Jan- to Jun-2023

Mini Review on PEDOT:PSS as a Conducting Material in Energy Harvesting and Storage Devices Applications

By: Tae Gwang Yun , Byungil Hwang , Chunghyeon Choi , Heebo Ha , Hyungsub Yoon

Page No : 1-17

Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), one of the conducting polymers, is widely used as a conducting material in various applications. PEDOT:PSS possesses high electrical conductivity, optical transparency in visible light range, good chemical and physical stability in ambient state, etc. Furthermore, PEDOT:PSS offers the advantages of flexibility and possibility of solution-based process, which makes it suitable for use in flexible electronic devices. In this mini review, the applications of PEDOT:PSS as a conductive parts in energy harvesting and storage technologies are discussed and summarized.

Authors :
Hyungsub Yoon, Heebo Ha, Chunghyeon Choi and Byungil Hwang
School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea

Tae Gwang Yun
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17058, Republic of Korea.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2023.40.1-2.1

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Bioactivity of Nanohybrid: Comprising of Metallosalen Incorporated into Lacunary Polyoxometalate and Encapsulated with Chitosan Biopolymer

By: Pradip Kumar Dutta , Vinay Kumar Singh , Shiva Arun , Prabha Bhartiya

Page No : 19-31

Abstract
Biocompatible polymer chitosan has note-worthy applications in biomedical science. Nanohybrids synthesized by using chitosan as an encapsulating unit for polyoxometalates (POMs) and study of its biomedical applications is a fast-emerging field. In this research work, a lacunary polyoxometalate (?-K8SiW11O39) has been synthesized and then alkylsilane has been inserted into its lacunary position. It has been then reacted with 2-hydroxy-1-naphtaldehyde followed by copper metalation and finally encapsulated into chitosan by using the ionotropic gelation technique, in which the chitosan and the POM served as cation and anion, respectively. The bands in UV-Vis spectra at characteristic wavelength indicate that the organosilane is successfully inserted into ?-K8SiW11O39 and metalled with Cu. Then its encapsulation into chitosan to synthesize final nanohybrid has been confirmed by UV-Vis spectra. Further, chitosan, POM inserted with organosilane and nanohybrid have been characterized by FT-IR. EDX analysis reveals the presence of all the expected elements in their desired ratios. EDX study was further supported by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) technique. Morphology of nanohybrid has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging. The loading and entrapment efficiency of the prepared nanohybrid was exceptionally excellent and was calculated to be 81.2% and 59.1%, respectively. In vitro drug release study suggested sustainable and pH-modulated release behaviour of the nanohybrid. Further, it is the first time that an organosilane attached to lacunary POM, then metalated with Cu and finally encapsulated into CS has been investigated for drug delivery. The antibacterial activity of POM inserted with organosilane and nanohybrid have been tested against bacterial strains of B. subtilis gram (+)ve and E. coli gram (-)ve. The antibacterial activity of nanohybrid has been improved as compared to bare POM inserted with metallated organosilane and chitosan.

Authors :
Shiva Arun and Vinay Kumar Singh
Department of Chemistry, Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University, Lucknow-226017, India.

Prabha Bhartiya
Department of Chemistry, Sant Ganinath Government PG College, Muhammadabad Gohna, Mau-276403, India.

Pradip Kumar Dutta
Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2023.40.1-2.2

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Acrylic Finished Leather Upgraded with Thermoplastic Polyurethane Filament using 3D Printing – A New Generation Hybrid Leather of Synthetic and Natural Polymer

By: Sivaraj Sudhahar , Umamaheswari G , Jaya Prakash Alla , Raghava Rao Jonnalagadda , Suguna Lakshmi , Sanjeev Gupta

Page No : 33-45

Abstract
Leather manufacturing process involves a lot of waste disposal which pollutes environment, some of the processes are inevitable. In the present investigation, 3D printing technology was used to reduce the wastage and to cover defective regions in leather. The present study focuses on synthesis of acrylic binder using emulsion polymerization technique. These binders were analysed for solid content for better optimisation of the amount of binder to be utilised for finishing operation. The experimental binder was prepared with 26% solids. Particle size and thermogravimetric analyses were carried out to understand the size and shape of the particles and their thermal resistance. These binders were used for leather finishing and the performance of leather was studied. Surface morphology changes of leathers were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Wet and dry rub fastness, finish film adhesion, light fastness and organoleptic properties were studied and found to be superior compared with control leathers. The acrylic finished leather with minor defects was taken for 3D printing and designed using Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) as filament. The acrylic finished leather shows good adhesion for TPU and it results in numerous designs in short duration. The new additive was added to leather using 3D printing technology to produce a tailor-made valuable design without any waste disposal and chemical discharge. This invention may convert the rejected waste leather into valuable material and lead to the new generation hybrid leather for use.

Authors :
Sivaraj Sudhahar
Department of Leather Technology, Anna University, Chennai

Umamaheswari G
Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering Guindy Campus, Anna University, Chennai.

Jaya Prakash Alla
CLRI-Regional Centre Kanpur

Raghava Rao Jonnalagadda
Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Laboratory

Suguna Lakshmi
Polymer Science & Technology

Sanjeev Gupta
Centre for Human & Organisational Resources Development. CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2023.40.1-2.3

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Preparation and Characterization of Self-crosslinked Acrylate Emulsified with Environmentally Friendly Surfactants

By: Lijun Chen , Xiaolong Che , Zheqing Gong , Conghui Xu

Page No : 47-58

Abstract
The self-crosslinking polyacrylate latex was prepared via the semi-continuous seed emulsion polymerization technology that methyl methacrylate(MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA)were used as the main monomers and hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFMA) and monobutylitaconate (MBI) were used as the modified monomers and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was used as the crosslinked monomer which were emulsified with the environmentally friendly mixed surfactant of the isomeric triethylene (9) ether (E-1309) and the lauryl polyoxyethylene ether sulfosuccinate disodium salt (MES-30). The resultant latex and its film is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), laser particle sizer, contact angle determinator. The comparison of thermal stability between the resultant latex and conventional latex is carried out via the thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Factors, which have an influence on the properties of the resultant latex and the emulsion polymerization, are studied in detail. Results indicate that the thermal decomposition temperature of the latex film was increased from 336.9 °C to 370.1 °C The contact angle of the latex film is 82.9 ° owing to the introduction of GMA and MBI.

Authors :
Conghui Xu, Zheqing Gong, Xiaolong Chen and Lijun Chen
School of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2023.40.1-2.4

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Interface and Friction Properties of Copper-embedded Polyethylene Terephthalate Filament

By: Jean Yves Drean , Omar Harzallah , Foued Khoffi

Page No : 59-69

Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the interfacial and the frictional properties of copper (Cu) reinforced polyethylene terephthalate (PET) filament. This Cu-Embedded PET filament will be used as an information transmitter. This filament was prepared by a co-extrusion process. Mechanical properties of these filaments have been quantified by tensile and pull-out analyses. It is shown that the mechanical properties of composite filament were improved by adding the copper filament (from 0.82 to 1.2 GPa). The results of the pull-out test revealed some adhesion between the copper and the PET despite the existence of a slippage of the copper filament in the PET matrix. Regarding the variation of the maximum pull-out load, according to the embedded length, a linearity relationship is observed. Therefore, it can be assumed that the interfacial shear stress is constant over the embedded length. Filaments surfaces have been analyzed after friction with Scanning Electron Microscope. Experimental results show a satisfying wear resistance of filaments, even if friction is able to induce some structural modifications of the polymer surface.

Authors :
Foued Khoffi
Laboraty of Textile Engineering (LGTex), ISET Ksar-Hellal, University of Monastir, Tunisia

Omar Harzallah and Jean Yves Drean
Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique Textiles (LPMT), ENSISA, Mulhouse, France
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2023.40.1-2.5

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Impact on Mechanical Properties of Surface Treated Coconut Leaf Sheath Fiber/Sic Nano Particles Reinforced Phenol-formaldehyde Polymer Composites

By: Joseph Selvi Binoj , Bright Brailson Mansingh , Alamry Ali , K. L. Narasimhamu , K. C. Varaprasad , A. Radhakrishnan

Page No : 71-82

Abstract
Several agro-wastes are rich in natural fibers and finds scope to be used as reinforcement in composite industry. These natural fibers have some advantages over man-made fibers, including low cost, light weight, renewable nature, high specific strength and modulus, and availability in various forms worldwide. In this paper, the effect of surface modification of leaf sheath coconut fiber (LSF) (an agro-waste) reinforced in phenol formaldehyde matrix composites with silicon carbide (SiC) nano particles as filler material were investigated for its mechanical characteristics. The investigation portrays that coconut LSF (CLSF) modified with potassium permanganate reinforced polymer composite with SiC nano particles as filler material exhibited 18.86%, 22.54%, 10.72% and 15.43% higher tensile, flexural, hardness and impact characteristics respectively compared to the unmodified CLSF reinforced polymer composite. The results reveal that the surface modification treatment considerably increased the mechanical characteristics of the composite .

Authors :
B. Brailson Mansingh
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College (Autonomous), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

K. L. Narasimhamu
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mohan Babu University (MBU), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

K. C. Varaprasad
Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar, Sultanate of Oman

J. S. Binoj
Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai- 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.

A. Radhakrishnan
Department of Information Technology, University College of Engineering, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India

Alamry Ali
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2023.40.1-2.6

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Study of Ultraviolet Radiation Effect on the Mechanical Properties of Jute and Montmorillonite Nanoclay Reinforced Polyester Nanocomposites

By: P. Chandrasekar , S. Kumar , N. Venkateshwaran , S. Arulmurugan

Page No : 83-91

Abstract
In this research, the effect of UV light on the mechanical properties of jute polymer nanocomposites was evaluated. Due to the fact that photodegradation is a surface process and is confined to the degradation of the mechanical characteristics of polyester resin, this study focuses on the resin quality. Therefore, test samples comprised of fibre-reinforced polyester nanoclay composites were fabricated different weight ratios of nanoclay. They were put through UV exposure in an Ultraviolet (UV) chamber. Tensile testing samples were made in accordance with ASTMD638 and had a minimum thickness of 3 mm. Additionally, specimens for Flexural and Impact testing were also produced. Samples were treated at various time intervals under UV radiation and their mechanical properties were determined. The effect of nano additives in preventing the deterioration of polyester’s mechanical qualities was also investigated, and it was found that the addition of clay to polyester resin reduces the deterioration level by 19.86%, 9.38%, and 13.53% when compared to pure polyester resin’s tensile, flexural, and impact properties, respectively. The results demonstrated that samples containing nano additives were less susceptible to UV damage than that of the samples without nanoclay. This is because of the fact that when clay was added to the polymer, its platelets totally exfoliated and acted as barriers against the entry of UV radiation.

Authors :
S. Arulmurugan, N. Venkateshwaran, S. Kumar and P. Chandrasekar
Mechanical Engineering Department, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2023.40.1-2.7

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Study of Galvanic Charging-Discharging Properties of Graphene Nanoplatelets Incorporated Epoxy-Carbon Fabric Composites

By: S. Parameshwara , Bommegowda K. B. , Gurumurthy G. D. , Hadimani Shivakumar

Page No : 93-103

Abstract
Polymer composites are increasing in demand in energy storage applications including in the electronic as well as electrical industries due to the ease of processing of these materials with associated advantages like light weight, corrosion resistance, and high mechanical strength. In this investigation, efforts are made to enhance the charging and discharging properties of epoxy/carbon fabric composite by the addition of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) into the epoxy/ carbon matrix. The performance of the composites with graphene platelets of 0.5 to 5 wt. % in epoxy were characterized and 1wt.% percolation threshold was observed poor performance in gravimetric charge and discharge characteristics were observed. Based on the percolation threshold Epoxy-Carbon fabric (EC) composites and Epoxy-Carbon fabric with 1 wt. % of GNP (ECG1) composites were fabricated using a vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding technique. The electrochemical performance was studied using the Cyclovoltammetry test and 0.1 M of Na2SO4 as a supporting electrolyte. The Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge characteristics were carried-out for EC and ECG1 at a scan rate of 80 sec, 300 sec, 4000 sec with 2 runs and 8 runs. The composite EC didn’t not show GCD characteristics, but the symmetry of charge-discharge characteristics observed for ECG1 and same are discussed in this paper. These highly effective and excellent characteristics demonstrate that Epoxy-GNP-CF composites may be promising composites for practical energy storage applications.

Authors :
Hadimani Shivakumar and Gurumurthy G. D.
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kalpataru Institute of Technology, Tiptur, Tumkuru, Karnataka, India.

Bommegowda K. B.
NITTE (Deemed to be University), Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte-574110, Karnataka, India

S. Parameshwara
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, The National Institute of Engineering, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2023.40.1-2.8

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Chiral Copolymers of (R)-N-(1-Phenyl-Ethyl) Methacrylamide (R-NPEMAM) and 2-Hydroxy Ethyl Methacrylate (HEMA): Investigation of PhysicoChemical Behavior, Thermal Properties and Degradation Kinetics

By: Dibyendu S. Bag , Km. Meenu , Akansha Dixit , Shilpi Tiwari

Page No : 105-123

Abstract
In this paper, we report the microstructural investigation and influence of H-bonding on the thermal behavior e.g., glass transition (Tg) and thermal degradation of chiral copolymers of (R)- N-(1-phenyl-ethyl) methacrylamide (R-NPEMAM) and 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The Tg increases with the increase of chiral unit content in the copolymers and then attains optimum at around 25 mole % of chiral content. Thereafter it decreases with the increase of chiral content. The effect of copolymer composition and secondary interaction associated with the H[1]bonding on the thermal properties of these copolymers was also studied. Secondary interaction, specifically H-bonding has been interpreted using FTIR analysis. The copolymers thermally degrade in three stages. The first and third stages of degradation are associated with the chiral comonomer (R-NPEMAM) whereas the second stage indicates the degradation due to HEMA unit present in the copolymer chain. The activation energies for these degradations of the copolymers have been evaluated using Flynn-Wall and Kissinger method.

Authors :
Dibyendu S. Bag, Shilpi Tiwari, Akansha Dixit and Km. Meenu
Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment (DMSRDE), G. T. Road, Kanpur-208013, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2023.40.1-2.9

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Jan-2022 to Jun-2022

Study of the Neutron Radiation Effect on Bi-oriented Polyethylene Naphthalate Structure

By: A. Belouadah , S. Berdous , D. Berdous , M.Izerrouken , N.Saidi- Amroun

Page No : 1-15

Abstract
In this work, neutron induced structural modifications, on the biaxially-oriented polyethylene naphthalate (BOPEN) film, were studied by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR/ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and polarized light optical microscopy (PLOM). The irradiation with neutron was carried out, under air, at room temperature. The changes of the structure, in volume and in surface were evaluated under the impact of neutron’s flux composed by thermally neutrons and fast neutrons. The X-ray technique showed the effect of the neutron flux’s fluence on the crystallinity of the BOPEN, which was also determined through the FTIR/ATR spectroscopy, traduced by the absence and (or) presence of the absorption bands characteristics of crystalline and amorphous phases. The SEM and PLOM characterizations, revealed a radical change in the texture of the surface which passes from an orderly homogeneous state, observed on the NIR-BOPEN film, to a degraded state, shown up in irradiated samples (IR-BOPEN) case.

Authors :
A. Belouadah
Laboratory of Materials Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Sciences and Technology, Houari Boumediene (U.S.T.H.B.), El-Alia, Bab-Ezzouar, DZ-16111 Algiers, Algeria.

S. Berdous
High National School of Veterinary, DZ-16111 Algiers, Algeria.

D. Berdous
Laboratory of Hydrometallurgy and Inorganic Molecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sciences and Technology - Houari Boumediene (U.S.T.H.B.), El-Alia, Bab-Ezzouar, DZ-16111 Algiers, Algeria.

M. Izerrouken
Draria Nuclear Research Center, Sebala, Draria, DZ-16000 Algiers, Algeria.

N.Saidi- Amroun
Laboratory of Materials Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Sciences and Technology - Houari Boumediene (U.S.T.H.B.), El-Alia, Bab-Ezzouar, DZ-16111 Algiers, Algeria.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.1-2.1

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Types and Sources of Microplastics; The Ubiquitous Environment Contaminant: A Review

By: Archna Rani

Page No : 17-35

Abstract
Accumulation of Microplastics (MPs) in diverse ecosystems is a growing global problem of our time. These are entering into the environment directly (micro-sized plastics manufactured purposefully) and by degradation of plastic products. Due to a diverse range of polymers and additives used to manufacture plastic products, the MPs of different chemical compositions are abundant in the environment. A detailed literature survey revealed that MPs –environment interaction is largely governed by these chemicals and other intrinsic properties of MPs viz. shape, size, density, surface charge, etc. The current investigation primarily aims to review different chemical and physical factors of MPs that potentially influence their interaction with diverse ecosystems. The effort justifies keeping these parameters at the centre of the future researches in the field of plastics and the health of the environment and humans. Also, the piece of work highlights various sources of MPs that would help to take necessary measures for the judicious use of plastic products.

Author :
Archna Rani
Professor, Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi-110042.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.1-2.2

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Fabrication and Comparative Properties of Sustainable Epoxy Methacrylate of Bisphenol-C-Jute/Treated Jute-Natural Fibers Sandwich Composites: Part-II

By: Ritesh D. Bhatt , Jignesh P. Patel , Parsotam H. Parsania

Page No : 37-53

Abstract
Compression-molded epoxy methacrylate of bisphenol-C-jute/treated jute-banana/groundnut/ cane sugar/pineapple leaf/rice husk/wheat husk sandwich composites were fabricated under 5 MPa pressure at room temperature for 3 h. Alkali treated jute-natural fiber sandwich composites displayed considerably improved mechanical properties over untreated jute-natural fiber sandwich composites due to surface modification of the jute fibers. Both types of sandwich composites showed high water uptake tendency, excellent hydrolytic stability against acids, alkali, and salt solutions, and also a longer equilibrium time at 30oC. Alkali treated sandwich composites revealed a considerably lower water uptake tendency than untreated sandwich composites. Observed water uptake trend is H2SO4 > HCl >NaOH >H2O>NaCl.

Authors :
Ritesh D. Bhatt
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.

Jignesh P. Patel
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.

Parsotam H. Parsania
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.1-2.3

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Gamma Radiation Induced Mutual Grafting of Quaternary Ammonium-Based Monomer on to Rayon Fibers to Improve its Water Absorbency and Antibacterial Efficacy

By: Subrata Pal , Bhuveneshwar Rai , Ajay Kumar Tyagi , Sunita Ratan , Virendra Kumar

Page No : 55-70

Abstract
The present work is focused on the study of antimicrobial and water absorption properties of the surface of grafted rayon fiber with quaternary ammonium-based salts containing 3- Acrylamidopropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (APTAC) monomer induced by gamma radiation. Grafting was qualitatively confirmed by FTIR-ATR,TGA, SEM and by calculating grafting yield and grafting efficiency. The performance was examined for water absorbency and antibacterial efficacy (R) against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Study showed that water absorption, grafting yield and grafting efficiency increased steadily with the increase in monomer concentration and absorbed gamma irradiation dose up to a certain level followed by either slowdown or leveling off the increasing trend. The water absorption and antibacterial efficacy (R) of the APTAC-grafted rayon fiber was found to be substantially enhanced as compared to pristine rayon fiber showing a remarkable 435% increase in water and a four log cycle decrease in the number of living bacteria after 24 hours of incubation.

Authors :
Subrata Pal
Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, 19, University Road, Delhi-110007, India.

Bhuveneshwar Rai
Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, 19, University Road, Delhi-110007, India.

Ajay Kumar Tyagi
Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, 19, University Road, Delhi-110007, India

Sunita Ratan
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, AIAS, Amity University, Noida-201303, Uttar Pradesh.

Virendra Kumar
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.1-2.4

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Effect of Kaempferol Enriched Green Polymer-based Encapsulation for Effective Shelf-life Enhancement

By: Maria Jenita , Lalithapriya U , Sukumar M

Page No : 71-87

Abstract
In this study, a multi-layered green polymer-based packaging composite assembled by active flavonoid Kaempferol grafted with starch-chitosan was prepared, and its characteristics and effect on meat storage, including physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant capacity, were analysed and evaluated at refrigeration conditions given four treatments: CON (control—without coating), SEC (with starch+chitin), P01 (with starch+chitin + 1% of Kaempferol) and P02 (with starch+chitin + 2% of Kaempferol). The addition of Kaempferol increased the antioxidant activity of meat and inhibited the lipid oxidation until day 24 upon migration effect; also improving meat acceptability. The Rancimat induction time confirmed the stability of both P01 and P02 in the presence of polyphenols, where regular storage up to 3 weeks and accelerated storage up to 3rd day (equivalent to 3 months) were achieved, confirming it as a potential packaging module in the postharvest storage and transportation of meat.

Authors :
Maria Jenita
Centre for Food Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India.

Lalithapriya U
Centre for Food Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India.

Sukumar M
Centre for Food Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.1-2.5

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Effect of Sulfuric Acid on the Physiochemical Properties of Chitosan-PVA Blend for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

By: Rabiranjan Murmu , Debashis Roy , Harekrushna Sutar , Swetak Abhisek Mohapatra , Pragyan Senapati

Page No : 89-109

Abstract
In this work, we have successfully cross-linked the different weight ratio of Chitosan-PVA blend with sulfuric acid. The effect of cross-linker on the properties of blends are studied by using different experimental technique. The cross-linked membrane provides higher ion exchange capacity due to the procurement of extra ionic hooping sites in the membrane. The compatibility of the blends are confirmed from the FTIR and DSC analysis. The crosslinking reaction fastening the phase transition behavior of the blends which reduces the glass transition temperature. The highly compatiblized cross-linked blend provides higher tensile strength and lower modulus at moderate temperature. The significant reduction of weight loss was observed in a cross-linked membrane which enhances thermal stability of the blend. The group which are responsible for higher methanol cross-over are consumed by the cross-linking reaction and a drastic reduction of methanol cross-over was observed. The proton conductivity of the blends are obtained by performing experiment in a four probe impedance analyzer and fitting the EIS data in an equivalent circuit model. At moderate temperature, the cross-linked membrane provides higher proton conductivity than the pure membrane and the proton transport was controlled by Grotthus mechanism. The cross-linked membrane provides higher proton conductivity and membrane selectivity which is beneficial for DMFC design.

Authors :
Rabiranjan Murmu
Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata,West Bengal-700032, India.

Debashis Roy
Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata,West Bengal-700032, India.

Harekrushna Sutar
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology Sarang, Parjang, Dhenkanal-759146, Odisha, India.

Pragyan Senapati
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) Bhubaneswar-751030, Odisha, India.

Swetak Abhisek Mohapatra
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology Sarang, Parjang, Dhenkanal-759146, Odisha, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.1-2.6

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Toughening of Unsaturated Polyester Resin by Blending with Polyether Telechelics. Dependency of Toughening Efficacy on End Groups

By: Jeemol. P. A , Suresh Mathew , Reghunadhan Nair C.P

Page No : 111-120

Abstract
Polyether telechelics based on ethylene glycol,1,2-propylene glycol and 1,4- butylene glycol of with various molar masses and bearing at both terminals functional groups such as maleimide, itaconimide, nadimide and hydroxyl groups were individually examined as toughening agents for an unsaturated polyester resin (UPER). For a given telechelic, the toughening effect was evaluated at different mass ratios. The difference in toughening efficacy arose from the differential reactivity of the telechelics end groups combined with the unsaturation of the UPER with the reactive diluent, styrene. This causes a differential distribution of the polyether groups in the UPER matrices, resulting in a differential dipolar interaction of the polyether segments among themselves and with the UPER itself. The matrices cohesive strength is decided by these interactions, the possibility for which is decided by the spacing of these polyether segments in the matrix, as per the reactivity ratios between styrene-maleic complex pair and the polyether end groups. An increased inter-segmental spacing of polyether could diminish the chance for inter-segmental dipolar interactions that can stake the cohesive strength and thus the mechanical properties of the matrices. These aspects have been quantified in terms of their efficacy factors which conformed well to the strength and fracture properties of UPER blended in small proportions with the end-functionalized polyether telechelics.

Authors :
Jeemol. P. A
School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam-686560, Kerala, India.

Suresh Mathew
School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam-686560, Kerala, India.

Reghunadhan Nair C.P
Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin-682022, Kerala, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.1-2.7

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Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheet by using L-ascorbic Acid and Study of its Cytotoxicity on Human Cervical Cancer Cell Line

By: Prabhat Kumar , Anjana Sarkar , Purnima Jain

Page No : 121-135

Abstract
Biocompatible graphene derivative materials (GBMs) to harness the maximum potential of pristine graphene biologically, is the most important strategy for its advanced applications in pharmaceutical and other biomedical fields. Currently, scientists are trying to find this by using biopolymer nanocomposites or anchored materials. Nevertheless, tuning the bare GBMs towards biocompatibility is a beautiful approach to exploit the fundamental potential of pristine graphene vis-à-vis suppressing the effects of incorporated biopolymers or anchored materials. Herein, a large-scale, cost-effective, facile, and environment-friendly green synthetic strategy is used for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheet using L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) as a reducing/stabilizing/capping agent. The as-synthesized rGO was characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, and in-vitro cell cytotoxicity through SiHa (human cervical cancer) cell line. Results showed that nanosheet of rGO was synthesized successfully and the order of cell viability on SiHa cell line was found to be rGO ascorbic acid> GO > rGOhydrazine. The reason behind such viability order may be surface oxidation state, carbon content, and presence of reducing/ surfactant/capping agent along with graphene. The studies described can be further optimized to be used in neural tissue engineering, regenerative medicines, biosensors, drug delivery, and gene delivery therapy, to name a few.

Authors :
Prabhat Kumar
Department of Chemistry, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi, India.

Anjana Sarkar
Department of Chemistry, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi, India.

Purnima Jain
Department of Chemistry, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.1-2.8

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Preparation of Polysulfone Capillary Ultrafiltration Membranes for Pre-treatment of Sea Water Reverse Osmosis and Studies on its Fouling behavior after Turbidity Removal from Sea Water

By: V. S. Mamtani , A. K. Ghosh , R. C. Bindal

Page No : 137-149

Abstract
In this study, polysulfone based capillary ultrafiltration membranes with desired characteristics were indigenously developed and their performance was evaluated with respect to turbidity removal from raw sea water. Capillary membranes were spun with in-house fabricated spinneret using polymer casting solution (dope solution) of different compositions having different viscosity using polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as pore-forming agent. Different experimental conditions namely dope pressure, bore fluid flow rate and air gap distance are optimized to get membranes of desired properties. Test results of individual capillaries in terms of pure water permeability (PWP), separation of single uncharged solutes like polyethylene glycol (PEG) and mechanical strength were discussed. Increase in dope pressure and air gap decreases PWP but increases the strength of the capillary membranes whereas addition of PVP in dope solution and increase in bore fluid flow rate has opposite effect on PWP and strength of the membrane. The optimum range of dope feed pressure was found 1-1.25 kg/cm2 with bore fluid flow rate of 25-30 ml/min and air gap of 12-15 cm. Selected membranes were tested for removal of turbidity from raw sea water with turbidity upto 120 NTU and the extent of turbidity removal was studied as a function of turbidity loading of sea water. The membranes were able to remove turbidity by more than 97.5%. After sea water filtration, the pure water flux recovery was evaluated on cleaning by backwashing using DI water.

