hazards.

Authors :
Ashis Kumar Pradhan : Research Scholar, IIT Kharagpur
Asis Kumar Senapati : Assistant Professor,Department of Economics, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odhisa

Safety on the Go: An Empirical Study of Select Manufacturing Concerns to Give a Reviving Boost to the Existing Safety Practices

By: Meha Joshi

Page No : 164-174

Abstract
Health and safety of employees is a growing concern for organisations. It has been established by several researchers that employee safety is directly linked to employee productivity. In today’s era, it is emerging as one of the most important concerns for manufacturing organisations and therefore, it needs to be addressed carefully. This research paper attempts to study the perception of safety among the employees belonging to six different industries, in particular, small and medium manufacturing enterprises of Uttarakhand (India). It also aims at finding out the gap areas between actual safety practices followed in organisations and the practices documented by organisations for the purpose of record. A selfdeveloped 29 items scale was used to determine the safety perception of employees. One way Analysis of Variance was used to ascertain that whether there exists any significant difference in the perception level of employees with respect to nature of industry and type of organisation. Further one sample t-Test was used to find out the gap between actual and documented practices of safety. The research highlights various factors contributing to the safety of employees and concludes with the discrepancy existing between the actual and documented practices.

Author :
Meha Joshi : Assistant Professor, Delhi School of Management, Delhi Technological University, Rohini, Delhi.

An Empirical Study on the Awareness and Usage of RTI Act 2005 by Indian Students in Northern India

By: Ronit Markan

Page No : 175-185

Abstract
The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 has been recognized as a fundamental human right, which upholds the inherent dignity of all human beings. The right to information plays a crucial role in the Indian democracy as it tries to ensure accountability and good governance. Greater the access of the citizen to information, greater the responsiveness of government to community needs. In the education sector, students are facing various problems with regards to their academics such as fee details, admission process, result delays, result evaluation, original data for research work, education loan from banks, performance of institutions, infrastructure details, to name a few. At the ground level, colleges and universities have designated Public Information Officers to address the problems of students. As the Universities Grant Commission (UGC) is functioning under the central government; hence all the colleges and universities come under the RTI Act, 2005. The study was conducted to understand the awareness level and usage of RTI Act, 2005. The study also attempts to find the problems encountered by the students in retrieving information. It also enlightens the resources from where the information is obtained and whether timely information is supplied to them by the public information officers.

Author :
Ronit Markan : Associate Professor, SBBSU, Khaila, Jalandhar

Role of Commercial Banks in Financial Literacy

By: Selvakumar M , Anbuchezhienkamaraj P , Sathyalakshmi, V. , Mohammed Abubakkar Siddique

Page No : 186-197

Abstract
Financial literacy is the knowledge, ability and skill to understand, control and use one’s financial resources wisely, ultimately leading to the well-being and economic security of oneself, one’s family and the economy as a whole. In today’s world financial literacy is important to every individual who wishes to select the best way to carry out payments and take care of banking issues.Financially literate consumers create competitive pressures on financial institutions to offer more appropriately priced and transparent services, by comparing options, asking the right questions and negotiating more effectively. The current paper examines the role of commercial banks in financial literacy.

Authors :
Selvakumar, M : Assistant Professor, P.G. and Research Department of Commerce, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi, Virudhunagar District, Tamilnadu.
Anbuchezhienkamaraj, P : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Arulmigu Kalasalingam Arts and Science, Krishnankoil, Virudhunagar District, Tamilnadu.
Sathyalakshmi, V : Full time Ph.D Research Scholar in Commerce, P.G. and Research Department of Commerce, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi, Virudhunagar District, Tamilnadu.
Mohammed Abubakkar Siddique, R : Full time Ph.D Research Scholar in Commerce, P.G. and Research Department of Commerce, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi, Virudhunagar District, Tamilnadu.

Rejuvenating Japanese Economy through Closing Gender Employment gap

By: Seema Joshi

Page No : 198-205

Abstract
Though Japan is a major economic power after United States (US) and China in terms of nominal gross domestic product (GDP), yet it has been losing its competitiveness due to its macro-economic situation and also because of labor market inefficiencies, which among other indicators get reflected in the ratio of women to men, which is one of the lowest among high income economies. In order to revive Japan’s growth first and then to sustain it subsequently and also to counter population ageing and decline the paper suggests that greater female labor force participation rate (FLFP) can play a crucial role. After briefly examining gender gaps, policy environment created by the government of Japan and best practices of selected companies with regard to female employment,the paper brings out that there is an urgent need for more gender sensitive and supportive policy interventions to bridge the gender gap in economic participation in Japan.

Author :
Seema Joshi : Associate Professor of Economics, Department of Commerce, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi.

Oct-2018 to Dec-2018

An Analysis of Tenant Farmers Condition and Difficulties at Macro and Micro level

By: K. Kiran Kumar

Page No : 207-215

Abstract
Agriculture provides livelihood to more than half of the nation’s population, which mainly include self-cultivating farmers who are land owners, landless labourers and tenants who do not hold ownership of land. Historically different types of tenancy existed all over the country such as fixed rent tenancy and share cropping tenancy. Agriculture is predominantly the main occupation of tenant farmers who depend on lease land to cultivate crops. To reduce the predominantly existing ‘tenancy culture’ and protect the tenants in the country over a period of time, central and state governments have implemented various polices such as land reforms, tenant protection policies. However, even now tenants are one of the most vulnerable sections in the agriculture sector. The present study analyzes the current conditions and difficulties of the tenant farmers in various states along with field study in the village.

Author :
K. Kiran Kumar : Ph.D scholar at School of Economics in University of Hyderabad.

Prospects of Sustainable Agriculture Practices under Groundwater Exploitation Scenario: A Case of Saurashtra, Gujarat

By: B. Swaminathan , N. J. Ardeshna , R. L. Shiyani

Page No : 216-225

Abstract
At least 50% of India’s total irrigated area is dependent on groundwater and there are wide variations in terms of its access and usage. Of late, over-exploitation of groundwater and falling water table levels across the country has become a cause of concern. Though there are many strategies to arrest this trend, crop diversification and water use efficiency stand out as they reduce farmer’s risk besides improving resource use efficiency and scaling down cultivation cost. In this context, the present study was conducted in the groundwater exploitation areas of Saurashtra region, Gujarat to understand the extent and feasibility of crop diversification and water-use efficiency. For this study, Harfindahl and Margalef indices were worked out and water use efficiency (WUE) was estimated. The findings revealed Harfindahl indices between 0.65 and 0.91 indicating lesser preference for crop diversification in the study area. Further, Margalef Index (MI) of cotton (1.10) and groundnut (0.52) indicated higher concentration of these crops. The water consumption levels (in HP hrs /ha) for cotton (291.94 to 1050.97) and groundnut (209.85 to 424.03) were found to be highly varying among the farmers. Similarly, average WUE (in HP hrs/qtl) was 35.10 (groundnut) and 56.98 (cotton). Though the WUE of Chilly crop (8.49) was found higher, its average gross returns (Rs. 19,222/ha) was observed to be lower than that of groundnut (Rs. 25,081/ha) and cotton (Rs. 54,373/ha). Accordingly, the study suggests that income, price and adaptation factors are crucial for successful adoption of crop diversification and WUE leading to scaled down risks, costs and boost farm profitability, which in turn may result in sustainable agriculture.

Authors :
B. Swaminathan : Assistant research scientist, Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture (Junagadh)
N. J. Ardeshna : Associate research scientist, Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture (Junagadh),
R. L. Shiyani : Professor, College of Agriculture (Amreli), Junagadh Agricultural University.

Rural Unorganised Manufacturing Sector in Assam in the Post-reforms Period

By: Dilip Saikia , Uddipana Gogoi

Page No : 226-235

Abstract
The objective of the present paper is to analyse the performance of the rural unorganised manufacturing sector in Assam in the postreforms period. Using the National Sample Survey Organisation’s (NSSO, 2008 report) ‘quinquennial’ rounds on unorganised manufacturing sector for the years 1994-95, 2000-01, 2005-06 and 2010-11, we have analysed the growth performance and structural changes in the rural unorganised manufacturing sector in Assam in terms of number of enterprises, employment and output. The analysis showed that in the post-reforms period there has been a deceleration in the growth of output in Assam’s rural unorganised manufacturing sector, while the growth of enterprises and employment has been negative. Considerable structural change has been occurring within the rural unorganised manufacturing sector over the years; the share of Own Account Manufacturing Enterprises (OAMEs)– the dominant segment of the rural sector – has been falling, while that of the establishments has been increasing. The establishments’ segment has been growing at a faster rate than the OAMEs. Employment elasticity in the overall rural unorganised sector and the OAMEs is negative, whereas that in the establishments’ segment has been relatively high. Labour productivity in the rural unorganised sector has been lower than the urban counterpart, however, growth in labour productivity is found to be higher in the rural unorganised sector than urban unorganised sector.

Authors :
Dilip Saikia : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Darrang College, Tezpur, Assam, India
Uddipana Gogoi : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Darrang College, Tezpur, Assam, India

Agriculture to Horticulture: An Innovative Method to Standardize the Socio-Economic Condition of Jammu and Kashmir

By: Mohd Azhar Ud Din Malik

Page No : 236-242

Abstract
The objective of the paper is to evaluate change of cropping patterns from agriculture to horticulture and its socio-economic impact on residents of Jammu and Kashmir. Horticulture, which is a significant component of agriculture, has become a profitable sector in recent years and thus has an important share in the country’s economy. This study is analytical and experiential in nature and is based on both primary as well as secondary data. For analysis of data Statistical Package for the Social Science [SPSS] was used. The study concludes that the change in cropping pattern has improved the socio-economic development of Jammu and Kashmir.

Author :
Mohd Azhar Ud Din Malik : Lecturer, Higher Education, Jammu & Kashmir

Impact of MGNREGA on Agriculture Sector in Sirmour and Solan Districts of Himachal Pradesh

By: Balbir Singh , S.L Kaushal

Page No : 243-252

Abstract
Agriculture is the mainstay of majority of the people in Himachal Pradesh. So in this connection Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) acts as a growth engine for agriculture as it creates assets like ponds, wells, rain water harvesting system, check dam and irrigational canals etc. in rural areas. This paper attempts to assess the impacts of MGNREGA on agriculture sector through secondary and primary data basis in Sirmour and Solan districts of Himachal Pradesh. From the study it is concluded that after implementation of the scheme, 93% respondents stated that they have been provided irrigation facilities for farming to enhance agriculture productivity. Around 91.8% respondents admitted that due to the provision of irrigation facilities for farming, the production of commercial crops (89.5% respondents) have increased and 91.8% respondents stated that agriculture lands have been covered under cultivation. It was also noted that after MGNREGA, 92.8% respondents admitted that women workers were working in household fields of other people. Thus, overall it is concluded that MGNREGA has become a growth engine for agriculture development and source of livelihood for the poor especially in the study area of H.P.

Authors :
Balbir Singh : Assistant Professor, Dept. of Business Administration, Himachal Pradesh University Regional Centre.
S.L Kaushal : Professor and Director, Himachal Pradesh University Business School, Summerhill, Shimla.

Effects of Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) on Employment and Income in Keonjhar district of Odisha

By: Pragatika Mishra , Pratap Kumar Jena

Page No : 253-263

Abstract
This paper has made an attempt to (i) analyze the performance of DDU-GKY in Keonjhar District of Odisha, and (ii) analyze the socio and economic effects of DDU-GKY programme in Keonjhar district of Odisha. It provides a better scope to understand how many rural youths are skilled and self-employed in Keonjhar district through this programme. The study finds that performance of DDU-GKY is best in Keonjhar district. Income as well as expenditure of the respondents has increased after implementation of the DDU-GKY programme. The study also finds that those who have joined in the Industrial Assistance trade, they are earning more income than those in retail and/or sales job. Though, this programme is mainly for the benefit of economically marginalized people, the government should take appropriate policy not only to stop dropout from the training but also for mobilization and publicity of this programme. Therefore, policy makers should take care of proper placement, capacity development programmes for the faculty members, salary of both trainers as well as trainees and also use of modern technology for teaching.

Authors :
Pragatika Mishra : Lecturer, Department of Economics, Raisuan Degree Mahavidyalaya, Raisuan, Keonjhar
Pratap Kumar Jena : Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, North Odisha University, Baripada, Mayurbhanj

MGNREGS and Rural Employment: A Study of the Changes in the lives of the Beneficiaries in North 24 Parganas

By: Arundhati Bhattacharyya

Page No : 264-274

Abstract
Rural unemployment and poverty are causing distress to many rural people. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (MGNREGA) has been an avenue to alleviate poverty and mitigate the unemployment problem. It is the largest employment programme in the world. The Government of India through the scheme is trying to improve the social safety net. The paper tries to understand the features, issues that have been attempted to be sorted out and the challenges that are still there in the execution of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS). It has also tried to gauge responses about the economic advancement due to MGNREGS work and the responses about engagement of rural people in any other form of work other than MGNREGS work. The paper has been part of the experience, which was obtained while conducting a project funded by the Indian Council of Social Science Research by the contributor in the district of 24 Parganas (North).

Author :
Arundhati Bhattacharyya : Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Diamond Harbour Women’s University.

“Bankruptcy Code for Corporate Failure in SAARC Countries” (A Comparative Study)

By: Krishn A. Goyal , Ravinder Kumar

Page No : 275-281

Abstract
Corporate failure is one of the hurdles in economic development of the SAARC countries comprising India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Maldives. The main objectives of this study is to explore the existing bankruptcy code, laws, current trends of bankruptcy code and legal framework in contemporary business environment of SAARC countries for dealing with corporate failure. The study has made a comparative study of bankruptcy code for corporate failure in SAARC countries.

Authors :
Krishn A. Goyal : Associate Professor, Department of Business Finance & Economics, Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, J. N. V. (State) University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan.
Ravinder Kumar : Department of Business Finance & Economics, Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, J. N. V. (State) University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan.

Legal Citation Network Analysis: An Overview

By: R. Jeyshankar , E. Nishavathi

Page No : 282-292

Abstract
This paper theoretically analyzes the role of citations in judicial opinions and their significance in stare decisis. It provides an outline for network theories and technologies its applicability to legal citations and their benefits. It also discusses about the properties, algorithms and tools used in legal citation networks.

Authors :
R. Jeyshankar : Asst. Professor, Dept. of Library and Information Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
E. Nishavathi : Research Scholar (Part Time) Dept. of Library and Information Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

Decomposition of Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) Using Technical and Financial Parameters: A Case of Indian Electricity Distribution UtilitiesA state-wise analysis

By: N. K. Bishnoi , Pooja Gaur

Page No : 293-310

Abstract
In this paper, Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) has been used to measure productivity change of electricity distribution companies (Discoms) of 30 states in India (state-wise clubbing of individual Discoms in each state) by decomposing productivity change into two parts namely technical efficiency change and technological change/frontier shift. The panel data for the period 2006 to 2015 has been taken for analysis. Result indicates that electricity distribution utilities are experiencing negative change in TFP (Total Factor Productivity) by an average of 1.1% from 2006-2015 while average technical efficiency progress is 1% and technological progress is (-)2.1% for the same time period. Therefore, productivity can be improved by decreasing technological inefficiency. Malmquist Productivity Index is further interpreted to find out the source of productivity change and managerial implications by further analyzing the components of technical change by following Yao Chen and Ali (2004) approach.

Authors :
N. K. Bishnoi : Professor, Haryana School of Business, GJUS&T, Hisar
Pooja Gaur : Research Scholar, Haryana School of Business, GJUS&T, Hisar

Jan-2019 to Mar-2019

Data Mining Techniques and its Applications in Agriculture and Health Care Sectors for the Benefit of Mankind

By: Jharna Majumdar , Mamatha Bai B G , Shilpa Ankalaki

Page No : 311-323

Abstract
We live in an era of rapid technological advancement that has facilitated communication and dissemination of information in various sectors. However, in the Indian context, two sectors that are integral for the country’s growth still have a long way to go in terms of getting linked with technology that would ultimately benefit people and fuel the country’s development. The study focuses on agriculture and health sectors in this context. To achieve the result, Data Mining algorithms are implemented and the proposed work mainly focuses on the cultivation of cotton and health condition of the foetus and mother for a better tomorrow.

Authors :
Jharna Majumdar : Dean R&D, Professor, Department of M. Tech CSE, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India.
Mamatha Bai B G : Assistant Professor, Department of M. Tech CSE, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India.
Shilpa Ankalaki : Assistant Professor, Department of M. Tech CSE, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India

The 10 Vs of Big Data framework in the Context of 5 Industry Verticals

By: Jayanthi Ranjan

Page No : 324-342

Abstract
Big Data is no longer a buzzword that it used to be. It has become part of everyday discussions and has even been added to the English language dictionary. An entire ecosystem of tools and techniques around Big Data has evolved in the form of a multi-billion dollar industry and “Data Scientist” is said to be the best job of this decade. As the tools, technology and know-how of Big Data become mainstream, it is expected that a formula for successful implementation of Big Data initiatives must have become available by now resulting in a large number of companies successfully using Big Data analytics. However, in reality, a huge number of these initiatives continue to fail costing the companies lost investments and missed opportunities. This paper takes a look at the Big Data challenges mentioned in the literature. After going through various classifications of the problems, it was found that most issues arose due to the very nature of Big Data and the properties which make it different from traditional data. Additionally, it was seen that in some industries some of these properties had a much larger impact on the success of Big Data projects compared to other properties. Thus, a need to study the characteristics of Big Data in the context of different industries was felt and the 10 Vs model describing the ten properties of Big Data was chosen for it.

Author :
Jayanthi Ranjan : Professor - Information Management & Systems & Associate Dean - International Relations, IMT Group of Institutions.

Mining and Extracting Emotional Information from Human-Based EEG: An Overview

By: M. Durairaj , Jansi Rani R

Page No : 343-351

Abstract
Emotion plays a vital role in our lives such as attention, memory and decision making and communication. Emotion recognition is a step towards aiding people such as in care taking and designing braincomputer interfaces. Nowadays, automatic emotion recognition is one of the most popular research topics in the fields of computer vision, speech recognition, brain-machine interface, and computational neuroscience. Recognizing emotions from EEG (Electroencephalogram) signals permits us to evaluate the internal condition of the subject, which is viewed as an important factor in HCI (Human Computer Interaction). One of the most important things in improving accuracy of emotion recognition is based upon choosing the Good Artifact Removal algorithm, Feature extraction, Feature selection method and Classification algorithms. This paper reviews EEG emotion recognition processes in 2017.

Authors :
M. Durairaj : Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli.
Jansi Rani R : Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli

Experiences and Challenges of Dealing with Large Sample

By: Surashree Shome

Page No : 352-357

Abstract
The paper narrates the data collection process followed before data mining for a study conducted in 50 schools across two states of India covering more than 14000 students. Objective of the paper is to document the process and challenges of conducting studies with large sample. The paper will help research organizations and/ or researchers to plan and organize their data collection process.

Author :
Surashree Shome : Research Head, Grassroots Research Advocacy and Movement (GRAAM), Karnataka

A Study of Impact of Demographic Variables on Quality of Work Life

By: Reetika Thakur , Dinesh Sharma

Page No : 358-365

Abstract
A good Quality of Work Life (QWL) is indispensable for the success and survival of any organization as it contributes to employee motivation and satisfaction, which enhances employee performance. QWL enables organisations to enjoy a competitive advantage in the present scenario of increased competition and challenges. Also, people are the most vital resource in an organization as they facilitate optimum and the most effective use of other organizational resources. Thus, the present study aims at assessing the QWL of employees of Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (HPPCL) and measuring the impact of various demographic variables on QWL. Results show that all the eight QWL dimensions taken in the study make a contribution to the overall QWL, and HPPCL employees are quite satisfied with the QWL and its dimensions. Results also reveal that gender, age, hierarchical level and marital status have no impact on QWL. However, annual income was found to have a statistically significant impact on QWL.

Authors :
Reetika Thakur : Doctoral Research Fellow, Himachal Pradesh University Business School, H.P. University, Shimla.
Dinesh Sharma : Professor, Himachal Pradesh University Business School, H.P. University, Shimla.

Productivity and Profitability Relationship in Sugarcane Cultivation: A State Level Analysis

By: P. Padmavathi , A Narayanamoorthy

Page No : 366-373

Abstract
This paper analyses the relationship between productivity and profitability of sugarcane cultivation by using state-wise data covering the period of 1973-74 and 2014-15. The descriptive, correlation and regression analyses have been carried out to study the relationship. Descriptive analysis shows that the real value of human labour cost incurred for cultivating sugarcane was found to be high in Tamil Nadu state as compared to other states selected for the analysis. Further, correlation analysis reveals bullock labour cost and yield enhancing input costs, which are positively correlated among the selected variables specifically in Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka states. Finally, the result of regression analysis carried out by using yield enhancing input cost suggests that it plays a dominant role in increasing the productivity of sugarcane, which in turn enhances profitability except Karnataka state for the entire period of analysis.

Authors :
P. Padmavathi : Research Scholar, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
A. Narayanamoorthy : Professor and Head, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu

Macro Mechanisms in the Promotion of Chinese Outward Direct Foreign Investment

By: Qing Yang , Badar Alam Iqbal

Page No : 374-382

Abstract
This paper analyzes in detail relevant mechanisms that influence the development of Chinese Outward Foreign Investment (OFDI). Since these mechanisms directly affect the development of Chinese transnational corporations, it is of great significance to establish and improve such mechanisms. The mechanisms relating to the development of OFDI mainly include: foreign exchange administration, legal systems, the system of administrative examination and approval, monetary support system, tax system, insurance system and related service support system. After analyzing their current situations in China and the influences they have on the development of OFDI, the paper points out existing problems, discusses the problems’ after effects and illustrates the roles of the relevant mechanisms. In addition, the paper examines the practices and experiences of other countries in this field and presents suggestions and ideas about how to establish and improve the mechanisms in the growth of Chinese transnational corporations.

Authors :
Qing Yang : School of Economics and Management, South China Normal University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong, China.
Badar Alam Iqbal : Visiting Professor, Department of Marketing and International Business, Makerere University Business School, Uganda

Productivity Change in Indian Information Technology-enabled Services (ITeS) Sector: A Malmquist Index Approach

By: Prosenjit Das

Page No : 383-393

Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the productivity change and its determinants in the Indian ITeS sector during 2004-05 to 2014-15. For this purpose, firm-level data is collected from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) Prowess database. The findings of productivity analysis reveal that, on an average, the ITeS industry has experienced improvement in total factor productivity by 3.1% during the entire study period. The decomposition analysis of productivity reveals that innovation is the major contributor to the growth of total factor productivity. The regression results show that export and human capital have positive impact on productivity whereas the US subprime crisis has negative impact on productivity. The policy implications of this study suggest that the firm-level managerial efficiency should be improved for further enhancement of productivity. In other words, policy should be devised in order to encourage the private limited firms for a holistic development of this industry. Moreover, the stakeholders of Indian ITeS industry should reduce dependence on the US and UK for export revenue and needs to explore new markets to keep pace with the ever changing technical and business environment.

Author :
Prosenjit Das : Economic Officer, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility in Sustainable Agriculture & Rural Infrastructure

By: Vikram Singh , Shaily Deewan

Page No : 394-412

Abstract
This paper makes an attempt to study the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) its process, conceptual and theoretical understanding. It is also based on the assumption that corporate social responsibility is towards sustainable agriculture & rural infrastructure. The paper also aspires to look the widespread adoption of corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies in developing countries have led to call for a concerted effort to better capture CSR effects. The paper considers the practical implications for the effort to assess CSR contribution to community development in developing countries. Rural infrastructure is crucial for agriculture, agro-industries and overall economic development of rural areas. It also, incidentally, provides basic amenities that improve the quality of life. Corporate Social Responsibility has been attracting attention recently by the corporate world worldwide. The corporations discharge their CSR through social development in various ways in varying degree. Methodological considerations, objectives, findings and conclusion have been also discussed.

Authors :
Vikram Singh : Assistant Professor and Head, Department of Social Work Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Koni, Bilaspur
Shaily Deewan : Student MSW fourth Semester, Department of Social Work Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Koni, Bilaspur

Effect of Weather Changes on the Credit Risk in Agricultural Microfinance: An Indian Perspective

By: Suhail Ahmad Bhat , Mushtaq A. Darzi

Page No : 413-423

Abstract
The objective of the paper is to determine the impact of weather changes on credit risk of loans granted to small scale farmers by microfinance institutions. Generally small-scale farmers in developing countries are undersupplied with credit by microfinance institutions, because they believe that lot of risk is involved in loan repayment from farmers. Therefore, the study employs secondary data obtained from Indian Metrological Department regarding average rainfall received during the four seasons pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon and winter. With regard to credit risk in agricultural microfinance, data was obtained from the Reserve Bank of India depicting annual leading and outstanding towards marginal, small, medium and large farmers by schedule commercial banks in India. Results of the study depicts that rain has insignificant impact on credit risk of loans granted to marginal, small, medium and large scale farmers. The study will guide farmers and policy makers in understanding the real cause of credit risk and nonpayment of debt, which is the main cause of farmers’ suicide in India. The study has taken data of the last 27 years from 1985-2011. This is the first empirical study that determines the effect of weather changes on credit risk of micro-loans granted to small-scale farmers in India.

Authors :
Suhail Ahmad Bhat : Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, University of Kashmir
Mushtaq A. Darzi : Professor, Department of Management Studies, University of Kashmir.