Authors :
V. S. Mamtani
Membrane Development Section, Chemical Engineering Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India.

A. K. Ghosh
Membrane Development Section, Chemical Engineering Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India.

R. C. Bindal
Membrane Development Section, Chemical Engineering Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.1-2.9

Price: 251

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Preparation of Natural Rubber/Cloisite-Na+ nanocomposite in Latex Stage and its Characterization for Mould Application

By: Nurul Hayati Yusof , Dazylah Darji , Tan Kim Song , Nghiem Thi Thuong

Page No : 151-166

Abstract
In this work, a pure gum mould made of prevulcanized natural rubber/cloisite-Na+ nanocomposite (PVNR/CN) was prepared and characterized for ornament application. The suitable conditions to prepare PVNR/CN latex mixtures and the properties of the resulting PVNR/CN nanocomposites were investigated. The optimum CN concentration in the latex mixture was 1.0 phr, with the properties of 60 wt% total solid content, more than 600 sec mechanical stability time, lower than 350 cP Brookfield viscosity, and pH 10. The properties of PVNR/CN nanocomposite showed high strength, moderate hardness, and good thermal stability. The morphology by TEM showed well dispersion of CN particles in between the rubber dispersoid. The PVNR/CN nanocomposite as a mould was evaluated by shrinkage measurement. The presence of 1.0 phr CN in the PVNR/CN nanocomposite achieved the least shrinkage. The reproduced object using the PVNR/CN nanocomposite as a mould showed complete fine details similar to the original object via visual observation.

Authors :
Nurul Hayati Yusof
Malaysian Rubber Board, Engineering and Technology Division, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.

Dazylah Darji
Malaysian Rubber Board, Engineering and Technology Division, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.

Tan Kim Song
Malaysian Rubber Board, Engineering and Technology Division, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.

Nghiem Thi Thuong
School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No 1 Dai co Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.1-2.10

Price: 251

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Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polyvinyl alcohol/Silk Fibroin-Based Composite with Improved Strength

By: Xingming Xu , Qingqing Sun , Airong Xu , Xinbao Guo

Page No : 167-181

Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) with renewability, biocompatibility and biodegradability shows potential application in various fields including biomedicine, tissue engineering, and wearable lectronic devices. Herein, SF is used to exert effective reinforcement of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite film to further improve its practicability. As such, PVA/SF composite films were prepared for the first time using a facile approach. The films were characterized to investigate possible interaction of PVA with SF. Meanwhile, systematic investigations have also been completed to explore the influences of PVA/SF mass ratio on the mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break), biodegradability and biocompatibility, the morphology, crystallinity, chemical structure and thermostability. It is interesting to find that SF in the PVA/SF can remarkedly exert reinforcement efficacy and improve the mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Due to the reinforcement efficacy of SF, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the PVA/SF material are higher than that of neat PVA material by about 28% and 286%, respectively. Moreover, the materials are biodegradable and biocompatible. The simple and maneuverable approach as well as high-performance properties possessed by the materials will further broaden their practical application.

Authors :
Xingming Xu
School of Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P. R. China.

Qingqing Sun
School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P. R. China.

Airong Xu
School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P. R. China.

Xinbao Guo
School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P. R. China.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.1-2.11

Price: 251

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Jul- to Dec-2022

Study of the Effect of UV-exposure on HDPE/Carbon Black Composite Floating Structure

By: Alok K. Sahu , Rajshree Vijayvargiya , R. M. Sarviya

Page No : 183-193

Abstract
HDPE material is found to be best suited material for the manufacturing of floating bed structure for the solar photovoltaic (PV) system due to its light weight and excellent mechanical & chemical resistant properties. However, the major restriction in this regard is the limited engineering design and also the effect of UV radiations present in the natural environment that leads to the degradation of the plastic materials. Hence, in order to improve its UV stability carbon black is incorporated into it as UV resistant additive and hollow cubical floats of such HDPE/carbon black composite material has been manufactured by rotational molding process and studied. Similarly, hollow cubical floats of virgin HDPE material was also manufactured and studied for comparison.

The mechanical behavior of HDPE and HDPE /carbon black (CB) composite floats have been evaluated under artificial weathering condition (UV-exposure) at different intervals of time till 1152 hours, to perceive the lifespan of floating bed. It was observed that virgin material degrades more rapidly as compared to HDPE/Carbon Black (CB) composite floats. HDPE/CB floats do not show any major degradation of properties even after UV exposure. For virgin HDPE, the tensile strength & elongation at break were reduced to 42.13% & 52.9% respectively due to chemical cross linking along with the chain scission which causes photo degradation of the polymer whereas for HDPE/CB the value limits to 4.2% and 10.38% which confirms uniform dispersion of carbon black and good interfacial adhesion with HDPE matrix. The impact resistance did not show any significant change due to UV exposure in both the cases. However, hardness was increased more (upto 8.19%) in non-filled material due to deterioration of low molecular weight polymer but it was maintained in HDPE/CB due to the molecules of the filler and polymers are closely packed at macroscopic level so the intermolecular packing of material can be attributed to modifications in the amorphous regions. It is concluded that HDPE material with 2% CB depicts better mechanical properties for floating bed than virgin HDPE floats after accelerated UV exposure and is safe to bear the load of solar panels.

Authors :
Alok K. Sahu
Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology, Raipur, C.G., India

Rajshree Vijayvargiya
Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology, Raipur, C.G., India

R. M. Sarviya
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, M.P., India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.3-4.1

Price: 500

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Studies on Compressive Loading-characteristics of PU Foam Materials Used in Footwear for Obese

By: S. Mathivanan , R. Mohan , Rames C Panda , P. Balachander

Page No : 195.204

Abstract
Optimum-designed footwear with polyurethane (PU) material for comfort is an important requirement for obese. Investigations on compressive behavior of varied designed footwear using 120 D PU material have been carried out. The energy absorption primarily depends on heel height, slope angle and load applied or body mass index of obese. Statistical analysis has been used to formulate the prediction of absorbed energy wherein a heel height of 30 mm with 20-degree angle provides optimum value with the incorporation of 120 D PU material. A coefficientof-determination (R2 ) value of 0.9406 confirms the suitability of the statistical regression model. Hence, the optimally designed footwear for higher energy absorption with 120 D PU foam material is recommendable for obese

Authors :
S. Mathivanan
CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai-600020, India.

R. Mohan
CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai-600020, India.

Rames C Panda
CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai-600020, India.

P. Balachander
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai-600025, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.3-4.2

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Fabrication and Comparative Properties of Sustainable Epoxy Methacrylate of Bisphenol-C-Jute/Treated Jute-Natural Fibers Sandwich Composites: Part-1 

By: Ritesh D. Bhatt , Jignesh P. Patel , Parsotam H. Parsania

Page No : 205-221

Abstract
Epoxy methacrylate of bisphenol-C-jute/treated jute and their sandwich composites of white coir, brown coir, wild almond, bamboo, betel nut, and palmyra were prepared by a compression molding technique under 5MPa pressure and at room temperature for three h. The neat sample showed almost double tensile strength than its jute composite, while it is comparable for treated jute. The composites revealed substantially improved flexural strength compared to neat. The neat, jute/treated jute and their sandwich composites indicated good impact strength, pretty good Barcol hardness, and fairly good electric strength. The neat sample showed excellent volume resistivity, while jute/treated jute and their sandwich composites revealed reasonably good volume resistivity. The composites showed high water ingress tendency, excellent hydrolytic stability, and different diffusivity in different environments at 30o C. Water ingress trend was observed the same for all the composites in different environments, and it is H2 SO4 > HCl >NaOH >H2 O>NaCl. The sandwich composites may find their applications as low-cost housing and insulating materials and also for marine vessels.

Authors :
Ritesh D. Bhatt
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.

Jignesh P. Patel
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.

Parsotam H. Parsania
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.3-4.3

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Fabrication and Comparative Properties of Sustainable Epoxy Methacrylate of Bisphenol-C-Jute/Treated Jute-Natural Fibers Sandwich Composites: Part-2 

By: Ritesh D. Bhatt , Jignesh P. Patel , Parsotam H. Parsania

Page No : 223-239

Abstract
Epoxy methacrylate of bisphenol-C-jute/treated jute and their sandwich composites of white coir, brown coir, wild almond, bamboo, betel nut, and palmyra were prepared by a compression molding technique under 5MPa pressure and at room temperature for three h. The neat sample showed almost double tensile strength than its jute composite, while it is comparable for treated jute. The composites revealed substantially improved flexural strength compared to neat. The neat, jute/treated jute and their sandwich composites indicated good impact strength, pretty good Barcol hardness, and fairly good electric strength. The neat sample showed excellent volume resistivity, while jute/treated jute and their sandwich composites revealed reasonably good volume resistivity. The composites showed high water ingress tendency, excellent hydrolytic stability, and different diffusivity in different environments at 30o C. Water ingress trend was observed the same for all the composites in different environments, and it is H2 SO4 > HCl >NaOH >H2 O>NaCl. The sandwich composites may find their applications as low-cost housing and insulating materials and also for marine vessels.

Authors :
Ritesh D. Bhatt
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.

Jignesh P. Patel
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.

Parsotam H. Parsania
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.3-4.4

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Tin Slag Polymer Concrete Strengthening by Basalt and Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymer Confinement

By: Muhamad Soffi Bin Manda , Mohd Ruzaimi Bin Mat Rejab , Shukur Abu Hassan , Mat Uzir Bin Wahit , Joseph Selvi Binoj , Bright Brailson Mansingh , Siti Safarah Binti Amirnuddin , Alamry Ali , Kheng Lim Goh , Didik Nurhadiyanto

Page No : 241-253

Abstract
This study investigates the potential of Tin Slag Polymer Concrete (TSPC) strengthening through confinement using basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) and aramid fiber reinforced polymer (AFRP) confinement. TSPC short cylindrical column samples have been wrapped with BFRP and AFRP in a single layer (30 mm overlap) using Sikadur-330 epoxy and final samples were coded as TSPC-UC, TSPC-BF and TSPC-AF for unconfined, BFRP and AFRP for confined respectively. After curing for 30 days at room temperature, compressive test has been performed to know the strength, modulus, strain, fracture energy and failure modes of unconfined and confined TSPC. Test result shows that AFRP confinement (114.24 MPa) provide more upsurge in strength enhancement compared to BFRP (81.52 MPa). Fracture energy value of TSPC-AF (821.18 J) is higher than TSPC-BF (538.66 J), but compressive modulus of TSPC-AF (3.23 GPa) is lower than TSPC-BF (4.32 GPa). In addition, yield stress value of TSPC-AF (80.71 MPa) is higher than TSPC-BF (57.21 MPa). Moreover, stress-strain curve and failure mode has shown that TSPC-AF exhibit higher degree of brittleness compared to TSPC-BF. Finally, it is noticed that there are some similarities in strength augmentation of TSPC amid BFRP and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) as well as between AFRP and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) confinement.

Authors :
Muhamad Soffi Bin Manda
Structural Performance Materials Engineering (SUPREME), Faculty of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah (POLISAS), 25350 Semambu, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

Mohd Ruzaimi Bin Mat Rejab
Structural Performance Materials Engineering (SUPREME), Faculty of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia.

Shukur Abu Hassan
School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Centre for Advanced Composites (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.

Mat Uzir Bin Wahit
School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Centre for Advanced Composites (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.

Joseph Selvi Binoj
Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai -602105, Tamil Nadu, India.

Bright Brailson Mansingh
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore 641022, Tamil Nadu, India.

Siti Safarah Binti Amirnuddin
School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.

Alamry Ali
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.

Kheng Lim Goh
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Newcastle University in Singapore, Singapore.
Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE17RU, United Kingdom.

Didik Nurhadiyanto
Department of Mechanical Engineering Education, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.3-4.5

Price: 500

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Comparative Investigations on Fracture Toughness and Damping Response of Fabric Reinforced Epoxy Composites

By: Gaurav Agarwal

Page No : 255-267

Abstract
Studies were conducted to observe the effect of fracture toughness and damping response on fabric reinforced epoxy polymer composites. The samples of glass fabric, kevlar fabric and carbon fabric having 15wt%, 25wt%, 35wt%, 45wt% and 55wt % fabric content were prepared and tested following ASTM standards. Fracture toughness, peak load and increase in energy absorption are determined for the fabric-epoxy composites. Effect of temperature on storage modulus, loss modulus and tan delta values for various percentages of fabric epoxy composites are noticed and corresponding damping response behaviour is determined. The results revealed that reduction in strength at higher percentage of fabric content is due to improper bonding between fabric and epoxy resin. Higher peak load values and increased values of energy absorption are observed at lower percentage of fabric content. Kevlar fabric proves to be beneficial for specific energy absorption capability. Strength retention capability at higher temperature is far better for carbon fabric epoxy combinations. Composites with lower fabric content retain much higher temperature and peak load. Also the experimental findings are in close proximity with that of theoretical results.

Author :
Gaurav Agarwal
Associate Professor, Department of M.E., Future Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bareilly -243202, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.3-4.6

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Enhancing the Performance of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Reinforcing with Sawdust, Rice Husk, and Bagasse Particles

By: A Madhan Kumar , K. Jayakumr , M. Shalini

Page No : 269-281

Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most popular thermoplastic biopolymer providing a stiffness and strength alternative to fossil-based plastics. It is also the most promising biodegradable polymer on the market right now, thus gaining a substitute for conservative artificial polymers. Therefore, the current research focuses on synthesizing and mechanical characterization of particlereinforced PLA composites. The hot compression molding technique was used to fabricate PLA-based composites with 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 weight % of sawdust, rice husk, and bagasse particle reinforcements to enhance the performance of the PLA. The pellets of PLA matrix were mmtaken with an average size of 3 mm and particle reinforcements of an average size of 50  were used as the raw materials. After processing the PLA composites, microstructural and mechanical characterization studies were carried out to check the uniform distribution of the reinforced particles on the PLA matrix and the improvement in their strength, respectively. The results found hardness varied from 29.7 to 36.1 Shore D, tensile strength from 46.2 to 62.5 MPa, impact strength from 14.5 to 17.4 kJ/m2 and flexural strength from 78.9 to 93 MPa from all processed composites. In addition, SEM images were taken to perform a microstructural evaluation of the PMCs.

Also, from characterization studies, it was found that the PLA with 5 wt.% reinforcements showed better properties than 2.5 and 7.5% reinforcements. On the other hand, particle clustering was observed on the composites with a reinforcement of 7.5%, and hence it showed lesser performance. Moreover, PLA with 5% rice husk particle reinforcement showed superior performances compared with other reinforcements.

Authors :
A Madhan Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha Engineering College (Autonomous), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai-602105, India.

K. Jayakumr 
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, OMR, Kalavakkam, Chennai - 603110, India.

M. Shalini
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, St. Joseph’s College of Engineering, OMR, Chennai -600119, India

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.3-4.7

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Separation Characteristics of Surface Modified Polysulfone Ultrafiltration Membrane using Oxidative Catalytic Polymerization of Aniline

By: Vrinda Goel , Ruchika Tanwar , Ajoy Kumar Saikia , Uttam Kumar Mandal

Page No : 283-305

Abstract
The commercially available Polysulfone (PSF) membrane surface was modified by solution polymerization of aniline using different oxidation catalysts i.e., FeCl3, CuCl2 , and APS. Modified membranes were then characterized with respect to physio-chemical properties like surface chemistry, porosity, wettability, surface roughness, morphology, etc. It was observed that the hydrophilicity/ wettability of membranes was increased upon surface modification by polyaniline which again depended on the nature of the oxidation catalyst used. Membranes developed using FeCl3 and CuCl2 as oxidants exhibit improved permeation, protein rejection, and antifouling properties, whereas decrement was observed in modified membrane performance using APS as an oxidant. Among all modified membranes, PSF/PANI-CuCl2 membrane demonstrates the most promising performance in terms of higher pure water flux and protein solution permeation flux i.e., 453.3 L/m2 .h and 122.3 L/m2 .h respectively. The PSF/PANI-CuCl2 membrane unveils superior resistance towards bio-fouling in comparison to the other modified membranes. Analytical techniques were used for the characterization of the modified membranes such as ATR, XPS, FESEM, and AFM. Contact angle measurement also supports the fact that PSF/PANI-CuCl2 membrane has a better chemical and physiological attachment to the polysulfone membrane surface

Authors :
Vrinda Goel
University School of Chemical Technology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16 C, Dwarka, New Delhi- 110078, India.

Ruchika Tanwar
University School of Chemical Technology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16 C, Dwarka, New Delhi- 110078, India.

Ajoy Kumar Saikia
Department of Polymer Technology, G.N.D. DSEU, Rohini Campus, Rohini, Delhi-110089, India

Uttam Kumar Mandal
University School of Chemical Technology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16 C, Dwarka, New Delhi- 110078, India

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.3-4.8

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Recovery of Pure Water, Salicylic Acid Crystals, and Paracetamol using PVDF-MWCNT Membranes by Membrane Distillation-crystallization

By: Z.V.P. Murthy , Nikhil R. Mene , Sarita Kalla

Page No : 307-323

Abstract
Membrane distillation-crystallization (MDC) is presented as a novel technique in the treatment of waste concentrated water which produces valuable crystals along with pure water. In the present study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) flat sheet membranes were prepared via the wet phase inversion method and applied in MDC for the treatment of pharmaceutical waste. The pure and modified membrane surface properties are characterized with the help of SEM, FTIR, and contact angle measurement. The present work reported the effect of MWCNT content and feed temperature on the MDC performance and measured pure water flux and pharmaceutical compounds recovery. The observed maximum permeate flux and crystal recovery for Salicylic acid system was 5.5 kg/m2 h and 50%, respectively for PVDF+0.5% CNT membrane and 5 kg/m2 h and 48%, respectively for pure PVDF. Also, for paracetamol system it was 3.9 kg/m2 h and 41% for PVDF +0.5% CNT membrane and 3.5 kg/ m2h and 38% for pure PVDF. Obtained results show that MDC has good potential in treating pharmaceutical waste.

Authors :
Nikhil R. Mene
Department of Chemical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat-395007, Gujarat, India.

Sarita Kalla
Department of Chemical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat-395007, Gujarat, India.

Z.V.P. Murthy
Department of Chemical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat-395007, Gujarat, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.3-4.9

Price: 500

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Preparation of Optically Active Polyimides Based on 2,2´-diamino-1,1´-binaphthalene

By: Petr Sysel , Roman Holakovsky , Stipan Hovorka , Jaroslav Zadny , Pavel Izak

Page No : 325-335

Abstract
Linear polyimides based on both of the 2,2´-diamino-1,1´-binaphthalene enantiomers and their racemic mixture were synthesized and characterized. A two-step synthetic route, consisting of the preparation of the polyimide precursor followed by its thermal imidization at temperatures not exceeding 200°C, was employed. The products were analyzed by FTIR and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. All of the tested materials were nearly fully imidized after 25 h. The final polyimides possess high glass transition temperatures, are thermo-oxidatively stable and are soluble in common organic solvents as 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, tetrahydrofuran and chloroform; additionally, those prepared from the enantiomers show optical activity. The values of specific optical rotations for the polymers were higher than those for the corresponding monomers. However, the directions of their optical rotations were identical. Due to their rather low molar masses, the final polyimides form brittle self-standing films. Thin layers of these products on porous polyimide substrates were made under forming composite membranes.

Authors:
Petr Sysel
Department of Polymers

Roman Holakovsky
Department of Organic Chemistry

Stipan Hovorka
Deparment of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic

Jaroslav Zadny
Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the AS CR, Rozvojova 2, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic

Pavel Izak
Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the AS CR, Rozvojova 2, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2022.39.3-4.10

Price: 500

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Jan-2021 to Jun-2021

Reinforcing Effect of Compatibilizers Containing Oxazoline Groups in Liquid Crystalline Polymer/Polypropylene Blending Material

By: Shogo Takasuka , Tatsuhiri Takahashi

Page No : 1-10

Abstract
The effects of compounds containing oxazoline groups and the presence of maleic anhydridegrafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) on the spectral, morphological, and tensile properties of polypropylene (PP)/liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) blends were investigated. A wholly aromatic LCP having a low melting point which was copolyester, namely AL-7000 have been used, because thermal decomposition of PP and compatibilizer must be prevented.Compression molding was selected as the molding method because it allows molding with a small amount of sample. The binary blends of PP and LCP showed a degradation of tensile properties compared to pure PP. However, the addition of 2,2'-bis(2-oxazoline) and PP-g-MAH as compatibilizers dramatically improved the dispersion of LCP in the PP matrix, resulting in improved tensile properties. In particular, the tensile elongation at break was significantly increased, and cohesive failure (breakage within the matrix rather than at the PP/LCP interface) was observed in scanning electron microscopy images.

Authors: 
Shogo Takasuka
Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Japan 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan.

Tatsuhiri Takahashi
Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Japan 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.1-2.1

Price: 251

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Curing Kinetics of Epoxy Resin of (2E, 6E) 2,6-Bis (4-hydroxy benzylidene) Cyclohexanone

By: Jignesh P. Patel , Parsotam H. Parsania , Dharmesh B. Sankhavara , Jalpa V. Chopda

Page No : 11-19

Abstract
The curing of epoxy resin of (2E, 6E)-2,6-bis(4-hydroxy benzylidene) cyclohexanone (EBHBC) was carried out at four different heating rates in the nitrogen atmosphere by using 4,4’-diamino diphenylmethane (DDM), 4,4’-diamino diphenyl sulfone (DDS), and 1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (THPA) as hardeners. From DSC curves onset, peak exotherm and end set temperatures, as well as heat release, were derived. The energy of activation was derived following Kissinger and Ozawa methods. Observed trend in Ea is EBHBC-THPA > EBHBCDDS > EBHBC-DDM > EBHBC. Nature and chemical structure of the hardeners affected the curing of EBHBC.

Authors :
Dharmesh B. Sankhavara
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.

Jalpa V. Chopda
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.

Jignesh P. Patel
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.

Parsotam H. Parsania
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.1-2.2

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On the Engineering Properties of TPV derived from Hypalon, PP and a Compatibilizer (PMES-MA) prepared by Dynamic Vulcanization

By: Asis K. Mandal , Debarbrata Chakraborty , Mahuya Das , Samir K Siddhanta

Page No : 21-34

Abstract
Elastomeric chlorosulfonated polyethylene (Hypalon) and thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) based thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPVs) were prepared in presence of different doses of partial methyl ester of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (PMES-MA) as compatibilizer employing dynamic vulcanization technique. The mechanical analysis of the prepared TPVs exhibited significant improvements in stress at 25% modulus, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and hardness values. FTIR studies revealed that a chemical interaction had taken place between hypalon and compatibilizer during the process of dynamic vulcanization which led to an enhancement of interfacial adhesion between them. The two-phase morphologies were clearly observed by scanning electron microscopic studies. The Tg values of hypalon were modified in the TPVs as exhibited by differential scanning calorimetric studies. TGA studies indicated the increase in thermal stability of all TPVs with respect to the elastomeric hypalon. Rheological properties showed that the compatibilizer reduces the melt viscosity of TPVs and thus facilitates the processibility of the same.

Authors :
Asis K. Mandal
JID Engineering & Management College, Baruipur, South 24 Pgs-743610, West Bengal.

Debarbrata Chakraborty
Department of Polymer Science & Technology, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal.

Mahuya Das
Department of Chemistry, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, Nadia-741235, West Bengal.

Samir K Siddhanta
Department of Chemistry, The Bhawanipur Education Society College, Kolkata-700020.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.1-2.3

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Curing Study of Epoxy Resin of (2E, 6E)-Bis (4-hydroxybenzylidene)-4-methylcyclohexanone with Different Aromatic Diamines and Anhydrides Hardeners: Spectral and Thermal Analysis

By: Jignesh P. Patel , Parsotam H. Parsania , Dharmesh B. Sankhavara , Jalpa V. Chopda

Page No : 35-48

Abstract
Conventional curing study of epoxy resin of (2E, 6E)-bis (4-hydroxybenzylidene)-4-methyl cyclohexanone (EMBHBC) was conducted at 140 0/150 0C by using 4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM),4,4’-diaminodiphenylsulphone (DDS),4-4’-diaminodiphenyl ether (DDE), p-phenylenediamine (PDA), 1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride(THPA), maleic anhydride (MAH) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA). The gel time for DDS, THPA and DDM hardeners are found considerably longer than those of DDE, PDA, MAH and PMDA systems indicated different reactivity towards curing of EMBHBC. Sol–gel analysis of cured resins was carried out in DMF at room temperature. Diamines cured samples showed 76.3-97.5% gel fractions, while anhydrides cured samples showed 84.6-99.6% gel fractions. DDM, PDA and THPA are found suitable hardeners for curing of EMBHBC. Cured EMBHBC samples are characterized by FTIR, DSC and TGA techniques. DSC endothermic/exothermic transitions supported either physical or chemical change as supported by TGA. Diamines and anhydrides cured EMBHBC are thermally stable up to 224–315 0C and 237–300 0C, respectively and followed two step degradation reactions except EMBHBC-PDA and EMBHBC-MAH. Diamines and anhydrides cured EMBHBC showed respectively 30–52% and 32–41% residues at 700 0C. Use of selected hardeners affected curing and thermal behavior of the cured epoxy resins under selected experimental conditions.

Authors :
Jalpa V. Chopda
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.

Dharmesh B. Sankhavara
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.

Jignesh P. Patel
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.

Parsotam H. Parsania
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.1-2.4

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Effects of PEG200 on the Properties and Performance of PVDF Membranes in the Separation of Methanol- Water Mixtures by Pervaporation

By: Dipesh D. Kachhadiya , Z.V.P. Murthy

Page No : 49-61

Abstract
The conventional process for methanol-water separation like distillation consumes about 60 % of total energy. As an alternative, researchers have developed a membrane-based separation process for alcohol-water mixtures separation. However, there is a big challenge for researches to separate alcohol-water aqueous mixtures using a polymeric membrane because of swelling. In the present work, the aim is to separate methanol from water by pervaporation using polymeric membranes made up of polyvinylidenefluroide (PVDF) and polyethylene glycol (PEG200) modified PVDF membranes. The membranes were characterized by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A study on the process parameters such as temperature (35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 °C) and feed composition (20%, 30%, and 40% of methanol) was carried out for pure PVDF membrane. The pure PVDF membrane was modified by adding pore-forming agent PEG200, which results in increasing the porosity of the membrane. Due to an increase in porosity of the membrane, the hydrophilicity of the membrane was found to be increased. As a result, higher water flux was observed than methanol flux in the modified membrane. For the pure PVDF membrane, the total flux increased with an increase of methanol content in the feed. The PEG-modified membrane is more selective towards water than methanol, so the higher methanol selectivity was found in the pure PVDF membrane.