Annual Index of Productivity Vol. 59 (April 2018– March 2019)

By: Mushtaq A. Darzi

Page No : 423-424

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Apr-2017 to Jun-2017

Twenty-five years of Economic Reforms and Employment Pattern in India: An Assessment of Organized Segment of Manufacturing

By: D. Indrakumar

Page No : 1-11

Abstract
Over the years there has been a steady increase in the total employment in the organized manufacturing sector in the country. It was 8.28 million in 1990–91 and it rose to 13.54 million in 2013–14. Especially after the reforms of 1991, the manufacturing industry has registered better growth in all aspects. The simplified process of licensing, liberalized process of market regulations are some of the factors which led to the expansion in the sector. The Indian manufacturing industries have become more competitive and viable in the global market after the reforms, however that has made many changes in the structural pattern of employment. The structural change in the economy due to the new economic reforms has made a shift of labour force from agriculture to industries and services sector.

Author :
D. Indrakumar : Deputy Director, National Institute of Labour Economics Research and Development (Formerly Institute of Applied Manpower Research), Delhi, India.

Regional Concentration of Manufacturing Industries in India

By: Anand Sharma , Sanjoy Saha

Page No : 12-23

Abstract
Unbalanced spatial distribution of industries has always been linked with regional economic disparities in the literature. So, the information about the spatial concentration of industries is essential for the purposes of regional development policies. Therefore, the present study examines the trend and pattern of concentration of major twodigit industries across the 20 states during 2001–02 to 2011–12. Using location quotients, we find that geographical concentration exhibits a great deal of variation across the states. Specifically, the results show that northern states of India like Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh display an upward trend in concentration for majority of the industries. On the other hand, eastern states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha have experienced a declining concentration of these industries. Therefore, these states need to formulate and effectively implement the industrial policies that attract more industries in these states.

Authors :
Anand Sharma : Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Management, Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Sanjoy Saha : Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Debraj Roy College, Golaghat, Assam, India

Intra-State Concentration of Unorganized Manufacturing Enterprises in India

By: Dilip Saikia

Page No : 24-38

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to examine the intra-state concentration of unorganized manufacturing enterprises in India. Using a unique data-set of 394 districts of 16 states, drawn from Enterprise Survey data of National Sample Survey (NSS) 1994–95 and 2005–06 ‘thick’ rounds, we have ranked the districts based on a composite index of district level development of unorganized manufacturing enterprises and measured the intra-state concentration by employing the Herfindahl index. The findings reveal that the most ‘lagging’ industrial districts are present not only in backward states but in developed states also. Intra-state concentration is found to be highest in Maharashtra, followed by Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh, whereas relatively low in Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Assam, Kerala, Odisha and West Bengal. Between 1994–95 and 2005–06, intrastate concentration has declined in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Bihar and Odisha, whereas it has increased in Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Assam, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. However, there is evidence for within state β–convergence in all the states, except Himachal Pradesh. Our analysis also shows that intra-state concentration of unorganized manufacturing enterprises is positively associated with the level of economic and industrial development.

Author :
Dilip Saikia : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Darrang College, Tezpur, Assam, India

Manufacturing Productivity Growth in India: Revisiting Verdoorn’s Law

By: D.P. Priyadarshi Joshi , Susanta Kumar Sethy

Page No : 39-52

Abstract
The literature concerning the study of manufacturing productivity has resorted to the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) to examine the dynamism within the manufacturing sector. But in contrast to the conventional practice, the Smithian generalization of ‘Division of labour’ to Young’s critique to the concept as well as the promotion of increasing returns to scale, gives us a different dynamic view of looking at the productivity change and technical progress. The paper intends to look into the vulnerability of the basic Verdoorn’s law in the present post-reform scenario which gives a strong backup to the righteous conceptualization of the classical and the cumulative causation theorist.

Authors :
D.P. Priyadarshi Joshi : Ph.D. research scholar at School of Economics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
Susanta Kumar Sethy : Ph.D. research scholar at School of Economics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.

Implementation of Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) in Manufacturing SME: A Case Study

By: Abhishek R. Tailor , Bhavik C. Solanki , Nirav J. Padariya , Parth V. Patel , Shashank J. Thanki

Page No : 53-63

Abstract
This research aims to apply the material flow cost accounting (MFCA–ISO 14051) for improving the production process of the target products, PVC heat shrinks and BOPP self-adhesive tapes, manufactured by Arihant Gujarat Plastic Industries in Bharuch, Gujarat. The data collection was carried out for all the processes and analysis was based on the MFCA procedure. The results of the MFCA calculations showed that the highest negative product cost occurred during the cutting process. The operations of the process were then analyzed using fishbone technique in order to minimize the negative cost of the product. In the final section of the study, possible improvement solutions have been proposed.

Authors :
Abhishek R. Tailor : UG Student at Mechanical Engineering Department, S.V.M.I.T., Bharuch, Gujarat, India.
Bhavik C. Solanki : UG Student at Mechanical Engineering Department, S.V.M.I.T., Bharuch, Gujarat, India.
Nirav J. Padariya : UG Student at Mechanical Engineering Department, S.V.M.I.T., Bharuch, Gujarat, India.
Parth V. Patel : UG Student at Mechanical Engineering Department, S.V.M.I.T., Bharuch, Gujarat, India.
Shashank J. Thanki : Associate Professor at Mechanical Engineering Department, S.V.M.I.T., Bharuch, Gujarat, India.

Managing Agility via Fuzzy Logic: A Case Study of Machine Tool Industry

By: G.S. Dangayach , Alok Khatri , D. Garg

Page No : 64-79

Abstract
Owing to fluctuating market demand, manufacturing with agile philosophy can be very useful to gain profit with less investment. This paper aims to measure agility of a machine tool organization using fuzzy logic method. The agility has been classified as management strategic agility, workforce agility, competence agility, manufacturing and technological agility. These four types of agility have been further sub-divided into their agile ability and capability. The data has been gathered on weight of variables and rate of these variables in the organization. The linguistic term of variables has been assigned fuzzy numbers and then fuzzy agility index and level of agility of organization has been calculated. The main obstacles have been identified and improvement plan for complete extreme agile organization has been suggested. The results of the study are expected to facilitate the firms interested in operating in agile environment.

Authors :
G.S. Dangayach : Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India.
Alok Khatri : Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Govt. Engineering College, Ajmer, India.
D. Garg : Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India.

Impact of Working Capital Performance on Profitability of Dairy Industry in Andhra Pradesh

By: P. Sarveswara Rao , N. Madhava Rao

Page No : 80-99

Abstract
Dairy industry is an important component of Indian economy; it is supplementary to the agricultural sector providing additional income to the farmers. Working capital is the lifeblood of any firm. Keeping in view of this fact, working capital analysis is made for seven units across the undivided Andhra Pradesh state for seven years from 2005–06 to 2011–12. Working capital is estimated for all the sample units using regression technique. The average working capital turnover ratio is more than ‘8’ times in the case of Sangam, Heritage, Krishna, Tirumala, Nandi and Mulukanoor dairy units and confirms their excellent performance. In the case of Vijaya Dairy, the average working capital turnover ratio is less than ‘5’, which indicates poor performance. To study the intensity of the linear relationship between the working capital ratios and profitability, coefficient of correlation has been computed.

Authors :
P. Sarveswara Rao : Assistant Professor of Commerce, SR&BGNR Govt. Arts & Science College, Khammam, Telangana, India.
N. Madhava Rao : Assistant Professor of Commerce, SR&BGNR Govt. Arts & Science College, Khammam, Telangana, India.

Relationship between Industrial Expenditure and Industrial Growth Rate: The Case of India

By: Koti Reddy Tamma

Page No : 100-106

Abstract
The study aims at testing the relationship between industrial expenditure and industrial growth rate for the period 1950–51 to 2013–14. The study applies Johansen Co-integration and Vector Error Correction Model to test the long-term relationship between industrial expenditure and industrial growth rate. The National Accounts Statistics (NAS) was used for the data on private investment for the analysis of this study. The study reveals that during the post-reform period, the rate of capital formation had decreased in the public sector and increased in the private sector. The study concludes that there is a long-term association between industrial expenditure and industrial growth rate, implying that the industrial expenditure contributes significantly to the industrial growth rate. The author suggests that in order to expand the scope of long-term finance for industrial sector, securities market needs to be developed and strengthened.

Author :
Koti Reddy Tamma : Professor in Economics, IBS Hyderabad (A constituent of the ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education), India.

Six Sigma Marketing and Productivity Improvement

By: K. Muralidharan , Neha Raval

Page No : 107-114

Abstract
Six Sigma is considered to be one of the most powerful quality improvement programmes applied successfully to most of the organizational areas. Productivity of sales and marketing processes has always remained a vital component of Six Sigma quality implementation. In order to justify this, sales and marketing processes should work efficiently to generate high return of investment. Six Sigma Marketing is defined as a factbased data-driven disciplined approach to grow market share by providing targeted product/markets with superior value. This article studies a structured approach to productivity improvement by integrating two concepts like Six Sigma and Marketing. The DMAIC philosophy associated with Six Sigma Marketing is presented in detail. The importance of supply chain in Six Sigma Marketing is emphasized.

Authors :
K. Muralidharan : Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, The Maharajah Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujarat, India.
Neha Raval : Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, The Maharajah Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujarat, India.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices: Study on Energy Conservation among Energy Consumers in the State of Himachal Pradesh

By: Alok Kumar Mittal , Nikhil Panchbhai , Sunil Kumar

Page No : 115-124

Abstract
The government is developing and implementing many innovative programmes as a policy measure to promote energy efficiency and energy conservation in different sectors of Indian economy. These policy measures face challenges and issues in promoting and implementing their objectives. The policy programmes may be focused in right direction if the policy-makers are aware of the knowledge, attitude and practices prevalent among energy users. This paper aims to identify these three parameters in the state of Himachal Pradesh. We also review the energy saving consumption and energy saving potential in Himachal Pradesh. This paper aims to ignite interest among policy-makers, researchers, energy service companies, appliance manufacturers and other pertinent stakeholders. The learnings gained from this study will be useful for the policy-makers in designing and implementing effective energy policy measures.

Authors :
Alok Kumar Mittal : Deputy Director, National Productivity Council, New Delhi, India.
Nikhil Panchbhai : Deputy Director, National Productivity Council, New Delhi, India.
Sunil Kumar : Director, National Productivity Council, New Delhi, India

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Changing Manufacturing Scenario: India vis-à-vis Select Countries

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Page No : 125-128

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Jul-2017 to Sep-2017

Food grain Deficiency in India: Magnitude, Determinants and Policy Prescriptions

By: Paramita Bhattacharya , Siddhartha Mitra

Page No : 139-142

Abstract
Food security, which is one of the basic requirements of livelihood, is generally measured in terms of calorie intake. A major source of calories is carbohydrates, which is mainly obtained from food grains. This paper analyzes the level of food grain deficiency in India and across states. Through panel regression analysis, the study further analyzes the causal relationship between food grain deficiency and some of its determinants, viz., Public Distribution System (PDS), share of home-produced food grains in total consumption of food grains, food diversification and monthly per capita consumption expenditure (MPCE). The entire analysis uses National Sample Survey’s unit-level data for two time periods: 1999–2000 and 2009–10.

Authors :
Paramita Bhattacharya : PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
Siddhartha Mitra : Professor, Department of Economics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

Food Security in India: Emerging Issues and Policy Options

By: Sanjeev Kumar

Page No : 143-154

Abstract
In recent years, Indian agricultural sector has been facing various challenges for achieving food security at the national level due to massive pressure from the ever-increasing population and the change in preferences in crop production techniques. The present paper discusses the emerging trends, patterns and determinants of food security for the period 1980–81 to 2015–16 at national level. Results reveal that the growth rate of production and productivity of food grain crops decreased at a significant rate during the study period. However, the compound annual growth rate of per capita net availability of food grains declined at a significant rate, but on the other side, growth rate of per capita availability of non-food articles increased during the study period. The results of regression model revealed that crop diversification, climate change and agricultural openness have a negative impact on food security, while food grain productivity had a positive impact on food security during the study period. There is a strong need to regulate the government policies related to food management, crop management, climate change and globalization for reducing its negative effects on food security in India.

Author :
Sanjeev Kumar : Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow.

Agricultural Production, Marketing and Food Security in India: A Peep into Progress

By: Shirish Sharma , Purushottam Sharma

Page No : 155-165

Abstract
Providing food for all has continued in the forefront of agricultural and development policy in India. The country mainly focussed on improving domestic availability through increasing food production in India, and Green Revolution was started with this objective. With the research and development policy efforts, the country has achieved self-sufficiency in food grain production but still depends on imports for pulses and edible oils. Although, it has reduced the prevalence of undernourishment and malnutrition in the country, however, a large number of people still suffer from these ills. On the distribution side the country has taken many policy and institutional initiatives to improve supply chain related issues in order to provide affordable access to nutritious food to its population.

Authors :
Shirish Sharma : Research Associate, ICAR-National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy, New Delhi, India
Purushottam Sharma : Senior Scientist (Agricultural Economics), ICAR-Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Khandwa Road, Indore, MP, India

NFSA: A Legal Entitlement to Right to Food

By: Ruchi Gupta

Page No : 166-178

Abstract
India achieved food sufficiency years ago through investment in technology, institution and infrastructure, yet its efforts in achieving food security for all its citizens’ remain unimpressive. Food security means access to enough food for all citizens at all times for a healthy and active life. The paper deals with food productivity in India, food grain requirement, the role of National Food Security Act (NFSA) in providing right to food, food grain stock with the Food Corporation of India (FCI), buffer requirement and the challenges faced by the implementing authorities along with food grain wastage in FCI godowns.

Author :
Ruchi Gupta : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, S.S. Khanna Girls’ Degree College (A Constituent College of University of Allahabad)

Targeted Public Distribution System in Himachal Pradesh: A Gateway to Food Security

By: Shyam Kaushal , Rakesh Kumar

Page No : 179-186

Abstract
Food security determines the health and capacity-building of the citizens, which contributes to growth and development of a nation and vice versa. In underdeveloped or developing countries the State plays a pivotal role in providing two meals a day. The present paper is an attempt to examine the working of targeted public distribution system in Himachal Pradesh, a hill state. It has been found that the system has enhanced its coverage through well-thought-out distribution channels and networks over the years, contributing significantly to the wellbeing of poor people.

Authors :
Shyam Kaushal : Professor, Himachal Pradesh University Business School, Shimla
Rakesh Kumar : Faculty (G) Govt College, Bilaspur

Enhancing Food Security through Sustainable Agriculture in Uttarakhand Himalaya

By: Vishwambhar Prasad Sati

Page No : 187-196

Abstract
Cultivating traditional subsistence cereals is the main occupation of the people in Uttarakhand Himalaya as about 70 per cent people are involved in its cultivation. Meanwhile, production and yield of cereals are considerably low and thus rural Uttarakhand Himalaya is suffering from the menace of food insecurity. This paper examines the scope of enhancing food security through practising sustainable agriculture in Uttarakhand Himalaya. We gathered data from both primary and secondary sources. Data on area, production and yield of cereals, fruits, vegetables, flowers and spices were gathered from the statistical diary of Uttarakhand (2010–11) and a descriptive statistical method was used to calculate minimum, maximum, mean values and standard deviation. A case study of 12 villages of Khanda Gad sub-watershed was conducted to analyze cost-benefit of crops. Our study shows that cost-benefit of cash crops is 434:1338 and subsistence crops is 2806:5021, which denotes that total benefit from growing cash crops is higher than that of subsistence crops. It is suggested that sustainable agriculture by means of cultivating cereals, fruits, vegetables, flowers and spices according to crop suitability, agro-climatic conditions and landscape can enhance food security.

Author :
Vishwambhar Prasad Sati : Department of Geography and Resource Management, School of Earth Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India

Food Security in Uttar Pradesh: Its Status and Challenges

By: Nomita P. Kumar

Page No : 197-213

Abstract
Food security is a prerequisite to sustainable and equitable economic development and indeed a critical factor for economic and social stability in every country. Decentralized district-based planning is essential in India because of large inter-district variations. In the absence of vital data at the district level, the statelevel estimates are used for formulating district-level plans. This statistical fallacy compounds the problems of the districts acutely, more so in the food security sector. Using data from government reports, the paper shows that it is the apt time for constructing a Food Security Index (FSI) and tries to identify the districts that fare particularly badly and the factors behind the poor performance of these districts in Uttar Pradesh.

Author :
Nomita P. Kumar : Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow

Food and Nutrition Security: An Exercise in Locating Ground-truth Among Tribals

By: Nitin Tagade , R. S. Deshpande

Page No : 214-227

Abstract
Food security has been a singular concern in India for the last century. Policies were made, strategies were formulated to overcome food and nutrition deficiency, but with a marginal dent. Macro data, however, paints a rosy picture of a food-sufficient India. But even six decades after Independence, we cannot say that India is fairly comfortable in all its regions with regard to food availability. The strategies implemented thus far focused on food production, distribution, employment generation and emphasizing fair prices. This paper is based on a field study to understand the issue of food insecurity/access in the tribal-dominated areas of Maharashtra, at micro level as against the comfortable situation shown by many. A comparison of food insecurity between the tribals and non-tribals reveals a higher incidence among the tribals as compared to nontribals, and hence the former group will have to be carried to the very distant goal with an extra push. Their dependence for nutrition on the forest products to which the access is denied through state control needs to be understood as a deliberate policy to keep them away from food of their liking. State should build the capabilities of the tribal communities to overcome food insecurity, particularly in distress situations with the help of their own initiatives.

Authors :
Nitin Tagade : Assistant Professor at Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
R.S. Deshpande : Director and Advisor, Centre for Development Studies, PES University, and Professor, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore

A Study of the Impact of Production Variables on Indian Food Grains Productivity

By: Shiksha , Parul Mittal

Page No : 228-234

Abstract
Agriculture plays an essential role in the process of economic development of less developed countries like India. Besides providing food to the nation, agriculture employs labour, provides savings, contributes to market of industrial goods and earns foreign exchange. In India, agriculture was the main source of national income and occupation at the time of Independence. Agricultural sector occupies a key position in the Indian economy, mainly because of three reasons. First, it constitutes the largest share in the country’s national income, though the share declined from 55 per cent in early 1950s to about 14.6 per cent by the turn of the century. Second, more than half of India’s workforce is employed in the agriculture sector. Third, growth of other sectors and overall economy depends on performance of agriculture to a considerable extent. Because of these reasons agriculture continues to be the dominant sector in the Indian economy. Through this paper, we have tried to study the determinants of various food grain productions in India. In order to find out these determinants in pre- and post-economic reforms, the study adopted the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression model.

Authors :
Shiksha : Assistant Professor, KLP College, Rewari, Haryana, India
Parul Mittal : Assistant Professor, KLP College, Rewari, Haryana, India

Performance Assessment of National Textile Corporation after Turnaround

By: J.R. Dikshit , Parimal Chandra Basak , Kamal Vagrecha

Page No : 235-245

Abstract
The textile industry occupies a unique place in our country as a self-reliant industry. A number of textile mills were declared sick and closed down in the 1960s. The Government of India established National Textile Corporation (NTC) to manage these mills. There were several reasons for the sickness of these mills. NTC was referred to Board for Financial and Industrial Reconstruction (BIFR), and the Corporation adopted turnaround strategies. The operating performance of the NTC has been compared with Alok Industries. The labour productivity, overhead productivity and total factor productivity for NTC is low as compared to Alok Industries. Only the material productivity of NTC is comparable with Alok Industries.

Authors :
J.R. Dikshit : Associate Professor, Vishveshwarya Group of Institutions, Greater NOIDA, India
Parimal Chandra Basak : Former Professor of Management Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India
Kamal Vagrecha : Assistant Professor of Management, Indira Gandhi National Open University New Delhi, India

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Food Security Scenario: India vis-a-vis Select Countries

By: Rajesh Sund

Page No : 246-250

Author :
Rajesh Sund : Deputy Director (Economic Services), National Productivity Council, New Delhi.

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Oct-2017 to Dec-2017

Role of Infrastructure in Value Addition to Management Education: An Empirical Study

By: Sistu V.S.N. Murthy , Sunil Kumar

Page No : 251-260

Abstract
India offers facilities of education and training in all aspects of human creative and intellectual endeavours like arts and natural humanities, mathematics, social sciences, engineering, medicine, commerce and management. It also possesses a highly developed business education system. The primary objective of this paper is to study the effect of available facilities in affiliated colleges to add value in learning, with regard to library, government support and getting proper amenities for staff. The study reveals that there is a significant association between the facilities and the involvement of faculty.

Authors :
Sistu V.S.N. Murthy : Manager – Operations, Computech Private Limited, Visakhapatnam, India
Sunil Kumar : Research Associate, NSTL, Visakhapatnam, India

Activity-Based Teaching in Higher Education Institutions

By: Rupa Rathee , Pallavi Rajain

Page No : 261-270

Abstract
Activity-based teaching is based on the notion that students are active learners rather than passive recipients of information. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out how students in higher educational institutions perceive the use of activity-based teaching methods. A sample of 212 students from various private and government institutions was taken using non-probability sampling methods. It was found that students had a positive perception regarding activity-based teaching and they considered it a beneficial tool for all-round development of the learner. It was also observed that there was no significant difference in the perception of males and females regarding activity-based teaching.

Authors :
Rupa Rathee : Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies,Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal (Sonepat), Haryana, India.
Pallavi Rajain : Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies,Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal (Sonepat), Haryana, India.

Internationalization of Higher Education in India: Emerging Trends, Strategies and Policies

By: Surendra Mani Tripathi , Anjali Bajpai

Page No : 271-279

Abstract
Higher education is one of the most vital instruments for socioeconomic transformation and human capital development of a nation. In the contemporary scenario, the international dimension of higher education is being considered as a prominent feature across the world. It has emerged as one of the major driving forces to restructure and transform the higher education system to produce skilled human capital, also make it business oriented. The international dimension is becoming necessary for institutions due to increasing crossborder mobility and influence of globalization. The contemporary working culture is becoming more and more entrepreneurial, international and professional. Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have now to play a very important role in enhancing international and intercultural experiences, skills and competences needed for a person to work successfully anywhere across the world.

Authors :
Surendra Mani Tripathi : Research Scholar at Faculty of Education, Banaras Hindu University, India.
Anjali Bajpai : Professor in Faculty of Education, Banaras Hindu University, India.

Excellence in Higher Education: Need of the Hour

By: J D Singh

Page No : 280-285

Abstract
Education in India is seen as one of the ways to upward social mobility. The higher education system in the country has grown in a remarkable way after the Independence to become one of the largest systems of its kind in the world. We now live in an increasingly diverse, globalized, and complex, media-saturated society. The change in educational practices and tools over the last ten years has been truly remarkable. Despite that the system has many issues of concern at present, like those of financing and management, inadequate infrastructure, technology and research, access and equity, safeguarding national academic standards, ethical relevance, improvement and enhancement of quality of higher education together with the assessment of institutions and their accreditation. Underinvestment in libraries, information technology, laboratories, and classrooms makes it very difficult to provide top-quality instruction or engage in cutting-edge era. These issues are important for the country, as it is now engaged in the use of higher education as a powerful tool to build a knowledge-based information society of the 21st century. It becomes very clear that the modern-day classroom needs are very different from those of conventional classrooms. With significant improvements in school education and higher education programmes such as Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Rashtriya Uchchattar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA), it is the right time to address the higher education system in the country. The urgent need has been to address the shortcomings of the entire process of converting youth into educated and well-groomed citizens. At present, there is an important need to improve our quality of higher education for transforming and making India digital.

Author :
J D Singh : Associate Professor, G V (PG) College of Education (CTE), Sangaria, Rajasthan, India.

Influence of Organizational Justice on Managerial Effectiveness in Institutions of Higher Learning

By: Navneesh Tyagi , D. Baby Moses , Surekha Rana

Page No : 286-299

Abstract
After Independence, Indian higher education sector has observed tremendous growth in the number of universities and colleges. This growth has brought about a shift from collegial to managerial, and management issues that have now become more important and need of the hour for any institution. Thus managerial effectiveness of people in command is now considered a preeminent ingredient of prosperity and endurance for these institutions of higher learning in this competitive era of global scenario. To assess managerial effectiveness one has to understand what influences an employee’s behaviour and attitude. Organizational justice is one of those important aspects that are used to explain a staff member’s behaviour, like job satisfaction, employee turnover intentions, organizational commitment, etc., which are the prerequisites for managerial effectiveness. This study attempts to measure the impact of organizational justice on managerial effectiveness of managers, like director general, director, principal, and head of departments in institutions of higher learning. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Pearson correlation, structural equation modelling and stepwise multiple regression analysis were used. The findings revealed that faculty’s perception of distributive justice and interactional justice has a significant positive influence on managerial effectiveness, while procedural justice did not seem to have a significant positive influence on managerial effectiveness of heads in institutions of higher learning. It is observed that by concentrating on justice issues, institutions and managers may be able to create a healthier and more productive workplace and their overall managerial effectiveness can be enhanced.

Authors :
Navneesh Tyagi : Research Scholar, UTU, Dehradun, India.
D. Baby Moses : Director, IMS, Roorkee, India.
Surekha Rana : Coordinator, Kanya Gurukul Campus, Gurukul Kangri University, Dehradun, India.

Biotechnology Higher Education, Funding & Start-ups: Indian Scenario

By: Shridhar C. Ghagane , Murigendra B. Hiremath , G. G. Kadadevaru , Sridevi I. Puranik , R. B. Nerli

Page No : 300-307

Abstract
Several higher education institutes and universities in India offer graduate, postgraduate, doctoral and post-doctoral biotechnology courses. Modern biotechnology plays a crucial role in both the elucidation of the molecular causes of disease and the development of new diagnostic methods and enhanced targeted drugs. These developments have led to the birth of a new economic sector — the biotech industry, associated mostly with small startup companies. For their part, the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India, came up with the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), with a primary focus to nurture the startups, facilitate industry–academia interactions, and promote student entrepreneurships in a large way. The established healthcare companies have also been successfully employing these modern techniques, collectively known as biotechnology, for many years, empowering and enabling the innovation ecosystem in the biotechnology sector. This article is intended to show a broad outlook of the Indian scenario of higher education, commerce and career opportunities in biotechnology and the use of research funds.

Authors :
Shridhar C. Ghagane : Department of Urology, KLES Kidney Foundation, KLES Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital & MRC, Belagavi, India
Murigendra B. Hiremath : Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
G. G. Kadadevaru : Department of Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India
Sridevi I. Puranik : Department of Biotechnology, KLES R. L. Science Institute (Autonomous), Belagavi, India
R. B. Nerli : Department of Urology, KLE University’s JN Medical College, KLES Kidney Foundation, KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital & MRC, Belagavi, India

The Effects of R&D Spending on Productivity Performance: Findings from the Public Sector Enterprises in India

By: Chinmoy Roy

Page No : 308-316

Abstract
In today’s internationally interdependent economy, under the fast-tracking speed of technological change, measuring the research and development (R&D) productivity performance has been rekindled with the recent rise of spending by the Central Public Sector Enterprises in India, including Maharatna and Navaratna enterprises (with the Maharatna and the Navaratna status companies receive greater functional freedom based on few parameters set by the Department of Public Enterprises) on R&D in their conduct of democracy-imbued and innovation-led sustainable and smart growth. With the help of eight decision variables in a multi-objective best-practice framework, this study measured the ultimate effectiveness ratings of the thirty enterprises for the past three years. The findings markedly show that though the enterprises are becoming highly technology-intensive, their efficiency gain and exposure in productivity strength are not encouraging, except the Maharatna and the Navaratna enterprises, and many of them are geared on the same trajectory to enhance corporate strength by aggressive R&D spending.

Author :
Chinmoy Roy : Professor, Department of Commerce, Tripura (Central) University, Tripura, India

Public Debt and its Sustainability at State Level: A Study of Kerala

By: V. Nagarajan Naidu

Page No : 317-330

Abstract
The growing fiscal obligation of the Kerala state government is increasingly met from debt liabilities. However, the increased borrowing by the state governments over a period of time creates a burden of repayments comprising interest and principal amount on present as well as future generations. The growing level of debt at an unsustainable level eats away the resources required for other urgent developmental needs of the society. Maintenance of a sustainable and stable level of public debt is a challenge for any state government and it is all the more important in the State of Kerala where the scope of internal mobilization of resources via growth propulsion in primary and secondary activities is limited, at least in the immediate future. The stability and sustainability of debt is influenced to a great extent by the growth of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), fiscal deficit, revenue receipt, state’s own revenue receipt, primary expenditure, and primary deficit. Thus the action taken on revenue and expenditure of the State and also the strict adherence to fiscal discipline can ensure the stability and sustainability of public debt.

Author :
V. Nagarajan Naidu : Member, Third Public Expenditure Review Committee, Govt of Kerala, and Associate Professor, Dept of Economics, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

Application of Lean Principles in Indian Service Sector: Exploratory Analysis

By: M. D. Vadhvani , M. G. Bhatt

Page No : 331-339

Abstract
In the current era of globalization, each organization, either manufacturing or service, is starving to improve the competitive dimensions. As the customers have become more demanding in terms of price, quality and delivery, organizations must use worldclass practices in their business functions to get maximum output. The Indian service sector is gaining more and more interest as the connected manufacturing sector is expanding. Many techniques are being used by the service sectors whose origins are in automanufacturing industries. This research article attempts to identify the challenges, improvement practices, strategies and improved performance measures considering the application of lean principles in service organizations. For this purpose, service industries working in the Gujarat state have been selected as sample, and an exploratory analysis has been conducted. The results show moderate application of lean principles in the business functions of the service sector. This can be further enriched by developing a set of guidelines and models to help them implement lean principles and associated practices.

Authors :
M. D. Vadhvani : Research scholar, School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, RK University, Rajkot, India; Assistant Professor, Production Engineering Department, Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar-364 060, Gujarat, India.
M. G. Bhatt : Principal, Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar-364 060, Gujarat, India

Managing Common Property Resources (CPRs) for Rural Development: A Development Perspective

By: M. Sabesh Manikandan , K. Sundaram

Page No : 340-351

Abstract
India is the second-most populous country with a population of 1,210.2 million, which constitutes 17.84 per cent of the world population. It is a country with 6,49,867 villages, with an addition of 2,279 villages as of now, of which about 833 million reside in the rural area, which constitutes 70 per cent of the population. However, a big part of this population has been leading an uncertain economic life due to non-synchronization of employment opportunities in agriculture sector, because of the fast-growing population. In poor countries, common property resources (CPRs) make a valuable contribution to the sustainable livelihoods of rural populations. Due to the increase in population, there is a progressive degradation in CPRs (because there is no investment in them), especially of fuel wood and fodder. This would eventually result in a situation where it is not possible to extract anything, implying that the ultimate resource availability is zero. In addition, a decrease in fodder availability from the common lands would result in a change in livestock composition. This paper highlights the need to examine the CPR sector for rural development in the context of wider economic policy reform processes in the Indian economy.

Authors :
M. Sabesh Manikandan : Assistant Professor of Economics, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous),
Sivakasi K. Sundaram : Associate Professor of Economics, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi

Higher Education: India vis-a-vis Select Countries

By: Rajesh Sund

Page No : 352-354

Author :
Rajesh Sund : Deputy Director (Economic Services), National Productivity Council, New Delhi

Jan-2018 to Mar-2018

Skill Development Programmes: Some Reflections

By: Bharti Kureel , Bhavna Verma

Page No : 355-362

Abstract
Skill development is a milestone for the upliftment of the weaker section of the society—especially the unprivileged, unemployed youth. Indian government is specifically focused on providing skill to the Indian youth and its objective is to enable, mobilize and make them professionally knowledgeable so that they can have some livelihood through these programmes. But, these programmes have certain shortcomings at its implementation level, coordination with government and non-government agencies, and also lack of participation at community level.Taking in to consideration of this situation, an attempt has been made in this article to see some reflections of this skill development programmes on the basis of secondary data. The article is divided into three parts—firstly, dealing with the need of skills in different sectors; secondly, showing the status of skill India programmes; thirdly, showing the problems, gap and suggestions for effective implementation of skill development programme.

Authors :
Bharti Kureel : Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidhya Pith, Varanasi.
Bhavna Verma : Professor, Department of Social Work, Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidhya Pith, Varanasi

Constraints to Linking into Global Value Chains: Do Indian Industries Lack Capacities and Skills?

By: Neha Gupta

Page No : 363-379

Skill Development: A Necessity for Leading India

By: Ragini Sharma

Page No : 380-391

Abstract
In the age of globalization, knowledge and competition have intensified the need for highly skilled workforce in both the developing and developed nations, as it enables them to accelerate their growth rate towards higher trajectory. For India, skill development is critical from both socio-economic and demographic point of view. Focusing on the need of Skill Development for Leading India, our 15th Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Damodardas Modi, on 25 September, 2014 in Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, chanted the economic mantra—‘Make in India’, which is directly associated with the ‘India Vision’. Mr. Modi unveiled ‘Make in India’ initiative aiming to project India as the manufacturing hub that will fuel India’s economic growth. Such a growth-oriented initiative has lead to the scope for research to find out its implementation, implication and sustainability. Since it is a recently launched initiative, very few researchers have published on the various factors that would be affected by the implementation of ‘Make in India’ initiative. Thus, around twelve research papers have been reviewed for the research of this article. After reviewing various papers, it is inferred that manufacturing from India, by foreign & domestic Industries in various sectors, can generate employment opportunity. Therefore, the Indian labour and prospective employees need to acquire skill and knowledge to gain employability. Thus this article tried to find out the effectiveness of ‘Make in India’, on employability and scope for skill development. It is important to focus on the development of the skills of Indian labour force to become eligible enough to fit in to the industry requirement. After reviewing, it is found that only 10% of the workforce receives formal training to acquire the required skill. But out of the actual industrial training requirement of the 22 million workforces, only 4.3 million of workforces are actually getting formal training. If new job opportunities will be created by ‘Make in India’ project, then there will be higher demand of skilled labour. But it is found that there is a huge gap between these two in India. It is also found that for the successful implementation of ‘Make in India’ initiative, it is also important to implement various skill-development initiatives to lower down the skill gap between the available skills and desired skills.

Author :
Ragini Sharma : Assistant Professor, EAFM Kanoria P.G. Mahila Mahavidhyalaya, Jaipur

Empowering Women through Skill Development: Interlinking Human, Financial and Social Capital

By: Vikram Singh

Page No : 392-399

Abstract
Socio-economic rights and equality have the potential to form a powerful partnership. Engendered socio-economic rights aim to take account of the power relations in which rights are exercised, in order to enhance the set of feasible options open to women, while at the same time supporting the values of interdependence, solidarity and care, whether or not based on choice. This article attempts to analyse the empowerment process among women through skill development and its conceptual framework in India. It also intends to highlight the process of promoting economic, social, and cultural rights (including the right to work) through skill development. The paper also aspires to look into the bond and bridges created via skill development training, which help the women participant to accumulate Human, Financial & Social capital sufficiently. In India, skill development is demanded economic growth and inclusive development; hence the women cannot be overlooked. Employable skills alone have not been able to generate sufficient autonomy among rural women unless they won’t be associated with entitlements. Establishing mechanisms to ensure women’s individual access and control over socio-economic resources, skills development through imparting skill training should be learnt by women for nurturing them as technical service providers through skill training. This can be able to give women innovative work prospect for interfacing within the family (i.e. social rights) and with the community and local stakeholders outside of the home (i.e. economic rights). Lastly, the analysis is done and conclusions are drawn on the basis of discussion.

Author :
Vikram Singh : Assistant Professor and Head, Department of Social Work, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) Koni, Bilaspur.

A Study on the Importance of Skill Development: Women Entrepreneurs in India as a Catalyst to Women Empowerment

By: Rupam Jyoti Deka

Page No : 400-409

Abstract
During recent time, there has been an inflow of large number of women undertaking entrepreneurship as the new career opportunity in developing countries like India. This has benefitted largely to the growth of various women-empowerment programs and policies by Government, NGOs and other Banking and Non-Banking Financial Institutions (NBFIs). These has led to growth of independence and empowerment of women overcoming various constraints and barriers. However, to have a deeper understanding of these obstacles would, there need to be in-depth understanding of the participation and of women and girls from both rural and urban areas. It is important to study the relationship between the barriers and requirement for empowering the women entrepreurs in India. Ambitions, obstacles and opportunities need to be considered according to the different demographic profiles of the women entrepreneurs. For this, there is need for the development a detailed ‘micro’ level’ explanation of the issue.Training and Skill Development approach is essential for providing aid to the women entrepreneurs in non-traditional, high skill, male dominated business enterprises and also to empower the women to overcome the barriers.

Author :
Rupam Jyoti Deka : Assistant Professor, Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of Management & Research, New Delhi

Skill Development and Emerging Issues in Vocational Education and Training

By: Naresh Kumar , Tabassum Jamal

Page No : 410-419

Abstract
Skill development always has been an issue of great importance for policymakers and stock of skill manpower is an important indicator of technological competence. India has a vast base of technical manpower but there is a debate on lack of skill development; hence, India is facing a big challenge in the area of skill development system. Despite substantial infrastructure for skill development, a majority of potential students have inadequate access to education and vocational training, resulting in low educational attainment. This article reviews status of skill and vocational development and policy efforts taken by the government at various stages. It also provides a brief sketch of demand and supply of skilled workforce.

Authors :
Naresh Kumar : CSIR-National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies, K. S. Krishnan Marg, Pusa, New Delhi-110012, India
Tabassum Jamal : CSIR-National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies, K. S. Krishnan Marg, Pusa, New Delhi-110012, India

Doubling Farmers’ Income in Gujarat State: Challenges and Way Forward

By: B. Swaminathan , R. L. Shiyani , N. J. Ardeshna

Page No : 420-430

Abstract
Akin to Green Revolution of the late 1960s, doubling farmers’ income by 2022-23, over the 2016-17 income levels, has become the watchword of the current agricultural policy scenario. Gujarat is among the top few states in India where doubling or improving farmers’ income within the targeted year is in the realm of possibility. The State’s agricultural growth rate has never been short of seven percent throughout the last decade. The farm income sources are also well diversified as farmers derive sizeable incomes from both crop and animal sectors. With 53 percent of its work force dependent on non-farm operations, small-scale industries and enterprises are also flourishing in the rural areas. The state tops the charts in milk production as well. Fisheries sector has been identified as the sunrise sector and it is expected to contribute further to the farmers’ income basket. Micro-Irrigation and Soil Health Card schemes are being well implemented in the State and the water conservation efforts through construction of over 1.25 lakh check dams and water distribution efforts through intra-state river linking have already started paying dividends. To top that all, Gujarat is both pioneer and leader in harnessing solar energy for irrigation purpose. That is why, the average farm household income in Gujarat as of 2013-14 was found to be a healthy Rs. 8,000 per month. However, on the other hand, per household median farm income was just above Rs. 2,500 per month. This could only refer that most of the small and marginal farmers, who form 80 percent of the farm households in the State, have yet to attain income parity. Thereby, the interventions required to improve and sustain farmers’ income need to focus on inclusiveness in such a way that even the small and marginal farmers should derive significant benefits. Accordingly, the present paper has included a host of 21 key strategies that have the potential in not only improving farmers’ income in the State but also in actually doubling farmers’ income by the targeted year of 2022-23.

Authors :
B. Swaminathan : Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat.
R. L. Shiyani : Professor and HOD, Department of Agricultural Economics, Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat.
N. J. Ardeshna : Professor and HOD, Department of Agricultural Economics, Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat.

Regional Differences in Growth of Employment Generation by MSMEs: A Study with Reference to Northern and Southern Regions of Kerala

By: Shacheendran.V , Tomy Mathew

Page No : 431-440

Abstract
Entrepreneurship enables to eradicate poverty, utilise resources for productive purposes, delivers goods and services to people, thereby promote economic development and growth. Along with various broad socio-economic advantages, it also provides source of livelihood for the individuals. Employment generation is the one of the important objectives of any form of entrepreneurship. MSMEs are considered as highly labour intensive form of entrepreneurship. In a State governed by same set of rules and regulations is supposed to have uniform development of entrepreneurship throughout. However, the research paper proves that in Kerala State there is regional difference in the employment generation by MSMEs.

Authors :
Shacheendran.V : M.Com, Mphil, MA (Economics), PGD in Tourism Mgt. Head & Assistant Professor, PG Department of Commerce, GPM Govt. College, Manjeswar, Kasaragod District, 671323
Tomy Mathew : M.Com, Ph.D, Head & Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, CMS College, Kottayam.

Comparative Study to Determine Impact of Patent Filing on Growth of the Country

By: Anupam Sharma , Kartik Singla

Page No : 441-448

Abstract
An attempt has been made in this study to present an overview of the annual patenting intensity of China, the US, Japan, Rep. Korea, and India. Patent data originating from these countries from 2005 to 2014, filed through World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European Patent Office, and the United States Patent were collected and analysed. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one of the measuring scales of economic growth. This article examines the growth rate of the country in context to the patent filling. Results depicts that differences in patent activity are dependent upon both the size of the economy and the level of development. So it is interesting to articulate that the numbers of patent applications are relative to GDP, population, research and development spending, and other variables (commonly referred to as ‘patent activity intensity’ indicators) also contributes.

Authors :
Anupam Sharma : Assistant Professor, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Thapar University, Patiala, India
Kartik Singla : Final year B. Tech. Student, Thapar University, Patiala, India

Implementation of Material Flow Cost Accounting into a Bearing Manufacturing Company in India

By: Alok Shah , David Jacob , Deep Desai , Dhruvrajsinh Atodaria , Bhavesh Modi

Page No : 449-459

Abstract
This article aims to combine the concept of Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) into a bearing manufacturing company. Material Flow Cost Accounting, as described by ISO-14051 norms, is an Environmental Management Accounting (EMA)tool that seeks to improve a company’s productivity while reducing its impact on the environment. The concept was implemented in the following manner by: (a) establishing quantity centres, (b) quantifyingmaterial flow, (c) depicting data on the MFCA flowchart sheet, and (d) proposing necessary changes required for prophylactic measures. The implementation revealed the negative cost of 3.58 percent and the suggestions were forwarded to the company.

Authors :
Alok Shah : Student, Mechanical Department, ShriS’ad Vidya Mandal Institute of Technology, Bharuch
David Jacob : Student, Mechanical Department, ShriS’ad Vidya Mandal Institute of Technology, Bharuch
Deep Desai : Student, Mechanical Department, ShriS’ad Vidya Mandal Institute of Technology, Bharuch
Dhruvrajsinh Atodaria : Student, Mechanical Department, ShriS’ad Vidya Mandal Institute of Technology, Bharuch
Bhavesh Modi : Assistant Professor, Mechanical Department, ShriS’ad Vidya Mandal Institute of Technology, Bharuch.

Annual Index of Productivity Vol. 58 (April 2017 – March 2018)

By: ..

Page No : 460-461

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Apr- to Jun-2016

Strategy Paper on Galvanizing Machine Tools Industry in India through Technology Development

By: Harbhajan Singh , Sanjay Chavre

Page No : 1-12

Abstract
Machine tools play a vital role in countering technolgy denial as well as develop equipments for strategic sectors. A strong machine tool industry is essential to realise ambitions in manufacturing growth; provide gainful employment, provide sustained manufacturing competitiveness and ensure national security. This paper provides SWOT analysis of the machine tool industry in India. Besides, the demand under XII plan and technology gaps are also discussed in the paper.

Authors :
Harbhajan Singh : IAS, Ex Director General, National Productivity Council.
Sanjay Chavre : Senior Development Officer, Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India.

Machine Layout Design through Particle Swarm Optimization in Indian Industry

By: G. S. Dangayach , Himanshu Bhatt , Sumit Gupta , M. L. Meena

Page No : 13-31

Abstract
The article aims at assigning the machines of the crankshaft line of an automotive company to the related optimum locations within the floor plan along with determining the number of components that the machines should produce per day, ultimately minimizing the total material handling cost involved. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), a meta-heuristic technique, is employed to solve a mathematical model concerning the machine layout problem, modelled as Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP). A coding is done for basic and modified PSO technique in Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) environment and the program on running resulted in a cost savings of 19.3 percent and 20.6 percent, respectively, per day per line. The proposed values of distances, frequency and material handling cost are compared with the existing values of the same. Furthermore, the execution time and the quality of solution were observed to be altering with change in particle size and number of iterations.

Authors :
G. S. Dangayach : Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MNIT, Jaipur;
Himanshu Bhatt : Project and Maintenance Engineer, Bhushan Steel Limited, Odisha.
Sumit Gupta : Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur.
M. L. Meena : Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur

Plant Layout Optimization Using CRAFT and ALDEP Methodology

By: Vivek Deshpande , Nitish D. Patil , Vilas Baviskar , Jaivesh Gandhi

Page No : 32-42

Abstract
Facility layout design is the field of selecting the most effective arrangement of physical facilities to allow the greater efficiency in the combination of resources to produce a product. The facility planning plays a vital role in manufacturing process because in achieving an efficient process flow it reduces the total cost of manufacturing activity and provides optimum space to give maximum output with minimum effort at the floor area. The manufacturing facility needs to be responsive to the frequent changes in demand while minimizing material handling (Deshpande and Chopade, 2005). By keeping material moving faster, manufacturing time is also reduced. The objective of the facility planning is to achieve the lower work—in process, inventory, lower material handling and production cost (Patil, Deshpande and Gandhi, 2015). The different method or techniques are employed to design the facility layout. The most widely used techniques for facility layout design is Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) by Muther. Nowadays computer programs are used to assist the layout planner in generating alternate layout. In this article, a computerized layout algorithm (improvement type), that is, Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Technique (CRAFT) technique is presented for improving existing layout. Further, authors have proposed the new plant layout using Automated Layout Design Program (ALDEP) technique. The improvement given by ALDEP over CRAFT technique was found to reduce annual material handling cost by 23 percent. Travel chart is also used here in CRAFT technique. All these aspects are explained in this article with the help of a case study.

Authors :
Vivek Deshpande : Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, G. H. Patel College of Engineering and Technology, V. V. Nagar, Anand, Gujarat.
Nitish D. Patil : M.E. (4th Semester) Adv. Manufacturing System, Shri S’advidhya Mandal, Bharuch, Gujarat.
Vilas Baviskar : M.E. (4th Sem.) Mechanical E, Engg., RCPIT, Shirpur, Maharashtra.
Jaivesh Gandhi : Asst. Prof., Production Engineering, Shri S’advidhya Mandal, Bharuch, Gujarat.

Technology Innovation in Indian MSMEs: A Case Study Using SWOT and SAP–LAP Analysis

By: Davinder Singh , J. S. Khamba , Tarun Nanda

Page No : 43-50

Abstract
In India, 95 percent of the industrial units are in smallscale sector, with 40 percent addition in the manufacturing sector and 6.29 percent contribution to the Indian Gross Domestic Product. So it becomes necessary for organizations to adopt new technologies or upgrade existing setup to meet continuously changing global market and fulfil customer needs. The case study of ABC industry highlights the problems and possibilities of innovative behaviour in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Strength, Opportunity, Weakness and Threats (SWOT) Analysis is one of the techniques to undertake a more structural analysis to formulate the best strategy. Also, a Situation Actor Process (SAP)– Learning Action Performance (LAP) Model has been applied to analyse the case study of ABC. The situation represents the present scenario of the organization. Actors are the participants, influencing the situation to evolve different business processes. Based on SAP, various learning issues have been analysed, which lead to suitable action followed by impact of SAP on the performance of the supply chain of the organization.

Authors :
Davinder Singh : Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala.
J. S. Khamba : Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala.
Tarun Nanda : Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala.

Standardizing the Processing Parameters to Obtain Mozzarella Cheese from Partially Homogenized Milk

By: Atanu Jana , Akshay Mahagaonkar , Hiral Modha , K. D. Aparnahti

Page No : 51-58

Abstract
Homogenization of cheese milk is beneficial with regard to appearance (whiteness), increased cheese yield and reduced fat leakage (upon baking) of mozzarella cheese (pizza type). However, homogenization treatment exerts adverse effect on curd formation and few functional properties of cheese. Partial homogenization (homogenization of cream and mixing it with untreated skim milk) is reported to exert lesser adverse effect on cheese curd properties than does complete homogenization. Though productivity of cheese is enhanced by homogenization, some of its end-use functionality is impaired. Hence, it was decided to study the impact of partial homogenization (25 + 10 [P1] and 50 + 10 kg/cm2 [P2] pressure, 60o C) of milk (3.0 percent fat) on the modification required in mozzarella cheese making process in order to obtain satisfactory quality mozzarella cheese suitable for its end usage. Based on the findings, it was recommended to incorporate CaCl2 @ 0.01 percent to partially homogenized cheese milk, cook the cheese curd to higher temperature (44o C vs 35oC for control), adopt higher whey acidity at draining (that is, 0.45 percent and 0.49 percent Lactic Acid (LA) when adopting P1 and P2 pressure, respectively) and using milder plasticizing conditions (that is, 95o C mould water and keeping contact period of 3–4 min. and 2–3 min. for pressures P1 and P2, respectively, vs 99–100oC/ 4–5 min. for control). Use of such modified process helped in obtaining mozzarella cheese conforming to legal standards and with enhanced milk solids recovery leading to improved cheese yield.

Authors :
Atanu Jana : Professor and Head, Department of Dairy Technology, SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat.
Akshay Mahagaonkar : Executive (Quality Assurance) at GCMMF, a marketing body of AMUL, Igloo Dairy Services Pvt. Ltd, Goa.
Hiral Modha : Assistant Professor, Department of Dairy Technology, SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand.
K. D. Aparnahti : Professor and Head, Department of Dairy Chemistry, SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand.

Analysis of Growth of Exports and Geographic Concentration of Automobile Industry in India

By: Jimmy Corton Gaddam

Page No : 59-67

Abstract
This article studies the export and output relationship of automobile industry besides focusing on geographic concentration of automobile industry exports from India to other countries. This work revealed that there is a significant impact of automobile industry output on its exports. The analysis of geographic concentration of automobile industry exports from India to other countries has revealed that there is an improvement of automobile industry exports to other countries.

Authors :
Jimmy Corton Gaddam : Assistant Professor, GITAM University, Bangaluru School of Management Studies, Bangaluru.

Economic Analysis of Rural Out-Migration and Its Determinants in Resources-Poor Region of Tamil Nadu

By: M. Thilagavathi , T. Alagumani , M. Uma Gowri

Page No : 68-77

Abstract
The present article made an attempt to assess the value loss in agriculture due to soil alkalinity and to article the influence of affected lands on migration of rural sample households in resource-poor regions of Tamil Nadu. The article was based on the cross-section data from 240 numbers of farm households (160 affected and 80 nonaffected) from the resource poor districts (Tuticorin and Ramanathapuram) of Tamil Nadu. The data collection was made through personal interview method and the determinants of migration were examined through probit model. The article resulted that among the major crops the value loss was very high in paddy and coarse cereals followed by pulse crops. To supplement the income loss from agriculture earning members are moving out in seeking employment opportunities at various distant places. Non-farm sources are the major income sources (57.00 percent and 46 percent of total income) followed by on farm income in the sample rural households. The earning members falls in the age group of 20 to 40 years, had education up to secondary level, migrated to nearby areas and short-distance places for seeking employment. The family size, age and education level of potential earners group in the rural families, land quality and wage differentials were the potential factors which determine the probability of migration participation in the rural households.