Authors :
Dipesh D. Kachhadiya
Department of Chemical Engineering Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat – 395007, Gujarat, India.

Z.V.P. Murthy
Department of Chemical Engineering Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat – 395007, Gujarat, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.1-2.5

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Preparation of Chitin-Glucan Microsphere via Spray-Drying Technique and their Antibacterial Activity

By: Anu Singh , P. K. Dutta

Page No : 63-69

Abstract
The experiment was designed to examine the microsphere of the chitin-glucan complex. We formed a chitin-glucan microsphere (ChGMS) from the spray dryer technique. SEM images observed that shape of ChGMS was spherical. From particle size analyzer and SEM analysis both showed that the size of particles was in the range of 1.5 to 3.5 ?m. It showed amorphous nature after the formation of microsphere particles of chitin-glucan. The effect of chitin-glucan complex and ciprofloxacin loaded chitin-glucan microsphere on Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli were also tested. Antibacterial analysis was indicating that the ciprofloxacin loaded chitinglucan microsphere strongly inhibited the growth of bacteria in comparison to the chitin-glucan solution. From the analysis, we can conclude that the antibacterial property was also dependent on the size of the chitin-glucan microsphere. Complexation of the chitin-glucan microsphere with ciprofloxacin improved the antibacterial activity of the chitin-glucan microsphere.

Authors :
Anu Singh
Polymer Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004, India.

P. K. Dutta
Polymer Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.1-2.6

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Glass/Biofibers/Epoxy Methacrylate of Bisphenol-C Sandwich Composites: Comparative Mechanical and Electrical Properties and Chemical Resistance

By: P. H. Parsania , Ritesh D. Bhatt , Jignesh P. Patel

Page No : 71-87

Abstract
Glass/Biofibers/Epoxy methacrylate of bisphenol-C (G/BF/EBCMAS) sandwich composites was prepared by compression molding. G/BF/EBCMAS showed good mechanical and good to excellent electrical properties and excellent chemical resistance. Studied properties are compared with EBCMAS and G/EBCMAS. In comparison with G/EBCMAS, G/BF/EBCMAS showed considerable decline of tensile strength (18-63.4%), flexural strength (18.8-38.7%), flexural modulus (12.8-50.7%), Izod impact strength (17.4-43.5%), Barcol hardness (2.1-16.7%) and dielectric strength (23.8-76.8%) except flexural strength of G/BM/EBCMAS. G/WC/EBCMAS (96.7%), G/B/EBCMAS (79.2%), G/GN/EBCMAS (83.3%) and G/RH/EBCMAS (97.9%) showed decline of volume resistivity, whereas other sandwich composites showed 1150-58233% improvement. The decrease in mechanical properties and dielectric strength of G/BF/EBCMAS sandwich composites is mainly due to poor interfacial adhesion and randomly oriented fibers. Water absorption trend in different environments is H2SO4 (10.9-12.7%) > HCl (10.5-12.3%) > NaOH (9.5-11.7%) > H2O (8.3-11.0%) > NaCl (7.9-10.1%). Saturation time for G/BF/ EBCMAS in different environments is 336-384 h (H2O), 228-360 h (NaCl), 336-360 h (NaOH and HCl) and 312-360h (H2SO4), which is comparable with G/EBCMAS (336-384) except G/BC/EBCMAS (288 h, NaCl), G/B/EBCMAS (312 h, H2O) and G/GN/ EBCMAS (228 h, NaCl). Sandwich composites may be useful for low-cost housing and other specific applications.

Authors :
Ritesh D. Bhatt
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.

Jignesh P. Patel
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.

P. H. Parsania
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.1-2.7

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Effect of N,N-Dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride modified microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) on the processing behaviour and properties of cellulose-rubber (NBR and EPDM) composites

By: Lavanya R , Natchimuthu N

Page No : 89-100

Abstract
Rubber composites of nitrile (NBR) and Ethylene-Propylene-Diene (EPDM) containing unmodified and modified microcrystalline cellulose(MCC) are evaluated for their processing behaviour. The used modified MCC (T-MCC) was treated by N,N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/ LiCl).ATR-FTIR spectra of NBR-MCC composites have indicated N-H stretching and bending vibrations and confirmed interactions between nitrile rubber and MCC. AFM studies have indicated that the average roughness of NBR-T-MCC was significantly reduced when compared to that of NBR-untreated MCC. Important processing parameters such as scorch time and cure time are found to decrease significantly for both NBR and EPDM composites withT-MCC. Mechanical properties of these composites are found to be low irrespective of cellulose. While swelling of NBR-T-MCC composites was found to be higher in ethylmethyl ketone and DMAc/LiCl solvent systems. The composites with EPDM rubber do not indicate any swelling in DMAc/LiCl and in toluene.

Authors :
Lavanya R
Department of Chemistry, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai-600095, India.

Natchimuthu N
Department of Rubber and Plastics Technology, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.1-2.8

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Flammabilty and Mechanical Performance of MWCNT Incorporated Cyante Ester/Carbon Fiber Composites

By: Jitendra. S. Tate , Harish Kallagunta , Andrew Alvarez

Page No : 101-120

Abstract
The exponential growth in composites and their increased use in military, aerospace, energy, and automotive industry is driven by their high performance and light weight. High performance thermosetting polymers such as cyanate ester have received considerable attention due to its ability of volatile-free curing. It also offers advantages such as excellent radiation shielding, high thermal stability, and hydrophobicity with lots of potential for enhanced mechanical strength. This research article discusses the results of effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) at predetermined loading levels of 0.5wt%, 1wt% and 1.5wt% on mechanical, thermal and flammability properties of cyanate ester modified carbon fiber composites. The static mechanical tests indicate 1wt% loading level of MWCNT as optimal loading with an improvement of 19% in tensile strength, 22% in flexure strength, 53% in compressive strength. Thermogravimetric analysis studies revealed that MWCNT has negative effect on thermal stability of cyanate ester resin. The flammability properties assessed based on micro combustion calorimetry studies indicated that the final composites possess excellent flammability properties as indicated by the HRR and HRC.

Authors :
Jitendra. S. Tate
Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University.

Harish Kallagunta
Materials Science Engineering and Commercialization, Texas State University 601 University Dr, San Marcos, Texas, 78666.

Andrew Alvarez
Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.1-2.9

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Sulfonated Poly (Ether Ether Ketone) and its Blended Nanocomposite for Proton Conducting Membranes

By: Arvind Gupta , Abdul Kalam Azad , Lakshmi Unnikrishnan , Smita Mohanty , Sanjay Kumar Nayak

Page No : 121-136

Abstract
Proton conducting hydrophilic channels were created successfully in poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) by means of step by step modification followed by the optimization of sulfonation process (SPEEK70, DS=68.57%). Although highly sulfonated PEEK has excellent proton conductivity, it lacks in mechanical stability due to low swelling degree. Therefore, a potential method has been proposed in this work by integrating poly (sulfone) and nanosilica (SiO2) into SPEEK matrix. SPEEK 70 (S) was utilized to prepare blended nanocomposite membranes for further enhancement of hydrophilic channels. The blended nanocomposite membranes are, SPEEK/SiO2 as SNS, SPEEK blended with poly (sulfone) as SP, SPEEK blended with sulfonated poly (sulfone) as SSP and SPEEK blended with sulfonated poly (sulfone)/ (SiO2) as SSPNS. All the prepared membranes were characterized and its performance was discussed in detail to identify the appropriate membrane for the better replacement of Nafion. Expected intermolecular interaction and its obstruction of free hydrophilic channels were confirmed with the gradual increase in proton conductivity from 0.0165 to 0.2557mS/cm.

Authors :
Abdul Kalam Azad
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail Industrial City 31961, Saudi Arabia.

Arvind Gupta
CIPET, School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) - LARPM, B/25, CNI Complex, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751 024, India.

Lakshmi Unnikrishnan
CIPET, School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) - LARPM, B/25, CNI Complex, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751 024, India.

Smita Mohanty
CIPET, School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) - LARPM, B/25, CNI Complex, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751 024, India.

Sanjay Kumar Nayak
CIPET, School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) - LARPM, B/25, CNI Complex, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751 024, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.1-2.10

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Preparation of Oil Shale Ash Filled High Density Polyethylene Composite Materials and their Characterization

By: Raid Banat , Heba Alkhlaifat , Manal Al- Rawashdeh

Page No : 137-151

Abstract
Composite of oil Shale ash (OSA) filler and high density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix was formulated and studied. OSA mainly composed of Ca, Si, and Fe most of which in oxide forms. OSA-HDPE composite with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt. % OSA were produced using extrusion and hot press. Mechanical, morphological, and water uptake properties of the composite are discussed herein. While the tensile stress at yield, 47 MPa, restored its value close to the neat HDPE, an increase in the mean values of the tensile stress at rapture from 19 to 33 MPa, the tensile modulus from 250 to 350 MPa, the flexural strength from 17 to 22 MPa, and the flexural modulus from 1.8 to 2.4 GPa was obtained upon increasing the OSA content. However, the decrease in the mean values of the tensile strain at yield, from 34 to 27 % (for higher OSA load), the tensile stain at rapture from 160 to 40 %, and the impact strength from 65 to 50 MPa were observed upon increasing the OSA content. Water uptake was marginally increased, from 0.35 to 0.50%, with the filler loading. OSA-HDPE composite apparently remained stiff and hard with almost no deformation due to water contact. Microstructures obtained from scanning electron microscopy were in good agreement with the apparent mechanical performance. OSA-HDPE composite have superior properties compared to the neat HDPE.

Authors :
Raid Banat
Department of Chemistry, Al al-Bayt University, P.O. BOX 130040, Mafraq, 25113, Jordan.

Heba Alkhlaifat
Department of Chemistry, Al al-Bayt University, P.O. BOX 130040, Mafraq, 25113, Jordan.

Manal Al- Rawashdeh
Department of Chemistry, Al al-Bayt University, P.O. BOX 130040, Mafraq, 25113, Jordan.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.1-2.11

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Schiff’s base of Fe3O4@chitosan with 4,4'- diselenobisbenzaldehyde: Preparation, characterization and its catalytic activity for oxidation of sulphides

By: Rafat Saba , Mohd, Kashif Aziz , Ghulam Mustafa , Arpit Shrivastava , Shekhar Shrivastava

Page No : 153-166

Abstract
We have synthesized Schiff’s base of Fe3O4@chitosan with 4,4'-diselenobisbenzaldehyde (Fe3O4@CSSe) composite and used it as acatalyst for the oxidation of sulfides, having some advantageous properties such as eco-friendly, cost-effective and highly efficient magnetic biocatalyst of selenium. The synthesized schiff’s base was characterized by different physical characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM)and Dynamic light scattering (DLS). Further, we used the resulting schiff’s base as a catalyst in the presence of a green oxidant (H2O2) to oxidize sulfides to corresponding sulfoxides at room temperature. It has been found that yield of sulfoxides depend on the amount of H2O2, loading catalyst and various solvents condition. Besides, more efficiently oxidation of dibutyl sulfide observed in the solvent-free condition with the yield of 94 per cent in the presence of 20mg Fe3O4@CSSe and 0.5 mL H2O2.Thus, the magnetic schiff’s base catalyst applied to oxidation of a broad range of sulfides. This may help enrich and develop future research on organic synthesis.

Authors :
Rafat Saba
Department of chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj (U.P.)-India.

Mohd, Kashif Aziz
Department of chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj (U.P.)-India.

Ghulam Mustafa
Department of chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj (U.P.)-India.

Arpit Shrivastava
Department of chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj (U.P.)-India.

Shekhar Shrivastava
Department of chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj (U.P.)-India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.1-2.12

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Structural, Thermal, Optical, Mechanical and Morphological Properties of ABS/RGO with DBDPE Nanocomposites

By: Ibrahim Karteri , Mustafa Ozyeşildağ

Page No : 167-177

Abstract
This study aims to provide a comprehensive account of chemically reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) filled acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) multifunctional filaments for fused deposition modeling (FDM) applications. ABS/RGO with DBDPE nanocomposites (ABS-GDM) were fabricated by single-screw extrusion at a diameter of 1.75 mm. The proportion of RGO and DBDPE for the ABS-GDM filaments was set to 0.75 wt%. The properties of the ABS-GDM were determined using optical, mechanical, thermal, and morphological characteristics (using scanning electron microscopy). A three-dimensional (3D) model was successfully printed using the developed ABS-GDM filaments for FDM 3D printing. These ABS-GDM have the potential to be used in FDM 3D printing. Considering the optical band gap of the nanocomposites, they can also be used in optoelectronic devices and sensor applications. Also, the vertical combustion standard testing results showed that ABSGDM filaments can be flame retardant.

Authors :
Ibrahim Karteri
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Elbistan Engineering, Kahramanmara Istiklal University, Kahramanmara?,Turkey.

Mustafa Ozyeilda
Materials Science and Engineering Department, Kahramanmara, Sütçü Imam  University,Kahramanmara, Turkey.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.1-2.13

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Jul-2021 to Dec-2021

Durable Aroma Finishing of Wool Fabric with Microencapsulated Vetiver Essential Oil and Assessment of its Properties

By: Shalini Rukhaya , Neelam M. Rose , Saroj Yadav

Page No : 179-190

Abstract
The present study was conducted to develop aroma wool fabric using microencapsulated vetiver essential oil without deteriorating the fabric properties. SEM analysis of the treated wool fabric depicted adhesion of numerous microcapsules of spherical shape and FTIR analysis indicated presence of different functional groups on the fabric. The aroma treatment improved most of the tested physical properties of wool fabric. Aroma treated fabric displayed good antimoth efficacy in terms of weight reduction (7.57%) and moth mortality (40%). Treated wool fabric also exhibited antibacterial activity with 63.45 and 61.37 percent reduction in bacterial growth against S. aureus and E.coli, respectively. The UPF value of scoured fabric (30.25) enhanced to 87.70 after treatment with microencapsulated vetiver oil. Aroma durability in terms of retention and intensity of aroma in treated fabric was assessed and good aroma durability was noticed against washing, abrasion, ironing and sun-drying. Hence, microencapsulated vetiver oil appears to be an appropriate aspirant for the development of multifunctional textiles having fragrance with added antimoth, antibacterial and UV protection properties.

Authors :
Shalini Rukhaya
Department of Textile and Apparel Designing, I.C. College of Home Science, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana), India.

Neelam M. Rose
Department of Textile and Apparel Designing, I.C. College of Home Science, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana), India.

Saroj Yadav
Department of Textile and Apparel Designing, I.C. College of Home Science, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana), India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.3-4.1

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Study on the Weathering Performance of Polypropylene by Artificial Accelerated Aging and Natural Aging

By: Mamatjan Yimit

Page No : 191-203

Abstract
The weathering performance of polypropylene (PP) was studied in an artificial accelerated weathering chamber of 340 nm ultraviolet light and natural conditions in Turpan, China. This work aimed to provide a method for calculating the aging failure of PP under natural conditions by the means of artificial accelerated aging. SEM showed that large crack widths of approximately 1.25 ?m and 1.63 ?m appealed on the PP surface after 15 days artificial accelerated aging and 150 days natural aging, respectively. XPS data revealed that the number of C-O and C=O bonds on the PP surface were generally the same after artificial accelerated aging and natural aging of PP for 3 and 30 days, 6 and 60 days, or 9 and 90 days, respectively. Moreover, the data of mechanical properties and capillary rheology also exhibited similar results. It was concluded that the aging rate of artificial accelerated aging was 10 times faster than that of natural aging in Turpan.

Authors :
Mingyu He
Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China.

Amatjan Sawut
Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China.

Li Guan
Research Institute of Dushanzi Petrochemical Company, Dushanzi, 833600, China.

Ying Li
Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China.

Mamatjan Yimit
Research Institute of Dushanzi Petrochemical Company, Dushanzi, 833600, China.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.3-4.2

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Synthesis and Characterization of poly (N-glycidyl-2-oxazolidone) Using a Green and Efficient Catalyst

By: Soraya Seghier , Mohammed Belbachir

Page No : 205-218

Abstract
In the present paper, we report the synthesis of a new amino polymer made of oxazolidinone using an efficient ecocatalyst called Maghnite-H+. The synthesis process contains two steps: the first consists to the preparation of an amino oxiran 3-(oxiran-ylmethyl) oxazolidin- 2-one (OMO) by a substitution reaction of epichlorhydrin by 2-oxazolidinone, the second step concerns a green polymerization of the resultant oxiran by a ring opening reaction catalysed by Maghnite-H+.
The polymer have been successfully prepared and characterized by various techniques, such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, which were used to elucidate the structural characteristics of the resulting polymers. The effects of the amount of Maghnite-H+ and temperature on the conversion and number average molecular weight of polymers were studied. The polymerization conversion and number average molecular weight, increased as the proportions of catalyst were increased.

Authors :
Soraya Seghier
Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, faculty of exact and applied Sciences, University of Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524, El’Menouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria.

Mohammed Belbachir
Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, faculty of exact and applied Sciences, University of Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524, El’Menouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.3-4.3

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Taguchi Design of the Experimental approach to Increase the Biomass and Cell Wall Chitosan Contents of Zygomycetous Dimorphic Fungus Benjaminiella Poitrasii

By: S. R. Mane , E. K. Pathan , G. Patil , S. G. Tupe , V. Ghormade , B. P. Chaudhari , M.V. Deshpande

Page No : 219-230

Abstract
A dimorphic fungus Benjaminiella poitrasii contains high chitin/chitosan (35% of the cell wall) in the mycelial (M) form than its yeast (Y) form (20% of the cell wall). However, the relative proportion of chitosan is more in yeast form cells (chitosan: chitin ratio, 6:1) than mycelial cells (chitosan: chitin ratio, 3:1). Using the Taguchi design of experimental (DOE) approach, interactions among eight different parameters showed that carbon source (starch, 10 g/L), incubation time (48 h), inoculum (M and Y mixed 10%), yeast extract (6 g/L) and peptone (10 g/L), were optimum for maximum biomass production. Under these conditions, the chitosan yield from the mycelia was 60.89±2.30 mg/g of dry biomass, while from the yeast cells was 28.29±2.7 mg/g. The molecular weights of chitosan isolated from M and Y cells were 41.28 kDa and 21.72 kDa, respectively as measured by gel permeation chromatography. The degree of deacetylation of chitosans as 88.17-90.72% DDA measured by 1H-NMR. Furthermore, chitosans from M and Y cells inhibited the growth of plant pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum (MIC900.1 and 0.4 mg/mL) and Ustilago maydis (MIC900.4 and 0.8 mg/mL) at lower concentrations as compared to chitosan isolated from marine sources (MIC90 0.8 and >1.6 mg/mL).

Authors :
S. R. Mane
Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India.

E. K. Pathan
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.

G. Patil
Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune-411004, India.

S. G. Tupe
Greenvention Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Pune-412202, India.

V. Ghormade
Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune-411004, India.

B. P. Chaudhari
Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India.

M.V. Deshpande
Greenvention Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Pune-412202, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.3-4.4

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Genipin Cross-linked Boron Doped Hydrogels: Evaluation of Biological Activities

By: Elif Ant Bursali , Diler Abaci , Murat Kizil , Muruvvet Yurdakoc

Page No : 231-245

Abstract
Genipin cross-linked/boron doped starch/polyvinily alcohol (PVA) based hydrogel (SH-GNP-B) was synthesized as a new material having antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The prepared hydrogel was characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) methods and evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial activities against selected organisms by disc diffusion tests. The antioxidant activity of the prepared hydrogels was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assays. Swelling behavior of the hydrogel was also investigated.
The synthesized hydrogel was thermally stable and showed pH independent swelling tendency. SH-GNP-B hydrogel was found to have antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptecocus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis microorganisms and antioxidant activities. The antimicrobial activity was improved more effectively by doping boric acid (B) to hydrogel. The hydrogel exhibited weak antioxidant activity when compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).

Authors :
Elif Ant Bursali
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35390, Turkey.

Diler Abaci
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35390, Turkey.

Murat Kizil
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Dicle University, DiyarbakIr 21280, Turkey.

Muruvvet Yurdakoc
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35390, Turkey.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.3-4.5

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Development of Chitosan-based Films Containing Hypericum perforatum L. and Citrus limon L. as Potential Wound Dressing Materials

By: Deniz Akin Sahbaz , Betul Turp Kaya

Page No : 247-256

Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop chitosan-based films containing Hypericum perforatum L. and/or Citrus limon L. oils and to investigate their suitability as novel wound dressing materials. The morphology of the chitosan-based films were observed by means of employing the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the chemical structure characterization was performed via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Hypericum perforatum L. and/or Citrus limon L. were successfully incorporated to the chitosan films. Antibacterial, swelling, and mechanical properties of these films were investigated. The antibacterial property was enhanced by incorporating Hypericum perforatum L. and Citrus limon L. oils in the chitosan films. The outcome of the study reveals that the Hypericum perforatum L. and Citrus limon L. incorporated inside chitosan-based films are of great potential wound dressing in the future, because of their good biocompatible, antimicrobial, and physical properties.

Authors :
Deniz Akin Sahbaz
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Pamukkale University, 20070, Turkey.

Betul Turp Kaya
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Turkey.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.3-4.6

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The Thermal Properties, Mechanical Performances and Crystallization behaviors of Poly(aryl Ether Ketone) Copolymers by the effect of Ether/Ketone Ratio

By: Zhihui Huang , Jiamiao Chen , Yanping Huo , Jingwei Zhao

Page No : 257-269

Abstract
The effect of the ether/keto ratios on the thermal properties, mechanical performances and crystallization behavior of the Poly(aryl ether ketone)s (PAEK) were investigated. A formula was proposed the estimate the melting temperatures of the PAEKs with high accuracy. Glass transition temperatures were affected by the ether/keto ratios and molecular weights, and were related with the brittle-tough transition of the PAEKs. Mechanical performances of tensile, impact, flexural and compressive strength decreased with the increase of ether/keto ratios, while elongation had a trend of increase. The non-isothermal crystallization curves exhibited well linearity when treated with Jeziorny’s model, and two crystallization processes were found. The activation energies of the PAEKs were calculated to be 550~580 KJ/mol by Doyle’s method. All the PAEKs exhibited spherulites and their sizes decreased with the increase of ether/keto ratios.

Authors :
Jiamiao Chen
School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.

Yanping Huo
School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.

Jingwei Zhao
Guangzhou Tinci Materials Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.3-4.7

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Synthesis of poly(w-pentadecalactone) using Lipase Immobilized onto a Renewable Carrier, Rice husk ash and their Characterization

By: Cansu Ulker Turan , Yuksel Guvenilir

Page No : 271-280

Abstract
Rice husk ash is a side-product of rice production; thus, it is a cheap, abundant, and renewable material, and utilized as an enzyme carrier to immobilize Candida antarctica lipase B. In this study, Candida antarctica lipase B immobilized onto rice husk ashes was used to catalyze ring opening polymerization of 16-membered lactone, ?-pentadecalactone. In order to determine the best polymerization conditions for highest molar mass polymer, reactions were proceeded at various temperatures and time periods. The best reaction conditions were obtained as 80°C and 6 hours (Mn= 34255 g mol-1). Molecular structure of this polymer sample was confirmed via proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermal properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Consequently, poly(?-pentadecalactone) was synthesized enzymatically with rapid polymerization tendency and improved thermal properties which were quite close to low-density polyethylene. Successful polymerization results showed that Candida antarctica lipase B immobilized onto rice husk ashes may be a good alternative to commercial immobilized form, Novozyme 435, as a result of its comparable activity and low cost.

Authors :
Cansu Ulker Turan
Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.

Yuksel Guvenilir
Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.3-4.8

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A study on Flame-retardancy Property of UV Curable Epoxy Coating for Wooden Surfaces using Boron Diluent and Phosphorus Based Initiator

By: Ajay Kumar Tyagi , Rajkumar Singh Rawat , Meenu Talwar , Rajendra Kumar Diwan

Page No : 281-294

Abstract
In the present paper,boron based diluent was synthesized and incorporated in to a Ultraviolet (UV) radiation curable epoxy coating composition comprising of phosphorus based initiator (Trimethylbenzoyl diphenyl phosphine oxide) for enhancing its flame retardant property. The boron based diluent was synthesized by thermal polymerization technique. The presence of boron and phosphorus on the coating surface was confirmed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques and functionality was determination by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and proton/boron NMR spectroscopy technique. The flame retardency property of the coating composition was confirmed by determining limiting oxygen index,vertical burning test, rate of burning. Results revealed that the incorporation of boron diluent increases the Limiting Oxygen Index value from 21% to 33% and decreases the rate of burning from 58 to 6 seconds. The char yield confirms the self-extinguishing property of the coating system.

Authors :
Rajkumar Singh Rawat
Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, 19 University Road, Delhi – 110007, India.

Meenu Talwar
Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, 19 University Road, Delhi – 110007, India.

Rajendra Kumar Diwan
AIAS, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida-201301(U.P.), India.

Ajay Kumar Tyagi
Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, 19, University Road, Delhi-110007, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.3-4.9

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Growth of Non-enzymatic Cholesterol Biosensor using TiO Decorated Graphene Oxide with Bare GCE and PPy-GCE

By: S. Deivanayaki , P. Jayamurugan , S.Ashokan , V. Gopala Krishnan , B. Yogeshwari

Page No : 295-307

Abstract
The cholesterol level determination is a significant clinical diagnostic solution for heart and, thrombosis problems. In this work, we examined a novel non-enzymatic cholesterol biosensor using cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) enzyme immobilized on TiO2 nanoparticles influenced by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) - polypyrrole (PPy) (rGO-TiO2/PPy-GCE) nanocomposite was developed on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and the higher sensing response with lower detection limits were observed. The electrochemical properties of GCE modified PPy (PPy-GCE) were studied using CV (Cyclic Voltammetry) and DPV (Differential Pulse Voltammetry). The reported sensor exhibited piecewise linearity in the range of 0.1 ?M to 1 ?M and 1 ?M to 600 ?M with the sensing response of 61.665 and 0.1466 (2?A ?M×cm) respectively. The detection limits of the sensor were found to be 32 nm. The results were repeatable and reproducible and this sensor can be applied to determine the cholesterol at real sample with satisfactory results.