Authors :
M. Thilagavathi : Professor (Agricultural Economics), Department of Agricultural Economics, CARDS, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
T. Alagumani : Prof. & Head, Department of Trade and Intellectual Properties, CARDS, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
M. Uma Gowri : Senior Research Fellow, Department of Agricultural Economics, CARDS, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

Fruits and Vegetables Processing in India: Science, Technology and Skill Development Policy Issues

By: Mohammad Rais , Jyoti Kushwaha , Aditya Rohan

Page No : 78-92

Abstract
Post-harvest management of fruits and vegetables (F&V) is of great importance in India. India, the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in world, is having several lacunas in a field otherwise having great potential. This article addresses F&V processing issues in science, technology and skill development, analyses the policy development in the sector and suggests appropriate policy reforms. Opening up of Indian economy post 1991 and its impact on F&V sector, latest policies on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), food marketing and retail, recent food safety and standard legislation, etc., were studied. Both factor productivity and technical efficiency declined in the decade following liberalization but picked up in the last decade. Technical progress is still quite low and does not contribute much to the productivity growth. Inadequate installed power capacity and low per capita income have been found to be few factors responsible for low number of food processing industries in certain states like West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar in spite of substantial production of F&V. Policy recommendations in relation to food safety and hygiene, infrastructure, marketing, technological upgradation, skill development incentives are suggested.

Authors :
Mohammad Rais : Senior Principal Scientist, CSIR, National Institute of Science, Technology & Development Studies (NISTADS), Pusa Gate, K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi.
Jyoti Kushwaha : Senior Project Fellow, CSIR, National Institute of Science, Technology & Development Studies (NISTADS), Pusa Gate, K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi.
Aditya Rohan : BITS Intern, CSIR, National Institute of Science, Technology & Development Studies (NISTADS), Pusa Gate, K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi.

Counterfeit Processed Food Products: Retailers’ Perspective

By: Shilpa Sindhu

Page No : 93-101

Abstract
This article is an effort towards identifying and analysing factors impacting retailers perspective towards counterfeit processed food products. Around 180 retailers were contacted and interviewed regarding their perspectives and factors responsible. Factor Analysis was applied to identify the major factors. Finally, eight factors emerged out like retailer’s flexibility, retailer’s individual perceptions, social factors, etc. The identified factors may help the policymakers and businessmen to take judicious actions to discourage counterfeit products.

Authors :
Sapna Arora : Assistant Professor, FBM Department, NIFTEM University, Sonipat, Haryana.
Anupama Panghal : Assistant Professor, FBM Department, NIFTEM University, Sonipat, Haryana.
Shilpa Sindhu :Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Northcap University, Gurgaon, Haryana

Evaluation of Kaizen Technique Across Manufacturing Unit—A Case Study

By: Jagdeep Singh , Harvinder Singh

Page No : 102-111

Abstract
Kaizen is a management approach of achieving major enhancement in a process through small incremental improvement. In the present article. CI strategies are applied to the manufacturing system processes. Kaizen Improvement projects are performed to enhance the performance of manufacturing operations by small incremental changes. Results indicate the significant increase in MTBF of the production equipments. Policy Deployment X Matrix has been used to apply CI strategies for significant increase in MTBF of production equipment.

Authors :
Jagdeep Singh : Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Punjabi University, Patiala.
Harvinder Singh : Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana.

Database
Technological Investment: India Vis-à-vis Major Countries

By: Rajesh Sund

Page No : 112-114

Author :
Rajesh Sund : Deputy Director (Economic Services), National Productivity Council, New Delhi.

Jul-2016 to Sep-2016

Global Climate Change and Confronting the Challenges of Food Security

By: A. N. Sarkar

Page No : 115-122

Abstract
Over the past centuries the global climate has been changing as a result of industrial uses of fossil fuels and various anthropogenic activities, resulting in greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, etc. Climate change and its impact has been quite pronounced in the past two decades. Among other things, one of the significant impacts experienced in recent times is in the areas of environment, ecology, economy, agricultural production and productivity as well as global food security, including human nutrition. This article discusses in a nutshell the impact of climate change, among other things, on environment, agriculture and food security.

Author :
A. N. Sarkar : Ex-Senior Professor (International Business) and Dean (Research), Asia-Pacific Institute of Management, 3 and 4 Institutional Areas, Jasola, New Delhi.

Productivity Improvement of Agro Based Farm Workers using Ergonomic Approach

By: T. Ramesh Babu , N. Dinesh Karthik

Page No : 123-131

Abstract
The agriculture sector satisfies the needs of human beings by providing food to survive and employment to a large amount of workforce. Over 58 percent of rural households depend on agriculture as their principal means of livelihood in India. Agricultural export constitutes 10 percent of the country’s exports. Agriculture is becoming a risky occupation because of various factors ranging from economic problems to psychological issues faced by agriculture workers. As per the recent survey taken by National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), agriculture occupies nearly 49 percentage of total workforce and there are 24.6 crore workers employed in agricultural sector. But low income from agriculture sector will hinder the growth of this sector. Agriculture workers have been undergoing many challenges such as low income, uncertainty in monsoon, no guaranteed job and income. They are also undergoing many physical problems because the farming work needs more physical excretion and posture. In this paper, the authors are making an attempt to study the postural problems using ergonomic study and highlight the importance of ergonomics on productivity improvement.

Authors :
T. Ramesh Babu : Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering, Anna University, Chennai,
N. Dinesh Karthik : PG Scholar, Department of Industrial Engineering, Anna University, Chennai.

Challenges to Agriculture Sector in Telangana Economy

By: Koti Reddy Tamma , I. R. S. Sarma

Page No : 132-140

Abstract
This paper examines the performance and challenges to the Telangana agricultural sector. The study using the annual data for the period 2004–05 to 2014–15 reveals that the structural change in the composition of Gross State Domestic Product by Industrial origin is the consequence of the process of economic growth during the last 10 years. In this paper an attempt has been made to study reasons for backwardness of agricultural sector in Telangana economy. The key challenges documented are related with small size of land holdings, low yields and high risk, lack of assured irrigation, growing indebtedness of the farmer households, weak institutions, and poor infrastructure. The study highlights that in order to overcome the challenges and unleash the opportunities, there is a need to reform agriculture sector, invest in agriculture, optimum utilization of micro irrigation potentiality, reprioritize agricultural research, connect invention and innovations, link farmers with markets, strengthen institutions and improve infrastructure.

Authors :
Koti Reddy : Professor in Economics, IBS, Hyderabad (a constituent of the ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education),
I. R. S. Sarma : Associate Professor in Economics, IBS, Hyderabad (a constituent of the ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education).

Poverty in Irrigated and Rainfed Ecosystems: Village Studies in Tamil Nadu

By: Susanto Kumar Beero

Page No : 141-148

Abstract
This paper analyses the poverty issue under two different ecosystems, irrigated and rainfed, in the villages of drought prone Pudukkotai district in Tamil Nadu. The data, generated through field survey, were analysed by using both descriptive and regression analysis. The study indicated that employment, income and consumption pattern were higher in irrigated ecosystem than in rainfed areas. Further, the level of rural poverty was higher as expected in rainfed ecosystem than in the irrigated areas. In addition, among the variables included for the regression analysis, irrigation determined predominantly the rural poverty, suggesting that irrigation was the major factor in determining poverty.

Authors :
Susanto Kumar Beero : Research Fellow, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu

Industry and Rural Development with Reference to Odisha

By: Seema Mallik

Page No : 149-159

Abstract
Since the 1990s there has been a shift towards liberalization and neoliberal policies in India that are being argued by development economists to achieve high growth rates. This shift towards a neoliberal state has resulted in a close nexus between the state and business groups. This alliance between the state and big businessis responsible both for releasing economic dynamism and for also limiting the spread of its resulting gains. Several groups feel alienated and marginalized from this developmental process. Economic growth has been unbalanced and unsustainable, failing to meet basic minimum needs of a large section of the population and poverty continues to be was widespread. Further the close state–corporate nexus has led to “land grabs” by the state which is acquiring land forcibly from poor farmers and tribals across the country in the name of development. This has adversely hit agriculture in the country where the contribution to GDP has gone down despite agriculture being the largest employer in the country. In this context, the present paper analyses that despite being one of the most mineral rich states, Odisha remains one of the poorest states of India. It argues that the development strategy towards heavy industrialisation to overcome poverty has further alienated poor farmers, creating greater social inequalities. Thus, in an economy where agriculture is the backbone of the country, damaging of the backbone will weaken the state and lead to uneven development. The paper concludes that heavy industrialisation and mining is not the solution but an inclusive, participatory growth with a right balance between agriculture and industry can bring about people-centred growth and contribute to the strengthening of the democratic institutions and processes in India. This argument is substantiated by case studies of Vedanta in Kalahandi district, which is amongst the poorest districts in the country.

Author :
Seema Mallik : Asst. Professor, Department of Political Science, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

Diversification of Agriculture for Enhancing Income and Employment Opportunities in Uttarakhand

By: G. S. Mehta , Tulsi Mehta

Page No : 160-171

Abstract
It has been well recognized that undertaking traditional form of farming operations is neither in a position to create additional employment opportunities for increasing labour force nor to sustain the livelihood of farming households due to increasing fragmentation of arable land and its decreasing quality and depletion of various natural resources supporting to agricultural productivity in the hilly areas of Uttarakhand. Carrying out large-scale diversification and modernization of economic system by way of initiating industrialization to overcome from such problems is also restricted by certain environmental and ecological constraints. In such situations, initiating agricultural diversification through minimizing the use of land under the traditional low value food crops and its subsequent shift into the production of various high value crops and market oriented non-food crops such as fruits, off-season vegetables, oilseeds and spices, thereby to maximize per hectare and per household income are favourably available in its different areas. Both per hectare productivity and the value of net income being originated from the production every high value crop, especially most market-oriented crops such as fruits and off-season vegetables, has witnessed remarkably manifold higher as compared to opting the farming of various traditional crops. In fact the elasticity of providing gainful employment opportunities with fairly larger per worker productivity and earnings have been well recognized in opting to confine on farming of former categories of crops as compared to latter one. The examination of above highlighted arguments are based on the analysis of primary data collected among a sample of 974 farm households located in different geographical locations,i.e, high, middle and low hill areas of two most agriculturally diversified districts of Pauri and Nainital in the state.

Authors :
G. S. Mehta : Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow,
Tulsi Mehta : Lecturer in Applied Economics, I.T. College Lucknow.

Talent Development in Family-managed Businesses: A Cross-organizational studies on SMEs and large business units in India

By: Dipak Kumar Bhattacharyya

Page No : 172-181

Abstract
Family-managed organizations practice talent development through alternative experiential learning approaches like mentoring, crossskilling and even by focusing on employee engagement. This study examines the trend in talent development practices in familymanaged business units in India, based on information compiled from two family-managed small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and two family-managed large business units. The study outlines the talent development practices in sample familymanaged SMEs and then compares it with talent development practices of two large family-managed business units. Based on the literature support and the results of comparison, the study then suggests the need for emulating the best practices on talent development in family-managed SMEs, even when direct investments are not made.

Author :
Dipak Kumar Bhattacharyya : Professor, Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Gender Responsive Climate Change Strategies for Sustainable Development

By: N. B. Chauhan , Vinaya Kumar H. M

Page No : 182-186

Abstract
Attention to gender and changing climate has increased progressively over the last decade. Much of the recent literature is focusing on the nature of women’s work, which is being used to justify placing women at the centre of climate change policy. However, in difference with the representation of the woman in earlier literature, policies typically portray her as vulnerable, weak, poor and socially isolated. Debatably, this is a reflection of the politics of gender slightly than the reality of the men and women who often experience and deal with changes of various kinds. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) acknowledges that climatic risk affects men and women differently on a number of levels, including politically, communally, economically and in terms of exposure to risk and risk perception. However, there is a deficiency in research on gender differences in vulnerability to and impacts of climate change, especially health-related impacts. Equity and social justice can be achieved by recognizing the differences in vulnerability and strengths of women and men and the diverse factors that contribute to vulnerability. Identifying these differences is an essential and important component of any forthcoming attempts to address the gender issues in a changing climate.

Authors :
N. B. Chauhan : Professor and Head, Department of Extension Education, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat.
Vinaya Kumar, H. M : Assistant Professor, Department of Extension Education, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat.

A Study of Corporate Social Responsibility of Banks

By: M. Selvakumar , B. Arumugam , V. Sathiyalakshmi

Page No : 187-209

Abstract
The current study, the analysis of the level of expectation and its influences on corporate social responsibility (CSR) of banks in Virudhunagar district, is based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data has been collected from 386 customers in the study area to know the attitude of customers about the CSR of banks. The secondary data required for the study are collected from government reports, journals, books, bank records and websites. The collected data has been analysed by using appropriate statistical tools such as Percentage Analysis, Factor Analysis and Discriminant Analysis with the help of SPSS.

Authors :
M. Selvakumar : Assistant Professor, PG and Research Department of Commerce, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi,
B. Arumugam : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce (CS,) Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi.
V. Sathiyalakshmi : Research Scholar, PG and Research Department of Commerce, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi.

Barriers and Drivers in Energy Efficiency in India: A SAP-LAP Analysis

By: Alok Kumar Mittal , K.M. Mital

Page No : 210-223

Abstract
Recent global developments towards climate change have ignited a lot of interest in field of energy efficiency and conservation in India. The government is also developing and implementing many innovative programmes as a policy measure to promote energy efficiency and energy conservation in different sectors of Indian economy. In this study, we provide the brief review the energy saving potential in India. We focus our thought to analyze the energy policy of India using SAP-LAP analysis and identify the barriers and drivers in the field of energy efficiency and conservation promotion. We further review the different energy efficiency and conservation programmes and briefly highlight the performance of each programme. We also emphasize the limitations, challenges and issues in promoting and implementing those programmes. This paper aims to ignite interest among policymakers, researchers, energy service companies, appliance manufacturers and other pertinent stakeholders. The learnings gained from this study may be used by the policymakers in designing and implementing effective energy policy measure to remove the obstacles in the way of investment in energy efficient technologies.

Authors :
Alok Kumar Mittal : Deputy Director, National Productivity Council, New Delhi,
K.M. Mital : Director, Global Institute of Flexible Management, New Delhi.

Database
Agriculture and Rural Development : A Comparison Across Select Countries

By: Rajesh Sund

Page No : 224-226

Oct-2016 to Dec-2016

Foreign Direct Investment in Strategic Sectors of India: A Study on the Role of Reforms and Sectoral Guidelines

By: Niti Bhasin

Page No : 227-234

Abstract
Since the onset of globalization, India has progressively adopted liberalized investment policies to facilitate the growth of foreign direct investment (FDI).The initial policy stimulus to FDI in India came in July 1991 when the New Industrial Policy provided, inter alia, automatic approval for projects with foreign equity participation up to 51 per cent in high priority areas. Ever since, the government has kept the momentum of reforms going with measures being announced from time to time to further facilitate and broaden the base of FDI in India. This paper analyses the FDI policy for some strategic sectors of the Indian economy, viz.,agriculture, manufacturing, defence and financial services, and examines the role of sectoral policy on FDI prospects of the economy. Realizing the importance of various strategic sectors in building a robust economy, the government has progressively put more sectors and sub-sectors on the automatic route for speedy execution of FDI proposals. Further, the FDI ceiling for many of these sectors has also been raised to generate greater interest in investing high-end technology and know-how.

Authors :
Niti Bhasin : Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi.

An Empirical Analysis of Macroeconomic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to India

By: Syed Tabassum Sultana

Page No : 235-245

Abstract
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is of growing significance in propelling economic growth of any nation. It presents several advantages to both the investing country and the host country. For any host country, it acts as a mechanism to supplement domestic capital as it provides access to superior technology and further increases the existing levels of efficiency and productivity. It also generates new production opportunity, provides managerial skills needed to stimulate economic growth and gain access to regional and global markets. Investing countries have attractive prospects for the capital outflow and gain an entry into emerging markets or economies. Foreign direct investment presents a win-win situation to the host and the home countries. Numerous macroeconomic variables of the host country directly or indirectly affect the inflow of FDI. The current study attempts to identify the macroeconomic factors that determine the flow of FDI inflows in India from 1981 to 2014. It analyses in-depth the relationship between FDI and macroeconomic factors like GDP, Exchange Rate, Imports, Exports, Corporate Tax, External Debt, Interest Rate and Inflation. Firstly, the current study finds that the FDI inflows to India have followed a mixed trend during the said period. Secondly, it concludes that FDI inflows are negatively correlated with respect to interest rate and corporate tax and positively correlated with respect to the other variable like GDP, Exchange Rate, Imports, Exports, External Debt and Inflation. Thirdly, it finds a significant correlation between FDI and Interest Rate, Exchange Rate, Exports, Imports and External Debt. Lastly, Macroeconomic Determinants like Exchange Rate, Exports GDP and Imports fuel the flow of FDI and FDI in turn multiplies External Debt and Exports. However, the relationship between Exports and FDI is bidirectional.

Authors :
Syed Tabassum Sultana : Principal, Matrusri Institute of PG Studies, 16-1-486, Saidabad, Hyderabad, India

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflows on Productivity: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis

By: Pabitra Kumar Jena , Utpal Chattopadhyay

Page No : 246-256

Abstract
The present study aims to analyse the impact of FDI inflows on productivity in India. The study reviewed some of the earlier works on impact of FDI inflows on productivity during pre- and postglobalization period. These studies found that the impact of FDI inflows on productivity is mixed, i.e., both positive and negative. The studies observed that varied results depend on characteristics of the host country and the investing firms. Factors such as ‘absorptive capability’ of the host economy, domestic market competition, ownership structure of foreign firms and technology gap between foreign and domestic firms in the industry can explain the different outcomes. Absorptive capability refers to the fact that FDI may be more beneficial for an industry if the domestic firms have a minimum level of technological development and human capital. Since competition effects foreign firm; it can lead to crowding out of domestic firms which are forced to make an exit being unable to compete with the foreign firms. This study found that impact of FDI inflows on productivity is positive in case of manufacturing sector as well as service sector firms. Empirical evidence showed that both manufacturing and service sectors have positive Total Factors Productivity Growth (TFPG). The positive growth of TFPG in both sectors is mainly due to Technical Efficiency Change (TEC). The manufacturing sector however is having more TEC in comparison with service sector. The higher TEC in manufacturing sector is due to both Pure Technical Efficiency Change (PTEC), which is also known as managerial efficiency, and Scale Efficiency Change (SEC) which is also known as size efficiency. But TEC in service sector is due to PTEC (managerial efficiency) and not SEC (size efficiency). Further, the paper goes on to discuss the limitations of the present study and scope for further research. Finally, some policy suggestions for better inflows of FDI in India are spelt out.

Authors :
Pabitra Kumar Jena : Assistant Professor, School of Economics, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
Utpal Chattopadhyay : Associate Professor, National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Mumbai.

Foreign Direct Investment in India’s Retail Sector and Farmers’ Productivity: Few Issues

By: Murali Patibandla

Page No : 257-265

Abstract
Productivity is generally defined as the amount of output realized for a given level of inputs. The neoclassical growth theory considers productivity as a function of technology and capital accumulation. In this paper, I argue that apart from technology and capital, productivity depends on institutional factors such as property rights, incentives, transaction and information costs. Foreign direct investment in India’s retail sector can bring in the best practices of supply chain management and reduce transaction and information costs of input and output markets and thereby contributes to farmers’ productivity. I bring forth a few conceptual issues and qualitative empirics on this topic.

Authors :
Murali Patibandla : Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, Bannerghatta Road, Benguluru–560076.

India as a Top Destination in FDI Inflows: Is It a Reality or a Myth?

By: Badar Alam Iqbal

Page No : 266-274

Abstract
FDI inflows are the necessity of Indian economy. This is because India is in the process of transformation from traditional economy to modern economy. FDI inflows play a crtical role in providing resources for accelerating the pace of growth of Indian economy. FDI further helps in keeping current account deficit at the low ebb. This paper tries to highlight the emerging trends in FDI inflows to Indian economy. FDI inflows are also coming through mergers and acquisitions. India is adequately attracting FDI inflows and hence has come out as the top destination in the world.

Authors :
Badar Alam Iqbal : Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (UP), India.

Employment Pattern in Unorganized Manufacturing Sector in Uttar Pradesh

By: Nomita P. Kumar

Page No : 275-285

Abstract
This paper tries to explore the employment scenario in the unorganized manufacturing sector of Uttar Pradesh. The findings reflect upon the fact that the unorganized sector has got immense employment potential due to its more absorption capacity and requirement of low investment. We have delved deep into the issue of growth and pattern of employment by nature and quality of work and gender wise and region wise. Efforts are also made to capture growth in factor productivities and capital intensity of the sector with a view to understand the efficiency of the sector. The study incorporates overall unorganized manufacturing sector as well as for different enterprise types.

Authors :
Nomita P. Kumar : Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow

By: Sakshi Sharma , Jai Singh Parmar , S. S. Chauhan

Page No : 286-292

Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between work-related variables and work–life balance (and its dimensions). The study sought to determine the most significant predictors of work–life balance of nurses. The study was conducted through a sample of 216 nurses employed in various government hospitals of Himachal Pradesh. The data thus collected have been analysed with the help of SPSS 17. In order to analyse the data, the statistical tools, viz., Pearson correlation coefficient and Independent sample t-test were used. The findings of the study demonstrated that there is significant correlation between various work-related variables and work–life balance (and its dimensions). Work-related variables, viz., task variety, work ambiguity, work autonomy and work role overload have a significant impact on the work–life balance of the respondents.

Authors :
Sakshi Sharma : UGC Research Fellow, Himachal Pradesh University Business School, Shimla,
Jai Singh Parmar : Professor, Himachal Pradesh University Business School, Shimla,
S. S. Chauhan : Professor, Public Administration, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla.

Supply Chain in the Fish Processing Sector in Kerala: An Empirical Analysis

By: Ancy V. P. , K.V. Raju

Page No : 293-299

Abstract
Fish is generally accepted as a solution to the problem of proteincalorie malnutrition faced by the fast-growing population of the world. This study has been structured to capture the process and flow of the supply chain in the fishery sector. Supply and value chain analysis framework was developed to present the real picture of this sector. The study observed that the marine fish marketing in Kerala relies upon various marketing channels for different types of fishery products. The present analysis identified the various costs incurred with the structural innovation. Gravity model is used to examine the market-wise flow of marine product exports from India.

Authors :
Ancy V. P : Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Maharaja’s College, Ernakulam, Kerala, India.
K.V. Raju : Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Kochi, Kerala, India.

Measurement of Organizational Resilience— An Approach

By: Mohit Kumar Kolay

Page No : 300-309

Abstract
Following the definition of modulus of resilience in engineering, organizational resilience has been measured here by the extent of successful change over time to reflect the strength of any organization to withstand ‘sudden blows’. Three factors have been considered to reflect organizational resilience viz., 1) extent of successful overall change in different asset bases like the suppliers, customers, technology, and organizational system, 2) continuity of such change over time, and 3) organizational size. A model has been developed incorporating suitable surrogate measures to reflect the extent of changes in different areas. Suitable weightings have been assigned to reflect the extent of overall change. Return on investment criteria has been used to judge the relative success of overall change. The measurement concept has been applied to two food processing organizations in the Pacific Islands country with the last overthrowing the government as the example of sudden blow. The continuity of change has been assessed over a twelve-year period. Two organizations have been found to differ in their level of resilience, one being 5.2 times more resilient than the other.

Authors :
Mohit Kumar Kolay : Professor, College of Business Administration, Al Yamamah University, Riyadh.

Cultural Archetype Brand from Indian Craftsmen for Socially Responsible Citizenship

By: Ritu Malhotra , Balamurugan A.

Page No : 310-318

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to explore the dimensions of consumer imagination and archetypal representation, their inter-relationship and application of the dimensions with the case of well-known Indian retailer Fabindia. The paper attempts to address the dimensions of cultural archetypal brand paradigm that can sustain customer loyalty in the scenario of globalization by uniquely positioning itself as a socially responsible brand, thereby gaining competitive advantage. It focuses in the area of social marketing and firm’s stakeholder based community model of inclusive capitalism keeping in view preservation of traditional heritage of handicrafts blended with creating sustainable employment opportunities to Indian rural artisans, weavers, local communities.

Authors :
Ritu Malhotra : Associate Professor, Department of Fashion Management Studies, National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT), Kolkata, India,
Balamurugan A : Research Scholar, Xavier Labour Relations Institute (XLRI), Jamshedpur, India.

Databse
FDI Inflows and Outflows during 2013–15: Selected Countries

By: Rajesh Sund

Page No : 319-322

Author :
Rajesh Sund : Deputy Director (Economic Services), National Productivity Council, New Delhi.

Jan-2017 to Mar-2017

Ensuring Clean Water Accessibility and Mitigating Water Induced Disasters— Contributing Towards Sustainable Development Goals

By: R.B. Singh

Page No : 323-331

Abstract
India has occupied 4 per cent of fresh water resources, 2.4 per cent of total geographical areas and 17 per cent population in the world. This imbalance further results into crisis in securing water to its rapidly growing population. Situation of water resource degradation is complex in India. There are huge potential of water resources, which are facing the challenges in the form of conflicts arising out of poverty, population growth and careless application of technology together with water induced disasters. Development activities should be implemented but not at the cost of degradation of the water. Water environment sustainability should be achieved through afforestation for the soil moisture, restore the natural water storage sites like wetlands, lakes and ponds, etc., linking rivers of water surplus and water deficit areas within states, selection and growing of the crop according the availability of water in the area, installation of more and more treatment plant for recycling of waste water and proper mechanism for the treatment of disposable industrial waste and wastewater reuse. This paper aims at identifying critical issues, challenges and innovative solution in order to contribute to the UN Sustainable Development Goal 6, that is, Clean Water and Sanitation.