Authors :
S. Deivanayaki
Department of Physics, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Vattamalaipalayam, Coimbatore-641022, Tamil Nadu, India.

P. Jayamurugan
Department of Physics, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore-641020, Tamil Nadu, India.

S.Ashokan
Department of Physics, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathymangalam, Erode-638401,Tamil Nadu, India.

V. Gopala Krishnan
Department of Physics, Dr. N. G. P. Arts and Science College Coimbatore- 641048 Tamil Nadu, India.

B. Yogeshwari
Department of Physics, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore-641202, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.3-4.10

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Inkjet-printed Myoglobin based H S Sensor

By: Kanchana M , E Rajasekaran , B Kumar , Usha Antony

Page No : 309-325

Abstract
The objective of this research work is to investigate the feasibility of fabricating bio-based visual sensor indicators to detect the presence of H2S using inkjet printing. Myoglobin and chitosan were used as indicating and immobilizing materials respectively. 30 mg of myoglobin dissolved in 1 mL of tris buffer with 10% glycerol gave optimum jettability properties. Similarly, drop formation was optimal for 0.50% m/v chitosan solution diluted to 10 cP viscosity. The samples were fabricated in layer-by-layer approach and indicator with 2 layers of chitosan and 4 layers of myoglobin gave maximum sensitivity with 14.42 for 0.7 mg/L of H2S. The sensors retained their functionality for 5 days even when stored at room temperature.

Authors :
Kanchana M
Department of Printing Technology, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai-600 025, Tamil Nadu, India.

E Rajasekaran
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai-600 025, Tamil Nadu, India.

B Kumar
Department of Printing Technology, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai-600 025, Tamil Nadu, India.

Usha Antony
College of Fish Nutrition & Food Technology, TNJFU Madhavaram Campus, Chennai- 600 051, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.3-4.11

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4-dimensional Printing of Multi-material, Multi-shape Changing Shape Memory Polymer Composites

By: Manikandan. N , Rajesh P. K.

Page No : 327-336

Abstract
In this research, a new method to fabricate multi-material, multi-shape changing polymer composites is proposed. The method aims to reduce the number of thermomechanical programming steps involved in achieving shape change in a shape memory polymer (SMP) composite structure by including the programming steps directly into the printing process. After a single step of mechanical deformation and thermal loading, the SMP fibers can be activated sequentially to control the shape change. Composite strip samples were fabricated using a Stratasys Objet 260 multimaterial printer. Two polymer inks VeroPure White and Agilus30 were used as primary materials. The composite strip consists of fiber layers made of digital materials (DM) namely RGD8525 and FLX9895 which are embedded in an elastomer matrix material Agilus30. The glass transition temperature of the sample materials was measured using the DMA fixture of Anton Paar MCR 102 rheometer in film tension mode and the values for the matrix, fiber 1 and fiber 2 are 4°C, 52°C and 32°C respectively. Fiber 1 and fiber 2 materials have distinct Tg values enabling the possibility of multiple shape memory effect. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed using a universal tensile testing machine, ZwickRoell Z010 to understand the stress-strain behavior of the sample materials. At 25°C, fiber 1 exhibits elastoplastic behavior and as the temperature is increased to 60°C the behavior changes to linear elastic. The Young’s modulus of the matrix material is considerably lower than the two fiber materials indicating that the fiber materials can induce shape change effect in the composite strip. The designed composite structure was able to display shape change in two different modes: bridge and cantilever. The shape change responses were achieved at 9 seconds and 7 seconds in the bridge and cantilever modes respectively which indicated that composite structures can be actuated sequentially. With the key advantages of multiple shape changes and an easy fabrication process, the direct 4D printing of shape memory polymer composite structures display vast potential in 4D printing applications including medical, automobile and aerospace applications.

Authors :
Manikandan. N
Department of Automobile Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore -641004, India.

Rajesh P. K.
Department of Automobile Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore -641004, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2021.38.3-4.12

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Mar- to Jun-2020

Synthesis of Novel Nanocomposite Based on Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), Kaolin and Urea Fertilizer for Controlled Release

By: Raj Kumar Dutta , Nalini Sharma , Ajay Singh

Page No : 1-15

Abstract
Controlled Release fertilizers (CRFs) are new generation agrochemicals which aid in decreasing environmental pollution. In the present study, novel CRF beads are synthesized by the technique of sol-gel polymerization. CMC polymer at various concentrations was used as a matrix and kaolin was used as a binder to enhance mechanical properties of the beads. The study also reveals the incorporation of Kaolin at different concentrations and optimization of the same. Fe3+ was used as a cross-linker to obtain spherical beads. Also, a study was done to optimize the cross linking time and concentration of cross linking solution. The usage of polymers brings forth the issue of their degradation. But all the materials used in the current study are biodegradable. The incorporation of urea in the prepared fertilizer nanocomposite for controlled release of nutrients was confirmed by FT-IR, XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Formed nanocomposite showed diameter as small as 8.1nm as seen by SEM. The release study of fertilizer was done by incubating the sample in water and released urea content was determined using UV-Vis Spectroscopy at the wavelength of 525 nm by Diacetylmonoxime method at every alternate day. The samples showed optimum release of 66.7, 76.4 and 55.4% for 0.8, 0.9 and 1wt% CMC concentration.

Authors :
Nalini Sharma & Ajay Singh
Uttaranchal University, Dehradun-248007, Uttarakhand, India. 3 IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2020.37.1-2.1

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Preparation of Corn Cellulose Films with Controllable Mechanical Property by Using Switchable CO2 /DBU/ DMSO System

By: Baohai Pan , Juncheng Huang , Fei Liui , Chen Jing , Haining Na , Jin Zhu , Lai Chen

Page No : 17-27

Abstract
A switchable CO2 /1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent system is applied to prepare corn cellulose film with controllable mechanical property. By use of the switchable CO2 /DBU/DMSO system, a rather simple process concerning reacted dissolution and heated precipitation controlled by addition and releasing of CO2 respectively, to prepare corn cellulose film, is formed. Results exhibit the degree of dissolution of corn cellulose is easily controlled just by adjusting the feeding amount of DBU in the switchable solvent system. Accordingly, some undissolved part of corn cellulose with relative high crystallinity can be appropriately retained to contribute to the improvement of mechanical properties.When DBU/ anhydroglucose unit ratio is equal to 2.5:1, corn cellulose film shows the optimal mechanical properties. The tensile strength and tensile modulus respectively reach 71.3MPa and 4.6±0.2GPa. This research provides a feasible technical methodology to prepare corn cellulose film for potential application as a sustainable material in the future

Authors:
Baohai Pan, JunCheng Huang, Fei Liu, Chen Jing, Haining Na & Jin Zhu
Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China

Lai Chen
Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2020.37.1-2.2

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Synthesis and Characterization of Pyridine-containing Epoxy: H-bonds Distribution and Thermomechanical Performances

By: Zhao Jun , Liu Aiqin , Zhou Hong , Luo Jun , Liu Yuan

Page No : 29-42

Abstract
Heteroatoms (N, O, and F) and hydrogen groups are important elements for forming the H-bonds. It is well known that a large number of hydrogen groups are formed after curing reaction of epoxy. However, literatures about epoxy resins containing heteroaromatic ring and the H-bonds after cure reaction of the epoxy resins are seldom published. To bridge the gap, a kind of new epoxy monomer containing pyridine ring (EMP) has been synthesized in this work, andit is further cured by 4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM). The properties of cured EMP/ DDM are evaluated by DSC, DMA, and static contact angle measurement. Moreover, the formation and the role of H-bonds in EMP/DDM are characterized by temperature-dependent FT-IR. The results show that the nitrogen heteroatom in pyridine ring effectively involves in the H-bonds and contributes a lot to the thermo-mechanical performances of cured EMP/DDM. We hope that the results presented in this work can work as a meaningful guide for utilization of the H-bonds to regulate the properties of epoxy resin.

Authors:
Zhao Jun, Liu Aiqin & Zhou Hong
Shanghai Space Propulsion Technology Research Institute, No. 1777, Zhongchun Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 201100 (P. R. China).

Luo Jun & Liu Yuan
Engineering Research Center for Materials Protection of Wear and Corrosion of Guizhou Province, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005 (P. R. China).
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2020.37.1-2.3

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Experimental Novel Investigation of Electrostatic Charged Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Epoxy Based Polymer Composite

By: R. Saravanan , A. Sureshbabu

Page No : 43-54

Abstract
In this research work, multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) particulate filler of various (0.9, 1.2, 1.5, & 1.8 wt %) weight percentage was used along with epoxy resin. A novel method of distributing the MWCNT in epoxy had been employed to reduce the agglomeration problem by charging the MWCNT electrostatically. The electrostatic charged (MWCNT) and uncharged (MWCNT) were loaded on to matrix and then it was stirred by a mechanical mixer for 300 minutes continuously to achieve uniform distribution. The nano filler reinforced composite was fabricated by using hand layup method and mechanical testing (Tensile and Flexural) were performed as per ASTM standards. The electrostatic charged (MWCNT) results in better dispersion and shows an improved adhesion between the electrostatic charged (MWCNT) and matrix with the evident from the SEM analysis.

Authors :
R. Saravanan & A. Sureshbabu
Department of Manufacturing Engineering, College of Engineering, Guindy, Chennai 600 025
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2020.37.1-2.4

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Swelling dynamics of Poly (N, N- Dimethylacrylamide - co- Crotonic acid) Hydrogel and Evaluation of its Potential for Controlled Release of Fertilizers

By: Fatima Louzri , Sadjia Bennour

Page No : 55-76

Abstract:
Poly(N,N-dimethymethylacrylamide -co-crotonic acid) (P(DMA-CAx)) hydrogels were prepared by free radical polymerization, using N,N- methylenebisacrylamide (NMBA) as cross-linking agent. The synthesized hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effects of comonomer composition and pH of the medium on the swelling behavior of hydrogels were investigated. The obtained results showed that the swelling capabilities of hydrogels increased as crotonic acid content and pH increased. In order to evaluate the controlled release potential of the polymeric matrix, it was loaded with potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate as fertilizers and the release kinetics was studied as a function of the chemical composition of the hydrogel and the content of the fertilizer. Various kinetic parameters such as the diffusion exponent and diffusion coefficient were also determined. These pH sensitive copolymer hydrogels present a promising approach for controlled release of fertilizers.

Authors: 
Fatma Louzri & Sadjia Bennour
Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sciences and Technology, Houari Boumediene, BP 32, El Alia, Algiers, 16111, Algeria

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2020.37.1-2.5

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Anionic Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone Using Potassium tert-Butoxide/18-Crown-6 Initiating System

By: Yan Wang , Li-Fang Zhang , Xiao-Qi Wang

Page No : 77-89

Abstract
The effect of 18-crown-6 ether (18C6) on the anionic polymerization of ε-caprolactone (ε -CL) using potassium tert-butoxide (t-BuOK) as the initiator was studied. The experimental results showed that 18C6 in combination with t-BuOK exhibited high selectivity for ring opening relative to trans-esterification and improved control toward the ROP of ε-CL, producing poly(εcaprolactone) (PCL) with much higher molecular weight and relatively narrow distribution compared to those using t-BuOK alone as the initiator.The influences of reaction conditions, such as monomer concentration, monomer/initiator molar ratio, and [18C6]/[t-BuOK] molar ratio, as well as reaction temperature and time on the polymerization have been examined in detail. The resulting hopolymers were characterized by various analytical techniques, such as GPC, FTIR, 1 H NMR, DSC, TGA, and MALDI-ToF MS, to monitor the structures and property changes of PCLs.

Authors
Yan Wang
Analytical & Testing Center, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, P.R. China.

Xiao-QI Wang
Institute of Material Chemistry, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, P.R. China.

LI-Fang Zhang 
Collaborative Innovation Center for Shanxi Advanced Permanent Magnetic Materials and Technology, Linfen 041004, P.R. China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2020.37.1-2.6

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Study of the Effect of Graphite Filler on the Vulcanizing Behavior and Properties of Nitrile Rubber and NBRPVC Blend

By: D. Murali Manohar , B.C. Chakraborty , S. Shamshath Begum

Page No : 91-107

Abstract
n search of improved materials for efficient shock and vibration mounts for machineries, graphite loaded NBR and NBR/PVC blend were made and investigated. The scorch time was seen to be reduced and vulcanization rate was enhanced due to graphite inclusion. Scanning electron microscopy images have shown homogenous dispersion of graphite powder. NBRgraphite showed a gradual increase in the hardness, tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and tear values with increasing graphite loading. In the case of NBR/PVC-graphite composition, a drop in the tensile strength and increase in the Young’ modulus and tear strength was observed. Various mathematical models were used to investigate hardness-Young’s modulus relationship and correlation of the modulus with aspect ratio and volume fraction of graphite established. Different equations were also used to predict effect of graphite particle shape factor and hardness of the vulcanised composition on compressive modulus and compared with measured Young’s modulus.

Authors :
D. Murali Manohar
Department of Polymer Engineering, B.S.A Crescent Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, India

B.C. Chakraborty
Polymer Nanotechnology Centre, B.S.A Crescent Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, India

S. Shamshath Begum
Department of Polymer Engineering, B.S.A Crescent Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2020.37.1-2.7

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Performance Enhancement of Bio-fouling Resistant Cellulose triacetate-based Osmosis Membranes using Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube & Graphene Oxide

By: A.K. Ghosh , Rutuja S. Bhoje , R.C. Bindal

Page No : 109-120

Abstract
In this study, cellulose triacetate (CTA) based nanocomposite membranes were developed by incorporation of carboxylic acid functionalized multiwalled carbon-nanotube (cMWCNT) and graphene oxide (GO) which have enhancement of both flux and fouling resistance properties of the membranes. Membranes were casted at room temperature and annealed at 90o C hot water for 10 minutes. The incorporation level of both the nanomaterials is 1.5% of the CTA polymer weight in the nanocomposite membranes. Prepared membranes were characterized in terms of water contact angle, surface morphology and mechanical strength. The performance of the membranes was evaluated both in reverse osmosis (RO) and forward osmosis (FO) mode. The water flux is observed to increase by ~43% in CTA-cMWCNT and ~69% in CTA-GO membranes than the pure CTA membranes in RO mode (2000ppm NaCl feed at 1551kPa applied pressure) but it is ~41% and ~86% in FO mode (DI water as feed & 1.0 molar NaCl as draw solution) for CTA-cMWCNT and CTA-GO membranes respectively. Nanocomposite membranes containing functionalized CNT & GO were found more biofouling resistant property. The flux recovery is ~62% in pure CTA membrane, whereas it is ~73% for CTA-cMWCNT and ~82% for CTA-GO membranes.

Authors :
A.K. Ghosh
Membrane Development Section, Chemical Engineering Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai – 400 085, India

Rutujas Bhoje
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai - 400019, India.

R.C. Bindal
Membrane Development Section, Chemical Engineering Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai – 400 085, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2020.37.1-2.8

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Sep- to Dec-2020

Editorial : On the Origin of Polymer Research in India

By: Sukumar Maiti , Dibyendu S. Bag , Swapan K. Dolui

Page No : i-iv

Synergistic Effect of Nano-α-Al2 O3 Particles on Mechanical Properties of Glass-fibre reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites

By: Swapan K. Dolui

Page No : 121-130

Abstract
The mechanical properties of hybrid nanocomposites made of epoxy/glass fibre dispersed with nano-α-Al2 O3 powder at different weight percentages were studied.The effect of nano-αAl2 O3 size and wt% on mechanical properties like tensile, flexural, interlaminar shear stress and hardness enhanced because of their higher surface area and interfacial polymer-metal interaction. The nanoparticle embedded laminates have shown improvement in flexural strength,and hardness when compared to laminate without nano-α-Al2 O3. The properties varied with the loading and size of the nanoparticles. The tensile strength was highest for 0.5 wt% of 200nm nano-α-Al2O3 , which is 167.80 N/m2.The highest flexural strength was observed for 1.5 wt% of 60nm nano-α-Al2 O3 based laminates which was 378.39 N/m2 and the highest interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) was observed for 0.5 wt% of 60nm nano-αAl2O3 , which is 31.21 MPa and the highest Vickers hardness was found to be 86.72 for 1.5 wt% of 60nm nano-α-Al2 O3.

Authors :
Anil Kumar Veerapaneni
Aarshanano Composite Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

Chandrasekar Kuppan
Division of Chemistry, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research University (Vignan’s Univ.), Vadlamudi 522 213 Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Murthy Chavali
NTRC-MCETRC and Aarshanano Composite Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2020.37.3-4.1

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Study of Optical, Electrical and Acoustical Properties of CuSO4 Doped Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) based Polymer Solutions

By: Rajeev Kumar

Page No : 131-142

Abstract
The optical, electrical and acoustical properties of a polymer solution based on polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) doped with different concentration of cupric sulphate (CuSO4 ) were studied.UVVIS spectroscopy results reflected that absorption increases in asymmetric manner and the absorption peak showed red shift with increasing Cu ions concentration. The optical band gap (direct and indirect) was found to decrease with increase in Cu ions concentration in the polymer due to increase in the density of localized states in the band-gap.The value of Urbach energy is also evaluated from the transmission spectra and the activation energies are also evaluated from the conductivity measurements and found to decrease with the increase in the concentration of Cu ion in the PVP. The ultrasonic velocity and surface tension are increased while the adiabatic compressibility, acoustic impedance and intermolecular free length decreases with increase in the concentration of CuSO4 in the polymer PVP.

Author
Rajeev Kumar
Department of Mathematics, Statistics & Physics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India-141004
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2020.37.3-4.2

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Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(N-(3- (hexylamino)-N-(3-(isopropylamino)-3- oxopropyl)acrylamide) Homopolymer

By: Archana Kumari , Kheyanath Mitra , Sambhav Vishwakarma , Sourov Mondal , Shikha Singh , Rajshree Singh , Jaydeep Singh , Biswajit Maiti , Susanta Kumar Sen Gupta , Biswajit Ray

Page No : 143-164

Abstract
A new acrylamide monomer N-(3-(hexylamino)-N-(3-(isopropylamino)-3-oxopropyl) acrylamide (HA-NIPAM-AM) and a new RAFT agent O-propionyl-2-(N,N-diphenylcarbamothioylthio) propanoate have successfully been synthesized and used for the synthesis of poly(HA-NIPAM-AM) homopolymers via RAFT polymerization. The formed homopolymers have been characterized by GPC, 1 H NMR, FTIR, contact angle measurement, TG-DTA, DSC, and PXRD. Numberaveragemolar masses of the prepared polymers are in the range of 2,500 – 11,500 g/mol. Selfassembly of homopolymer has been studied viacmc determination in water using pyrene as fluorescence probe, HRTEM and DLS. Polymeris thermally stable up to 300 °C and has a glass transition temperature at 85.3 °C. XRD study reveals the presence of nanophases in the polymer matrix. DFT calculation has revealed a helical backbone structure with the pendant groups exposed to inwards and outwards, respectively.

Author:
Archana Kumari, Kheyanath Mitra, Sambhav Vishwakarma, Sourov Mondal, Hikha Singh, Rajshree Singh, Jaydeep Singh, Biswajit Maiti, Susanta Kumar Sen Gupta, Biswajit RayArchana Kumari, Kheyanath Mitra, Sambhav Vishwakarma, Sourov Mondal, Hikha Singh, Rajshree Singh, Jaydeep Singh, Biswajit Maiti, Susanta Kumar Sen Gupta, Biswajit Ray
Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221005, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2020.37.3-4.3

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Plasticized Polyethylene/Chitosan Blend Films and Study of the Effect of Plasticizers on their various Properties and Biodegradabilty

By: Hulya Sema Koker , Hulya Yavuz Ersan , Ayse Aytac

Page No : 165-177

Abstract
Chitosan (CH) and low-density polyethylene (PE) blend films were produced by a twin-screw extruder and heat press with different plasticizers glycerol (GLY), sorbitol (SOR) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The tensile strength decreased and elongation at break increased with the incorporation of plasticizer for blends with 10 wt% of CH. The thermal stability of the films was slightly higher for films containing GLY and PEG as compared to SOR. Contact angles reduced from CH-PE film to the films containing PEG, SOR and GLY in decreasing order, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed no interactions between CH and PE in CH-PE film but, the addition of each plasticizer caused an interaction between CH and the plasticizer. CH-PE film containing PEG showed the smallest water vapor permeability. The heterogeneous structure of CH-PE film was improved with the addition of each plasticizer.CH-PE film containing SOR underwent biodegradation rate at a faster compared to the films containing GLY and PEG in soil burial end of 120 days.The lowest biodegradation rate was obtained in CH-PE film containing PEG, among the plasticized-films.

Authors:
Hulya Sema Koker & Hulya Yavuz Ersan
Department of Chemical Engineering, Hacettepe University, Engineering Faculty, Beytepe - Ankara/Turkey

Ayse Aytac
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kocaeli University, Engineering Faculty, 41380, Kocaeli/Turkey
Polymer Science and Technology Programme, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2020.37.3-4.4

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Nanotitanium Dioxide Reinforced High Performance PEI/Silicone 179-188 Rubber Composites: Mechanical, Thermal and Morphological Characteristics

By: R.M. Mishra , R. Vijayvargiya , K.N. Pandey , J.S.P. Rai

Page No : 179-188

Abstract
The present investigation is targeted to prepare nanocomposites based on binary blends of polyetherimide (PEI)-silicone rubber incorporated with varied loadings of nanotitanium dioxide particles. Nanocomposites have been prepared by melt blending process using twin screw extruder. Thermal properties of the developed nanocomposites have been investigated with the help of thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to analyze the morphological properties of the nanocomposites. Mechanical properties (tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, impact strength) of the nanocomposites have been evaluated by universal testing machine (UTM). Mechanical testing results reveal that there is 35% increase in tensile strength, 3% increase in tensile modulus and 41% increase in impact strength at 1 phr loading of nanotitanium into blend polymer matrix. The nanocomposite having 1 phr nano-titanium has got the highest thermal stability than the others. DMA results indicate that at 50°C nanocomposites having 1 phr nano-titanium reveals 69% increase in storage modulus as compared to pure blend system. SEM micrographs clearly indicate that the nanocomposite with 1 phr loading of nano titanium has the smallest domain size as compared to other nanocomposites .This may be due to uniform and homogeneous dispersion of 1 phr nanotitanium in polymer matrix followed by fairly good polymer filler interaction.

Authors:
R.M. Mishraa, R. Vijayvargiyaa, K.N. Pandeya
Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Bhopal (M.P.)-462023, India

J.S.P. Rai
Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Guna (M.P.)-473226, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2020.37.3-4.5

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Effect of Alkali Treatment on Saharan aloe vera cactus Fibre Properties and Optimization of Process by Response Surface Methodology

By: Swapan K. Dolui

Page No : 189-200

Abstract
The aim of this study is to optimize the process parameters of alkali treated Saharan aloe vera cactus fibres using of Box-behnken experimental design. The Saharan aloe vera cactus fibres were treated with different concentration of NaOH, soaking time and temperature which affect the properties of fibres and plays main role in removal of lignin, hemicellulose, pectin and wax content. The chemical composition of untreated and treated fibres was analyzed by standard methods. XRD result shows the improvement in the crystallinity index of fibres due to alkali treatment. ATR-FTIR analysis shows that hemicellulose and lignin were decreased in all alkali treated fibres. SEM micrographs show the surface roughness in alkali treated fibres. Mechanical properties for the treated and untreated fibres were tested and analysed through single fibre tensile strength tester. TGA proves that thermal stability and decomposition temperature were increased for alkali treated fibres.

Authors :
Gobi Nallathambi & Bhargavi Ram Thimmiah
Department of Textile Technology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, Tamil nadu, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2020.37.3-4.6

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Jan-2019 to Mar-2019

Improved Corrosion Resistance of Carbon Reinforced Aluminium Laminates in Atmospheric Environment: Role of Environment Friendly Jute Fibre/ Alumina nano Coating

By: M. Vasumathi , Vela Murali , S. Rashia Begum , N. Rajendran

Page No : 1-11

Abstract
In the Fibre Metal Laminate (FML), Carbon Reinforced Aluminium laminate (CARALL), aluminium is placed next to carbon fibres. The potential difference between the aluminium and carbon is larger, leads to galvanic corrosion, which tries to bring down the durability of the FML. To bring down the effect of corrosion, a material layer is introduced between fibres and aluminium so as to separate them thus lowering the possibility of occurrence of corrosion. Another approach is to coat the surfaces of aluminium with different proportions of aluminium oxide nano particles prior to fabrication of the FML. For both the cases, corrosion rates and polarization resistances are determined and compared. In addition, the surface morphological studies were carried out using SEM to reveal the intensity of corrosion. The electrochemical results revealed that the jute reinforced CAJRAL FML and CARAL FML coated with 10% alumina has better corrosion resistance compared to other FMLs.

Authors:
M. Vasumathi, Vela Murali, S. Rashia Begum and N. Rajendran
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai – 600 025, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.01.1

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Synthesis and Physico-chemical Studies on Chalcone Based Epoxy Resin of (2E, 6E)-Bis (4-hydroxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone

By: K.M. Mital

Page No : 13-21

Abstract
Chalcone based epoxy resin (EBHBC) of (2E, 6E)- bis(4-hydroxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone (BHBC) was synthesized by condensing 0.5 mol BHBC and 2.5 mol epichlorohydrin in 500 mL isopropanol as a solvent and 1.0 mol NaOH in 50 mL water as a catalyst at 80o C. The structure of EBHBC is supported by spectral techniques. Molecular weights and molecular weight distribution of EBHBC were determined by gel permeation chromatography. DSC thermogram of EBHC showed one endothermic transition (146.1°C) and two endothermic transitions (253.52°C and 397.34°C) due to melting, some physical change and decomposition transitions, respectively. EBHBC is thermally stable up to about 300o C and followed two step degradation reactions. First step involved 21.2% weight loss over 300-390o C with temperature of maximum weight loss at 382°C. Similarly second step involved 39% weight loss over 390- 555°C with temperature of maximum weight loss at 418°C.

Authors:
Dharmesh B. Sankhavara, Jalpa Chopda, Jignesh P. Patel and P.H. Parsania
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360005, Gujarat, India

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.01.2

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Microwave–Induced Thermo-Responsive Shape Memory Polyurethane/MWCNTs Composites and Improved their Shape Memory and Mechanical Properties

By: Krishan Kumar Patel , Rajesh Purohit

Page No : 23-37

Abstract:
Microwave (MV)-induced thermo-responsive shape memory thermoplastic polyurethane (SMTPU)/ MWCNT composites were prepared in micro-compounder. Composites containing different amount of multiwall Carbon nanotube (MWCNT) varying from 0 to 1.5 phr in SMTPU matrix were prepared. Maximum stretching strength, recovery force and tensile strength for 1.5 CNTPU (1.5 phr MWCNT in SMTPU matrix) was increased by 120%, 100% and 24% respectively as compared to SMTPU. MV-induced shape memory is a novel approach for fast, clean and remote heating during operation. MWCNT is strong absorber of microwave irradiation so that SMTPU/ MWCNTs nanocomposites successfully triggered by microwave.