Author :
R.B. Singh : Vice President, International Geographical Union and ICSU Scientific Committee Member, Department of Geography, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi.

Safe and Pure Drinking Water: An Alternate View Point

By: Brijesh C. Purohit

Page No : 332-342

Abstract
Besides water supply, there are serious concerns regarding the safety and availability of drinking water. Even the quality of drinking water in India is also a major concern. Water quality is affected by both point and non-point sources of pollution. There are various methods adopted to purify water. A major concern raised in this paper is about reverse osmosis-based technology presumably being marketed aggressively. This technology has been criticized for its harmful effects which relate to demineralization of water. Using different evidences we have explored arguments both in favour and against this technology. However, evidence based on current status of Indian data remains inconclusive.

Author :
Brijesh C. Purohit : Professor, Madras School of Economics, Gandhi Mandapam Road, Kottur, Chennai.

Economics of Water:Understanding India’s Water Balance in a Globalized Economy

By: Krishna Raj

Page No : 343-354

Abstract
This article deals with economic conception of water as economic good as well as natural capital for equitable and efficient management of water under the globalized economy. Understanding of water as an economic good ensures devising various new market instruments which help allocation of water efficiently and equitably among competing sectors of the economy. The recent international attempts to include Natural Capital in the Integrated Economic and Environmental Accounting or Green GDP consider the role of total economic value of water to economic growth. The growing scarcity of water, already reflected in market prices, limits future economic growth of India, unless the government takes policy measure of supply-side (water enhancement) management through catchment area conservation and demand-side (efficient) management by reducing the demand for water in the cities. The study of New York and Bangalore in the context of climate change led water scarcity helps in understanding the status of urban water management by the respective water utilities. Water scarcity, water use inefficiency and inequity in water distribution have already resulted in prevalence of water poverty all over India. In this context, this paper favours that the production and consumption behaviours of industry and consumers should be on the path of sustainable development practices.

Authors :
Krishna Raj : Associate Professor and Head, Centre for Economic Studies and Policy, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru – 560072.

Water Productivity: A Perspective on Enhancing Ecosystem Functioning and Harvesting Opportunities

By: Vir Singh , Nanda Nautiyal

Page No : 355-361

Abstract
This paper attempts to present a perspective on water productivity in agriculture and in food and nutrition security. Water plays a central role and is vital for ecosystem functioning including productivity of its own, which is inevitable for ecological and environmental outputs, as well as for socio-economic well-being. Water productivity is one of the indicators of sustainable development. In some countries, like India, water resources are limited. Water resources in the Himalayan region are crucial for environmental balance and sustaining livelihoods in South Asia. Also referred to as the Third Pole of the Earth, the Himalayan Mountains need a region-specific development intervention to maintain high water productivity in the region. Various vegetational, social and engineering measures for ensuring sustainable water supplies could be used in the fragile mountain ecosystems. Water productivity is one of the central factors for ecological integrity of the biosphere. Judicious use of water, prevention and control of pollution, harnessing opportunities available in nature (e.g., native biodiversity and ecological regeneration of forests), workable water policies, conservationoriented and water productivity-enhancing development intervention is an imperative for us to usher in a sustainable future.

Authors :
Vir Singh : Department of Environmental Science, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar – 263145, Uttarakhand, India.
Nanda Nautiyal : 74-A, Lane No. 7, Om Vihar, Dehradun – 248001, Uttarakhand, India

Improving Irrigation Water Productivity in Agriculture

By: O. P. Singh

Page No : 362-369

Abstract
Water is one of the most important and scarce natural resources. It has power to enhance crop productivity by providing conducive environment to farmers to adopt improved agronomic practices, use of high yielding variety of seeds, chemical fertiliser, etc. Improving agricultural water productivity is important in overall managing agricultural water demand as 69 per cent of total water withdrawal is used for crop production globally whereas it is 82 per cent in India. The economic value of water use in agriculture is much lower than other sector. The present study was an attempt to find out different ways to improve irrigation water productivity. The overall objective of this study was to estimate crop water productivity under different situations. The study was based on primary data and it was collected from four Indian states, viz., Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Gujarat. Results suggest that irrigation water productivity was higher for diesel pump owner as compared to electric pump owner in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. In case of canal and groundwater irrigation, water productivity was higher for groundwater irrigation as compared to canal irrigation in Punjab. In Gujarat, water productivity was enhanced by adoption of water saving technologies as compared to traditional method of irrigation.

Author :
O. P. Singh : Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.

Impact Assessment of Rainwater Harvesting SBI–CAIM Interventions in Vidarbha Region of India

By: Joginder Singh , Arun Pandhi , Amitanshu Choudhary

Page No : 370-379

Abstract
The assessment of water harnessing intervention made by Navajbai Ratan Tata Trust in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state of India indicated fruitful results in improving the economic lot of vulnerable small farmers. The water saved through various area-specific measures was used for providing 1–2 protective irrigations to cotton, soybean and red-gram crop, improving the crop yields by 2–3 qt per acre. It also minimized the soil erosion, introduced new potential crops raising the cropping intensity, boosted the livestock enterprises and addressed to the problem of shortage of drinking water in the area.

Authors :
Joginder Singh, Consultant, Navajbai Ratan Tata Trust. Arun Pandhi, Senior Manager, Navajbai Ratan Tata Trust. Amitanshu Choudhary, Manager, Navajbai Ratan Tata Trust.

Assessment of Continuous Improvement Initiatives for Improving Performance of SMEs of Northern India—An Empirical Investigation

By: Jagdeep Singh , Harwinder Singh

Page No : 380-387

Abstract
Continuous Improvement approach is a management approach of achieving major enhancement in the process through incremental improvements in the manufacturing system processes. Continuous Improvement helps to eliminate waste in manufacturing system processes through small improvement. This study attempts to access the initiatives of continuous improvement approach, viz., Continuous Improvement system and structure, customer and supplier relationship and organization culture in SMEs (small medium enterprises) of northern India. Correlation and Multiple regressions indicate both positive and negative potential of CI initiatives on firm performance. Continuous Improvement system and structure significantly aimed at reducing product configuration based on perception of actual performance. Customer and Supplier relationship significantly aimed at improving Product Innovation of new parts and processes based perception of actual performance and Organization Culture significantly aimed at improving the product configuration.

Authors :
Jagdeep Singh : Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab.
Harwinder Singh : Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab.

An Empirical Analysis of Comparative Advantage in India’s Agricultural Export: Post WTO Era

By: Balaji , N.A. Khan

Page No : 388-400

Abstract
Current developments in the global trade scenario and corresponding alterations in India’s foreign trade policies depicted far-reaching implications for agricultural sector in general and agricultural exports in particular. The present study has ascertained the changes in comparative advantage status of India’s major agricultural exports during the PreWTO (1980–94) and Post WTO period (1995 to 2012).The RCAs in export commodity and agriculture products were higher than unity and RSCAs were positive and higher except wheat. Rest of the commodities RCA value has declined in post WTO compare to pre WTO period, i.e., 1980–84 compared to 1995–2012 indicating declined comparative advantage in these crops. The RSCA among all agricultural commodities during the study period suggested that India is gaining specialization in agriculture export commodities. A contrasting result from RSCA to RCA is that the mean value of RSCA export commodity as coffee green, oil of vegetable, sugar, tobacco and wheat for the entire period under study was below unity. India has, by and large, comparative disadvantage in the export of crops despite advantage in export of the agricultural commodities during the period of post WTO.

Authors :
Balaji : Research Scholar, School Of Economics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad - 500 046.
N.A. Khan : Associated Professor, School Of Economics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad - 500 046.

Outcomes of Training and Development Measures in Public Sector Banks of India: An Overview

By: Kshiroda Kumar Sahoo , Chandan Kumar Sahoo , Santosh Kumar Tripathy

Page No : 401-409

Abstract
Training interventions have played a significant role towards attitudinal change, improve morale, bring attention and expertise, upgrade skill and enhance the level of knowledge of the existing human resource to an improved state along with a break from the hectic work schedule for refreshment benefiting individually and organizationally. In this era of rapid expansion of banks, the training system should cope with the increasing demands and real challenges faced by the banks such as talent acquisition, management, retention and development. The time is at the peak for reviewing and changing the old principles and practises and taking bold measures to face the global as well as internal challenges, pressure from the peers as well as to meet the expectations of the demanding customers for economic future of the country and nation building.

Authors :
Kshiroda Kumar Sahoo : Research Scholar, Department of Personnel Management and Industrial Relations, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar-751004.
Chandan Kumar Sahoo : Associate Professor & Head, School of Management, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela - 769008, Sundergarh, Odisha.
Santosh Kumar Tripathy : Professor, Department of Personnel Management and Industrial Relations, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar – 751004.

MGNREGA: An Empirical Study of Punjab

By: Navneet Seth , Rohit Markan , Anupam Sharma

Page No : 410-423

Abstract
Mahatma Gandhi rural employment guarantee scheme was launched by UPA government in order to eradicate the poverty at the village level through providing the poor households at least 100 days of work in a year. This paper analyses implementation of this scheme in two districts in order to depict the real picture behind its implementation. Survey has been done to study the issues and problems faced by number of MGNREGA workers. The common problems faced by workers are non-availability of 100 days of work and delays in payment of wages. There is also an impressive engagement of women workers.

Authors :
Navneet Seth : Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Desh Bhagat University, Amloh, Mandi Gobindgarh, India.
Rohit Markan : Associate Professor and HOD, Management Department, UICM, SBBSU, Khiala, Jalandhar, India.
Anupam Sharma : Assistant Professor, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Thapar University, Patiala, India

Database
Water Resources Scenario in India: 2005 and 2015

By: Rajesh Sund

Page No : 424-427

Author :
Rajesh Sund : Deputy Director (Economic Services), National Productivity Council, New Delhi.

Annual Index of Productivity Vol. 57 (April 2016 – March 2017)

By: ..

Page No : 429-430

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Apr-2015 to Jun-2015

Research Productivity of Healthcare Professionals in India

By: P. Manuel Raj , A. Amudavalli

Page No : 1-8

Abstract
There are several opinions concerning the best Health Science programs and their most productive researchers. These opinion studies have originated on several criteria, of which literary productivity-–based performance analysis of an individual, institution, and country or world are largely reported. The current article is one such. To review the status of the literary productivity of Healthcare Professionals in India, a case study approach based on the research activity of the faculty and students at Christian Medical College Vellore (CMC) being one of the premier, century old and world-renowned institutions of education and research in Medical Sciences in India was undertaken. This article is the outcome of the research report which attempted to measure the magnitude of the Indian status of the Health Science programs and productivity scaling the literature emanating from the varied Departments/ Disciplines at CMC. The dataset of this analysis scores around of the publications of the CMC faculty during the period from 1976 to 2014. The research data was gathered from the online databases PubMed (National Library of Medicine USA [NLM]); EMBASE&Scopus (Elsevier); and Web of Science (Thomson Reuters). The analysis leads to the major finding that the largest amount of publications over the period in the three disciplines includes: Clinical Haematology, Genito-urinary Surgery and Microbiology. Analysis also indicates a greater growth pattern of productivity in Neurology, Gastroenterology, Microbiology, Paediatrics, General Medicine and General Surgery. It is also confirmed that Indian medical literature is reported largely in Indian medical journals (7/10) and only in three international journals amongst the top-ranked 10 source journals. All these top 10 are ascertained to have high impact factor and also core journals in the discipline. The top-ranked journals are the Lancet, and the International Journal of Leprosy and Blood. To sum up, it can be said that visibility of Indian medical literature is low in the world’s map of productivity. It is suggested that an increase in the R&D efforts by the Indian medical research group to reach more of highly ranked international journals is warranted.

Authors :
P. Manuel Raj : Lecturer & Head of Library Systems, University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
A. Amudavalli : Professor & Head, DLIS, University of Madras, Chennai-5. This study is an outcome of the doctoral research work of the first author under the supervision of the second author.

Efficiency of Health System in Four States of India : A District Level Analysis

By: Nutan Shashi Tigga , S. Irudaya Rajan

Page No : 9-23

Abstract
India has undoubtedly made impressive improvements in the health system since early independence. These can be validated from the impressive results witnessed in reducing mortality and increasing life expectancy rates which are often celebrated about. The national figures though ascertain huge improvements; but the state-level figures are quite disheartening. There exist stark inequalities across states; for instance, states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu have mortality rates lower than the national average in contrast to states like Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha. Given this scenario, the present study attempts to analyse the health system of four states of India—Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha. The study uses a non-parametric approach, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), to assess and compare the health system across the districts of these four states. This exercise would enable us to identify those districts whose health systems are performing under the mark. The study limits to three outputs and two inputs for 116 districts of India. It was found that of the 116 districts, 13 per cent were technically efficient, having an efficiency score of 1.00, while the remaining 87 per cent districts were technically inefficient. Undoubtedly, Kerala and Tamil Nadu stand to be the most efficient states, with almost all of its districts having an efficiency score of 1.0 or close. Bhopal district has been identified as a peer for many inefficient districts, following which these inefficient districts could move towards the efficiency frontier.

Authors :
Nutan Shashi Tigga : Doctoral Fellow, Center for Development Studies, Trivandrum,
S. Irudaya Rajan : Professor at the Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum.

Research Productivity of Lung Cancer by Indian Scientists during 1984–2013

By: R. Jeyshankar , A. Vellaichamy

Page No : 24-35

Abstract
This study mainly focuses on Indian research output in Lung Cancer, one of the leading causes of carcinogens and tumor promoters ingested via smoking. The data for this study was obtained from Scopus database for the period of 1984–2013. The analysis shows that majority (94 per cent) of the scientists preferred to publish research papers in joint authorship. In depth, this study analysed that USA is the major collaborating partner of India with a share of 24.66 per cent publications. Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai is the most productive institution in India on Lung Cancer research. It has contributed 16.90 per cent of the total research output. Indian Journal of Cancer is the most productive journal of Lung Cancer research and it has contributed 8.65 per cent of publications.

Authors :
R. Jeyshankar : Assistant Professor, Department of Library & Information Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi – 630 003.
A. Vellaichamy : Doctoral Research Scholar, Department of Library & Information Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi – 630 003.

Health Workforce in the Rural Public Health Sector in Assam : Current Status and Way Forward

By: Dilip Saikia , Hemanta Barman

Page No : 36-46

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine the adequacy of health workforce in the rural public health sector in Assam. The findings reveal that Assam faces an acute shortage workforce in the rural health sector. Although the position of the state is better than the national average in terms of health workforce density and population coverage by health workforce, the national and global norms that exist in this regard are yet to be satisfied.The findings also suggest that both demand and supply side factors are responsiblefor the shortages of health workforce in the state.The paper emphasizes the urgent need to create the required number of posts and fill up the vacancies;attractive incentive packages to attract doctors and specialists to the rural areas;training to existing workforce to keep them up-to-date; and suitable human resource management system in recruitment, distribution and management of health workforce in order to resolve the problem of health workforce shortages in the state.

Authors :
Dilip Saikia : Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Darrang College, Tezpur, Assam.
Hemanta Barman : Research Scholar, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati.

Impact of Healthcare Services on the Health Status of People: A Case Study of Barak Valley of Assam

By: Suchitra Das

Page No : 47-55

Abstract
In the present era, economic development has shifted to human development paradigm where human beings are considered as the means and end of development. Health is considered as one of the important means of human development. Health has direct relation with increasing productive capacity of a person, reducing poverty of a person and enhancing economic growth of a country. Considering health as a right the WHO committed to provide health for all by 2000 and India being a signatory member launched the primary healthcare services for the improvement of health for all. In this paper attempt is made to study the changes in the health scenario of the people after the launching the healthcare services like National Rural Health Mission. Thus, Barak Valley, the remotest part of the country situated in the southern most part of Assam with a very weak socioeconomic infrastructure is considered as the study area. The study is mainly based on primary and secondary data. Primary data is collected on the basis of random sampling. A health index is prepared to look upon the health status of the people. It is found that launching of the healthcare delivery services has lead to the reduction of morbidity occurred by the diseases known as public health problem. Moreover, changes with regard to maternal and infant mortality are also found.

Authors :
Suchitra Das : Assistant Professor, Economics, Karimganj College, Karimganj, Assam.

Social Support and Its Relationship to Work-life Balance — A Study of Medical Professionals in Government Hospitals of Himachal Pradesh

By: Sakshi Sharma , Jai Singh

Page No : 56-66

Abstract
Social support is the extent to which an individual perceives that his or her needs for support, information, and feedback are fulfilled. In fact, social support is closely related to the concept of a social network, or the ties to family, friends, neighbours, colleagues, and others which have some significance to the person. Support is a crucial component of job resource. Several research studies in the past have proposed that individuals can cope with work and family demands if they were well supported by the people around them. Keeping this in view, the present study was designed to investigate the relationship between the various sources of support and work–life balance (and its dimensions). The study sought to determine whether work support (supervisor and co-worker) and spouse support had any relationship with work–life balance and its dimensions. The study was conducted among medical professionals employed in various government hospitals of Himachal Pradesh. A sample of 216 nurses and 141 doctors were selected in the study. The data thus collected have been analyzed with the help of SPSS 17. In order to analyze the data the statistical tools,viz. Pearson correlation coefficient and One-way ANOVA were used. The findings of the study demonstrated significant correlation between various sources of support and work– life balance (and its dimensions).

Authors :
Sakshi Sharma : UGC Research Fellow in Himachal Pradesh University Business School, Shimla. She is M.B.A. (Human Resource Management and Marketing Management) and B.Tech in Information Technology. Sakshi was previously working as Assistant Professor in Ideal Institute of Management and Technology, affiliated to G.G.S.I.P.U.
Jai Singh : Professor in Himachal Pradesh University Business School, Shimla. He has published over 50 research papers and critics in various refereed journals

Impact of Climate Change and Policy Initiatives

By: Dinesh Singh , Mitter Sain

Page No : 67-87

Abstract
This is an abridged updated edition of the article of 7th November 2014, which was delivered by Mr. Dinesh Singh in the Asia Environment and Economic Forum organised by Asian Productivity Organisation (APO) at Tokyo during 10th to 12th December 2014. The article attempts to explain the Impact of Climate Change and Policy Initiatives in an objective and simple manner. Part I gives an Overview, including the meanings of the terms related to the subject. Part II enunciates salient details of the Major International Initiatives. Of the continuum: UNFCC Convention Kyoto Protocol Bali Road Map Cancun Agreements Durban Outcomes Doha Climate Gateway Warsaw Outcomes Lima Call for Climate Action, it focuses on the critical and important milestones of: UNFCCC; Kyoto Protocol; Doha Climate Gateway; Warsaw Outcomes; and Lima Call for Climate Action. Part III sums up the Crux, makes a brief Analysis and offers a few Suggestions.

Authors :
Dinesh Singh : B.Sc., M.A., LL.B., Indian Administrative Service, Additional Secretary to the Government of India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
Mitter Sain : B.Sc., M.Sc., M.P.A., Indian Statistical Service, Director, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India.

Performance Enhancement of a Manufacturing Unit of Northern India Using Continuous Improvement Strategies—A Case Study

By: Jagdeep Singh , Harwinder Singh

Page No : 88-95

Abstract
Continuous Improvement (CI) is one important lean manufacturing tool to reduce waste and improve flexibility in manufacturing processes allowing lot size reduction and manufacturing flow improvements. Manufacturing organizations are implementing such strategies to enhance the performances of manufacturing process through waste elimination and reducing setup times. The purpose of this case study to improve the performance of manufacturing unit using Continuous strategies, viz. Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED), 5S, Standardization, Redesign and Poka-Yoke by significant improvement in overall equipment effectiveness of their manufacturing equipments. Results indicated that these strategies significantly aimed at improvement of 3.01 per cent in OEE which leads to improve the performance of manufacturing system processes.

Authors :
Jagdeep Singh : Research Scholar, Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Punjab. India.
Harwinder Singh : Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India-141006.

Problems and Prospects of Home-Based Women Workers in Tamil Nadu

By: S. Chandrakumarmangalam , D. Arun Kumar

Page No : 96-106

Abstract
The entire economy of India is a combination of formal and informal economies in general. The share of informal economy compared to formal economy is much higher at the national as well as global level. According to International Labour Organization (ILO) 2002, the informal economy comprises informal categories of product and services and it has rapid growth globally which includes agriculture and non agriculture employment categories, non-standard or a typical work-self employed, part-time work and causal work. Informal economy is dualistic by nature, which is separated from the formal sector and complements the formal economy, though they are both interdependent. The general characteristics of informal economy are unregulated, unrecognized, unstructured and also subordinate and dependent feature of capitalist economy and globalization.

Authors :
S. Chandrakumarmangalam : Associate Professor and Head Department of Management Studies, Anna University Regional Centre, Coimbatore.
D. Arun Kumar : Research Scholar (fulltime), Department of Management Studies, Anna University Regional Centre, Coimbatore.

Customer Feedback–based Product Improvement: A Case Study

By: Mukesh Bulsara , Hemant Thakkar

Page No : 107-115

Abstract
Product improvement is a continuous process for survival and growth of all industries. But developing newer products frequently is very challenging and difficult task. So, continuous improvement in existing product is important for quality improvement, refreshment of product and customer satisfaction. In fact, product improvement is also necessary for improvement of attitude of employees (internal customers) of the organization. Updating the existing product by making good changes is as good as product development. This is because revised products attract the customer and results like marketing refreshment. The product development leads to newer and improved products which satisfy customers’ requirements. Theoretically, product development is a very expensive and time-consuming process; many organizations are not able to develop newer products at regular intervals. Hence, continuous product improvement is desirable for the manufacturing organization. Customer feedbacks about the performance of the product are very important as they lead to direction of research. Industry collects the feedback while selling the product to the customers; however, they fail to implement the suggestions given by the customers. Many times feedback opinions are not correct because they are not taken from the actual users of the product. This paper discusses the implementation of customer feedback to improve the existing product. The customer feedback data can be utilized for product improvement process.

Authors :
Mukesh Bulsara : Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering of G.H. Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India.
Hemant Thakkar : Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering of G.H. Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India.

Database
Benchmarking the Indian Healthcare System in the Global Economy

By: Rajesh Sund

Page No : 116-120

Author :
Rajesh Sund : Deputy Director (Economic Services Group) National Productivity Council, New Delhi.

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Jul-2015 to Sep-2015

An Empirical Analysis of Total Factor Productivity in Food and Beverage Sector

By: Sheena Chhabra , Ravi Kiran

Page No : 121-126

Abstract
Food and beverages account for a substantial part of Indian consumption, over 30 per cent compared to other emerging markets. India’s food processing industry is ranked fifth in terms of production, consumption, export and expected growth. The total factor productivity has varied over a decade within the range of 0.8 to 0.96. TFP is positive depicting that the sector is a growing sector of the economy. While analysing the predictors of total factor productivity, the total emoluments have a positive significant association with total factor productivity.

Authors :
Sheena Chhabra : Research Scholar, School of Huminities and Social Sciences, Thapar University, Patiala.
Ravi Kiran : Professor and Former Head, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, and Professor in charge, Alumni Relations, Thapar University, Patiala,

Productivity Improvement Through Design And Manufacturing of Special Purpose CNC Duplex Milling Machine For Cam Follower Lever

By: Dhananjay V. Patil , Jaydeep S. Bagi

Page No : 127-138

Abstract
In today’s competitive industrial scenario, increasing the productivity of the manufacturing process with machine tools used is a measure of concerned. This paper discusses the design and manufacturing of special purpose CNC duplex milling machine for the manufacturing of Cam Follower Lever. The newly developed machine tool helps to achieve substantial improvements in term of reduction of cycle time and an increase in production rate. These improvements are reflected in saving in the manufacturing cost per component.

Authors :
Dhananjay V. Patil : He is affiliated to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sanjeevan Engineering & Technology Institute, Panhala, Kolhapur;
Jaydeep S. Bagi : He is affiliated to Department of Production Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology, Kolhapur.

Indian Hometech Industry: A Trade Perspective

By: Asiya Chaudhary

Page No : 139-148

Abstract
The use of textile in industry for specific purposes like human protection from extreme situations are called that are used in high-tech products and processes. Of the twelve segments of technical textiles, this paper explores the hometech industry which comprises of the textile components used in the domestic environment, interior decoration and furnishing. Though this industry is still in its nascent stage, the production of various Hometech products is continuously swelling due to an evergrowing consumption. This has also boosted imports from different countries, particularly China. It is observed that the exports have also been growing in the past decade. This paper goes on to investigate statistically whether the increase in exports & imports is significant or not, in the context of change in international trade of Indian Hometech Industry with the world in general and with USA and China in particular between 2002-12.

Authors :
Asiya Chaudhary : Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh.

Export Performance of India’s Small-Scale Manufacturing Industries under Globalization

By: Uma Sankaran

Page No : 149-158

Abstract
India is one of the developing countries that has undertaken a series of institutional interventions towards developing a vibrant Small Scale Industries (SSI) sector. However, the business environment has changed drastically since 1990s, with the initiation of marketoriented reforms that led to intense competition resulting in the removal of protective barriers for the SSIs. Under the new environment of heightened competition, the SSIs sustainability in terms of production, exports and employment depends upon their competitiveness. This paper examines the international competitiveness of India’s SSI manufacturing sector through an exploratory analysis of its export performance under globalization.

Author :
Uma Sankaran : Doctoral Scholar at Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum

Globalization and Industrial Development in Developing Countries: Evidence from India’s Automobile Industry

By: Jatinder Singh , Maninder Deep Cheema

Page No : 159-171

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of the changing economic environment on the structure and development of the automobile industry in India since 1991. This study, using various concentration indices and growth measures, has shown that the policy changes do influence the structure and contribute to the growth of the industry. However, the impact of liberalization policies differs across sub-sectors of the industry, with the passenger vehicles segment witnessing a consistently high growth and greater restructuring as compared to others segments of the industry. Thus, besides liberalization policy, sector-specific factors remain critical in determining the outcomes for any sector.

Authors :
Jatinder Singh : Centre for Economic Studies and Planning, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.
Maninder Deep Cheema : Institute of Company Secretaries of India

Growth and Productivity of the Food Processing Sector: An Assessment of the Organised Segment

By: H. K. Varshney , D. Indrakumar

Page No : 172-183

Abstract
The food processing industry is the vital link between the two core sectors of the economy viz., agriculture and industry. In an era of globalised and competitive economic conditions the agriculture sector needs to have forward linkages with the industrial sectors. The food processing industry ranks fifth in size in the country, representing 1.5 per cent of the total GDP and 9.3 per cent of manufacturing GDP in 2009-10. The industry employed 5.48 million people in 2009-10. This sector as a whole proved to be a job loosing sector, but an organised component of the sector exhibited an overall growth. Organised sector employed just one-third of the total employment in the sector but contributed two-thirds of the GVA by the sector. Labour productivity of the organised sector has nearly doubled during 1994-95 to 2009-10 and increased with an average rate of growth of 3.4 per cent per annum.

Authors :
H. K. Varshney : Deputy Director at the Institute of Applied Manpower Research.
D. Indrakumar : Deputy Director at the Institute of Applied Manpower Research, Delhi

Productivity from Technological Upgradation: A Case Study

By: Mohit Kumar Kolay

Page No : 184-191

Abstract
This paper is based on an iron and steel plant that has been modernizing its plant facilities and services over the years. Technological upgradation has been measured here by the inflation adjusted net block in plant and infrastructures. The level of productivity has been assessed using performance in four broad areas, namely, quantity of output, quality of output, cost effectiveness, and productivity of scarce natural and national resources in relation to the level of technological upgradation. This study has been conducted over five decades from 1960- 61 to 2013-14. In spite of a steady increase in sales and profits, productivity in all areas has been exponentially going down, contrary to exponential enrichment in its technology base over the entire study period.

Author :
Mohit Kumar Kolay : 10 years of experience in the corporate sector followed by 32 years in teaching and research with NITIE, Bombay, ASCI, Hyderabad, & IIT, Kharagpur and overseas (Kulala Lumpur, South Pacific, Germany, & Gulf Region).

Self-Help Groups and Economic Empowerment of Rural Women in West Garo Hills District, Meghalaya

By: J.W. Momin , D C Kalita

Page No : 192-196

Abstract
The present study envisages the economic impact of SelfHelp Groups on empowerment of rural women in West Garo Hills district of Meghalaya. The study was conducted in West Garo Hills district of Meghalaya and comprised of a sample of 200 women SHG beneficiaries under SHG finance. The samples were stratified into three size groups viz., Group I (Less than Rs. 65000.00), Group II (Rs. 65001 - 135000) and Group III (Rs. 135001.00 and above) based on annual income by using the Cumulative Root Frequency Rule. On an average, 1274.92 per cent of the sample beneficiaries had access to credit sources for loan and 1387.05 per cent of the SHG beneficiaries had frequently visited banks, line departments, etc. The per capita income of the SHG beneficiaries across various size groups showed an increasing trend with the size groups ranged from 42.90 per cent in Group I to 105.83 per cent in Group III beneficiaries and 127.28 per cent of the employments had been generated through different employment generating activities. The SHG beneficiaries of various size groups have registered positive and significant changes in the better economic standards of life.

Authors :
J.W. Momin : Research Scholar, Department of RDAP, NEHU, Tura Campus.
D C Kalita : Associate Professor, Department of RDAP, NEHU, Tura Campus.

Six Sigma Approach for Productivity Enhancement

By: Satya Raju , T Sowdaminit

Page No : 197-203

Abstract
Six Sigma is an approach for quality improvement of a product or process. The present environment requires a Six Sigma approach for success and sustainability. Six Sigma means on an average maintaining less than 3.4 defectives per million opportunities (DPMO). It is a powerful business strategy and well recognized by several organizations in the recent years. It involves professionalizing of quality management functions. Indian companies such as Motorola, General Electrics, ABB, Samsung, SDI, WIPRO and other companies have been following this approach successfully. This paper examines these issues and outlines the status of this quality improvement proesss for the future.

Authors :
Satya Raju : Former Principal, College of Arts and Commerce, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam.
T Sowdaminit : Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Pydah College of Engg. and Tech, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

Economic Analysis of Karnataka’s Changing Cropping Pattern: Evidence of Major Crops

By: Balaji

Page No : 204-210

Abstract
Growth, productivity and the cropping pattern in agricultural performance have been analyzed in major districts and regions in the state of Karnataka. To objectively confer the empirical resonance growth has been estimated. The result shows that growth of area and productivity from Karnataka has been impressive during the pre and postgreen revolutions and liberalization period. But, a decline in green revolution and subsequently of liberalization has not provided any improvement in the agricultural sector. Most of the crops experienced a negative growth rate in the post-reform period except rice.The cropping pattern is highly skewed towards rice, and crop diversification is very low making it subsistence agriculture in the sense that if there is a natural calamity the entire crop is lost.

Author :
Balaji : Research Scholar, School of Economics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad.

Database
Manufacturing Growth : India vis-a-vis Select Countries

By: Rajesh Sund

Page No : 211-214

Author :
Rajesh Sund : Deputy Director (Economic Services Group) National Productivity Council, New Delhi.

Book Review
John, Jacob (2013) : Education Loan and Inclusive Growth – India in a Comparative Perspective, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX,UK, SBN: (10) 1-4438-4719-4, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-4719-3, Pages 109, Price £39.99.

By: ..

Page No : 215-217

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Oct-2015 to Dec-2015

Business Model for CSR: Insights from Indian Philosophical Thoughts

By: Mrunmayee Rath

Page No : 219-231

Abstract
New paradigms of doing business with an eye on social responsibility are evolving as the world is facing a host of problems, such as ecological imbalance, destruction of environment, corruption in corporate and global financial crisis. It is seen that the corporate have utterly failed concerning ethics, responsibility and sustainable business practices. Commencing from the ‘Stakeholder’ concept the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) models have moved a long way, but still fail to meaningfully address the problem. Thus, it has become a compelling need for the business in particular, and the society in general, to urgently come up with an innovative approach towards this. The Indian philosophy is the oldest living tradition with an ethical doctrine derived from its metaphysics giving it the capacity to provide solution to various ills of life. In this paper an attempt has been made to propose a holistic model of business which is ethical, responsible and sustaining based on the insights gleaned from the rich Indian philosophical thoughts.

Author :
Mrunmayee Rath : Lecturer, Department of Philosophy, Sri Satya Sai College for Women, Bhubaneswar.

CSR: Shift Towards Philanthropic to Realistic Approach

By: Anupam Sharma

Page No : 232-241

Abstract
In today’s ever changing and ever growing economic and social environmental pace, subject matter related to social and environmental responsibility are gaining more and more importance, especially in the business sector. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is not only drawing the corporate magnets into its perimeter, but is also attracting educationists, social activists, skill developers and reformists from all over the world to explore deeper into it. Changing global market scenario, such as emergence of globalization, and terms like ethical consumerism all are adding heat to the implementation of CSR practices. Every business organization is showing their commitments towards CSR for enhancing their corporate image or and to attract more investors. Emergence of diverse marketing innovations demands the direct association of CSR practices with the business corporate strategies. The present article reviews the CSR literature from 1931 to 2011, conveying changing developments of CSR practices.

Author :
Anupam Sharma : Lecturer, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Thapar University, Patiala.

Overview of Corporate Social Responsibilty in Indian Organization

By: Rajeev Prabhakar , Sonam Mishra

Page No : 242-249

Abstract
India is a developing economy; here Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) plays an important role in organizations. In Indian industry one can easily notice a paradigm shift from corporate philanthropist to being socially responsible. The importance of CSR is increasing in Indian corporate scenario because organizations have realized that the ultimate goal is not profit making; besides, this trust building is viable and assists in a functional societal relationship. The compulsion of CSR has emerged in last two decades when Indian organization realized the importance of sustaining in this cut-throat competition era. Before this Indian industries had a materialistic culture. In the hue and cry of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization) companies were only focused towards profit maximization which led to social backwash. To overcome this fashion CSR play an important role in sustainable development which is only possible when there is a balance between profit and lowering social backwash or eradicating it. The problem with CSR is that nobody is very clear about what exactly it encompasses. The Indian government has been trying to make it mandatory for companies to spend at least 2% net profits on CSR. Today CSR to some companies means providing lunch to their employees or tackling global warning issues. Nowadays companies have become more transparent in their balance sheets. They are displaying public reporting in their accounting. Companies are incorporating their CSR initiatives in their annual report. This research paper tries to analyse the study of CSR status in India; this can give insight in to what extent companies can follow CSR. I would like to throw light on CSR for Indian organizations which would be helpful for both economic and social interests which would be a futuristic measure as it provides valuable information as well as suggests CSR practices and performance. thoughts.

Authors :
Rajeev Prabhakar : Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, U.P.
Sonam Mishra : Research Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, U.P.

Consumer Awarness of CSR Initiatives in North India

By: Abha

Page No : 250-258

Abstract
CSR became a critical issue for organizations after financial scandals (e.g., Enron affair), social problems (e.g., poor working conditions in developing countries), and environmental disasters (e.g., Prestige shipwreck) which increased pressure on corporations through increased media coverage and increased transparency requirements. Organizations are increasingly investing resources to demonstrate their commitment, ethical outlook, and responsible behaviour in this area. CSR requires response from both sides, from the company and the consumer. It is an optimistic view that economists, managers and companies perceive CSR as a crucial part of business’ especially if they are those units that undertake CSR actions. Actually, CSR without positive response of customers would have no sense and would not be used by companies because every action or expenditure made by them requires some benefits in a short or long time. This study has tried to focus on the most important stakeholder of the organization, i.e., the consumer and how they perceive the effort made by the corporates in the form of CSR.

Author :
Abha : M.Com,Ph.D, working as Assistant Professor, University Institute of Legal Studies, Punjab University, Chandigarh.

Corporate Social Responsibility: Contribution of the Automobile Giants to the Social Cause

By: Aditi Vyas

Page No : 259-266

Abstract
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is one of the most essential subjects in the corporate sector. The responsibilities taken up by corporate organizations in the social arena show their contribution in various domains for the overall welfare of the society and environment. All corporate companies invest a part of their profits to social causes whichbring about improvement in the society and contribute to the livelihood component. The responsibilities ranging from education, protection of environment, provision of medical facilities, etc., make organizations aware about their accountability and contribution for the society they operate inwhere they can render a helping hand and fulfill their responsibility. This paper aims to study the CSR activities as practised by major automobile giants. The literature review presents a picture of the corporate social responsibility in the automobile sector. This paper discusseswhich CSR activities the companies are engaging in which are thereby bringing a substantial positive change in the community and to the environment.

Author :
Aditi Vyas : Social researcher working in the development sector since the last six years. Presently, she is associated with CMSR Consultants, New Delhi, as Research Consultant.

Ethical Value Positioning of Management Students

By: Venkatesha Murthy , Sonali Bhattacharya

Page No : 267-273

Abstract
In this study, an attempt was made to establish the ethical value positioning of students of business and management studies. Using the ethical value positioning questionnaire of Forsyth (1980), a complete enumerative survey was conducted for management students. In total, 136 students were sampled. It was found that 75 per cent of the students were Situationists, followed by 15 per cent being Absolutists. Further, five sets of value propositions (benevolence, interpersonal, personal, situational and dogmatic) were also extracted. No significant regional or gender variations in the values were found. Functional areawise also no significant differences in values were observed.

Authors :
Venkatesha Murthy : Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Management, Rohtak, MDU Campus, Rohtak, Haryana.
Sonali Bhattacharya : Associate Professor, SCMHRD, Symbiosis International University, Pune, Maharashtra.

Effect of Knowledge Management on Organizational Performance: A Systematic Literature Review

By: Ruchi Payal , Roma Mitra Debnath

Page No : 270-294

Abstract
This paper aims to identify the state of the art related to the research problem ‘The effect of Knowledge Management on Organizational Performance’. The systematic literature review includes 42 papers published between 2010 and 2012. The selected papers were classified according to research approach used, the country and industry of the sample population, research parameters/constructs studied, Data Analysis and software tools used and the research gaps in the inspected studies. The paper is the first effort towards a systematic literature review of the research problem. The paper can act as a starting point for future researches on the research problem.

Authors :
Ruchi Payal : PhD student, All India Management Association, New Delhi.
Roma Mitra Debnath : Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi.

Impact of Farm Finance and Investment on Profitability of Farms in Tamilnadu

By: R. Kayalvizhi , M. Uma Gowri , T.R. Shanmugam

Page No : 291-300

Abstract
Investment plays a vital role in the agricultural production process. It induces production and savings; further investment helps in the development of the economy. The present study focuses on different sources and pattern of investment in farm firms. Investment in agriculture is vital for millions of the poor. It is widely accepted that agricultural investment, when appropriately structured, can lead to capital deepening, technology transfer, and can accelerate broader economic development of the country. The challenge today is to recast agriculture in the new environment of globalization, rising prices, growing domestic demand and greater private sector involvement. This will require greater investments to increase farmer’s yield and profitability.

Authors :
R. Kayalvizhi : MSc (Agricultural Economics), Branch Manager, Bank of Baroda, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu;
M. Uma Gowri : Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
T.R. Shanmugam : PhD (Agricultural Economics), The Dean, Kumaraguru Institute of Agriculture, Erode, Tamil Nadu.

Measurement of Technical Efficiency: A Comparative Study of Private and Foreign Sector Banks in India

By: Simmi Arora , Pooja Sharma

Page No : 301-308

Abstract
Banking sector is one of the most important pillars of the economy which fosters the economic growth and development of the nation. Presently, the contribution of service sector is more than 65 per cent at world level and banking sector contributes very significantly to the growth of service sector. It remains the principal resource for households, small and medium enterprises and also caters to the need of the large scale industries. Indian banking sector predominately ruled by government was liberalized in the early 90s. The competitive forces coupled with the entry of many private sector banks and then foreign sector banks posed a challenge for public sector banks to perform better or at least at par. The study aims to analyse the efficiency of the all private sector banks and foreign banks operating in India and further investigates the difference in the efficiency level among different ownership groups using a DEA approach and other statistical tools. Study finds that there is no significant difference in old and new private sector banks while old private sector banks reported greater efficiency in comparison to foreign sector banks. Further, the relationship between non-performing assets (NPAs) and efficiency indices also reported a low negative correlation as both these sector of banks take greater caution in granting loans and follows a strong recovery mechanism.

Authors :
Simmi Arora : Assistant Professor, University School of Management, Kurukshetra University, Haryana
Pooja Sharma : Research Scholar, University School of Management, Kurukshetra University, Haryana.

Agricultural Production in Uttar Pradesh in the New Economic Regime: An Empirical Analysis Based on Cobb Douglas Production Function

By: Raushan Kumar , Sharad Ranjan , Chhaya Chanchal

Page No : 309-314

Abstract
This paper evaluates the progress of UP agriculture since 1980s. Cobb Douglas Production Function approach is used to analyse the determinants of agricultural productivity from the periods 1986–87 to 2007–08, i.e., during pre and post-WTO1 periods. The estimation of the aggregate agricultural production function with both slope and year dummies indicates that UP agriculture sector is in Decreasing Returns to Scale phase after the WTO agreements, reflecting that the input availability is under strain during the same period.

Authors :
Raushan Kumar : Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Zakir Husain PG Evening College, University of Delhi.
Sharad Ranjan : Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Zakir Husain PG Evening College, University of Delhi.
Chhaya Chanchal : Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Aditi Mahavidyalaya, University of Delhi.

Database
Corporate Social Responsibility: Spending by Some Major Indian Companies

By: Rajesh Sund

Page No : 315-318

Author :
Rajesh Sund : Deputy Director (Economic Services) National Productivity Council, New Delhi.

Jan-2016 to Mar-2016

Econometric Analysis of the Relationship between Indian E-Commerce Transaction and GDP

By: Bhawna Johri

Page No : 319-326

Abstract
Purpose/originality/value: This study is an attempt to examine the impact of growing e-commerce transaction on Indian economic growth from 2006 to 2013. Design/methodology/approach: Annually data have been taken to test the stationarity of two variables (e-commerce sales and Gross Domestic Production [GDP]) by using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root and cointegration test and also applies the ordinary least square method to analysis the impact of increasing e-commerce sales on the economic growth of India.
Findings: The study reveals the absence of stationarity in selected variables and t-Statistic indicates that e-commerce has a significant positive impact on GDP during the study period. Research limitations/implications: This study is limited to GDP as an indicator of economic growth. Therefore, such study which includes more numbers of economic indicators would be appropriated to replicate the results of this study.
Practical implications: For improving the economic growth of the Indian economy, it’s necessary to increase the volume of ecommerce sales by using existing resources, which will lead to increase in technological comprehension and a move towards being a developed country.

Author :
Bhawna Johri : Assistant Professor, Applied Business Economics, Faculty of Commerce, Dayal Bagh Education Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra

India’s Jumbo Jump from E-Commerce to Mobile Enabled Services (MES): A Review

By: Sunil Kumar Gandhi

Page No : 326-331

Abstract
Electronic commerce (e-commerce) refers to buying and selling of goods and services through electronic devices combined with the Internet. Mobile commerce (mcommerce) refers to the transactions of goods and services made through mobile devices like cell phone, PDAs etc., which are not only electronic but also mobile. On the other hand, mobile value-added services (MVAS) embraces the value-added services extended to mobile phone customers in addition to basic services by the mobile operators. On the other hand, MES encompass not only basic and valueadded services, including m-commerce, but also all sorts of services rendered through mobile devices. Initiated at the fag end of the 20th century, the business is growing at a super speed. When Asia accounts for 50 percent of the total world m-commerce business, India cannot remain a spectator to the whole episode. Not only many big players have entered into the Indian market but they are very much aggressive in their strategy. It is true that India is catching up with China and the rest of the world, but whether the highly aggressive strategy will be disastrous or not needs to be examined. This paper examines all the issues in MES and suggests policy measures.

Author :
Sunil Kumar Gandhi : Professor, Department of Commerce, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal.

Public Policies to Facilitate Higher Penetration of E-Commerce and M-Commerce in India for Higher Productivity

By: Sujata P. Deshmukh , Anil Z. Chhangani , G.T. Thampi

Page No : 332-337

Abstract
E-commerce and M-commerce are ICT-enabled practices for doing global business, which offers multiple benefits to increase the productivity of business organizations, government organizations, and society. Higher usages and penetration of these practices by different stakeholder lead to the improvements in national productivity of India. This paper sheds light on the research question as to why customers are reluctant about online commerce though it provides many benefits to different stakeholders. These different attacks on electronic commerce (EC) and mobile commerce (MC) systems are discussed and security enhancement strategies are presented in realm of productivity. The needs of public policies are presented and related policies are discussed with its impact on penetration of EC and MC system in India.

Authors :
Sujata P. Deshmukh : Research scholar, Mumbai University.
Anil Z. Chhangani : Research scholar, JJT University.
G.T. Thampi : Principle Guide

E-Commerce: An Analytical Study on Its Spread and Impact on Indian Economy

By: Roopali Sharma

Page No : 338-344

Abstract
Economic reforms explicitly took place in India as a result of the opening up of the economy with a view to integrate the country with the global economy. With advancements in technology, there have been changes in the methodology of business transactions. India, being a rapid adaptor of technology, and in case of IT being an important base of technology application is a pace with the current scenario of electronic data exchanges that has taken to e-commerce. In the backdrop of this scenario, this paper presents a snapshot of the evolution of e-commerce business, characterisation of e-commerce business and the impact of e-business on the economy.

Authors :
Roopali Sharma : Associate Professor, Department of Management Studies, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Jaipur Campus.

Mobile Financial Services: Technology Initiatives toward Financial Inclusion

By: Jyoti Agrawal

Page No : 345-352

Abstract
Making and receiving payments are important activities of an economic system. There are various modes to handle these financial activities. The Government of India envisions including all its citizens to the framework of financial services which is supported by limited formal infrastructure. Currently, mobile phones are commonly available and extensively used for a vast variety of purposes. Financial services that take improvement of this novel channel (mobile phones) can contribute significantly to financial inclusion as Mobile Financial Services (MFS) have the potential of reaching out considerably to a huge mass. But some uncertainties remain regarding the environment required to develop its potential. The present paper focuses on the scope of MFS in India to achieve the vision of financial inclusion. It also stresses upon the benefitting concerns and hindering factors of MFS. The Government of India is planning to reduce inequities between people living in remote areas and urban areas in context of availing financial services. To check the possibility of spreading MFS in remote areas, it is primarily required to check its adaptability in urban areas where required technological knowledge is comparatively high. Therefore, the present study undertakes the level of customers’ awareness and practice regarding various aspects of MFS in the urban areas. Finally, it proposes the future prospects of MFS.

Authors :
Jyoti Gogia : Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, U.P., India;
Jyoti Agrawal : Teacher, Dr. MPS World School, Agra.

An Empirical Study of Online Shoppers’Search Behaviour with Respect to Sources of Information in Northern India

By: Navdeep Kaur

Page No : 353-361

Abstract
Since the emergence of electronic retail in India, many new startups have mushroomed. These online retailers are competing for growth, existence and survival. Meeting the demands of prospective customers to offer them excellent product variety and service is important, but before making a purchase, today’s online shoppers make informed decisions. They gather, sort, analyze and act on the basis of information available to them. Therefore, it has become very critical for an online vendor to understand what source of information an online shopper refers before making final purchase. This paper deciphers the preferred sources of information of online shoppers in Northern India. It was found that while searching for product information before shopping or buying products online, respondents mostly rely on search engines, review and company websites. Online retailer website, social networking sites, blogs and newspapers are not very popular sources of information. Demographic analysis revealed that source of information has statistical significant association with demographic variables like city, age, occupation, family income, gender and marital status. Information in this paper will be useful for policy and decision makers in e-commerce businesses.

Authors :
Prateek Kalia : Research Scholar, IKG Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar; Dr. Tejinderpal Singh, Assistant Professor, University Business School, Panjab University, Chandigarh.
Navdeep Kaur : Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana.

Design of a Production System Using Simulating Annealing Technique

By: P. K. Arora , Abid Haleem , M. K. Singh

Page No : 362-367

Abstract
The primary objective of this paper is to develop a design methodology which addresses combinational complexity of Cellular Manufacturing (CM) design problem with nonlinear objectives of the mathematical model. In this paper, a mathematical model is first developed. It considers the part flow time between machines, the processing time of the part and the throughput of the plant. With these variables objective function were developed with constraints. Simulating Annealing Technique was employed as a part of heuristic which handles large CM design problem in a reasonable amount of time. Results from the Simulating Annealing Techniques were also compared with respect to the three objective function, mean flow time and throughput to the conventional technique. It has been found that the performance of SA offers comparatively better results in terms of minimum meanflow time and maximum throughput. Furthermore, the problem discussed in this paper involves several variables and a multi-objective function; therefore, the ability of SA to handle this type of objective functions and constraints make it a good approach to solve the problem. Finally, a graphical scheme has been used for a comparative study of all the techniques under each performance criterion.

Authors :
P. K. Arora : Faculty, Galgotia College of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida.
Abid Haleem : Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
M. K. Singh : Faculty, Institute of Technology & Management, Aligarh.

Trends, Growth and Instability in Area, Production and Productivity of Maize Crop across Regions in India

By: Geeta Sharma , Swati Mehta

Page No : 368-381

Abstract
In the present study, an attempt has been made to analyze the trend, growth and variability in area, production and productivity of maize crop at all-India level and regional level by comparing with pre-reform period (from 1980–81 to 1989–90) and post-reform period (from 1990–91 to 2011– 12). The study observed that after the economic reforms maize production in India recorded remarkable growth due to adoption of single cross hybrids and continuous demand in domestic and export market. Similarly, the central and southern regions showed significant improvement in raising maize production and productivity after economic reforms due to accelerated growth in area, production and productivity. The performance of the north-western, region which had pioneered the green revolution period, and the eastern region was not satisfactory in raising maize production after the economic reforms because of declining trend of maize production and negative growth in its maize area and rising instability. The study further concluded that after the economic reforms, India’s ranking in the world improved in case of area and production, but performance of yield in India was very low and remained at last position as compared to other major maize growing countries in the world. Thus, there is a dire need to sustain the production of maize crop.

Authors :
Geeta Sharma : Senior Research Fellow, Punjab School of Economics Department, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar;
Swati Mehta : Assistant Professor, Punjab School of Economics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar.