Authors:
Krishan Kumar Patel and Rajesh Purohit
Mechanical Engineering Department, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal M.P. India 462003

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.01.3

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A Study on the Effect of Reaction Parameters on Viscosity and Molecular Weight of Hexafluoropropylene (HFP) based Perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs)

By: Uttam Kumar Mandal , Saurabh Saxena , Prateek Malik , Geetha Seshadri , Ajay K. Tyagi

Page No : 39-51

Abstract
Medium molecular weight liquid perfluoropolyethers (840 u to 1372 u) were synthesized by photopolymerization of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) in the presence of oxygen. Effects of various reaction parameters such as temperature, pressure, UV wattage and reaction time on yield, viscosity and molecular weight of PFPEs were studied. Out of all the parameters, the effect of reaction temperature was found the most significant on molecular weight of PFPEs. By increasing reaction temperature, viscosity and molecular weight of PFPEs where decreased. By increasing the wattage of the lamp, viscosity and molecular weight of PFPEs where also decreased. PFPEs obtained from reactions were subjected to FTIR and 19F-NMR analysis for structural confirmation.

Authors:
Saurabh Saxena, Prateek Malika, Geetha Seshadri, Ajay K.Tyagi and Uttam Kumar Mandal
Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, New Delhi 110007, India. b University School of Chemical Technology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector-16C, Dwarka,
New Delhi 110078, India.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.01.4

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Development of Functional Adsorbent from Natural Biosorbent “Chitosan” by Radiation Induced Grafting of MAETC for the Removal of Arsenic (V)

By: Vijayasri K , Alka Tiwari , C.V. Chaudhari

Page No : 53-73

Abstract
High energy gamma radiation has been used to graft [2-(methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (MAETC) onto chitosan by radiation grafting method. Grafting yield was found to increase with the increase in radiation dose and monomer concentration. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterize the grafted polymer and their morphological structure was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). As(V) ions uptake capacity of the adsorbent was evaluated in different pH, contact time, temperature, adsorbent dose, and different arsenate ion concentration. The adsorption data was fitted well in the Langmuir model and various static parameters were calculated. It is stated that this chitosan-g-MAETC could be regenerated efficiently (>90 %) and used repeatedly.

Authors:
Vijaysri K. and Alka Tiwari
Government.V.Y.T. PG Autonomous college, Durg, (Chhattishgarh) India

C.V. Chaudhar
Radiation Technology Development Division, BARC, Mumbai, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.01.5

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Synthesis and Characterization of New Chromophore 4-2-(2-hydroxy-5-(4 nitrophenyl) diazenyl) benzylidene) hydrazinyl) Benzoic Acid and its use in Chitosan Modification

By: P. K. Dutta , Kazim Shamim Rizvi

Page No : 75-85

Abstract
The present investigation deals with the preparation of carboxylic acid containing new chromophore : 4-2-(2-hydroxy-5-(4-nitrophenyl) diazenyl) benzylidene) hydrazinyl) benzoic acid and its use for chemical modification of chitosan, e.g., chitosan-acid salt complexes under mild conditions. Optical properties of chitosan acid complexes were evaluated by UV and SHG spectroscopy which showed red shift. Antibacterial activity of prepared chitosan acid complexes showed obvious effect against food pathogenic bacteria. The novel polymer complex was soluble in most of the organic solvents.

Authors
Kazim Shamim Rizvi and P.K. Dutta
Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004, Indi

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.01.6

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Renewable Bis-benzoxazine Monomers from Lignin Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization and Studies on Curing Behavior

By: Chunyan Liu , Yunhe Liu , Zihan Pan , Han Xu , Tao Liu , Qiuting Li

Page No : 87-99

Abstract
In this work, a series of novel lignin-based bis-benzoxazine monomers were efficiently synthesized by the reaction of renewable phenols: guaiacol, vanillyl alcohol, eugenol, vanillin with ethylene diamine and paraformaldehyde. The chemical structures of these lignin-based bis-benzoxazine monomers were confirmed by 1 H-NMR,13C-NMR and FTIR, indicating the formation of benzoxazine ring. The obtained bis-benzoxazine monomers were cured via thermal treatment. The curing behavior of these lignin-based bis-benzoxazine monomers were compared and analyzed via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), showing that Va-e possessed higher ring-opening polymerization activity than G-e, while E-e and V-e had lower curing activity than G-e.

Authors
Chunyan Liu, Yunhe Liu, Zihan Pan, Qiuting Li, Han Xu and Tao Liu
Chengde Petroleum College, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.01.7

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Synthesis and Characterization of Epoxy Resin of (2E, 6E) - Bis (4-hydroxybenzylidene) -4-methylcyclohexanone

By: P. H. Parsania , Jignesh P. Patel , Dharmesh B. Sankhavara , Jalpa Chopda

Page No : 101-109

Abstract
The epoxy resin (EMBHBC) of (2E,6E)-bis (4-hydroxybenzylidene)-4-methyl cyclohexanone (MBHBC) was synthesized by condensing 0.5 mol MBHBC and 2.5 mol epichlorohydrin in 500 mL isopropyl alcohol as a solvent and 1.0 mol NaOH in 50 mL water as a catalyst at 80°C for 3 h. The structure of EMBHBC was supported by UV-Vis, FTIR, 1 HNMR and 13CNMR spectroscopic techniques. Molecular weights and molecular weight distribution of EMBHBC were determined by gel permeation chromatography. DSC thermogram of EMBHC showed one endothermic transition (95.9°C) and two exothermic transitions (317.7°C and 382.2°C) due to melting and decomposition transitions, respectively. EMBHBC is thermally stable up to about 293°C and followed two step degradation reactions.

Authors
Jalpa V. Chopda, Dharmesh B. Sankhavara, Jignesh P. Patel and P.H. Parsania
Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.01.8

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Apr-2019 to Jun-2019

Covalent Immobilization of Lipase on Novel Nanofibrous Membrane for Catalysis of the Organic Synthesis

By: Yinchun Fanga , Xinhua Liua B , XU Yanga , Cuie Wang

Page No : 111-119

Abstract
Enzymes are green biocatalysts which have been widely used in many fields. Immobilization enzymes on nanofibrous membrane possessed easy recycling and high stability which would broaden their applications. Covalent immobilization of lipase could endow them higher stability than other protocols. In this study, a novel nanofibrous membrane containing epoxy groups and hydrophilic polyethylene oxide branch was used as a support for lipase immobilization. The immobilized lipase was used as the biocatalyst to catalyse Rap. stroermer reaction. The results showed that it obtained the high product yield of 88% when the volume ratio of methanol and water was 4:1, the dosage of immobilized lipase was 40~50 mg, the reaction temperature and time were 30~35 °C and 10 h.

Authors :
Yinchun Fanga, Xinhua Liua B, XU Yanga, Cuie Wang
College of Textile and Clothing, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.02.1

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Effect of Feed Composition in Gas-phase Polymerization on Structure and Properties of In Situ Impact Polypropylene Copolymer

By: Xiaoyan Liu , Xu Chen , Changjun Zhang , Shiyuan Yang , Guangquan Li , Hongxing Zhang

Page No : 121-132

Abstract
In this work, three in situ impact polypropylene copolymer(IPC) samples were prepared through Ziegler-Natta catalyst only changing the feed composition (ethylene to ethylene and propylene molar ratio, C2/C2+C3) in gas-phase polymerization reactor. Polymer (IPC) were characterical by solvent classification, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), successive self-nucleation and annealing (SSA), nuclear magnetic resonance(13C-NMR) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The mechanical properties of IPC samples were tested.The results indicate that with similar ethylene content, the feed composition which determines the content and structure of EPR and EbP component in IPC, further impacts the rubber phase size and distribution in IPC, plays an key role in determining the impact toughness of IPC.

Authors :
Xiaoyan Liu,  Xu Chen, Changjun Zhang, Shiyuan Yang and Guangquan Li : Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute, Petro China , Lanzhou, Gansu 730060, China
Hongxing Zhang : Lanzhou Petrochemical Company, PetroChina, Lanzhou, Gansu 730060, China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.02.2

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Copolymerization of 5-[4-(methacryloylamino)phenyl]- l0,15, 20-triphenylporphyrin with Styrene: Investigation of Spectroscopic, Structural and Thermal Properties

By: Fehmi Saltan , Aylin Palamutlu , Hakan Akat.

Page No : 133-147

Abstract
In this work, tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) compound was first synthesized by the condensation reaction of pyrrole and benzaldehyde using Adler method. Then, the synthesized tetraphenylporphyrin was nitrated with sodium nitrite. Nitro-functionalized porphyrin (TPP-NO2 ) compound was reduced to amine-functional using ammonia and this amine- functionalized porphyrin was reacted with methacryloyl chloride to obtain porphyrin-derived radical monomer (TPP-MAO). Copolymer was synthesized with obtained porphyrin functional monomer and styrene by free radical polymerization method. Structural characterization and spectroscopic studies of the synthesized compounds were carried out by FTIR, H1 -NMR, UV spectroscopy. The molecular weight and thermal properties of the copolymer were determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and thermogravimetry (TG). Tetraphenyl porphyrin containing polymer shows good photoluminescence property.

Authors :
Fehmi Saltan, Aylin Palamutlu and Hakan Akat
Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.02.3

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Robust Color Fastness of Dyed Silk Fibroin Film By Coupling Modification Dyeing with Aniline Diazonium Salt

By: Zongqian Wang , Haiwei Yang , Jian Xing , Zhi Liu ,

Page No : 149-159

Abstract
Colored silk fibroin (SF) film can change the proportion of transmitted light composition and therefore shows potential application in optoelectronics area. However, few methods are reported for the preparation of colored SF film with good color fastness. Herein, colored SF film was prepared by coupling modification dyeing (CM-dyeing) of SF tyrosine residues in solution. SF film shows excellent color fastness due to the formation of the azo covalent bond formed by electrophilic substitution reaction between SF tyrosine residues and aniline diazonium salt. Furthermore, compared with the undyed film, the dyed SF film is effectively preserved its mechanical property by the mild dyeing conditions (up to 99.02 % on average). Therefore, this facile method presents an alternative approach to construct colored SF film with outstanding performance and benefits its relevant applications.

Authors :
Zongqian Wang, Haiwei Yang, Jian Xing and Zhi Liu
School of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.02.4

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Functionalized 2-(hydroxyethyl) methacrylate (HEMA)- co-acrylamide (AAm) hydrogels: Kinetic and Isotherm Modelling Analysis on the Removal of Cu(II) Ions

By: Ayca Bal Ozturk , Zehra Ozbas , Bengi Ozkahraman , Serkan Emik

Page No : 161-173

Abstract
A functionalized hydrogel composed of 2-(hydroxyethyl) methacrylate (HEMA) and acrylamide (AAm) was synthesized by amination and saponification reactions, respectively, and its functionality was examined for the elimination of copper(II) ions. The maximum adsorption capacity for copper(II) ions was 0.617 mmol g–1 before saponification, whereas it was 1.2225 mmol g–1 after saponification. The adsorption data was analyzed with pseudo-first-order (r2 =0.8867), intra-particle diffusion (r2=0.9453), Elovich (r2=0.9489) and pseudo-secondorder(r2 =0.9999) kinetic models. Based on the adsorption equilibrium experimental data Freundlich(r2 =0.9964), Langmuir(r2=0.998) and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) (r2 =0.9960) adsorption isotherms provided good fits for all of experimental results. Finally, the datas of kinetic experiments obtained in this study showed the applicability of the functionalized gel for Copper(II) ion removal.

Authors :
Ayca Bal Ozturk : Istinye University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 34010, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey
Zehra Ozbas : CankIrI Karatekin University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 18200, CankIr I, Turkey
Bengi Ozkahraman : Hitit University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Polymer Engineering, 19030, Corum, Turkey
Serkan Emik : Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 34320, Istanbul.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.02.5

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Recent Advancement in Comb-like Polymers: A Review

By: Amrita Sharma , P. P. Pande

Page No : 175-194

Abstract
‘Comb-like polymers’ are a special class of polymers. These are consisting of two types of chains, first one is the backbone chain and second is long side chains. The structure of such a polymer is very similar to hair comb. Usually, every monomer unit in the backbone has a long n-alkyl side chain. Comb like polymers have an intrinsic ability towards forming ordered structure. Now-a-days, these polymers find wide range of applications because of their excellent physicochemical properties. Some applications are in preparation of polysoaps (polymeric disinfectants), as dispersing agent for ink and paints, textile industry, in surface modification of various materials, in making glass adherent film, absorber, etc. Herein, in this paper we present a review of comblike polymers and their structure-properties and applications. The recent developments of comblike polymers especially on nanostructured comb-like polymers are also discussed.

Authors :
Amrita Sharma and P. P. Pande : Department of Applied Sciences, M.M.M. University of Technology, Gorakhpur-273010 (U.P.)
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.02.6

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Influence of Poly (vinyl butyral) Modification on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Kevlar Fiber Reinforced Novolac epoxy/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites

By: Kavita , R.K. Tiwari

Page No : 195-205

Abstract
The effect of poly (vinyl butyral) and acid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNT) on the thermal and mechanical performance of Kevlar fiber reinforced novolac epoxy nanocomposites was investigated and presented in this paper. Nanocomposite containing 1.5 wt. % poly (vinyl butyral) and 0.5 wt. % f-MWCNT exhibited best thermal and mechanical properties (except flexural strength) among all the nanocomposites reported here. It showed ~5%, 27% and 126 % improvement in tensile strength, young’s modulus and impact strength respectively as compared to the neat novolac epoxy Kevlar composite.Nanocomposite containing 0.5 wt. % f- MWCNT and 2 wt. % poly (vinyl butyral) showed best flexural strength and modulus among all the nanocomposites with increment of about 91% and 56 %.

Authors :
Kavita and R.K. Tiwari : Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment, Kanpur 208013, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.02.7

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Jul-2019 to Sep-2019

Novel Sugar Based Acrylate: Synthesis, Characterization and Polymerization

By: Fehmi Saltan , Hakan Akat. , Meryem Koruyucu , Gokhan Kok , Yesim Salman

Page No : 207-216

Abstract
The present study has demonstrated that novel acrylic glycopolymers are successfully prepared by using monosaccharides containing an acrylate group (9-12). For this purpose, sugar based acrylate monomers were synthesized via ring opening method (Method B) and homopolymerization of this sugar oxypropylacrylates was performed using free radical polymerization. The characterization of all the monomers and polymers were verified by 1 HNMR, 13CNMR, FTIR and GPC techniques. The Glass transition temperatures and thermal characteristics of the polymers were also analyzed by using DSC and TG techniques. The thermal stability of prepared polymers have changed with the stereochemistry of the carbohydrate moiety. Also, the molecular weight of the polymers has affected the thermal stability.

Authors :
Meryem Koruyucu, Fehmi Saltan, Gokhan Kok , Hakan Akat And Yesim Salman
Ege University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry of Department, 35100, Izmir
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.03.1

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Chitosan Modification by New Chromophore 4-(3-(4- nitrophenyl) thioureido) benzoic acid: Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation

By: P. K. Dutta , Kazim Shamim Rizvi

Page No : 217-228

Abstract
In this investigation we have shown the preparation of carboxylic acid containing new chromophore : 4-(3-(4-nitrophenyl) thioureido) benzoic acid and its use.The chemical modification of chitosan, e.g., chitosan- acid salt complexes is done under mild conditions. The synthesis of chromophore was carried out by conventional methods and the novel polymer complex was soluble in most of the organic solvents. The modified chitosan was analyzed by various techniques like optical properties by UV and SHG spectroscopy which showed red shift. The antibacterial activity showed obvious effect against food pathogenic bacteria.

Authors :
Kazim Shamim Rizvi and P. K. Dutta : Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.03.2

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CuBr2 /Me6 TREN Mediated ARGET ATRP of Methyl acrylate in Polyethylene Glycol

By: Xianrong Shen , Dengzhou Xia , Yixin Xiang , Jiangang Gao

Page No : 229-241

Abstract
ARGET ATRP of methyl acrylate (MA) with low concentration of air stable-CuBr2 catalyst was successfully carried out in green solvent polyethylene glycol (PEG) without any external reducing agent.The polymerizations of MA proceeded in a well-controlled manner as evidenced by kinetic studies, chain extension results, a linear increase of the molecular weights with the increasing of monomer conversion. and narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn =1.1). Interestingly, we found that the PEG has the reduction ability to CuBr2 and could play as supplement reducing agent cooperation with Me6TREN to mediate ARGET ATRP. Reduction of Cu(II)Br2 to Cu(I)Br by different molecular weight PEG was proved by UV–visible spectroscopy. A.Q.-PEG with different molecular weight have strong effects on polymerization rate and the polymerization can be operated at suitable conditions where the use of catalyst concentration can decrease to 25 ppm level.

Authors :
Xianrong Shen, Dengzhou Xia, Yixin Xiang and Jiangang Gao : School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, PR China.

 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.03.3

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VOC Sensing Studies on Electrically Conductive Polyaniline@MoS2 Nanocomposites

By: Ruby Ahmed , Farman Ali , Shahid Pervez Ansari , Mohammad Omaish Ansari

Page No : 243-251

Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) and molybdenum disulphide (MoS2 ) were used to prepare nanocomposites by in-situ oxidative polymerization of acidified aniline in presence of dispersed MoS2 in the reaction mixture. Electron Microscopy (SEM & TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize these nanocomposites. SEM micrographs showed that PANI is present on the layers of MoS2 which were exfoliated during the preparation and the presence of MoS2 is also confirmed by XRD peaks. The nanocomposites were studied for their electrical conductivity and stability of electrical conductivity in terms of d.c. electrical conductivity retention. Further, the nanocomposites were also studied for their sensing behaviour towards alcohol, ketone, aldehyde in ambient condition. These nanocomposites were found to be semiconducting, stable upto 100°C and exhibited good sensitivity towards above mentioned group of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Authors :
Ruby Ahmed,Farman Ali and Shahid Pervez Ansari : Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002
Mohammad Omaish Ansari : Center of Nanotechnology (CNT), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.03.4

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Fabrication of Microspherical Catalyst with Hierarchical Porous Structure from Functional Monomers via Low-Temperature Phase-Separation Photopolymerization

By: Lifei He

Page No : 253-260

Abstract
This study proposes a simple approach for the fabrication of microspherical catalysts with a hierarchical porous structure. The cross-linked porous microspheres with catalytic ability were prepared directly from small-molecular monomers via low-temperature phase-separation photopolymerization of water/oil suspension. The morphology, pore size, chemical structure, and thermal stability of the obtained porous microspheres were characterized by SEM, Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry, FTIR, and TGA. The porous microspheres directly served as an acid catalyst for the condensation reaction of benzaldehyde and ethylene glycol, which exhibited superior catalytic activity and recyclability. The results indicated that such porous microspheres have great potential in the application of acid catalysis.

Authors :
Kemin Wang : Biomedical Science and Technology Research Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
Lifei He : School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, PR China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.03.5

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Mechanical and Biological Properties of Chitosan Nanocomposite Films: Effects of POSS nanoparticles

By: R. Venkatesan , S. R. Darson Immanuel John , N. Rajeswari

Page No : 261-273

Abstract
Nanocomposite films of chitosan (CH) incorporated with different wt. % of the polyoligomericsilsesquioxane (POSS) were prepared by solution casting. The thermal, mechanical, morphological and antimicrobial properties of the nanocomposites were examined. TGA analyses of the nanocomposites indicate that the filler enables the enhancement of thermal stability of chitosan. The tensile strength of the nanocomposite films is enhanced (10.9 MPa for neat chitosan to 24.0MPa for 5wt. % filled chitosan) by the addition of POSS while the elongation at break is reduced. The nanocomposite films exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. This activity increases with increasing filler content. Chitosan as well as POSS (the organic part) are biodegradable and hence these nanocomposite films can find application as food packaging material given their flexibility.

Authors :
R. Venkatesan, S. R. Darson Immanuel John and N. Rajeswari : College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India-600025.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.03.6

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Synthesis of Functional Photoactive Polysilane Copolymers with Disperse Yellow 7 Methacrylate and Study of their Optical, Photophysical and Thermal Properties

By: Dibyendu S. Bag , Km. Meenu , Rekha Lagarkha

Page No : 275-292

Abstract
Functional photoactive polysilane copolymers of poly(methylphenylsilane) (PMPS) and disperse yellow 7 methacrylate (DY7MA) were synthesized using UV-technique. In the same manner functional polysilane copolymers of poly(methylphenylsilane-co-dimethylsilane) (CPS) and disperse yellow 7 methacrylate (DY7MA) were also synthesized. By the UV irradiation polysilanes (PMPS and CPS) give rise to silyl macroradicals which initiate the polymerization of photoactive monomer (DY7MA). The synthesized samples were characterized by FTIR, NMR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The molar mass of synthesized photoactive functional polysilane copolymers is of order of 103 gm/mol. They exhibited multimodal optical and photoluminescence functional properties. Optical absorbance was observed at 336 nm due to σ-σ* transition of σ-conjugation of Si-Si main chain.The other absorbance at 276 nm is due to π-π* transition of aromatic ring associated with polysilanes and DY7MA polymeric unit.The electronic absorption was observed at 367 nm for π-π* and n-π* transition of azobenzene chromophores of DY7MA. The photoemission spectra are observed at λem = 405, 428 and 454 nm for the excitation energy of 332 and 370 nm. Such functional polysilane copolymers exhibited two glass transition temperatures indicating the formation of block copolymers. The synthesized functional polysilane copolymers are thermally stable upto 300º C. Such functional photoactive block copolymers may find novel optoelectronic applications.

Authors :
KM. Meenu, Dibyendu S. Bag : Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment DMSRDE, P. O., Kanpur-208013, INDIA
Rekha Lagarkha : Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, INDIA
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.03.7

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Oct- to Dec-2019

Synthesis of Poly methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl Ammonium Chloride and their Anti Bacterial Activity

By: Geng Su , Ya-Jie Jiang , Hong-Bin Ju , Ya-Kui Wang , Tao Geng

Page No : 293-304

Abstract
Two kinds of poly quaternary ammonium salts (PQAS) namely PDMC (poly (methacryloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride)), CPAM (methacryloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride / acrylamide copolymer) were prepared. The chemical structures of the PQAS were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR) spectrum, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The antibacterial activity of PQAS against three kinds of bacteria and one kind of fungus, was evaluated by the method described in QB/T 2738-2012. Antibacterial tests showed that the antibacterial activity increased with the increase of cationicity and molecular weight on PQAS. It shows the antimicrobial activity for different bacteria strain follow this order: Escherichia coli (E. coli) > Staphylococcus aureus (S. A.) > Shigella > Monilia albican (M. A.).

Authors:
Geng Su, Ya-Jie Jiang, Hong-Bin Ju, Ya-Kui Wang and Tao Geng : China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030001, China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.04.1

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Development and Characterization of Graphite Fluoride Dry Lubrication System by using Gamma Radiation

By: Ajay Kumar Tyagi , Sachin Singh , Mukti Tyagi , Praveen Kumar Kaicker , Lalit Varshney

Page No : 305-321

Abstract
Graphite is the most suitable material as dry lubricant. However, its application as a lubricant is limited with necessity of moisture vapors. Alternatively, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has an excellent lubrication property but does not have mechanical characteristics. The effect of gamma radiation doses on the lubrication behavior of graphite –PTFE (Inoflon A-408) system has been studied using (TR-TW-30L) tribotester with thrust washer attachment. Different compositions of graphite and PTFE were prepared and irradiated by gamma rays. Improved tribological properties of graphite –PTFE system showed by decrease in coefficient of friction and wear. SEM-EDX, XRD and contact angle analysis confirm fluorination of graphite by gamma radiation exposure leading to the development of novel dry lubrication system.

Authors :
Sachin Singh, Mukti Tyagi, Ajay Kumar Tyagi and Praveen Kumar Kaicker : Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Material Science Division, 19, University Road, Delhi- 110007, India
Lalit Varshney : Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS), Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.04.2

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Performance Evaluation of Nucleating Agents in Polypropylene Homopolymer

By: Ravi Kumar , Vishwa Pratap Singh , Madhukar Prajapati , Ashwith , Priyanka Singh , Satyajit Samanta

Page No : 323-335

Abstract
Types of nucleating agents and their dosage level play an important role on the crystallinity of the polymer which controls the final properties like optical clarity, stiffness and reduced cycle time during molding. In this study, the efficiency of two different types of commercially available nucleating agents, phosphate ester and dicarboxylic acid based, have been studied. Both the nucleating agents were compounded with molding grade polypropylene homopolymer having melt flow index (MFI) of 12 g/10min at 2.16 Kg and 230°C, in a co-rotating twin screw extruder at two different dosage level, i.e. 300 ppm and 600 ppm. The effectiveness of the nucleating agents was evaluated from several parameters like stiffness, crystallization behavior in terms of crystallization onset, % crystallinity and isotropic shrinkage. A crystallization kinetic study was also carried out at four different cooling rates. Addition of nucleating agent at 300 ppm dosage level showed an increase in flexural modulus of neat polypropylene by around 14%. Dicarboxylic acid based nucleating agent showed better isotropic shrinkage behavior as compared to phosphate ester based nucleating agent at both 300 ppm as well as 600 ppm dosage level. The efficiency of this type of nucleating agent was further supported by comparatively lower activation energy as evaluated from crystallization kinetics study.

Authors :
Ravi Kumar, Vishwa Pratap Singh, Madhukar Prajapati, Ashwith, Priyanka Singh, Satyajit Samanta and Saikat Banerjee : Customer Services & Development Center, HPCL-Mittal Energy Ltd. (HMEL), Gautam Budh Nagar, Sector-65, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India- 201301
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.04.3

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Effect of Synthesis Parameters on Phosphoric Acid Doped Polybenzimidazole Membranes: A Parametric Evaluation from Microstructural Level to Fuel Cell Performance

By: Cagla Gul Guldiken , Levent Akyalcin , Hasan Ferdi Gercel

Page No : 337-349

Abstract
In the present study, polybenzimidazole (PBI) polymer which has a great importance in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) research was synthesized via the solution polycondensation method, under various synthesis conditions to put forward the effect of the synthesis parameters on the properties of the synthesized polymer and consequently to the quality of the prepared polymer electrolyte membrane. The synthesized polymers were characterized in terms of their chemical structure, thermal degradation behaviour, and molecular weight by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The Mechanical properties, acid-doping level capacity, proton conductivity, and fuel cell performances of the produced phosphoric acid doped PBI were investigated. The Thermogravimetric analyses showed that the synthesized polymers have an excellent thermal stability up to 580o C. Mechanical analyses revealed that the mechanical strength of the PBI membranes increases with increasing molecular weight of the polymer and reaches the maximum value of 17.65 MPa. The maximum power density was observed to be 48.6 mW/cm2 of the fuel cell test at 120o C.

Authors :
Cagla Gul Guldiken, Levent Akyalcin and Hasan Ferdi Gercel : Department of Chemical Engineering, Anadolu University, 26555, Eskisehir, Turkey
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.04.4

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An Experimental Study and Analysis of Different Dielectrics in Electrical Discharge Machining of Al 6063 Alloy

By: B. Mouliprasanth , P. Hariharan

Page No : 351-369

Abstract
Electrical discharge machining is a non-traditional machining processes in which it is based upon thermal and electrical energy source as an interval energy pulse discharge in-between the work piece and tool electrode so as to remove the material. A systematical investigation of melting and vaporising of aluminium to find the output responses such as Material removal rate (MRR), Electrode wear rate (Ra ), and Surface finish (EWR) in EDM using two different dielectrics was conducted as experimental work. The working fluids are Polyethylene glycol (PEG 600) and kerosene. It is the hour of need to get the maximum MRR and surface finish with minimum EWR for any material. The paper focuses on the effect of polymer based dielectric machining the aluminium alloy EDM. The dielectrics enact a great role in production and its influence on environmental aspects should also be considered. These dielectric fluids are used in machining an aluminium alloy 6063 using copper electrode and they are compared for their MRR, EWR, and Ra . Taguchi method is used for analysing the results of two different dielectrics that carried with the help of Minitab software.

Authors :
B. Mouliprasanth and P. Hariharan : Department of Manufacturing Engineering, CEG, Anna University, Chennai, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.04.5

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Synthesis and Physico-Chemical Analysis of Epoxy Methacrylate of (2E, 6E)-2,6-Bis(4- hydroxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone

By: Jignesh P. Patel , Parsotam H. Parsania , Dharmesh B. Sankhavara , Jalpa V. Chopda

Page No : 371-379

Abstract
The epoxy methacrylate of (2E,6E)-2, 6-bis(4-hydroxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone (EBHBCMA) was synthesized by condensing 0.02 equi. EBHBC, 0.04 equi. methacrylic acid, 50 mL THF as a solvent and 0.2 mL triethylamine as a catalyst at reflux temperature for 1-5 h to get acid value < 10. EBHBCMA showed good solubility in common solvents. The structure of EBHBCMA was supported by UV-Vis., FTIR, 1 H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques. DSC thermogram of EBHBCMA exhibited two endothermic peaks (86.4 and 117.1 °C) and one exothermic peak (142.6°C) due to moisture release, melting and curing of the resin, respectively. EBHBCMA is thermally stable up to about 316 °C and followed single step degradation reaction. EBHBCMA followed apparently second order (1.7) degradation kinetics with 277.69 kJ mol -1 energy of activation, 5.93 × 1018 s -1 frequency factor and entropy change of 107.4 JK-1mol.

Authors :
Dharmesh B. Sankhavara, Jalpa V. Chopda, Jignesh P. Patel and Parsotam H. Parsania : Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.04.6

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Study on Flame-retardant Mechanism of Epoxy Resin containing Polyvinylphenylsilsesquioxane

By: Jiangbo Wang

Page No : 381-389

Abstract
In this study, a novel flame retardant polyvinylphenylsilsesquioxane (PVP) was added into epoxy resin (EP) to prepare EP/PVP (FREP) composites. The results of cone calorimeter measurement showed that in comparison with virgin EP, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of FREP were reduced by 27.3% and 10.4%, respectively. Moreover, the thermal degradation behavior of FREP was studied by the Kissinger and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall methods. The results suggested that the addition of PVP greatly enhanced the thermal stability of EP in the final stage, which could be attributed to that the branched silicone with vinyl and phenyl accelerated the formation of an insulating carbon layer and improved the flame retardancy of EP composites, because the char layer played an important role for the flame-retardant behavior of polymer system.

Author :
Jiangbo Wang : School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.04.7

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Synthesis and Characterization of Epoxy methacrylate of (2E, 6E)-Bis(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-4- methylcyclohexanone

By: P. H. Parsania , Jignesh P. Patel , Dharmesh B. Sankhavara , Jalpa V. Chopda

Page No : 391-399

Abstract
The epoxymethcrylate resin (EMBHBCMA) of (2E, 6E)-bis(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-4- methylcyclohexanone(EMBHBC) was synthesized by condensing EMBHBC and methacrylic acid (1:2 mole ratio) by using 1,4-dioxane as a solvent and triethylamine as a catalyst at reflux temperature for 1-5 h to get acid value < 10. The structure of EMBHBCMA was supported by UV-Vis, FTIR, 1 HNMR and 13CNMR spectroscopic techniques. Molecular weights and molecular weight distribution of EMBHBCMA were determined by gel permeation chromatography. EMBHBCMA is thermally stable up to about 300°C and followed two step degradation reactions. Kinetic parameters such as n, Ea, A and ΔS* were determined according to Anderson-Freeman method and discussed.

Authors :
Jalpa V. Chopda, Dharmesh B. Sankhavara, Jignesh P. Patel and P. H. Parsania: Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2019.36.04.8

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Jan-2018 to Mar-2018

Behavior of Polypropylene Under Stress Relaxation and Dynamic Loading Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

By: A. Mandal , S. P. Singh , R. Prasad

Page No : 1-13

Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of stress relaxation and dynamic loading of isotactic polypropylene have been studied using full atomistic model. Curves of relaxation, used to evaluate the relaxation parameters, show agreement with experimental results. The relaxation time is calculated from the simulated stress relaxation curve. The dynamic loading curves show that stress leads strain as proposed by other theoretical models. Storage modulus, loss modulus and loss factor have been calculated. Despite limitations of smaller simulation time, the results are in comparable range with the experimental values. The length scale limitation of MD simulation is taken care of by the use of periodic boundary conditions. The effect of temperature and the polymeric chain length on the viscoelastic relaxation parameters are investigated.

Authors :
A. Mandal, S. P. Singh and R.Prasad : Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.01.1

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Investigation on Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Properties and Surface Morphologies of Organic Chiral Monomer Crystals of (R)-N-(1-phenyl-ethyl) methacrylamide and its Polymer and Copolymers

By: Dibyendu S. Bag , Km. Meenu , Akansha Dixit , N. Eswara Prasad

Page No : 15-32

Abstract
(R)-N-(1-phenyl-ethyl) methacrylamide (R-NPEMAM) was synthesized which is an organic chiral monomer. The crystals of such monomer were obtained by recrystallization of the synthesized product from ethanol-water mixture. It was polymerized with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and a crosslinking monomer, N,N ’ methylene bisacrylamide in toluene medium. These materials have been characterized by different analytical techniques such as FTIR, elemental and SEM analyses for their structural and morphological investigation. The organic monomer is a chiral molecule and its optical rotation was observed to be: [] D 25=28o (C 1.0 DMF). On the other hand, optical rotations were observed to be: 35o for its polymer (CP) and 8 to 21o for its copolymers having different chiral content. Such organic and polymeric materials were studied for their NLO properties. The relative second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of organic chiral monomer crystal (CCM) was 1.22 times that of KDP, whereas the values of polymer and copolymers were slightly less (0.87 to 0.94) than that of the KDP crystal. However, all these values are comparable to the property of other organic crystals and also to the recently reported SHG efficiency of 1.5 times for organic 4-chloroanilinium-L-tartrate monohydrate single crystal. These materials may find their potential nonlinear optical applications.

Authors :
Dibyendu S. Bag, Km. Meenu, Akansha Dixit and N. Eswara Prasad : Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment (DMSRDE), G. T. Road, Kanpur-208013, INDIA
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.01.2

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Effect of a Novel Polysilicone on the Flame Retardancy and Thermal Degradation of Epoxy Resin

By: Jiangbo Wang

Page No : 33-44

AbstractIn the present study, a novel polysilicone PMDA was synthesized and the effect of PMDA on the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP) was investigated by cone calorimeter measurement. EP/PMDA (FREP) composite exhibited lower peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) in comparison with those of pure EP, indicating the higher fire safety of FREP. Furthermore, the thermal degradation behavior of FREP composite was investigated by the TGA measurement under non-isothermal conditions. The Kissinger and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods were both used to analyze the thermal degradation process of EP composites. The results illustrated that PMDA remarkable enhanced the activation energies of EP thermal degradation in the final stage, revealing that the flame retardant PMDA stabilized the residual char layer and improved the flame retardancy of EP in the final period of thermal degradation process.

Author :
Jiangbo Wang : School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.01.3

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The Effect of Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Modified Polypropylene

By: Guiqin Li , Jun Wang , Jiemin Feng , Qing Guo , Junlong Zhou , Peter Mitrouchev

Page No : 45-57

Abstract
The mechanical behaviors of five modified polypropylene composites were investigated under the effect of various temperatures. Mechanical properties of polymer were carried out through uniaxial tensile tests for low and high temperatures respectively. The results showed that both yield stress and the elastic modulus of the material decrease with the increase of temperature. The properties are also significantly influenced by the addition and the additive quantity. The addition with glass fiber (GF) manifests higher properties than the other addition, and the modulus and yield stress increase with the increasing of the additive amount. Three models are chosen to fitting with the experiment values in order to understand the mechanical behavior of the polymer. By comparing the proposed simplified model with Gibson model, both are successfully validated by the excellent agreement between model prediction and experimental results.

Authors :
Guiqin Li, Jun Wang and Jiemin Feng : Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, China
Qing Guo and Junlong Zhou : Shanghai Yanfeng Jingqiao automotive trim systems Co. Ltd, China
Peter Mitrouchev : University Grenoble Alpes, G-SCOP, F-38031, Grenoble, France
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.01.4

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Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Carbon and Pineapple leaf fiber

By: A. Suresh Babu , T.T. Nagarajan , K. Palanivelu , S.K. Nayak

Page No : 59-69

Abstract
The mechanical and thermal properties of hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with carbon fiber (CF) and pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) composites depend upon fiber-matrix interfacial properties. A comparison between the CF composite and hybrid fiber composite was made. Composites were characterized by tensile, flexural and impact, TGA, DMA, and SEM analysis. The results showed that the tensile and flexural strengths are increased with increasing CF content upto 30 wt % in the hybrid composite. CF/PALF fibre can be used for improving the properties of hybrid epoxy composites.

Authors :
A. Suresh Babu and T.T. Nagarajan : Department of Manufacturing Engineering, College of Engineering, Guindy, Chennai 600 025.
K. Palanivelu and S.K. Nayak : Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Guindy, Chennai 600 032, Tamil Nadu, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.01.5

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Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene Based Polyurethanes with Superior Properties

By: Haining Na , Jin Zhu , Na Teng , Jinyue Dai , Yong Wen , Jing Chen , Fei Liu

Page No : 71-83

Abstract
This study focuses on the microwave-assisted synthesis of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based polyurethanes. Driven by microwave irradiation, the synthetic rate of HTPB based polyurethanes is three times faster than the synthesis operated by traditional oil-bath heating. Though the synthesis time is significantly decreased, polyurethanes synthesized with microwave irradiation exhibit comparable mechanical performances to the similar polyurethanes obtained by traditional oil-bath heating. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of polyurethanes synthesized with microwave irradiation are also higher than conventional method. HTPB based polyurethanes also exhibit excellent thermal stability and hydrolysis resistance. Our research suggests a fast and interesting way to synthesize HTPB based polyurethanes.

Authors :
Na Teng, Jinyue Dai, Yong Wen, Jing Chen, Fei Liu, Jin Zhu and Haining Na : Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P.R. China.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.01.6

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Nanoarchitecture CD@CMC@MnSiO3 : A dual responsive drug delivery system with cellular imaging ability

By: Prabha Bhartiya , P.K. Dutta

Page No : 85-101

Abstract
Designing theranostic agents that are responsive to mildly acidic and reducing tumor microenvironments for optimized imaging and chemotherapeutic effects, is of huge interest in nanomedicine. In this context, we have prepared mesoporous manganese silicate NPs and a biocompatible coating of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) was introduced on the surface of manganese silicate nanoparticles. In order to confer multifunctionality to the prepared nanovehicle, it was treated hydrothermally which resulted in formation of fluorescent C-dots on the surface of nanovehicle. The nanoarchitecture CD@CMC@MnSiO3 was characterized by FTIR, XRD, UV-visible and PL spectroscopy. A hydrophobic drug curcumin was loaded on the prepared nanoarchitecture and very high drug loading capacity was obtained. Drug release profile was observed at physiological pH (pH 7.4), acidic pH (pH 6.4 and 5.0) and acidic pH with reducing environment (pH 5.0 and glutathione). The prepared nanoarchitecture demonstrated exceptional pH-modulated drug release which was further enhanced in the presence of glutathione. Cellular imaging experiments conducted on SW480 cell lines confirmed potential applicability of the prepared nanoarchitecture for live cellular imaging which may also be applied for tracking of drug.

Authors :
Prabha Bhartiya and P.K. Dutta :  Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad-211004, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.01.7

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Steady State Analysis of Water Transport through Sulfonated Polyether Ether Ketone (SPEEK) Membrane for Fuel Cell Application

By: Rabiranjan Murmu , Harekrushna Sutar

Page No : 103-118

Abstract
Sulfonated Polyether Ether Ketone (SPEEK) membrane is considered as a potential alternative membrane for fuel cell because of its cost effectiveness and easily prepared. SPEEK membranes were prepared by solution casting method with film thickness of 80, 127 and 150 µm. Samples are analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer. Water uptake study states that diffusivity of water increased with increase in Degree of Sulfonation (DS) of the membrane. Experimental moisture uptake data was fitted to a dual stage model. Proton conductivity of the membrane was measured by two probe method using impedance analyzer. Proton conductivity of the sample is improved with improving DS of membrane. Proton conductivity of membrane gave promising results in the range of 10-2 to 10-1 S/cm. Membrane water content has the greatest effect towards proton conductivity. The permeation of water through membrane was measured by in house permeation cell at a temperature range of 40- 90°C and feed side water activity between 0.2 and 1. Water permeation from liquid feed increased with increase in membrane temperature and inversely proportional with membrane thickness. Water transported across the membrane in a permeation cell was considered as a one dimensional diffusion model. Water permeation data was compared with conventional Nafion permeation results. Water permeability data shows linear improvement with membrane water content and temperature.

Authors :
Rabiranjan Murmu and Harekrushna Sutar : Department of Chemical Engineering, Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, Sarang, 759146, Odisha, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.01.8

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Study on Cyclohexyl isocyanate-modified Graphene and Mechanical,Thermal and Tribological Properties of its Polyimide Nanocomposite

By: Menglin Wei

Page No : 119-136

Abstract
To elucidate the effect and the mechanism of graphene modification on the morphology and properties of polyimide (PI), cyclohexyl isocyanate modified graphene (CG), was designed and prepared by grafting the isocyanate chain on the graphene sheet surface, followed by the use of the modified graphene for the preparation of polyimide composites by in situ polymerization. The successful grafting of cyclohexyl isocyanate onto the surface of the graphene was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The unique surface modification significantly improved the compatibility and dispersion of graphene in the PI matrix. CG/polyimide composites were prepared by in situ polymerization. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the 1.0CG/PI nanocomposite reached 99.35 MPa and 1.84 GPa, showing increases of 20.97 % and 28.67 %, respectively, compared to the values of pure PI. The friction coefficient of the 1.0CG/PI composite reached 0.35, i.e., it was 32.69 % lower than that of pure PI, and the wear rate was reduced by 29.10 %. This improvement of the tribological properties was mainly caused by the cooperative interaction of the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites and the high self-lubricity of modified graphene.

Authors :
Duxin Li, Yue Chen, Wenyan Yang, Chunguang Xiao and Menglin Wei : State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.01.9

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A Novel Design Strategy for Chitosan containing azobased Schiff bases for Colorimetric Sensing of Anions

By: P. K. Dutta , Nidhi Nigam , Santosh Kumar , Tamal Ghosh

Page No : 137-148

Abstract
The present investigation deals with the anion sensing studies of prepared chitosan/methyl red dye: chitosan/hydroxy nitro azobenzaldehyde (CHNAB) and chitosan/hydroxy methyl azobenzaldehyde (CHMAB) derivatives under mild conditions. These derivatives were synthesized by 79% and  90% deacetylated chitosan, in isopropyl alcohol/water mixture and dimethyl sulfoxide. The polymers were well characterized by thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry, DSC and thermogravimetric analysis,TGA), FTIR, 1 H-NMR, ESI-Mass spectra, birefringence and antibacterial activity and reported elsewhere. The optical property of the derivatives is an advantageous property prompted us to evaluate its anion sensing properties by UV-titrimetric method. UV–visible titration was carried out in DMSO to evaluate the binding affinities toward a set of anions (F- , Cl- , Br- , I- , CN- , AcO- , HSO4 - and H2 PO4 - ). In the present study, it is observed that cyanide is mainly operating as a nucleophile. These cyanide anion sensing phenomena were analyzed by UV–vis titration in dimethyl sulfoxide. The plausible sensing mechanism of the chitosan derivative for CN-recognition was established. The study on the novel design strategy may be used for sensing anions.

Authors :
Nidhi Nigam, Santosh Kumar, P.K.Dutta, and Tamal Ghosh : Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad-211004, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.01.10

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Apr-2018 to Jun-2018

Hydroxyapatite Coating on Selective Laser Sinter Polyamide Substrate by Electron Beam Deposition

By: Hariharan K , Arumaikkannu G

Page No : 149-157

Abstract
Polyamides 12 (PA-12) has an application in the medical field such as suture materials, scaffolds for tissue engineering and for various medical devices fabrication. More often the medical devices which are produced using PA-12 are addressed to be a bioinert and osseointegration with the host tissue will be in the slower rate. This experimental work aims to improve osseointegration of PA-12 by depositing a layer of bioactive material over the surface, since the surface is the first portion to interact with host tissue. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a calcium phosphate similar to the human tissue in morphology and composition also it is well known bioactive material. This material has been synthesised by wet chemical precipitation process and deposited over polyamide substrate using Electron Beam Deposition (EBD). Various characterization studies have been carried out on coating and Human Osteosarcoma cells MG-63 were seeded on the coated sample to study its viability. The results revealed that Hydroxyapatite layer was deposited successfully over the PA-12. The coated layer some agglomeration of particles. The cell possesses 92.3% of viability, which may significantly improve the biocompatibility of prostheses and medical devices.

Authors :
Hariharan K : Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi- 642003, India
Arumaikkannu G : Department of Manufacturing Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai - 600025, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.02.1

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Facile Grafting of Ionic Liquids onto Halloysite Nanotubes via An Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Method

By: Xinying Qin , Ziyang Guo , Chao Wang , Meining Song , Hailei Zhang , Yonggang Wu

Page No : 159-169

Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs)-based organic–inorganic nanocomposite materials are a new class of hybrid materials which can be used in lithium batteries, fuel cells, dye-sensitized solar cells and pressure sensors. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs, Al2 Si2 O5 (OH)4 ·nH2 O) are hollow like aluminosilicate clay, similar to commonly used platy clay kaolin, which open up various attractive applications including catalysis, anticorrosion, adsorbent, drug delivery, enzyme immobilization, fiber spinning and so on. However, the inorganic characteristics of clay-based halloysite nanotube result in a limited application in electronic field, making it difficult to capture attentions as extensively as carbon nanotubes. Herein, we develop a feasible and versatile approach to prepared ILs grafted HNTs, by coupling the arylboronic acid and Al-OH groups on the HNTs. ILs are grafted to the modified HNTs via a typical atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method. The modified halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are characterized by (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM).

Authors :
Xinying Qin, Ziyang Guo, Chao Wang, Meining Song, Hailei Zhang and Yonggang Wu : College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.02.2

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Crystallization of Poly(L-lactide) in a Confined Space between Polycarbonate Layers

By: Ri-Chao Zhang , Zhihuan Huang , Meiling Zhong , Zhenxing Fang , Dehui Ji , Guangyao Xiong , Yizao Wan , Dan Sun ,

Page No : 171-179

Abstract
In this paper, various thicknesses of PLLA film between PC layers are obtained by spin coating of different amount of solution. The crystal morphologies and isothermal crystallization rates of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) in the confined spaces between polycarbonate (PC) layers have been studied by polarized optical microscopy. The Crystal morphologies of poly(L-lactide) are little influenced by the thickness of PLLA films between PC layers. Nevertheless, the crystal growth and nucleation rates of PLLA films between PC layers are remarkably affected by the thickness of PLLA films. In the confined space, the nucleation and growth rates of PLLA films decrease as its thickness decreases. The observed phenomena has been ascribed to the reduction of molecular chain mobility, and the slow diffusion process of molecular chains. The results offer greater insights into the materials process-structure-property relationship, and help with design of future biomaterials with tailored/controlled structures/properties (such as crystallinity/ degradation rate) for specific biomedical applications.

Authors :
Ri-Chao Zhang, Zhihuan Huang ,Meiling Zhong, Zhenxing Fang, Dehui Ji, Guangyao Xiong And Yizao Wan : School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
Dan Sun : School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, UK BT9 5AH
Ai Lu : Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.02.3

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Effect of Concentration of 3,5,7,3’,4’- Pentahydroxyflavone on Nonlinear Properties of Doped Epoxy Polymers

By: Dmytro Mishurov , Andrii Voronkin , Sergey Bogatyrenko

Page No : 181-194

Abstract
These Epoxy polymer doped with a natural chromophore 3,5,7,3’,4’-pentagydroxyflavone (quercetin) at different concentrations of the dopant. Spectral characteristics and nonlinear optical properties of the polymer materials were studied by UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy. Morphology of the doped polymer films was observed using scanning electronic microscopy. Quadratic second susceptibilities of the obtained polymer films were calculated according to one-dimensional, rigid oriented gas model. It is shown that the morphology and non-linear properties of the doped polymer films are directly dependent on the dopant concentration.

Authors :
Dmytro Mishurov and Andrii Voronkin : National Technical University, Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute, Frunze str., 21, 61002, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Sergey Bogatyrenko : School of Physics at V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svoboda sqr., 6, 61022, Kharkiv, Ukraine
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.02.4

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Sensitive Response of Chitosan Encapsulated Ibuprofen Microspheres to the narrow pH range for Drug Delivery System

By: Ran Yan , Li Lei , Shougang Chen , Fei Yu

Page No : 195-207

Abstract
Controlled drug-delivery and release systems have received increasing attention for biomedical applications. Chitosan encapsulated ibuprofen (IBU@CS) microspheres were prepared according to oil-in-water micro emulsion polymerization method for an excellent narrow pH sensitive response targeted drug delivery system. The morphology and chemical composition of IBU@CS microspheres with different formulations were characterized. The cytotoxicity test was studied by MTT assay. Results showed that the IBU@CS microspheres were in a spherical structure with a diameter in the range of 50 nm-300 nm. The IBU@CS microspheres had no toxic effect on cells. The in vitro IBU release experiments in PBS solutions of pH 6.8 and 7.4 showed that the encapsulation of CS to IBU could not only reduce the release rate of IBU, but also make the microspheres have narrow pH sensitivity which can release IBU under pH of the inflammatory tissues (pH 6.8) more easily than that of normal tissues. This IBU@CS pH-responsive release system can provide a promising control-release manner to achieve a good therapeutic effect for localized drug delivery.

Authors :
Ran Yan, Li Lei and Shougang Chen : School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
Fei Yu : Institute for Translation Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.02.5

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Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(epichlorohydrin-g--caprolactone) Graft Copolymers by “Click” Chemistry

By: Temel Ozturk , Kevin A. Cavicchi

Page No : 209-220

 

Abstract
The synthesis of poly(epichlorohydrin-g-e-caprolactone) [poly(ECH-g-CL)] graft copolymers were carried out by use of a “click” chemistry reaction to graft poly(e-caprolactone) propargyl (PCL[1]propargyl) to poly(epichlorohydrin) azido (PECH-N3 ). For this purpose, PECH-N3 was synthesized by the reaction of poly(epichlorohydrin) and sodium azide. Then PCL-propargyl was obtained by the reaction of poly(e-caprolactone) [PCL] and propargyl chloride. By reacting PECH-N3 and PCL-propargyl, graft copolymers were obtained. The primary parameters, such as time and concentration, that influenced the reactions were assessed. The characterization of products was accomplished by using multiple instruments and methods including 1 H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FT[1]IR, GPC, DSC, TGA, and fractional precipitation [non–solvent (petroleum ether, mL) / solvent (THF, mL)] techniques.

Authors :
Temel Ozturk and Kevin A. Cavicchi : The University of Akron, Department of Polymer Engineering, 250 S Forge St, Akron, OH 44325 USA
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.02.6

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Preparation of Porous Cross-linked Microsphere through Electrospraying combined with Photopolymerization

By: Kemin Wang , Lifei He , Shuangqi Zhao , Ruixue Yin

Page No : 221-229

Abstract
Porous cross-linked microspheres were manufactured from low-viscosity monomers through electrospraying combined with photopolymerization. Firstly, the liquid drops of monomer solution formed by electrospraying were crystallized by liquid nitrogen, and then the cross-linked polymer is formed by photopolymerization. Finally, the porous microspheres were obtained after the solvent was removed by freeze drying. The morphology, chemical structure, pore diameter and thermal stability of porous cross-linked microspheres were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR spectroscopy), mercury intrusion porosimetry and thermogravimetry analysis (TG). This approach provides a new stratage to prepare cross-linked porous microspheres from small molecules without using any template or other additives.

Authors :
Shuangqi Zhao : School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China
Lifei He : School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
Ruixue Yin : Complex and Intelligent Research Center, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
Kemin Wang : Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A9, Canada.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.02.7

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Synthesis and Physico-Chemical Study of EpoxyMaleate of 9,9'-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)anthrone-10 and its Jute and Glass Composites

By: Jignesh P. Patel , Parsotam H. Parsania , Jabal D. Thanki

Page No : 231-243

Abstract
Epoxy maleate of 9,9'-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)anthrone-10 (EANM) was synthesized and its jute (J-EANMS) and glass(G-EANMS) composites were prepared by hand layup compression molding technique under 20 bar at 120°C for 5h. The structure of EANM was supported by FTIR and 1 HNMR spectroscopic techniques and also characterized by acid and hydroxyl values. Thermal properties of EANM and cured EANMS were evaluated by DSC and TGA at 10°C min-1 heating rate in nitrogen atmosphere. EANM and EANMS are thermally stable up to 149o and 300°C and followed three and single step degradation kinetics. The energy of activation, frequency factor, degradation order and entropy change were evaluated and compared. J-EANMS and G-EANMS showed 38.2 and 184MPa tensile strength; 31.6 and 90.3 MPa flexural strength, 4.4 and 5.7 kVmm-1 electric strength and 2.6x1012 and 4.2x1012 ohm cm volume resistivity, respectively. Good thermo-mechanical and electrical properties and excellent hydrolytic stability against different environments indicated its industrial utility as low load bearing housing, insulating material for electrical and electronic appliances and marine applications.