A Study of Women Participation in MGNREGA in Himachal Pradesh

By: S.L Kaushal , Balbir Singh

Page No : 382-391

Abstract
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is becoming a milestone in empowering women. MGNREGA provides a legal guarantee of 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to volunteer household adults by ensuring at least 33% women workers. It has vital potential to check prejudice and disparities might it be economic or gender based. The gamut of the present paper is to explore the reach and impact of MGNREGA on economic empowerment of women in rural India in general and Himachal Pradesh in particular. From the findings, it is clear that in India, the share of women participation in MGNREGA work has increased to 50.24% in 2014-15 as compared to 47.07% in FY 2012-13. Among states, Tamilnadu is leading in the country where women have generated 3086.82 lakh persondays in 2013–14 followed by Andhra Pradesh 1756.56 lakh persondays and Rajasthan 1245.75 lakh persondays. In Himachal Pradesh, the share of women worker has been 58.09% in MGNREGA in 2014–15 and 176.60 lakh persondays generated in 2013-14 which was 118.8 lakh in 2011–12. The data revealed that Mandi district has generated the highest persondays in the last three years followed by district Kangra. In a nutshell, we can say that both at national and state levels, women participation in MGNREGA is increasing with the passage of time and they are sharing financial burden with men in shouldering family responsibilities. However, a need is felt to improve awareness amongst women and timely payments to beneficiaries will add fillip to success of the scheme.

Authors :
S.L. Kaushal : Professor, Himachal Pradesh University Business School, Summerhill, Shimla.
Balbir Singh : Research Scholar (SRF), Himachal Pradesh University Business School, Summerhill, Shimla.

Research Output on Food and Nutrition Literature in India and China: A Scientometric Study

By: R. Jeyshankar

Page No : 392-400

Abstract
This study attempts to quantify the growth and development of food and nutrition research in India and China in terms of publication output as reflected from SCOPUS database. This study covered in India has 1,321 records and China has 1,045 records during the period of 1983 – 2012. It also analyzed the Relative Growth Rate, Doubling Time, Authorship Pattern, degree of Collaboration, Co-Authorship Index, Length of Papers, Mostly Cited Journals and Active Institutions in India and China. The study displayed the ranking list of most cited journals in India-Journal of Nutrition had 599 (10.48 percent)– followed by China-Nutrition Journal had 699 (12.83 percent)– and China had contributed more number of multi authored papers when compared to India (86.79 percent vs. 60.71 percent), followed by two authored papers which were mostly presented in India as compared to China (23.62 percent vs. 9.19 percent). This study also examined the active research institutions in this field in both the countries. This study used various scientometric indicators and related statistical tools.

Authors :
R. Jeyshankar : Assistant Professor, Department of Library and Information Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi.

Databse
Global Retail Development Index: India’s Ranking

By: Rajesh Sund

Page No : 401-408

Author :
Rajesh Sund : Deputy Director (Economic Services), National Productivity Council, New Delhi.

Apr-2014 to Jun-2014

Organic Agriculture Programming for Sustainability in Primary Sector of India: Action and Adoption

By: Arun K. Sharma

Page No : 1-17

Abstract
Realizing the effects of Conventional System (CS) of agriculture by the stakeholders that are leading to unsustainable trends in productivity of primary industry, society and environment, organic agriculture (OA) is being gradually established as a viable option for sustaining growth of primary sector in India. In this article logical standing of OA as scientific, resources & energy efficient and climate resilient system has been presented with the experimental results and experiences of the farmers. Organic agriculture got significant momentum in India in all direction i.e. production, marketing, research and policy etc. during last 2-3 decades. During this period this has been proved that sufficient organic inputs are available and productivity & profitability remained almost at par with CS, if managed prudently, besides environmental (biodiversity, carbon sequestration) and human health improvement. However, there is need of programming for quantity and quality production of organic produce to meet the increasing indigenous as well as export demand. This programming and its execution will lead to gradual shift on OA, firstly in drylands and later on in irrigated areas, without losing food security. Consortium approach of all stakeholders in policy, research, and market and production is the need for success of this programming.

Author :
Arun K. Sharma : Senior Scientist, Central Arid Zone Research Institute(CAZRI), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.

Retail Sector Revolution in India and Agricultural Marketing: Issues and Concerns

By: Deepak Shah

Page No : 18-25

Abstract
A paradigm shift in the retail sector of India is taking place owing to phenomenal growth in organized retailing over the past few years, which has emerged from the shadows of unorganized retailing and is contributing significantly to the overall growth of retail sector. The new format of agribusiness is expected to reduce inefficiency in agricultural marketing, which arise due to multi-layer intermediaries. Though the agricultural logistic management is expected to improve consequent upon reduction in market functionaries and higher participation of private sector players, long-term profitability and sustainability of retail sector can be achieved only if supply chain is realigned into efficient, agile and adaptable network. While extending scalability, such supply chain should have capability to handle larger volumes, expand reach, balance costs and address the demographic variations. Indian companies are now concentrating on logistic services to reduce costs. It is expected that liberalizing the retail sector will usher in investments into the developing and improving food supply chain. The entry of new companies in the retail space will also benefit the exchequer. It will result in greater employment and will offer the consumers greater choices and competitive prices.

Author :
Deepak Shah : Faculty Member, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (Deemed University), Deccan Gymkhana, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Productivity and Marketing Issues of Fisheries in Arunachal Pradesh: An Analytical Study

By: Amitava Mitra , Kaju Nath

Page No : 26-34

Abstract
The economy of Arunachal Pradesh, the eastern most State of India, is predominantly agrarian with more than 60 per cent of workers engaged in agricultural and allied activities. Given the hilly topography (only around five per cent land is available for cultivation) and continuing dominance of low productivity under shifting cultivation, diversification of agriculture that raises the earnings of those dependent on agriculture remains one of the fundamental challenges. On the other hand, the State has untapped potential for fisheries in terms of many rivers, wetlands, ponds, lakes and area under rice-fish culture system. Hence, in this background the present paper makes an in-depth study of productivity and marketing structure of fisheries in the State of Arunachal Pradesh. The study was based on both secondary data and primary data which is collected from 300 sampled fish farmers of the State by applying multistage sampling technique. The study found that there are large variations of productivity of fishes in the surveyed districts in terms of pond size. The study also found that existing system of fish marketing was by and large inefficient.

Authors :
Amitava Mitra : Professor, Department of Economics, Rajiv Gandhi University (A Central University) Rono Hills, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh
Kaju Nath : Project Fellow, Department of Economics, Rajiv Gandhi University (A Central University) Rono Hills, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh.

Comparative Analysis of Organic and Modern Agriculture Systems: A Critical Assessment of Technical Efficiency

By: Siddaraju V. G , M. Indira

Page No : 35-42

Abstract
Organic agriculture is not a new concept to India. Organic farming is one of the several approaches found to meet the objectives of sustainable agriculture. Many techniques used in organic farming like inter-cropping, mulching and integration of crops and livestock are not alien to various agriculture systems including the traditional agriculture practiced in India. Technical efficiency indicates the ratio between actual and potential output of any production unit. In this context, the present study estimates the technical efficiency of organic agriculture and modern agriculture systems and to study the factors influencing technical efficiency in organic farming. Technical efficiency shows that there is marginal difference in the technical efficiency under both farming systems in the case of Coconut and Areca nut. However, in the case of Paddy and Sugarcane more farmers practicing organic farming attained higher levels of efficiency. Training modules should include, technical aspects of organic farming, information about ecology, eco-systems, the relationship between production process and eco-systems and Cost of cultivation/budgeting.

Authors :
Siddaraju V. G. : Associate Professor cum Deputy Director, Centre for Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore,
M. Indira : Professor of Economics, Department of Studies in Economics and Cooperation, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India.

An Overview of Dairy Industry in India

By: P. Sarveswara Rao , B. Ramachandra Reddy

Page No : 43-63

Abstract
Since time immemorial, milk has been universally recognized as the nutritive food of excellence. Its protective food characteristics and goodness make it wholesome for those who can afford it. Proteins constitute 3.2 and 4.3 percent of cow and buffalo milk respectively. Dairying is an important contributor to the agriculture output of our nation and it sets right the imbalance in employment of rural agricultural labour. India is the largest producer of milk in the world with 121.8 million tons in 2010-2011. Five Year Plans and Operation Flood programs contributed a lot for this achievement. India is exporting dairy products to United Arab Emirates,Nepal,Singapore etc. Production of milk and per capita availability of milk in India have increased progressively. Dairy Cooperatives are handling 12% of country’s marketable milk surplus. With economic liberalization from 1991 onwards private dairies are making a remarkable progress. India should be not only the largest producer of milk but also the best in dairy products in near future. In India the largest producer of milk is Uttar Pradesh with 21,031 thousand tons followed by Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh with 13,234 and 11,203 thousand tons respectively.

Authors :
P. Sarveswara Rao : Lecturer in Commerce, Government Degree and P.G. College.
B. Ramachandra Reddy : Professor in the department of Commerce, Sri Venkateswara University college of Commerce Management and Computer science, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, A.P.

Identification of Success Factors for Business Incubation in Agribusiness for Achieving Higher Productivity

By: S.C. Bose , Ravi Kiran

Page No : 64-69

Abstract
The present study identifies and assesses the key success factors for a business incubator involved in the area of agribusiness. The main objective of such BIs is to encourage entrepreneurship in the field of agribusiness so as to increase the productivity and profitability of the agriculture sector. With the help of exhaustive literature review, a model of feasible options for business incubator has been developed. The designed model is giving three feasible operation viz. Create, Maintain and Enhance. This model will help the business incubators to understand the stage they are operating and accordingly they can initiate the steps required to move over to the next stage of growth. It is expected that any business incubator can assess their current status and can formulate strategies which can help them to survive successfully.

Authors :
S.C. Bose : Assistant Professor, School of Behavioral Sciences and Business Studies, Thapar University, Patiala.
Ravi Kiran : Professor and Head, School of Behavioral Sciences and Business Studies, Thapar University, Patiala.

Dynamics of Resource Conservation under Watershed Approach: A State Level Analysis

By: Radhika Rani , U Hemanatha Kumar , S.S.P. Sharma

Page No : 70-79

Abstract
Watershed development in rainfed agriculture is a policy response to the increasing environmental crisis and on sustainability of agriculture. Experience shows that the watershed development programmes brought out significant positive impact. However, studies reveal that sustainability of the investments undertaken by the different agencies has not been ensured.The involvement of hierarchy of administration and communities at the grassroots level in highly varying agro climatic and socioeconomic conditions invariably requires periodical assessment for achieving developmental objectives. The article is an attempt in this direction to assess the impact of watershed projects mainly on biophysical and socio economic conditions of watershed programmes across the states. Eight hundred and thirty seven watersheds have been assessed in nine states covering 121 districts. It is observed that community involvement in decision making, location specific structure, ensuring quality in structures corroborate each other to promote better soil and water conservation works. Institutional mechanism need to be established for sharing the resources generated through watershed for the impact to be visible and long lasting. Blanket budget allocations for unit area across different agro climatic regions also may not be feasible keeping in view of technical variations.

Authors :
Radhika Rani : Assistant Professor, Centre for Water and Land Resources (CWLR), National Institute of Rural development (NIRD), Hyderabad.
U Hemanatha Kumar : Assistant Professor, CWLR, NIRD.
S.S.P. Sharma : Professor & Head, CWLR, NIRD

Studying Organisational Excellence Qualitatively

By: V.N. Srivastava

Page No : 80-99

Abstract
Lot of studies have been done and are done quantitatively, using acceptable quantitative techniques for carrying out social science research. The boundaries and parameters of quantitative analysis are well laid out. The qualitative methods for research have also evolved over a period of time to probe social realities; however, they are not as precise as quantitative techniques. Each piece of a scientific enquiry is addressed with some difference to bring out real realities and not dominate with projected and confessional tales. Studying excellence qualitatively has been exciting as it unearthed numerous aspects of realities, in a qualitative unquantified manner. This article takes through step by step methodology carried out for a qualitative exposition and also the rationale as to why it was done so. It discusses in details apart from introducing what was the research all about and moving from discussing the conceptual framework used in the study, to dependent and independent categories, the detailed methodology followed, including process of analyzing the data and the conclusions reached.

Author :
V.N. Srivastava : Professor, New Delhi Camp Office, Centre for Organisation Development, Hyderabad.

Scope of Solar Energy in Uttara Kannada, Karnataka State, India: Roof top PV for Domestic Electricity and Standalone Systems for Irrigation

By: T V Ramachandra , Ganesh Hegde , Gautham Krishna Das

Page No : 100-119

Abstract
Energy is essential for economic and social development of a region. Dependence on fossil fuels has posed a serious threat due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, dwindling stock of the fuel resource base. Among daily activities, about 80% of the mechanical work requires electrical energy. Dependence on the conventional energy resources for electricity generation is eroding the resources at faster rate. The process of electricity generation causes significant adverse effect on ecology by producing enormous quantity of byproducts including nuclear waste and carbon dioxide. Improving energy efficiency, switch over to renewable sources of energy and de-linking economic development from energy consumption (particularly of fossil fuels) is essential for sustainable development of a region. Green energy technologies have gained importance as they are reliable and environmental friendly. Electrical energy harvesting from solar radiations is one such promising technology which uses photoelectric effect. Solar photovoltaic (SPV) modules directly convert solar radiations to direct current (DC) electrical power which can be used for various applications (or stored in battery) or can be sent to the existing grid.

Authors :
T.V. Ramachandra : Affiliated to Energy and Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, Centre for Sustainable Technologies [CST], Indian Institute of Science, and Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable Transport and Urban Planning [CiSTUP], Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Ganesh Hegde : Affiliated to Energy and Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
Gautham Krishna Das : Affiliated to Energy and Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

Productivity & Competitiveness of Indian Toy Industry: Prospects & Challenges

By: K.P.Sunny , Rajesh Sund

Page No : 120-130

Abstract
This paper focuses on major issues and problems faced by Toy manufacturing sector and discuss potentials for the industry besides a comparison of export–import of Indian Toy industry vis-a vis China. The productivity levels of the sector are estimated in terms of labour productivity, capital productivity and total factor productivity during 2008-09 to 2011-12.The concept of ‘edutainment’ toys has dramatically changed the toy market in India. Toys no longer just fulfill the entertainment requirements of a child, but also cater to the growing requirement of skill development of children. There has been double-digit growth in the demand for toy products over the last five years, in spite of the fact that about 40% of toy manufacturing units closed down during this period. The inexpensive Chinese toys have replaced the branded Indian toys. It has been estimated that almost 80% of the toy market has been taken over by the Chinese toys. The export/import ratio has fallen sharply from a level of 0.65 in 2008-09 to 0.45 by 2012-13 indicating India’s declining global competitiveness with respect to toy manufacturing. The estimated partial productivity growth for both labour and capital as well as total factor productivity growth indicates that technology played a significant role in the productivity growth of Toy sector in India. Technology upgradation schemes are vital to make toy sector more productive and competitive in the globalized setting.

Author :
K.P.Sunny : Group Head (Economic Services & Support Services) and Rajesh Sund is Deputy Director (Economic Services), National Productivity Council, New Delhi-110003.

Database
Labour Productivity and Output Growth: A Comparison of Asian Countries with USA

By: Rajesh Sund

Page No : 131-133

Author :
Rajesh Sund : Deputy Director (Economic Services Group), National Productivity Council, New Delhi.

Jul-2014 to Sep-2014

Profitability, Productivity and Sustainability through Innovative Extension Approaches among Tribal Farm Families of East Godavari District

By: K. Suman Kalyani , T. G. K. Murthy , C. Chandrasekhar Rao

Page No : 135-139

Abstract
The effectiveness and efficiency of the agricultural extension system in India can be improved by motivating and mobilizing the rural and tribal folk towards sustainable productivity. It requires efficient and innovative approaches in order to organize and strengthen the farming community in an effective way for better participation, adoption and empowerment. A sample of 500 tribal families were selected on stratified random sampling procedure from four village panchayats and seven hamlets based on purposive random sampling method. A socio-economic survey was carried out by using PRA techniques to analyze the tribal scenario of East Godavari District. Major problems were identified and agro-based interventions were proposed suitable for the selected tribal area. After implementing an externally funded extension based DBT project for a period of three years (2009-12) and implementing the interventions in tribal area of East Godavari District, it was found that the selected innovative extension approaches were found to be more effective based on the farming situations. These are essentially needed to help the farmers to access information, innovate and strengthen their capacities and to solve the present agro-based problems in an effective way. Hence, it was found that suitable innovative extension strategies yield good results for bringing a desirable change in improving the livelihood of rural and tribal societies towards productivity and sustainability.

Authors :
K. Suman Kalyani : Principal Scientist, Agricultural Extension.
T. G. K. Murthy : Director (Acting) and Head, Division of Crop Improvement.
C. Chandrasekhar Rao : Head, Division of Crop Production, Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry-Andhra Pradesh.

Innovation Management: A New Framework for Enabling Agricultural Innovation

By: V. Rasheed Sulaiman , Andy Hall , T.S. Vamsidhar Reddy

Page No : 140-148

Abstract
This paper provides a framework to help analyze the sorts of innovation management tasks that are becoming important. This framework distinguishes three elements of innovation management: (i) Functions (ii) Actions (iii) and Tools. The paper’s analysis of the innovation management in the Research Into Use (RIU) projects in South Asia suggests that it is not technology accessrelated tasks alone that are important, but the bundling of these with other activities, which include the development of networks, advocacy for policy change, training and other negotiated changes in practice and action. The implication for policy is that putting new knowledge into use requires projects, organizations and/ or initiatives whose chief characteristic is not primarily as a conduit to technology but rather is one of being able to undertake a much wider range of innovation management tasks.

Authors :
V. Rasheed Sulaiman, Andy Hall and T.S. Vamsidhar Reddy were part of the Central Research Team constituted by the Research Into Use (RIU) programme as Head of Asia Research, Head of the CRT and Research Fellow respectively.

Excellence through Innovations in Public Enterprises

By: V.N. Srivastava

Page No : 149-161

Abstract
Public enterprises, which were once the pride of the nation, are above 300 in number. Majority of them have been loss making and average performing enterprises. Very few, who later came to be known as Navaratnas and Maharatnas, have been performing well. All tried to achieve excellence. However, only some could achieve. Some are still striving to achieve excellence. While it is true, there have been inherent constraints in both creation and management of public enterprises, nevertheless, some form of constraint or the other are there in all enterprises. Enterprises do and necessarily have to operate in constraints. The challenge lies in achieving excellence amidst constraints which have to be managed and can not be removed. This paper deals with the various issues of excellence and finally bring out how innovations help achieve excellence. It starts with a review of studies on Excellence in Public Enterprises in India and also internationally, various underlying theories and models for studies in public enterprises, various studies on excellence in public enterprises in India, public sectors pursuit of excellence and some innovations that make a difference. It finally concludes, all public enterprises can excel, be whatever the constraints.

Author :
V.N. Srivastava : Professor at the New Delhi Camp Office of Centre for Organization Development, Hyderabad.

Marketing Mix Strategies and Business Models: Innovating for Rural India

By: Supratim Pratihar

Page No : 162-169

Abstract
About three-fourth of the total population of India resides in the rural areas. The development of the nation is interlinked with the development of the rural population. To be successful in the rural market, companies will have to be innovative and sensitive while devising marketing strategies. Traditional urban marketing strategies will have to be localized as per the demands of the rural market. Marketers make consistent attempts to innovate tools and strategies to overcome the challenges they face in the business arena. Marketers need to design creative solutions to overcome challenges typical of the rural environment such as physical distribution, channel management, promotion and communication. The author in this paper attempts to discuss the innovative marketing mix strategies adopted by marketers to enhance their sales in the mystic rural markets of India. Focus of the current paper is on business models adapted by HUL, DSCL, Godrej and ITC characterized by various peculiarities in terms of nature of markets, products and processes. This paper also examines how corporates like Dabur and Tata Motors with their innovation and creativity are tapping the Indian rural market with their retail marketing strategies.

Authors :
Supratim Pratihar : Assistant Professor in the area of Marketing. He is pursuing his PhD in the area of Marketing. He has a diverse work experience of six years in the corporate sector and four years in academics. His area of interest includes Retail Management, Consumer Behaviour and Sales and Distribution Management.

Industrial Development and Regional Disparities in Andhra Pradesh Pre and Post Economic Reform Period (1980-81 through 2008-09)

By: G. Alivelu

Page No : 170-180

Abstract
The present study makes an attempt to study the regional (Coastal Andhra, Telangana, Rayalaseema) disparities in industrial activity in Andhra Pradesh during the period 1980-81 through 2008-09. At the state level, growth rate of industry increased while that of the manufacturing sector registered a decline in the post-reform period compared to pre-reform period. In all the three regions, DDP from industry registered an increase in post-reform period with the increase being the highest in Rayalaseema. However, registered manufacturing accounted for a negative growth rate in Rayalaseema in post-reform period compared to the pre-reform period. Labour productivity increased in all the three regions in the post-reform period and the increase is the highest in Coastal Andhra. Net value added by the agro-based industries is the lowest in Rayalaseema in 2008-09 compared to 1982-83. The non-metallic mineral industries contribute highest share of employment in Rayalaseema. Of the three regions, Rayalaseema has the narrowest industrial base.

Author :
G. Alivelu : Associated Professor at Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad.

E-governance and its Impact on Decentralized Planning

By: V. Nagarajan Naidu , S.P. Kumar

Page No : 181-193

Abstract
The process of E-governance made the service delivery by the government to citizen more efficient, transparent, responsible, accountable, participative and socially inclusive for accomplishing a good governance environment. Among the various layers of administration, the efforts of E-governance has a greater impacts at the local level planning units since local governments are the closest to citizens, and constitute for many, the main interface with upper tiers of government. The E-governance initiatives not only improved the real impact of decentralized planning efforts at local level, but also reduced the inequality in the distribution of fruits of governance among various socio-economic groups in the country. Identification and provision of needed critical success factors of E-governance particularly the development of infrastructure for the required institutional change is the need of the hour.

Authors :
V. Nagarajan Naidu : Associate Professor in Economics, University College, Thiruvananthpauram
S.P. Kumar : Assistant Professor in Economics, S.N College, Kollam.

Are the Garchmodels Still Best in Out-of-Sample Predictive Performance When Estimated for Gold Bullion Return?

By: Prasant Sarangi

Page No : 194-203

Abstract
India as a fast growing prospective economy requires strong future markets like any other developed economics. Bullion trading, more particularly, gold is of high interest for analysts, researchers, more particularly to investors as it will pave them a way with an opportunity to benefit financially by investing their limited resources. Gold is considered by many, to be the best investment one can make to protect self and family during stock market declines and inflation. But the greatest confusion is when to invest? One alternative may lie with a search of an appropriate forecasting model. In this light, this paper is an attempt to make a selection between the most successful and widely used GARCH types of models with that of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and regression models. For this twenty various specifications of GARCH types of models, same numbers of ANN models and one multiple regression model are constructed to predict gold return series by using 2962 days daily data ranging from 11 January 2003 to 20 August 2013. Forecasting errors when calculated by using six forecasting error measures, GARCH (3,3) model emerges as the best suitable model for forecasting gold series. MSE is found to be best suitable for estimating forecasting errors.

Author :
Prasant Sarangi was awarded B.A (Eco.-Hons.) and also M.A.(Economics) first position in order of merit. Presently working as Faculty at Apeejay Institute of Technology, Greater Noida. Published so far more than 40 research papers in several journals of national and international repute. He has the credit of authoring books entitled ‘Research Methodology, Taxmann Publications Pvt. Ltd’; ‘Consumption, Poverty and Inequality; and Editor, Innovations in Management Sciences. Dr. Sarangi has also been associated with a number of reputed professional bodies in India. His areas of interest include Research Methodology, Business Economics, Derivative Markets and Marketing India.

Analysis of Indian Coal Industry’s Technological Progress

By: Debasish Basak

Page No : 204-211

Abstract
In this paper, the Total Factor Productivity Growth (TFPG) rate has been calculated for Indian coal industry to judge its technological progress using Solow Residual method. As it is known that the Solow Residual has a direct interpretation as a measure of technical change on aggregate basis. A translog variable cost function is used for variable cost model of Indian coal industry. The total variable cost is decreasing by 1.8 per cent annually. Solow residuals of past 10 years are calculated and it has been found that the average percentage of technical growth is near about 1.4 per cent under ideal conditions.

Authors :
Rajiv Kumar : Project Trainee at CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad and persuing M. Tech in Industrial Engineering and Management at Indian School of Mines.
Chandan Bhar : Professor at Dept. of Management Studies, Indian School of Mines.
Debasish Basak : Sr. Principal Scientist at CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad.

Success Story of a White Revolution – The Case of Gowardhan Dairy

By: Jayanti Kajale

Page No : 212-218

Abstract
The growth rate of agriculture and allied activities always lags behind that of other sectors and the overall economy. Allied activities such as dairy can promote growth rate in the primary sector and thus pull up the overall growth rate of the economy. A success story of Gowardhan dairy (the brand name for Parag Milk Foods Pvt. Ltd.), located in Manchar village, about 60 km from Pune in the state of Maharashtra has been highlighted in this paper. The company started its operations in a small way in 1993, but presently procures milk from 1.25 lakh farmers in the unorganized sector and operates with 1.2 million litres of milk per day. A wide range of milk products are produced with the help of fully automated plants. The company also brought about backward linkage in 2005 and has a herd of 3000 cows of the Holstein Friesian breed. The average milk yield per cow in this farm is 23 litres and the company hopes to increase it to 36 litres per day. Information Technology and scientific farm practices have made Gowardhan not just an ordinary cow shed but the success story of a white revolution.

Authors :
Sangeeta Shroff and Jayanti Kajale are Faculty Members, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (Deemed University), Pune.