Authors :
Jabal D. Thanki, Jignesh P. Patel And Parsotam H. Parsania : Polymer Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.02.8

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Adjustment of Molecular Weight for a Cellulose-graft-poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) Polymer Brush by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in an Ionic Liquid

By: Jian Zhou , Erjun Tang , Lei Zhao , Shaojie Liu , Dishun Zhao , Ruitao Han

Page No : 245-256

Abstract
A cellulose-graft-poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (cellulose-g-PEGDMA) molecule brush was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization in the ionic liquid 1-allyl-3- methylimidazolium chloride. The controlled mechanism of the polymer brush size and polydispersity index (PDI, Mw/Mn) were investigated. The grafting copolymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR and GPC. The results indicate that the reaction time was the main factor to control the length of the cellulose-g-PEGDMA molecule brush. The ligand was the decisive factor in controlling the PDI of the molecule brush. The PDI of PEGDMA was precisely controlled at 1.1–1.4 by using pentamethyldiethylenetriamine(PMDETA) as the ligand. Moreover, the graft molecule brush length could be varied with the change of PMDETA concentration. The Mn of PEGDMA was 75210 and had a narrow PDI of 1.15 when the PMDETA/CuBr ratio was 20:1. In addition, TEM images show that the cellulose-g-PEGDMA copolymer could aggregate and self[1]assemble into a sphere-like polymeric structure in solution, indicating that the obtained grafting copolymers have potential applications in biomedical materials.

Authors :
Jian Zhou, Erjun Tang, Lei Zhao , Shaojie Liu And Dishun Zhao : School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050018, China.
Ruitao Han : School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050018, China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.02.9

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Jul-2018 to Sep-2018

A Study on the Effects of Process Parameters on Swirl Marks of Microcellular Injection Molded PC Parts

By: Ming Zhai , Ben Jiang , Haimei Li , Qian Li , Lixia Wang

Page No : 257-264

Abstract
The effects of processing parameters on surface roughness of microcellular injection molded PC parts were investigated. Taguchi design of experiments (DOE) was performed with varying mold temperature, melt temperature, injection rate and supercritical fluid (SCF) concentration. It was found that mold temperature, injection rate and melt temperature appear to be the predominant molding parameters which affect the surface roughness. The results are helpful for designers to optimize the process conditions to achieve high quality microcellular PC part.

Authors:
Ming Zhai, Ben Jiang, Haimei Li, Qian Li and Lixia Wang : School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.03.1

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Modification of Si/Mg Composite Supported ZieglerNatta Ti-based Catalysts for Propylene Polymerization Using the Third Metal Elements

By: Wei Zhu , Zhou Tian , Pingkai Jiang , Boping Liu

Page No : 265-279

Abstract
In this study, several (SiO2 /MgO/ID/MClx/MgCl2 )·TiClx Ziegler-Natta Catalysts are synthesized by a co-impregnation method to study a third metal (Zr, V, Fe, Mn, W) effect on catalytic performance in propylene polymerization. When the metal doping content is 10 wt% (compare to magnesium elements), the activity of W doped catalyst shows 60.0% higher. While the activity of Zr, V, Fe and Mn doped catalyst both decreased. Correlations of the catalyst activities with the iron radius and the electronegativity of the third metal elements are discussed. In the same doping content condition, metals have similar radius with Mg2+ have higher activity (Fe, Mn and W> V and Zr). The mechanism of Mn and W effects are discussed. The activity of 5 wt% and 3 wt% Mn doped catalyst is higher compared with the catalyst without doping. It means that the doping content also have an influence on the catalyst performance.

Authors :
Wei Zhu : State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
Zhou Tian : Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P.R.China
Pingkai Jiang : Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Boping Liu : College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.03.2

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Synthesis and Properties of Cross-linked Fluorine and Silicon VAc-VeoVa Polymer Latex Emulsified by Green Mixed Surfactant

By: Lijun Chen , Tantan Shao , Yilu Gong , Xiuming Wang , Zhijuan Sun

Page No : 281-293

Abstract
Cross-linked vinyl acetate and vinyl versatate (VeoVa) polymer latex (VAc-VeoVa10) modified with fluorine and silicon was successfully synthesized via the semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization technology. The latex was emulsified by green surfactants of sodium alpha[1]olefin sulfonate(α-AOS) and cashew phenol polyoxyethylene ethers(BCE-10) and initiated with potassium persulfate(KPS). The chemical structure of the latex was analyzed by fourier transformed infrared (FTIR). The glass transition temperature (Tg ) was detected by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) measurement. The water resistance was determined by the water contact angle (WCA) measurement. The polymerization condition of preparing the latex was optimized. Results showed that the content of surfactant was 2.00Wt% and the mass ratio of α-AOS and BCE-10 was 2:1 and the mass ratio of main monomer was 3:1.The contents of fluorine monomer and the silicon monomer were 8.00 wt% and 1.00wt%, respectively. The amount of the cross-linked monomer was 1.00wt%. In comparison with the conventional latex, the hydrophobic performance of the cross-linked modified VAc-VeoVa copolymer latex was improved.

Authors :
Lijun Chen, Tantan Shao, Yilu Gong, Xiuming Wang and Zhijuan Sun: School of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.03.3

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Visible-light-driven Photocatalytic Properties of Electrospun Bismuth Tungstate/PAN Composite Nanofiber Membrane

By: Cuie Wang , Zhi Liu , Xinhua Liua , Hongzhang Li , Yinchun Fang

Page No : 295-304

Abstract
Bismuth Tungstate has been widely used in catalytic degradation of pollutants. However, the low specific surface area make it difficult to use. Herein, bismuth/tungstate/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber was prepared by electrospinning. After oxidation treatment, the bismuth tungstate/ PAN composite nanofiber membrane showed photo catalytic activity. The photocatalytic property of resulting membrane was evaluated by the photodegradation of methylene blue. The results showed that the photodegradation rate reached to 95.53% after 4.5h. The photodegradation rate of the membrane still preserved 83.88% after 8 times reuse, indicating its reusability. Thus, the visible-light-catalyst has potential application in sewage treatment.

Authors :
Xinhua Liua, Hongzhang Li, Yinchun Fang and Cuie Wang : School of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China.
Zhi Liu : Jiangmen Polytechnic, Jiangmen 529030, China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.03.4

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Chitosan Nano-composite containing Undecatungstosilicate via Cobalt Substitution: Characterization and Evaluation of their Biological Activity

By: Pradip Kumar Dutta , Shiva Arun , Prabha Bhartiya , Yadvendra Singh , Amreen Naz , Shahid Suhail Narvi , Kshama Srivastava

Page No : 305-316

Abstract
Encapsulation of polyoxometalates into chitosan have drawn tremendous attraction of researchers in biomedical science. Chitosan (CS) is widely studied for its significant biomedical applications. In this study we have synthesized a nano-composite by encapsulating a cobalt substituted lacunary undecatungstosilicate [CoSiW11O39(H2 O)]6-, intobiocompatible chitosan. The combination of polyoxometalate with chitosan is not merely physical mixture but indeed it is nano-composite formed by electrostatic interaction between anionic polyoxometalate and cationic chitosan. The resulting nano-complex, (CoSLPOM-CS) was characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis spectra, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS). FTIR and UV-Vis spectra analysis confirms the successful encapsulation of cobalt substituted lacunary polyoxometalate into chitosan. The antibacterial activity of CoSLPOM, chitosan and CoSLPOM-CS were tested against bacterial strains of B. subtilis gram (+) ve and P. aeruginosa gram (-) ve. The CoSLPOM-CS showed enhanced antibacterial activity as compared to bare CoSLPOM and chitosan. The nano-complex, CoSLPOM-CS was further investigated for drug delivery and it exhibited excellent drug loading efficiency.

Authors :
Shiva Arun, Yadvendra Singh, Amreen Naz, Prabha Bhartiya , Shahid Suhail Narvi and Pradip Kumar Dutta : Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad-211004, India
Kshama Srivastava : Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow-226025, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.03.5

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Development of PAN nano fibrous filter hybridized by SiO2 nanoparticles electret for high efficiency air filtration

By: N. Gobi , E. Vijayalakshmi , Berly Robert , N. R. Srinivasan

Page No : 317-328

Abstract
Airborne dust particles has become an ever-increasing environmental concern and is also a threat to public health, leading the way in the development of fibrous materials with fascinating features like high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop. To enhance the filtration efficiency of fibrous material, particularly for submicron- sized particles, here we report a promising and versatile electret polyacrylonitrile-silicon dioxide (PAN- SiO2 ) fibrous membrane, considering the higher particle capture efficiency for an electret filter compared to a conventional fibrous filter. The chemical bond nonwoven and spun bond nonwoven substrates were used as support material to enhance the mechanical property and also the handling property of the as developed electrospun nanofibrous membrane. In this research work, SiO2 is identified as the potential material for developing electret filter due to its dipolar nature. The concentrations of SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were varied to achieve better filtration efficiency. The morphology of fibrous membrane, its air permeability, areal density and thickness properties were analyzed as per standard test methods. The filter fabrics were developed and its filtration performance and pressure drop were also characterized.

Authors :
N. Gobi, E. Vijayalakshmi and Berly Robert : Department of Textile Technology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India
N. R. Srinivasan : Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.03.6

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Flame Retardancy and Thermal Degradation Behavior of Epoxy Resin Treated with a Phosphorus and Siliconcontaining Compoun

By: Jiangbo Wang , Yi Chen , Wenqin He , Shiqi Chen

Page No : 329-340

Abstract
In the present work, the flame retardancy and thermal degradation behavior of epoxy resin (EP) treated with a phosphorus and silicon-containing compound (DOPO-V) were investigated. Cone calorimetry measurement revealed that a significant reduction of peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of EP/DOPO-V (FREP) relative to the pure EP was achieved. Moreover, the Kissinger and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods were used to determine the activation energy for the degradation of pure EP and FREP composites. The kinetic results showed that the addition of DOPO-V decreased the activation energies of the first and middle stage in EP degradation and subsequently increased the activation energies in the final stage. It suggested that during the thermal degradation of FREP, the flame retardant DOPO-V induced the thermal degradation of EP matrix in a relatively lower temperature promotes the char formation. Then it restrained the thermal degradation in the final stage resulting improvement in the flame retardancy of EP composites.

Authors :
Yi Chen, Wenqin He, Shiqi Chen and Jiangbo Wang : School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.03.7

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Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile Functionalized Melamine Resin and Investigation of its Metal ions Adsorption Behavior

By: Mehdi Hosseinzadeh , Farideh Mahmoodzadeh

Page No : 341-353

Abstract
A novel functional resin, polyacrylonitrile-melamine (CPAN-M), was made through the nucleophilic addition reaction of cross-linked polyacrylonitrile (CPAN) with melamine. It was developed for the removal of Cu (II), Pb (II) and Zn (II) from aqueous solution. The sorption experiments were investigated by synthesized functional resin under different experimental conditions, such as temperature, initial concentration, pH and contact time. The results showed that the adsorption behavior of the resin for selected metal ions was found to be greater at higher pH values. The high adsorption rate.

Authors :
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh : Marand Faculty of Technical and Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Farideh Mahmoodzadeh : Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.03.8

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High Efficient Synthesis of Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) based Polyurethane via Microwave Heating

By: Haining Na , Jin Zhu , Na Teng , Yong Wen , Jing Chen , Fei Liu , Ruoyu Zhang , Haifang Wang

Page No : 355-369

Abstract
In this work, we establish a facile and efficient method to synthesize the polyurethanes (PUs) containing hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) through microwave-assisted reactions. Comparisons of conventional heat versus microwave reactions have been made. Microwave[1]assisted synthesis has been found to significantly decrease the reaction time and reduce side reaction of carbon-carbon bond relative to conventional heat. Moreover, we develop a more advanced molecular design for HTPB based PU ranging from content of hard segment to types of non-planer ring structures. The Characterization of the polymers has been conducted with FT-IR, TGA, thermal and mechanical analysis. Among them, single ring contained PU shows the highest properties. In this green and promising way, we can potentially expand the application areas for HTPB based PUs with high performances.

Authors :
Yong Wen, Na Teng, Fei Liu, Ruoyu Zhang, Jing Chen and Jin Zhu : Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P.R. China
Haifang Wang and Haining Na : School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North University of China, Shanxi, Taiyuan 030051, P. R. China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.03.9

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Effect of Crosslinking on the Network Parameters, Swelling and Mechanical Properties of PVA-Borax and Poly (AM-co-HEMA) Double Network (DN) Hydrogels

By: Dibyendu S. Bag , Akansha Dixit , N. Eswara Prasad , Harjeet Singh , Dhirendra Kumar Sharma

Page No : 371-391

Abstract
Crosslinking is one of the most important factors affecting the major characteristics of polymer and hydrogel materials. Now-a-days, double network (DN) hydrogels have attracted special attention for their high strength and stretchability. In this investigation, we report the effect of crosslinker concentration on the DN hydrogels which are consisting of poly(vinyl alchohol)-borax as the first network and poly(acrylamide-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) as the second network synthesized by in-situ crosslinking polymerization process using N, N’-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker. Various properties of the DN hydrogels such as degree of swelling, swelling kinetics, gel fraction and network parameters (crosslink density, average molar mass between crosslinks, mesh size etc.) were studied. The polymer-solvent interaction parameter (χ) and polymer volume fraction in swollen state (VP) were also calculated using Flory-Rehner Theory. We observed that the degree of swelling was increased with increasing crosslinker concentration up to 0.1 wt% of monomers. But above this concentration, it was decreased with crosslinker concentration. The gel fractions as well as mechanical properties were increased with increasing MBA crosslinker concentration.

Authors :
Akansha Dixit, Dibyendu S. Bag, Harjeet Singh and N. Eswara Prasad : Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment DMSRDE P. O., G. T. Road, Kanpur-208013, INDIA
Dhirendra Kumar Sharma : Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi-284128, INDIA
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.03.10

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Oct-2018 to Dec-2018

Synthesis, Characterization, and Micellization Behavior of Poly(L-lactide) and Poly(ethylene glycol) Block Copolymers in the presence of a Novel Organocatalyst

By: Yan Wang , Li-Fang Zhang , Jin-Hua Wang , Jun-Hua Bai

Page No : 393-408

Abstract
Biodegradable poly(L-lactide)-poly(ethyleneglycol)-poly(L-lactide) (PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA) triblock copolymers and 4-arm star-shaped poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(L-lactide) (4-arm star-shaped PEG[1]b-PLLA) block copolymers were synthesized via ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide (LLA) in the presence of hydroxyl-terminated α, ω-dihydroxy PEG2000 (PEG2000) and 4-arm PEG as a macroinitiator and 2, 3, 6, 7-tetrahydro-5H-thiazolo [3, 2-a] pyrimidine (ITU) as an organic catalyst. The resultant copolymers were analyzed using various techniques including 1 H NMR, FTIR, GPC and DSC. The micellar aggregates were formed from the amphiphilic block copolymers. The relationship between the architecture of block copolymers and their micellization properties, such as critical micelle concentration (CMC) and size of micelles, was investigated. The CMC and micelle size were measured by the steady-state pyrene method and dynamic light scattering, and the results indicated that the formation of micelles became easier for 4-arm star-shaped PEG-b-PLLA copolymer as compared with PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA copolymer. The TEM micrographs confirmed the PLLA-core/PEG-shell structure of the micelles.
Authors :
Yan Wang, Jin-Hua Wang, Jun-Hua Bai and Li-Fang Zhang : School of Chemistry & Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, P.R. China
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.04.1

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A Novel SPEEK-PVA-TiO2 Proton Conducting Composite Membrane for PEMFC Operations at Elevated Temperature

By: Rabiranjan Murmu , Harekrushna Sutar

Page No : 409-431

Abstract
A novel Sulfonated polyether etherketone (SPEEK) - Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) -Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) composite membrane is prepared for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) by solution casting method. In order to enhance the mechanical, thermal and hydrolytic stability of the SPEEK/PVA film; different compositions of TiO2 particles are dispersed as filler. Membrane uniformity is confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Composite membrane is characterized by FTIR, XRD, water uptake, Ion Exchange Capacity (IEC), DSC, TGA and Proton conductivity. Prepared composite membrane shows better water uptake capacity with lowering IEC. TiO2 has the significant effect on methanol permeability of the composite membrane. The prepared composite membrane provides good thermal, mechanical and hydrolytic stability at higher temperature (above 80°C) due to the strong intermolecular attraction between TiO2 and polymer backbone. At above 80°C, lightly cross linked SPEEK/ PVA/TiO2 composite provides superior proton conductivity than SPEEK membrane due to strong hydrogen bonding between TiO2 and water resulting reduction of water loss. Proton conductivity result shows linear improvement for SPEEK/PVA membrane by dispersing TiO2 and the data ranges in the order of 10-5 S/cm at 30°C to 10-1 S/cm at 110°C. But at lower temperature, SPEEK/PVA/TiO2 composite provide poor proton conductivity due to lower IEC and DS.

Authors :
Rabiranjan Murmu : Chemical Engineering Department, Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology Sarang, Odisha, India
Harekrushna Sutar : Chemical Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.04.2

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Amination of a Natural Polymer, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) galactomannan: Synthesis, Optimization and Characterization

By: Gurpreet Kaur , Neeraj Mittal

Page No : 433-448

Abstract
Currently, biomedical, food, and pharmaceutical industries are exploring biocompatible, biodegradable, and readily available polymers as an alternative to synthetic polymers. The naturally occurring galactomannans comprising of galactopyranosyl (Gal) and mannopyranosyl (Man) residues are an attractive alternative to synthetic polymers due to their wide availability, and easily maniputable physical, and chemical properties. In the present study, a natural polymer, Leucaenea leucocephala galactomannan (LLG) was extracted from the seeds of Leucaenea leucocephala by an aqueous method, derivatized by reductive amination process using ethylene diamine as aminating agent to form aminated LLG (AMLLG). The conditions for amination were optimized by varying the concentration of aminating agent, temperature of the reaction mixture and time of reaction and their effect on degree of substitution was determined. The derivatized galactomannan was characterized by FTIR, DSC, XRD, SEM and zeta potential analysis. The texture properties (firmness, consistency, and cohesiveness) and bioadhesive strength of AMLLG was also determined. Furthermore, the antimicrobial potential of AMLLG was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus suggesting better antibacterial activity of AMLLG than chitosan (standard). Overall, the study highlights that the amine derivative of LLG could be a promising candidate as preservative in food industry and as a drug delivery vehicle in pharmaceutical industry.

Authors :
Neeraj Mittal and Gurpreet Kaur : Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.04.3

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Influence of Moisture on Shape Memory and Mechanical Properties of Microwave-induced Shape Memory Polyurethane (PU)/graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) Composite

By: Krishan Kumar Patel , Rajesh Purohit , S.A.R. Hashmi , Ritesh Kumar Gupta

Page No : 449-462

Abstract
Microwave-induced shape memory polymer (Polyurethane)/Graphene nanoplatelets composite were prepared in micro-compounder. When samples exposed in moisture (immersed in water), the thermo-mechanical and shape memory properties such as Tensile strength, glass transition temperature, storage modulus, stretch and recovery strength were decreased. The surface morphology and dispersion of GNPs in PU matrix were characterized by using the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). Further, we found that the PU specimen has no shape recovery during MV irradiations without moisture exposed sample. But moisture exposed PU sample shows shape recovery. With increasing water immersion time (Days) of the PU and 1 GPU samples the MV-induced shape recovery was increased. Because the absorbed water molecules in samples act as a dielectric note heating source for MV irradiations. So that its novel approach which may treat as a self-responsive shape memory polymer components when exposed long days in moisture.

Authors :
Krishan Kumar Patel and Rajesh Purohit : Mechanical Engineering Department,Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal, 462003 India
S.A.R. Hashmi and Ritesh Kumar Gupta : Polymer composite lab,Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR[1]AMPRI) Bhopal, 462024 India.
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.04.4

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Fabrication of Fibre Metal Laminate with Flax and Sugar Palm Fibre based Epoxy Composite and Evaluation of their Fatigue Properties

By: M. Chandrasekar , M.R. Ishak , R.M.Shahroze , S.M. Sapuan , Z. Leman , M. Jawaid

Page No : 463-473

Abstract
Fibre metal laminate (FML) with the carbon, flax and sugar palm fibres were prepared by hand layup and hot press technique. Their tensile and fatigue properties were studied. Results indicate that both the tensile properties and fatigue behaviour was dependent on the natural fibre type and their stacking sequence in the laminate. Flax based FML showed promising results with superior tensile properties and fatigue life. It also displayed fibre bridging mechanism, a phenomenon responsible for the higher fatigue life. Introducing flax in combination with sugar palm fibre resulted in slightly higher fatigue life than the sugar palm fibre based FML. FML with the sugar palm fibres showed the least fatigue life below 1000 cycles and did not exhibit fibre bridging effect. This behaviour indicates that sugar palm fibre may not be a suitable fibre for applications requiring fatigue resistance.

Authors :
M. Chandrasekar, M.R. Ishak and R.M.Shahroze : Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
S.M. Sapuan and Z. Leman : Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
M. Jawaid : Laboratory of Bio-composite Technology, INTROP, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.04.5

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Fabrication and Characterization of Polyoxometalate based Nano-hybrids: Evaluation of their role in Biological Activity

By: Pradip Kumar Dutta , Shiva Arun , Prabha Bhartiya , Amreen Naz , Sudheer Rai , S.S. Narvi

Page No : 475-484

Abstract
Polyoxometalates are a class of stable metal-oxide clusters with great molecular diversity having significant biological applications. Firstly, europium substituted polyoxometalate K4 H[Eu(α -SiW11O39)-(H2 O)2 ].17H2 O (Eu-Si-POM) was synthesized and Eu-Si-POM was encapsulated into biocompatible chitosan (CS), through ionotropic gelation technique thus synthesizing a nano-hybrid (CS-Eu-Si-POM). CS-Eu-Si-POM retained the fluorescence property even after encapsulation. The nano-hybrid CS-Eu-Si-POM was characterized using FT-IR, UV-Vis spectra, fluorescence spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Eu-Si-POM was further characterized by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technique. These characterization techniques reveal the successful encapsulation of Eu-Si-POM within CS matrix by electrostatic interaction between cationic CS and anionic Eu-Si-POM. CS-Eu-Si-POM was applied as a fluorescent probe in A549 cell lines fluorescence imaging. The antibacterial activity of (CS-Eu-Si-POM), CS and Eu-Si-POM have been tested against bacterial strains of B. subtilis gram (+) ve and P. aeruginosa gram (-) ve. The (CS-Eu-Si-POM) showed enhanced antibacterial activity as compared to bare POM and CS.

Authors :
Shiva Arun : Department of Humanities and Applied Sciences, School of Management Sciences, Lucknow-226501, India
Prabha Bhartiya, Amreen Naz, Sudheer Rai, S.S. Narvi and P.K. Dutta : Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004, India
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.04.6

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Influence of Fiber Surface Energy on Mechanical Properties of Sisal Fiber - Bio Based Epoxy Composites

By: S. Rajkumar , R. Joseph Bensingh , M. Abdul Kader , Sanjay K Nayak

Page No : 485-496

Abstract
The main objective of this study is to correlate the surface energy and mechanical properties of bio-based composites and also to establish the relationship between surface energy and composite performance. The surfaces of sisal fibers are treated by NaOH and isocyanate reagents to improve the surface properties. The surface energy of the untreated and treated fibers were estimated from contact angle measurements by using the theoretical approach. The adsorption between fibers and matrix was also examined. Modified fiber surface showed better adsorption performance as compared to untreated fiber and thus indicated good wetting behaviour of the treated fibers. Fibers with higher surface energy yielded higher tensile strength of composites. A qualitative agreement between the surface energy of the sisal fibers and mechanical strength of treated fibers was observed. Differential Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (DTG) was carried out to study the thermal stability of treated fibers. SEM studies support the results derived from the evaluation of mechanical properties by understanding the fiber/matrix adhesion.

Authors :
S. Rajkumar, R. Joseph Bensingh, M. Abdul Kader and Sanjay K Nayak : Advanced Research School for Technology and Product Simulation, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, India 600032
 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.04.7

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Preparation of Phytic Acid Modified Polyurethane Wet Spinning Fibers for Application in Pb2+ Adsorption
 

By: Yinchun Fang , Xinhua Liu , Xiao Wu , Xuchen Tao

Page No : 497-506

Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) possesses excellent mechanical properties which has been used as the matrix for heavy metal ions removal. However, it has poor adsorption capacity due to there doesn’t exist chelating groups. In this study, phytic acid modified polyurethane (PU) fibers have been successfully prepared by wet spinning which was used for Pb2+ removal. The modified fibers achieved the highest adsorption capacity under the conditions of the mass ratio of phytic acid and PU was 5:7, the pH of Pb2+ solution was 6 and the adsorption temperature was 20 °C. The adsorption process of Pb2+ by phytic acid modified PU fibers belongs to monolayer adsorption. The saturated Pb2+ adsorption capacity of the modified PU fibers was over 7 times higher than the pure one’s. Phytic acid modified PU fibers could greatly improve the adsorption capacity of Pb2+ which could be used as the potential adsorbent for heavy metal ions removal.

Authors :
Yinchun Fang, Xinhua Liu, Xiao Wu and Xuchen Tao : College of Textile and Clothing, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China

 

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/JPM.2018.35.04.8

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Jan-2017 to Mar-2017

Extraction of Chitin-Glucan Complex from Agaricus bisporus: Characterization and Antibacterial Activity

By: Anu Singh , P.K.Dutta

Page No : 1-9

Abstract
Chitin-glucan complex (ChGC) was extracted from Agaricus bisporus (White Button Mushroom) biomass using a hot alkaline treatment for several times and washed with distilled water. The prepared material was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and biological activity of ChGC was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli. ChGC shows better antibacterial activity in comparison to native chitin. Hence, antibacterial study of ChGC may find better application opportunity in cosmetics, food packaging and medicinal fields.