Impact of Working Capital Management on Efficiency, Liquidity and Profitability of Lupin Limited: A Case Study

By: Prerna Jain , Anurodh Godha

Page No : 219-226

Abstract
As the saying goes, ‘If you make it in short term long enough, you don’t need to work about the long term.’ Management of working capital has close implications with the two important factors that judge the overall success of the business—profitability and solvency. Keeping in view the significance of working capital management as a gray area of corporate finance function, an attempt has been made to examine the working capital trends and its impact on efficiency, liquidity and profitability of Lupin Limited—an innovation-led transnational pharmaceutical company producing a wide range of quality, affordable generic and branded formulations and APIs. The study is based on secondary data collected and compiled from annual reports. The period of study is five years and various statistical methods like standard deviation, coefficient of variation and ratio analysis as tools of financial statement analysis have been adopted. The study reveals that the firm’s position is sound from the point of view of liquidity, solvency and profitability. However, its activity ratios do not represent a satisfactory position. More information can be obtained by management in this area and further probing can be done before taking any corrective action.

Authors :
Prerna Jain : Lecturer, Department of ABST, Government College, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.
Anurodh Godha : Assistant Professor, School of Commerce and Management, Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University, Kota, Rajasthan, India.

Database
India’s Competitiveness: Innovation Aspects

By: Rajesh Sund

Page No : 227-229

Author :
Rajesh Sund : Deputy Director (Economic Services Group), National Productivity Council, New Delhi

Oct-2014 to Dec-2014

Soy-Millet Extruded Snacks-based Enterprises—A Contributor to Livelihood and Rural Development

By: L.K. Sinha , S. D. Kulkarni

Page No : 231-243

Abstract
Soybean and millets being the nutritious food raw materials, snacks with millets and soybean were attempted to help improve nutritional profile of the product. To examine the potential of enterprises, a technoeconomic feasibility analysis was done for production of soy-millet-maizebased extruded snacks in cottage-scale (10 kg/h) plant, which revealed a payback period of 11 months at 25 per cent profit margin. Thus, establishment of small enterprise of only about 70 kg finished product per day with a moderate investment of Rs 3.3 lakh can be a livelihood opportunity and source of income for unemployed in the rural areas and small town(s). The paper discusses various aspects of processing of soy millet for production of value-added extruded snacks suitable for livelihood opportunity leading to rural development.

Author :
L.K. Sinha : Principal Scientists at Agro Produce Processing Division, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering Nabibagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal—462038, Madhya Pradesh

MGNREGA as a Tool for Rural Development

By: Narendera Singh Bohra

Page No : 244-251

Abstract
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), now Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is one of the largest rural development programmes, aimed enhancing the livelihood security of people in rural areas by guaranteeing 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to households whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. It is a direct poverty reduction pathway through boosting employment and income for the poor. The basic economic logic of self-targeting employment guarantee scheme is that the households whose members are most likely to seek (MGNREGA) employment are those that are otherwise unemployment or whose self-employment or market wages option would yield less then the programme’s minimum wages. In the recent past (MGNREGA) is losing momentum, from a peak level of 54 person-days of employment per rural household in 2009–10, this scheme generated 47 person-days in 2010–11, 43 person-days in 2011–12 and 35 person-days in 2012–13 (till early February). Massive amount of funds in this remained unspent in 2010–11 and 2011–12. After the initial success until FY-10 when jobs went up to Rs 283.6 crore person-days, it fell to Rs 257.15 crore in FY-11 and stood at Rs 228.54 crore in FY-13. In the recent past scholars find that MGNREGA performance is disappointing due to certain reasons such as shift of labour from rural to urban areas, absence of transaction-based management information system and delayed payment of rural workers. In this present study, the scholar is focused to find out the application aspects of this scheme in such a place where control and communication system for supervision of this programme is very poor. This research study is aimed to highlight the ill effects of (MGNREGA) in Gangolihat Block in Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand. This research is divided in three major segments, first part of the research focuses on the budget amount spent in the last five years under the ambit of (MGNREGA), and the nature of work done under this scheme, second part is a study of the poor process by which the remuneration of rural workers is distributed in this scheme and last part of this research highlights how this can be improved by suggesting an alternative model of work and remuneration distribution. This study will help not only in finding the execution error of this scheme but also will suggest the alternative model of effective implementation of such schemes.

Author :
N. S. Bohra currently working as an Assistant Professor in Faculty of Management Studies, Graphic Era University Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Dr Bohra is Ph.D. from Kumaun University Nainital (UK), Management Post Graduate of UP. Technical University Lucknow (UP), Dr Bohra has qualified UGC (NET) (qualified in December 2013). His research interests are Micro Finance, Banking, and Rural development.

Socio-Economic Survey on Management of Poultry Production in Rural Areas

By: S.C Vetrival

Page No : 252-257

Abstract
Poultry egg and meat is an important source of high-quality proteins, minerals and vitamins required to balance the human diet, specially developed varieties of chicken are now available with the trait of quick growth and high feed conversion efficiency. A majority of the poultry products available for consumption in Tamil Nadu come from rural poultry production in spite of the dearth of knowledge on their statistics, production, management practices, disease control methods and level of government intervention in the business. The need to obtain baseline information on the availability of rural poultry under the village conditions in Namakkal area formed the basis of the study. The study investigated production systems and reproductive performance of village chicken in rural areas surrounding Namakkal town, Tamil Nadu state. Data used were collected from rural poultry farmers in the Namakkal district using structured questionnaires and were analysed by means of simple average and percentages. The study revealed that men dominated (93.3 per cent) rural poultry production. Middle-age persons dominated the study area compared to other age groups (45.9 vs 25.8 and 28.3 per cent). Married people were engaged in rural poultry production (87.8 per cent). Majority of the poultry farmers in rural areas had school-level education (51.3 per cent). Likewise, farm ownership of the rural areas was by sole proprietors (78.6 per cent) and partnership (21.4 per cent). Relevant solutions centring on dedicated support from government are suggested.

Authors :
S.C Vetrival is an Assistant Professor (SLG) at Department of Management Studies, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Tamil Nadu, India

Strawberry Cultivation in Hilly Tracts of India Profitability and Sustainability Issues

By: Deepak Shah

Page No : 258-265

Abstract
Strawberry has significant demand from urban consumers due to its high source of vitamin, significant levels of mineral contents, ellagic acid, rich aroma, fabulous flavour, important dietary components etc. Though strawberry requires a significantly high cost of cultivation, the returns are equally high and one can expect as much as Rs 4.00 lakhs of net profit margin from one hectare of strawberry orchard under suitable climate and wellmanaged efficient cultivation practices. However, adverse climatic conditions and some emerging threats to its cultivation, viz. threats caused by diseases like mildew, leaf spot, leaf blight and other fungal attacks on leaf of strawberry plants—white spots on the leaves, and important pests of strawberry such as spider mites and cutworms, etc.—might adversely affect the cultivation of strawberry. One of the major weaknesses of strawberry is the shorter shelf life and higher rate of perishability. Lack of money management, plan for the future growth and realistic view followed by processing units with respect to the production of products are some of the causes of concerns raised by the farmers in the cultivation of strawberry. The study, nonetheless, reveals that by using plasticultural techniques like plastic mulching, plastic punnets etc., there is significant scope to revolutionalize high-density strawberry cultivation.

Author :
Deepak Shah : Faculty Member, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (Deemed to be University), Deccan Gymkhana, Pune (Maharashtra), India.

Inclusive Rural Development through Green Jobs: The NREGA Example

By: Samik Shome

Page No : 266-275

Abstract
The paper presents a decision-making model to show how National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) not only addresses the most significant social and economic ills such as poverty, unemployment, rural-urban migration, etc. in India but also fits well into the green jobs initiative of UNEP as majority of its work helps in eco-restoration and regeneration of natural resource base for sustainable rural livelihood, though it is not one of the stated objectives of this programme. To illustrate the application of the model, the study assesses the environmental dimensions of the existing projects generated under NREGA in one particular district of Karnataka as case study. The result of this study clearly indicates that NREGA, by providing employment and income to rural communities, has helped to address the issue of inclusive rural development through multiple environmental services and reduced vulnerability, apart from reducing rural poverty, ruralurban migration and child labour, among others.

Author :
Samik Shome : Program Director, Alliance Ascent College, Alliance University and Associate Professor, Alliance School of Business, Alliance University.

Bridging Digital Divide : Special Emphasis on Rural India

By: Charu Malhotra

Page No : 276-285

Abstract
Digital divide refers to the gap between those with regular, effective access to digital and information technology and those without this access. It encompasses both physical access to technology hardware and, more broadly, skills and resources which allow for its use. The main goal of this study is to understand the disparities faced by the rural Indian population in respect to their urban counterparts. Factors like infrastructure facilities, gender, level of education, access to the technology, language disparity and lack of ICT skills have contributed to the digital divide. In India the use of IT and computerisation began in 1978. In 1985 the Government of India decided to increase the pace of IT use at the district level. Despite of it, the benefits are yet to be reaped by the rural Indians. The genesis of digital divide is rooted in the primary concern over the rising problem of digital technologies being available to only the urban strata of the society. The study affirms that the rural Indians are far behind in terms of the infrastructure facilities to use the ICT tools. Access to information in society is not uniform and thus the society had got divided into the information ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’, leading to a kind of digital divide which is the major concern for the government.

Authors :
Charu Malhotra : She is presently working as an Associate Professor (e-Governance and ICT) at The Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA), New Delhi, India. She is also National ICT Consultant (India) for an ADB-sponsored rural e-governance project and Project Coordinator as well for a significant capacity building ‘training of trainers’ module under the prestigious National e-Governance Plan-NeGP of Government of India, India.

Supply Chain Dynamics of Indian Agriculture

By: Sazzad Parwej

Page No : 286-294

Abstract
Paper tries to explore the problems faced by Indian agriculture for food security in terms of inadequate infrastructure and highly inefficient supply chain in context of information technology. This paper examines the critical issues at each sub-system of agriculture supply chain, starting from the input to the consumer, with a view to integrating them in efficient and effective manner. As proper flow of information across the chain constitutes an integral part, the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in improving supply chain efficiency in agriculture is discussed in detail. Thus, this paper broadly covers some of the important aspects of agriculture supply chain in India—identification of issues at different levels in the supply chain; transformation in the agriculture due to various supply chain interventions; the role of ICTs in supply chain management—and this paper also covers the suggestion to improve efficiency at different levels in supply chain. There is a wide research gap in this sector, having such potential and prospectus for overall growth there is not much research in this field. The paper concludes that ICT plays a very important role for development and contemporary issue for agriculture; therefore, government action must address the issue of infrastructure development to achieve the objective of food security for all.

Author :
Sazzad Parwej : Research Fellow , Centre for Studies in Economics and Planning, School of Social Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat (India).

PRP Is Not Bad: In Its Present Form in CPSEs It Needs Calibration

By: Dipak Kumar Bhattacharyya

Page No : 295-301

Abstract
Like many other countries of the world, India has also embraced the system of performance-related-pay (PRP) for employees of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) with effect from 2007. The idea behind was to transform CPSEs institutionalizing performance-driven work culture. However, in CPSEs PRP depends on the mandated memorandum of understanding (MOU) parameters of the Department of Public Enterprises (DPEs). Many of these parameters also give credit for contributions of the organizations to several areas, other than performance, productivity and profitability. Since the year 2007, most of the CPSEs became eligible for PRP payment to their employees, and all cross-sections of employees are regularly getting the PRP payment as incentives. Operationally, PRP in CPSEs therefore become a process of doling out incentives, irrespective of performance and productivity, both at the individual and organization level. This, however, does not discredit the PRP as a system. The paper suggests use of more inclusive models like; Omni-factor and Surrogate. These two models in its pure form help organization in measuring the productivity trend and accordingly decide the incentive payment.

Author :
Dipak Kumar Bhattacharyya : Professor, Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar.

Labour Management Relations—Issues for the Indian Mining Industry

By: Shri Pramod Mohan Johri

Page No : 302-308

Abstract
Indian mining Industry has a cyclic effect. At times it has recession and sometimes the industry records high profits. Earning of foreign exchange from the export and sudden profits due to the fluctuating USD v/s INR rates has been a unique phenomenon for the industry. In various mining magazines we often read that National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC) has made gross contribution to the national exchequer in the tune of Rs 7490 crore. It has become the single-largest producer of iron ore in India and the only mechanized diamond miner in Asia. National policy for the export of iron ore and for domestic consumption makes a lot of changes in the demand and supply system. On the other side we read that the Indian mining industry is passing through recession. The issues relating to forest clearance and environmental clearance have deep impact on the existence of this industry. As a recent development mining industry in Goa has been in a stand still for the last one year whereas the export of iron ore has been the backbone of the economy of the state of Goa. In such a rapidly changing environment of Indian mining industry, HR initiatives like rightsizing of manpower, adequate investment in human capital plays a very vital role to recognize mining industry. Industrial relations directly impact productivity, harmony and peace and competitiveness of the mining industry. It is true that employees in the organization represent rich talent pool which represents the appreciating assets for the organization.

Author :
Shri Pramod Mohan Johri : CGM (HR&A), Goa Shipyard Limited, Goa.

Economic Reforms and Inclusive Growth of Higher Education in India

By: A. Abdul Salim

Page No : 309-313

Abstract
The importance of education in socio-economic development has been well-recognized with the ‘human investment revolution in economic thought’ since the 1960s. This has resulted in the substantial public investment flowing in to education and spectacular growth in enrolment both at the levels of school and higher education in both developing and developed countries of the world. But when the term economic crisis was unveiled with the oil shocks, world inflation, mounting foreign debt and world recession, countries began introducing Economic Reforms through various stabilization and adjustment policies. These policies have a lot of indirect and adverse effects on education and human development. The policy-makers in our country do not seem to realize the mutually reinforcing relationship between education and economic development; rather they go in for recommending public expenditure cuts in education particularly higher education. Even when our economy was growing 6 percent to 8 percent per annum, there was no significant increase in the allocation of government resources to higher education. Instead, the government aims to realise the promised expansion of higher education with the active involvement of the private sector and through various modes of public–private partnership. This has serious adverse effects on access and equity of various socioeconomic groups in higher education. In India, there exists wide disparities in educational attainment among regions and states, between males and females, poor and non-poor, religious categories, castes and occupational groups. Inclusive growth by reducing these disparities calls for increased allocation of government resources as has been done in the case of Asian Miracle Countries; not by withdrawing from the higher education sector by offering a few subsidies. In this context, this paper attempts to discuss the economic reforms and inclusive growth of higher education in India, in the light of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan recommendations.

Author :
A. Abdul Salim : Associate Professor at Department of Economics. University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram— 695581, Kerala.

Database
Rural Development: India vis-à-vis Other Countries

By: Rajesh Sund

Page No : 314-317

Author :
Rajesh Sund : Deputy Director (Economic Services Group) National Productivity Council, New Delhi.

Jan-2015 to Mar-2015

Pure Efficiency Change Growth of Regional Rural Banks in India—Using Malmquist Productivity Index

By: Versha Mohindra , Gian Kaur

Page No : 319-326

Abstract
This article shows the temporal growth rate of pure efficiency change growth of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in India for the period from 1991–92 to 2006–07. In addition, it describes the inter-period and inter-bank analysis of PEFFCH growth of RRBs in India. The study has considered a sample of 50 RRBs which have been uninterruptedly operating from 1991-–92 to 2006–07 so as to make a balanced panel data set this study on the productivity growth of RRBs using non-parametric approach; i.e., DEA technique has been undertaken. This study adopts the input-oriented Malmquist productivity index. The empirical findings show that RRBs have registered PEFFCH growth at the rate of 0.54 percent per annum during 1993–2007. The growth rates of PECH and its indices have experienced variations during study years. This may be as RRBs had to bear important and regular policy changes during the study period. As productivity study of banks would be helpful in locating sources of inefficiencies and poor performance, enable all the stakes holders to take a fresh look at their functioning, and initiate suitable strategies measures in achieving these objectives; therefore, it is proposed to conduct research on the same issue.

Authors :
Versh Mohindra : Associate Professor of Economics, D.A.V. College, Hoshiarpur, Punjab.
Gian Kaur : Professor (Punjab School of Economics), Guru Nanak University, Amritsar, Punjab.

An Empirical Case Study on Employees’ Satisfaction after Merger in Selected Bank

By: Vijay Joshi , Krishn A. Goyal

Page No : 327-337

Abstract
The aim of this study is to understand the role of social identity theory, organizational justice theory and job characteristics theory in a bank merger. The regression analysis revealed that the social identity theory, organizational justice theory and job characteristics theory are potential predictors for job satisfaction of bank employees. Empirical evidences found in the present study that post merger employees’ perception towards their identity, justice and job characteristics affects their satisfaction level. This study is a modest attempt to explore the post merger phenomena pertaining to human resource– related issues. This study is useful for policymakers, academicians, and researchers for testing the theories in a different context.

Authors :
Vijay Joshi : Academic Associate, Indian Institute of Management, Indore.
Krishn A. Goyal : Associate Professor, Business Finance and Economics, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, India (342001)

Financial Inclusion vis-à-vis Economic Efficiency: The Case of Commercial Banks in India

By: Manju S. Nair

Page No : 338-349

Abstract
After the implementation of Narasimham Committee recommendations the variables of economic efficiency and profitability have occupied the centrestage of all banking activities. But in the recent years there has been a growing realization that while the trickledown effect of economic growth no doubt works, it takes too long a time and hence there is a need to focus on inclusive growth which in turn necessitates the need for an all inclusive financial sector which can act as a catalyst to accelerate the process of inclusive growth. The present study is designed to examine the performance of scheduled commercial banks in India with respect to financial inclusion vis-à-vis economic efficiency. The study develops a methodology using Principal Components Technique to examine the comparative performance of scheduled commercial banks with reference to economic efficiency and financial inclusion. The need of the present hour is to have a judicious blending of these objectives and framing necessary policy strategies for tuning banking sector towards this goal.

Author :
Manju S. Nair : Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Kerala.

An Analysis of Use of Social Network Sites in Indian Banking Sector

By: Pooja Malhotra , Balwinder Singh

Page No : 350-355

Abstract
In present era of technology, social networking sites have become an important marketing tool for all business concerns including banking industry. It helps the banks to share business information and interact with their actual and potential customers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of Facebook by the Public and Private Sector banks in India. The article is based on an instrument called Facebook Assessment Index (FAI) developed by Miranda (2013), which uses three categories to evaluate the essential information on a firm’s Facebook page: popularity, interactivity, and content. The results found that only 41.3 percent of the banks observed had their official Facebook page. Amongst, the three measures of FAI, new private sector banks (ICICI, Axis and Yes bank) performed well as compared to other banks. In general, the banks were not fully harnessing the utility of Facebook as a marketing tool and a great opportunity exists for the banks for improvement in their usage of Facebook.

Authors :
Pooja Malhotra : Assistant Professor, Dept of Commerce, Dyal Singh (PG) College, Karnal, Haryana, India.
Balwinder Singh : Associate Professor, Dept of Commerce, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.

Government Budgets and Financing Gender Equality in Haryana

By: Devinder Singh Hooda

Page No : 356-369

Abstract
Recognized as the largest single source of financing for gender equality and women’s empowerment, government budgets, working through national and sub-national budgets, strive to be translated into practical policies and programs. Recommendations are made on how governments can better integrate a gender perspective into their public finance systems as well as increase the participation of women in macroeconomic and budgetary policy formulation. Budget is an important tool in the hands of state for affirmative action for improvement of gender relations through reduction of gender gap in the development process. It can help to reduce economic inequalities, between men and women as well as between the rich and the poor. Understanding the relationship between macroeconomic policies and the Union Budget, states’ budget and the local self-government institutions in the context of economic reforms and globalization is a must as it has influenced women’s lives in several ways.

Author :
Devinder Singh Hooda : Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, (Rewari)—122502, Haryana, India

Funds Management in Select Dairy Units of Andhra Pradesh

By: P. Sarveswara Rao

Page No : 370-387

Abstract
Dairy industry is an internal component of any modern economy. India is the largest producer of milk in the world. In the near future India will become the best producer of dairy products in the world. In the present paper “funds management of dairy industry in Andhra Pradesh” seven dairy units were selected for the study from different parts of Andhra Pradesh. The funds flow of seven select dairy units in Andhra Pradesh has been analyzed by preparing two statements for each dairy unit covering the period from 200405 to 200506, and the period from 201011 to 201112. Funds flow statements for the seven dairy units in Andhra Pradesh. ANOVA test has been conducted by The formulated hypothesis is that there is heterogeneity in the funds from operations between years and among seven dairy units located in different places in Andhra Pradesh. To test the consistency or fluctuations in funds flow from operations during the study period and for mutual comparison F-test is carried out. ANOVA results reveal that the calculated F values are greater than table value at 5 percent level. Hence, the formulated hypothesis is accepted that there is no similarity in the funds from operations between years and also among seven dairy units located in different places in Andhra Pradesh.

Author :
P. Sarveswara Rao : Assistant Professor of Commerce, SR & BGNR Government Arts of Science College, Khammom-507002, Telengana.

Role of Technology-Based Training Towards Competency Building

By: Rama Krishna Gupta , Chandan Kumar Sahoo

Page No : 388-394

Abstract
Over the last few years the world has seen a series of innovations that have fundamentally altered the business function. Technology is moving from the back end, and becoming increasingly a part of each employee’s everyday tool set. This changing scenario is creating a gap in skills that many organizations are struggling to fill the gap that blends the needs of Information Technology (IT) with sales, marketing, and other departments. This gap may be best bridged through advanced and Technology-Based Training (TBT) rather than hiring. Technological innovation has rapidly transformed the way people are being educated and trained, while at the same time, it has equally become a key tool in building business capacity and increasing workforce skills and competencies.The article discusses the role of TBT towards building competencies of the employees required for the sustainable development of the organization. The article also presents the implications of the different TBT methods to the employees.

Authors :
Rama Krishna Gupta : Doctoral Scholar, School of Management, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela—769008, (Odisha), India.
Chandan Kumar Sahoo : Associate Professor, School of Management, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela—769008, (Odisha), India.

Experimental Studies on the Erosion Rate of Annealed and Normalised Low Carbon SteelBank Tubes of Process Boilers

By: T. S. G. Narayannen , Ashish Agarwal , D.A.Melwin Thomas

Page No : 395-405

Abstract
The experimental studies are carried out to find the erosion rate of annealed SA192 low carbon steel bank tube and normalized SA 192 low carbon steel bank tube using fly ash particles of different size, velocity impingement angle and feed rate. Erosion rates are evaluated with different impingement angles ranging from 15° to 90°,at four different velocities of 32.5 ,35,37.5 and 40 m/s and four feed rates of 2,4,6, and 8 g/min. The erodent used is fly ash particles of different sizes ranging from 50250 µm of irregular shapes. In all the experimental conditions of fly ash particles it is found that the erosion rate of low carbon steel normalized bank tube is higher than annealed tube.

Authors :
T. S. G. Narayannen : Research Scholar , Mechanical Engineering Department, Mewar University Ghaziabad, India.
Ashish Agarwal : Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SOET, IGNOU, New Delhi.
D.A.Melwin Thomas : Student, Metallurgy Engineering Department, NIT Trichy.

Textile Industry in Organised Manufacturing Sector of Punjab: Growth Behaviour and Elasticity Patterns

By: Manjit Sharma

Page No : 406-412

Abstract
The present study is confined to textile industry and organised manufacturing sector of Punjab for the period from 1980–81 to 2002–03. The analysis of organised manufacturing sector reveals that the industrial situation in the state was promising during pre-reform period but there was a dismal scenario in post-reform period. The organised manufacturing sector and textile industry recorded higher trend growth rate of fixed capital in post reform period as compared to pre-reform period, But the growth of fixed capital failed to generate higher growth rate of output and employment for the above industries during post-reform period, i.e. period of ‘‘jobless growth’’. Percentage share of output and employment of textile sector almost remained same level, i.e. 20 percent each during the study period. In textile industry one unit of output generation leads to decrease in employment implying: either employment of labour reaches to its maximum position or these industries require more capital for production of one unit of output. Labour and capital are complimentary to each other for textile industry and organised manufacturing sector in the post-reform period. This is a good sign for Punjab industry because both sector use labour and capital in such a proportion that more use of capital generates more labour.

Author :
Manjit Sharma : Assistant Professor, Dept. of Economics, D. A. V. College,Sector 10, Chandigarh.

India’s Poverty and Slavery: Trends, Issues, and Challenges

By: Badar Alam Iqbal , W.C.J.Grobler , Sibghatullah Farooqi

Page No : 413-422

Abstract
Since the independence of India, one of the biggest challenges that the country has been facing is reduction in poverty. More than six decades have been passed out; poverty has been persisting in the country especially in rural India (the real India) popularly known as “Bharat.” India contributes a third of the global poor. China contributes 13 percent of the global poor. In respect of poverty, China is better off than India. From time to time, different studies have been carried out to measure the magnitude of Indian poverty, but the correct picture has not yet emerged. The present article tries to analyze emerging trends in Indian poverty on the one hand and on the other hand to discuss different issues which are coming up in regard to taking measures in reducing poverty The article further examines a comparison of India with China’s poverty scenario.

Authors :
Badar Alam Iqbal : Department of Commerce, Aligargh Muslim University, ALIGARH (UP) India.
W.C.J.Grobler : Director, Vaal Triangle Campus, North-West University South Africa.
Sibghatullah Farooqi : Department of Commerce Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh (UP) India.

Database
Financial Sector : India vis-à-vis Other Countries

By: Rajesh Sund

Page No : 423-427

Author :
Rajesh Sund : Deputy Director (Economic Services Group) National Productivity Council, New Delhi.

Annual Index of Productivity Vol. 55 (April 2014 – March 2015)

By: ..

Page No : 428-429

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Productivity : A Quarterly Journal of The National Productivity Council

Published in Association with National Productivity Council

Current Volume: 66 (2025-2026 )

ISSN: 0032-9924

e-ISSN: 0976-3902

Periodicity: Quarterly

Month(s) of Publication: June, September, December & March

Subject: Economics

DOI: 10.32381/PROD

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