Authors :
Anu Singh and P.K.Dutta : Polymer Research laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad-211004, India
 

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Research on Antibacterial Screening and Drug Delivery using Chitosan-Stearic Acid Derivative

By: P.K. Dutta , Nivedita Sinha , Brijesh K. Singh

Page No : 11-20

Abstract
In our present investigation we have used chitosan-stearic acid derivative for both antibacterial screening and drug delivery applications. Stearic acid being the fatty acid with aliphatic chain homologue –CH2 – (n=16) enhanced the chemical properties of chitosan which becomes beneficial for antibacterial activity and drug delivery applications. Ciprofloxacin antibiotic was taken as a model drug for the release study. Stearic acid readily improved the permeability of incorporated ciprofloxacin drug. The prepared chitosan-stearic derivative was characterized using FTIR, XRD and DSC techniques while drug release screening was performed using UV spectrophotometer. The prepared chitosan-stearic acid derivative showed good antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli bacterial strains. The drug release screening results indicated a brust release at first hour; nearly 17% in case of non crosslinked film whereas neary 19% release in stearic acid crosslinked conjugate. At later stage, the drug release becomes steady and slow in both the cases. Nearly 88% of the total drug loaded released within 48 h and later on it do not show more release probably due to interaction with chitosan and stearic acid.

Authors :
Nivedita Sinha, Brijesh K. Singh and P.K. Dutta: Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad-211004, India
 

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Development and Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan/Starch/Bentonite based Ternary Nanocomposite Film for Wound Healing

By: Joydeep Dutta , Nirmla Devi

Page No : 21-31

Abstract
In this study, a ternary nanocomposite film based on chitosan/starch/bentonite (ChSB) was prepared by a simple and versatile solution casting and evaporation method. The physicochemical properties namely thickness, folding strength, water absorption capacity, water vapour transmission rate (WVTR), dressing pH, porosity, and nonenzymatic hydrolytic degradation rate of the nanocomposite film were studied in the laboratory. The addition of bentonite into the solution mixture of chitosan and starch greatly enhanced the mechanical strength, water absorption capacity, as well as WVTR of the nanocomposite film but on the other hand, it did not show any significant effect on porosity. The dressing pH of the nanocomposite film was also measured and it was in the acceptable range between 5.25 and 7.90, usually desired for any ideal wound dressings. The respective percentage hemolysis study and nonenzymatic degradation rate revealed that the ChSB nanocomposite film was hemocompatible and biodegradable in nature. Therefore, it can be concluded that the ChSB ternary nanocomposite film could potentially be used as a suitable dressing for wound healing application.

Authors :
 : Department of Chemistry, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Panchgaon, Near IMT Manesar, Haryana-122413, India
 

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Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan based Hydrogel Formulation by using Acetic acid and Propylene glycol for Wound Healing Application

By: P.K. Dutta , Joydeep Dutta , Madhu Kashyap

Page No : 33-44

Abstract
Hydrogels have drawn great attention to researchers for its versatile kinds of properties, particularly in biomedical fields of research. The present hydrogels prepared by using chitosan as base material and acetic acid (aq) and propylene glycol as solvents for wound healing application. The durability of the hydrogels were lasted for prolong duration and its physico-chemical and biological properties were evaluated in a systematic manner. The microbiological screening has demonstrated the positive cellular mouse skin fibroblast activity against cell line (NIH 3T3). Viability was measured based on the esterase enzyme activity and plasma membrane integrity by FDA assay. The assays for cell proliferation and viability showed that prepared hydrogel was biocompatible. The studies of swelling and drug delivery were conducted with impressive results. Overall, this finding indicates the suitability of prepared hydrogel for wound healing application.

Authors :
Madhu Kashyap : Department of Chemistry, Nehru Gram Bharati Vishwavidyalaya, Kotwa- Jamunipur, Dubawal, Allahabad-221505, India
Joydeep Dutta : Department of Chemistry, Amity school of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Haryana, Pachgaon, Near IMT Manesar, Haryana-122413, India
P.K.Dutta : Department of Chemistry, MN National Institute of Technology, Allahabad-211004, India
 

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A Comparative Study on Chitosan and Benzimidazole Modified Chitosan as Antimicrobial and Mercury (Hg) Sensor Biomaterials

By: K. Sriram , K. M. Meera Sheriffa Begum , G.Arthanareeswaran , D. Renuga , P. Uma Maheswari

Page No : 45-55

Abstract
Chitosan modified with 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2-chlorophenol (ligand) selectively senses Hg ions in the presence of other metal ions competitively. The heavy metal (Hg) was effectively sensed even in the low range of concentrations (5 ppm to 25 ppm). The sensing of Hg by the pure ligand was observed through colorimetric and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The adsorption of Hg ions on modified chitosan was measured by ICPOES. The ligand based chitosan modification and the nanoparticle formation were characterized by FTIR, XRD, 1 H NMR, AFM and SEM techniques. The antimicrobial property of free ligand, chitosan and modified chitosan were compared based on their activity towards bacterial species such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typi and Bacillus subtili and the fungi, Candida albicans. The modified chitosan showed less antimicrobial activity than the pure ligand but more activity in comparison with the pure chitosan.

Authors :
K. Sriram, K. M. Meera Sheriffa Begum and G.Arthanareeswaran : Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620 015
D. Renuga : Department of Biotechnology, Selvam College of Technology, Namakkal– 637003
P. Uma Maheswari : Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli -620015
 

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Preparation of Extracted Chitosan Scaffolds using Amino acids as Crosslinking Agents

By: E.Roshanara Begum , Bhavani K , Mahalakshmi K , Mahalakshmi L , R.Shenbagarathai

Page No : 57-65

Abstract
In recent years, scaffolds prepared from natural materials, especially of marine origin are gaining much attention in tissue engineering owing to its unique characteristics like biocompatibility, biodegradability, low antigenicity and non-transmission of infectious pathogens. However, the rapid degradation of chitosan and its poor mechanical strength have limited its use. Hence, in this study, scaffolds were prepared from extracted chitosan (Chi) derived from the exoskeleton of Portunus pelagicus(Blue swimming crab). It was crosslinked with three different aminoacids such as Leucine (Leu), Glycine(Gly) and Asparatic acid (Asp).The crosslinked scaffolds showed an average poresize of 40 -60 μm. Out of the three amino acids used ,Chi-Gly scaffolds exhibited a lowest biodegradation degree (41.5%) after 4 weeks of degradation and enhanced water uptake ability (90%) and tensile strength (0.654 ± 0.0.018 % MPa).Thus, this study provides a baseline information about the usage of aminoacids as crosslinkers to confer biostability on chitosan scaffold systems.

Authors :
E.Roshanara Begum, Bhavani K,Mahalakshmi K, Mahalakshmi L and R.Shenbagarathai : PG and Research Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Madurai-625002, India.
 

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Environmentally benign Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorescent Chitosan Polymer for Biomedical Applications

By: Santosh Kumar , Joonseok Koh

Page No : 67-73

Abstract
A novel biodegradable biopolymer N-naphthaloyl chitosan was synthesized by reaction of chitosan with 1,8-naphthalic anhydride in aqueous media by environmentally benign approach. The synthesized N-naphthaloyl chitosan were characterized by using UV-vis, and FTIR spectroscopy. Some physical properties and surface morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fluorescence spectroscopy. Thus, the synthesized polymer may open new perspectives in biomedical applications such as sensitive biosensor and biomarker material.

Authors :
Santosh Kumar and Joonseok Koh : Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
 

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Development of Chitosan-tri Polyphosphate Nanomaterials for Oral Delivery of Insulin

By: Sheena Devasia , Meenu Sukumarana , Suresh Kumar Js

Page No : 75-89

Abstract
Oral delivery is an attractive route to deliver therapeutics via nanomaterials due to its ease in administration and patient compliance. As chitosan is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer with good mucoadhesive and membrane permeability properties, it can be used as an ideal drug delivery carrier. Chitosan of three different degree of deacetylation (DA) and viscosity (Sample A-60cps 84.5% DA, Sample B -90cps 86% DA, and Sample C-20cps 94.9% DA) were selected for the study. Chitosan –Tri Poly Phosphate (TPP) nanoparticles was prepared by ionic gelation method and insulin was incorporated to it. Swelling studies were conducted at pH 1.2, 6.8 and 7.4 until there was no further increase in weight. In vitro release studies were conducted in the pH buffers as a function of time. pH responsive GI tract model study was also done to mimic the invivo condition by doing invitro test and the pH/buffer selection is based on the exposure of drug from stomach to intestine /colon and ensure the impact of pH changes on dissolution and release of drug for absorption.

Authors :
Sheena Devasia, Meenu Sukumarana and Suresh Kumar Js : Nitta Gelatin India Limited, KINFRA Export Promotional Industrial Park, INFOPARK PO, Kakkanad, Kochi-682042, Kerala, India
 

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Chitosan-Magnesium oxide Bio-composite for better thermal and Antibacterial properties

By: S. Rajaboopathi , S. Thambidura

Page No : 91-102

Abstract
In this study, chitosan-MgO bio-composite was successfully prepared by simple chemical precipitation method. The bioactive polymer of chitosan (N-deacetylated derivative of chitin) was subjected to action with magnesium oxide modifiers. The functional characteristics of chitosan and MgO were characterized and confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. From the XRD pattern, crystalline pattern of CS-MgO composite was found to be the semi crystalline nature. The biopolymer connected MgO particles was in rod like structure and confirmed by H-SEM analysis. Thermal characteristics of MgO incorporated chitosan have higher stability than chitosan biopolymer. Thus the result of chitosan-MgO bio composite was demonstrated that the synergistic effect obtained among the two components. Consequently, antimicrobial activity of the components was performed against the microbial pathogens revealed that MgO modified chitosan acts as a better bacterial inhibition activity than MgO. Therefore, Chitosan-MgO bio-composite may be an expectant material for the biomedical applications.

Authors :
S. Rajaboopathi and S. Thambidura : Department of Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630003, Tamil Nadu, India
 

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High Molecular Weight and High Degree of Deacetylation of Chitosan Prepared from Squid Pens (Loligo chenisis)

By: Hoang Ngoc Cuong , Nguyen Cong Minh , Nguyen Van Hoa , Khongtrung Thang , Nguyen Anh Tuan , Trang Si Trung

Page No : 103-114

Abstract
Chitosan was prepared from β-chitin, which was isolated from squid pens (Loligo chenisis). The effects of the NaOH concentration, reaction temperature and the time of the deacetylation and degradation processes were investigated.The degree of deacetylation was over 90%, established using a two-time deacetylation method. β-chitin was firstly treated in a 4% NaOH solution at 80o C for 8h and then washed with water until it became neutral, before treating it in the same solution at 90o C for another 4 h. The chitosan had a degree of deacetylation of 91% and a molecular weight of 1740 kDa and PDI of 1.6.

Authors :
Hoang Ngoc Cuong : Faculty of Biotechnology, Binh Duong University
Nguyen Cong Minh : Institute for Biotechnology and Environment, NhaTrang University
Nguyen Van Hoa, Khongtrung Thang, Nguyen Anh Tuan And Trang Si Trung : 3 Faculty of Food Technology, NhaTrang University
 

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Characterization of Polymeric Biomaterial Chitosan Extracted from Rhizopus stolonifer

By: Weslley De Souza Paiva , Francisco Ernesto De Souza Neto , Anabelle Camarotti De Lima Batista

Page No : 115-121

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to obtain fungi producing chitosan from soil samples, the extraction of this biopolymer and its characterization as well. Ten soil samples were collected. The fungi collected were isolated and the best chitosan producer was selected. Chitosan with 84% degree of deacetylation and angle θ = 9° and 20° were obtained from Rhizopus stolonifer, obtaining 16,73 mg/g of chitosan. This result determined the structural identity of the chitosan. In addition to these analyzes, measurements of the zeta potential were performed, which demonstrated a stability of the biopolymer. Besides that, an ion analysis showed low concentrations of Na+, K+ , Ca2+. These results suggest that it is possible to obtain chitosan from edaphic fungi and that this biomaterial is of good quality with potential for application in different areas.

Authors :
Weslley De Souza Paiva and Francisco Ernesto De Souza Neto : Students of the Post-Graduation Program in Material Science and Engeneering, Federal Rural University of Semi Arid – UFERSA, Mossoró, RN, Brazil  
Anabelle Camarotti De Lima Batista : Professor of the Post-Graduation Program in Material Science and Engeneering, Federal Rural University of Semi Arid – UFERSA, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
 

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Production of Chitin and Chitosan using Successive Three-step Microbial Fermentation

By: Hongcai Zhang , Yanan Qian , Shunsheng Chen , Huaning Yu

Page No : 123-127

Abstract
The crustacean shells of shrimps and crabs produces abundant by-products, resulting in seriously environmental pollution during industrial processing, yet they turned into high-value and useful products, such as chitin and chitosan. To prepare them using microbial fermentation technique, shrimp shell powders (SSPs) was fermented by successive three-step microbial fermentation (Serratia marcescens B742, Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 and Rhizopus japonicus M193) to extract chitin and chitosan under previously optimal conditions. The results indicated that the yields of prepared chitin and chitosan were 21.35% and 13.11% with the recoveries of 74.67% and 63.42%, respectively. The degree of deacetylation (DDA) and molecular mass (MM) of produced chitosan reached 81.23% and 512.06 kDa, respectively. The established microbial fermentation technique can be applied for the industrial large-scale production of chitin and chitosan, while the use of chemical reagents was significantly reduced.

Authors :
Hongcai Zhang, Yanan Qian and Shunsheng Chen : Laboratory of Aquatic Products Quality & Safety Risk Assessment (Shanghai) at China Ministry of Agriculture, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, No 999, Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New District, Shanghai 201306, China
Huaning Yu : State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Shanghai 200436, China
 

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Research on Synthesis of Nano Chitosan modified Polyacrylamide through Low-pressure Ultraviolet Initiation

By: Xinxi Zhang , Jiangya Ma , Kun Fu , Xue Fu , Lei Ding , Jun Shi , Liyan Jian , Qingqing Guan

Page No : 129-143

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to synthesize nano chitosan modified polyacrylamide (P(AM/NCS)) flocculants through low-pressure ultraviolet initiation with 2-hydroxy-4'- (2-hydroxyethoxy)-2- methylpropiophenone (BASF) as photo-initiator. The proposed nano chitosan was sourced from ionic gelation reaction of chitosan (CS) with tripolyphosphate (TPP) in the laboratory. The effect of the reaction conditions, such as mass ratio of AM to NCS, initiator dose, acetic acid (HAc) concentration, stirring time and photoperiod, on grafting polymerization was investigated through the single factor approach and orthogonal array. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) with fractal dimension (Df ), Fourier Transform-Raman spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were employed to reveal the morphologies and chemical structure, respectively. It was found that the highest temperature in photo-initiated polymerization only reached to 40.8°C, and the Df was improved to 1.443 under the low pressure ultraviolet initiation. The copolymer with grafting of 920%, solids content of 9.5% and intrinsic viscosity of 2.9dL/g was obtained at the optimum synthesis conditions: mass ratio of AM to NCS of 9:1, initiator dose of 0.2g, HAc concentration of 2%, stirring time of 25 min and photoperiod of 3h.

Authors :
Xinxi Zhang, Jiangya Ma, Kun Fu, Xue Fu, Lei Ding, Jun Shi And Liyan Jian : School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui, 243002, China
Qingqing Guan : Nanjing Institute of Technology, School of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 211167, China
 

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Optimization for the Production of Mycelial Biomass from Benjaminiella poitrasii to Isolate Highly Deacetylated Chitosan

By: E. K. Pathan , V. Ghormade , M.V. Deshpande , S.R. Mane , D. Kale , R.V. Gadre , P.R. Rajamohanan , M.V.Badiger

Page No : 145-156

Abstract
Benjaminiella poitrasii, a dimorphic zygomycetous fungus contains more chitosan in the mycelial cell wall than the cell wall of its yeast form. The optimized medium containing yeast extract, peptone, MgSO4 , KH2 PO4 , trace metals (Fe2+, Mn2+ Zn2+ and Co2+ ) solution and 1% starch produced 10-12 g/L(dry wt.) of mycelial biomass in 48 h in a 2L fermenter. Using 1N NaOH treatment, from 1 g of dried biomass 51.00 ± 0.52 mg of chitosan of 42.82 KDa molecular weight and 94.25 % degree of deacetylation was extracted. With Metarhizium anisopliae chitin deacetylase (CDA), chitosan yield was 59.00 ± 0.84 mg while treatment with CDA of B. poitrasii it was 78.05 ± 0.58 mg/g of dry wt. of biomass.The chitosan dissolved in 2% acetic acid showed higher antifungal activity against Candida albicans (MIC90 0.025 mg/mL) and Candida glabrata (MIC90 0.2 mg/mL) than chitosan extracted from marine source (MIC90 >1.6 mg/mL) suggesting use of fungal chitosan in healthcare.

Authors :
S.R. Mane, E. K. Pathan, D. Kale and M.V. Deshpande : Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India
V. Ghormade : Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune-411004, India.
R.V. Gadre : Biochemical Engineering, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India
P.R. Rajamohanan : Central NMR Facility, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, Indi
M.V.Badiger : Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India
 

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Moxifloxacin Loaded Chitosan Gel Formulations for the Treatment of Periodontal Diseases

By: Nur Syazwani binti Azeran , Nur Diyana binti Zazali , Selin Seda Timur , Ayben Işılay Özdoğan , Melike Ekizoğlu , Ravi Sheshala , Kamal Dua , Priyadarshi Soumyaranjan Sahu , Sevda Şenel

Page No : 157-169

Abstract
For treatment of periodontal diseases, the local delivery of antimicrobials into periodontal pocket has been shown to be more effective than the systemic delivery. However, the major challenge for the formulators is the removal of the delivery system from the application side due to the salivation as well as the movement of the tongue. Mucoadhesive polymers have been successfully utilized to go over this obstacle. In recent years, particularly chitosan has been widely investigated for periodontal delivery systems not only for its mucoadhesive properties but also for its antimicrobial activity. In our study, we developed a local delivery system for an antimicrobial drug, moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MF), at 0.5 % w/v,using chitosan for the treatment of periodontal diseases. For comparison, formulations based on two other mucoadhesive polymers, carbomer (Carbopol 940®) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(HPMC) were also prepared. Viscosity, mucoadhesion, drug release and permeation properties as well as the antimicrobial activity of the gel formulations was evaluated in vitro. The developed formulations with a suitable viscosity for application were found to remain on the mucosa and release the drug in a prolonged fashion. Drug release from the formulations was found to be dependent on the viscosity of the formulations. A relative correlation was found between viscosity and mucoadhesion for the polymers investigated, with an order of HPMC>Carbopol®=Chitosan. Permeation of the drug was increased in presence of chitosan. The antimicrobial activity of MF against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans were found to be enhanced with the developed formulations.The highest antimicrobial activity was observed with the chitosan-based formulations, due to the synergic effect of chitosan itself. Our results showed that chitosan based formulation is a promising local delivery system for treatment of periodontal disease by increasing the effect of the drug due to its mucoadhesive and penetration enhancing effect as well its antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, with these properties the developed formulations will provide reduced frequency of administration, which result in higher patient compliance.

Authors :
Nur Syazwani binti Azeran, Nur Diyana binti Zazali and Ravi Sheshala : School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Selin Seda Timur, Ayben Işılay Özdoğan and Sevda Şenel : Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100-Ankara, Turkey.
Melike Ekizoğlu : Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, 06100-Ankara, Turkey
Kamal Dua : School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW2300, Australia
Priyadarshi Soumyaranjan Sahu : School of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.
 

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Lignin Incorporated Antimicrobial Chitosan Film for Food Packaging Application

By: P. K. Dutta , Sudheer Rai , G. K. Mehrotra

Page No : 171-183

Abstract
To develop a biodegradable antimicrobial composite film lignin was incorporated into chitosan in different compositions. The films were characterized by UV-visible, FT-IR and XRD techniques and evaluated for their potential antimicrobial activities against two food pathogens, namely, Gram (+) ve (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram (–) ve (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. FT-IR results showed that an interaction among chitosan polymer matrix and lignin had occurred, absorbance band of chitosan at 3280 cm-1 for hydroxyl is shifted to ~ 3000 cm-1 with the weak intensity (in lignin, 200 μg), 1666 cm-1 for amide bond and it is shifted to 1644 cm-1; 1023 cm-1 for assigned to C–O stretching and shifted to 1066 cm-1. XRD peaks of lignin containing films were more intense, indicating that the interaction of lignin into the film matrix which induces an increase in crystallinity nature. It has been observed that there are no major changes in the thickness of chitosan films after mixing of lignin. Addition of lignin in chitosan films resulted in the decrease in water content and solubility of the composite films. Lignin (200 μg) could be well dispersed and showed strong tensile strength (TS) and ductility in the films. The composite films have shown significant antimicrobial activity against Gram (+) ve and Gram (–) ve bacteria. This study revealed that an antimicrobial chitosan film could be obtained by addition of lignin, which may give a new idea for the development of an active food packaging material.

Authors :
Sudheer Rai, P. K. Dutta and G. K. Mehrotra : Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad-211004, India
 

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Morphological and Thermal Properties of low Temperature Preparation zinc-tin oxide/chitosan Hybrid Composite 

By: M.Karpuraranjith , S.Thambidurai

Page No : 185-195

Abstract
In this present work, zinc-tin oxide/chitosan hybrid composite was prepared by chemical precipitation method using chitosan as biosurfactant, ZnCl2 and SnCl2 as source materials and sodium hydroxide as precipitating agent. Structural and morphological features of as prepared hybrid composites were studied. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy of the hybrid composites revealed that the formation of bond between ZnO, SnO2 and chitosan matrix. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicates that the sizes of crystallites are in ~ 4.2-27 nm range. From High resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) observation, the morphology of hybrid composites forms spherical shape and spherutlite structure. The elemental compositions of (carbon, nitrogen, zinc, tin and oxygen) hybrid composite were confirmed by EDAX analysis. The zinc-tin oxide/chitosan hybrid composite exhibited higher thermal stability than chitosanZnO and chitosan-SnO2 composites. Hence it can be used for various applications such as sensing, catalysis, optoelectronic devices and dye removal process.

Authors :
M.Karpuraranjith and S.Thambidurai : Bio-nanomaterials Research Lab, Department of Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Novel Chitosan Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers in Cancer Therapy

By: Vaidehi. D , V. Bhuvaneshwari , R. Amsaveni , A. Sivaranjini , M. Kalaiselvi

Page No : 197-206

Abstract
Cancer is one of the major dreadful diseases which have gained a lot of scientific attention worldwide. Current anticancer chemo drugs agents are restricted due to their low solubility in water, multidrug resistance problems and serious side effects to healthy tissues. Nanocarriers are designed to deliver anticancer drugs to the targeted cancerous tissues and prevent from side effects. Recent decades, Chitosan Nanoparticles (CS NPs) have attracted significant attention of researchers due to its unique properties such as biodegradability, low toxicity, biocompatibility, stability, ease of chemical modification, simple and mild preparation method. CS NPs are very good drug carriers for anticancer chemical drugs, gene drugs and loading protein drugs in cancer therapy. In this review, we focused the methods of preparation of CS NPs and their potential application as nanocarriers for anticancer drug.

Authors :
Vaidehi. D, V. Bhuvaneshwari, R. Amsaveni and A. Sivaranjini : PG and Research Department of Biotechnology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore-641029, Tamilnadu
M. Kalaiselvi : Department of Biochemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore-641029, Tamilnadu

 

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Synthesis and Characterization of Dialdehyde Carboxymethyl Chitosan

By: Zhu Long , Meiyan Wu , Ping Wang , Lei Dai , Dan Zhang , Huining Xiao , Cuihua Dong

Page No : 207-221

Abstract
Dialdehyde carboxymethyl chitosan was synthesized by the selective oxidation of sodium periodate to carboxymethyl chitosan in the experimentally optimized synthesis conditions. Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses showed that the aldehyde groups were formed at C2 and C3 positions of CMCS and increased in a certain range, and the carbonyl groups at C6 position were partly broken in the oxidation process. Besides, the crystallinity of DCMCS was accordingly decreased and the main chain of DCMCS get shortened by DSC and SEM measurements. Furthermore, the particle size of DCMCS with state aggregation decreased and the shape turned to be sphere like with increasing oxidation degree. DCMCS exhibited relatively high oxidation degree and high viscosity-average molecular weight with the mass ratio of NaIO4 to CMCS of 1.3:1.0, under constant stirring at 40°C , and pH of 7.5 in dark for 22 h.

Authors :
Zhu Long, Meiyan Wu, Ping Wang, Lei Dai, Dan Zhang and Huining Xiao : Laboratory of Paper-making, School of Textiles & Clothing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
Cuihua Dong : Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education of China, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
 

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Physiochemical and Barrier Properties of Polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/TEMPO-oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers Composite Films

By: K.W. Choo , Y.C. Ching , C.H. Chuah

Page No : 223-233

Abstract
In this present work, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was oxidized by TEMPO-mediated oxidation, followed by mechanical homogenization to form a transparent dispersion which consisted of individual TEMPO-mediated oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNs). Various amounts of TOCNs were incorporated into PVA/CS composites using solution casting method to produce bionanocomposite films. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis proved that the TOCNs and PVA/CS composites are miscible due to the strong intermolecular bonding. TOCNs improved the barrier properties of the PVA/CS composites by decreasing the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), oxygen permeability (OP) and swelling property. From optical transmittance study, the bio-nanocomposite films indicated good optical light transparency due to the homogeneous dispersion of nano-filler within PVA/CS composites upon the addition of 1.0 wt% of TOCNs. Due to their excellent physiochemical and barrier properties, the reinforcement of TOCNs into PVA/CS composite was an effective method to produce a transparent bio-nanocomposite material for food packaging application.

Authors :
K.W. Choo and Y.C. Ching : Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
C.H. Chuah : Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
 

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Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-Poly-εcaprolactone based Nanocomposite Blend Films

By: K.V. Harish Prashanth , M. Rajesh

Page No : 235-248

Abstract
Blends of chitosan with PCL and clay nanocomposite films were prepared by dispersing the PCL and clay particles in the chitosan solution. Films were characterized for their swelling, water vapor permeability, optical properties and further for mechanical and topological properties using an universal testing machine and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. The water barrier properties of the films were significantly changed by incorporation of PCL and clay in their composition, while the swelling decreased as the respective concentration increased. The tensile strength of chitosan/PCL/clay films decreased significantly with increasing PCL and clay concentrations, while the values of elongation decreased slightly for high values of chitosan concentration. SEM and FTIR data showed that the lower concentration of PCL and closite blending will be better with chitosan. Overall, our result reveals that PCL and clay particles at only certain ratio gives balanced blending to get low WVTR with better strength for chitosan based nanocomposite films for future food applications.

Authors :
M. Rajesh and K.V. Harish Prashanth : Functional Biopolymer lab, Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mysore – 570020, Karnataka, India
 

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Synthesis and Characterization of N-(maleoyl) chitosan at Different Degrees of Substitution with Antibacterial Activity

By: Mohamed E. I. Badawy , Entsar I. Rabea

Page No : 249-259

Abstract
A biopolymer chitosan is an attractive polysaccharide obtained by deacetylation of an abundant natural biopolymer chitin. To improve the potential of chitosan application in different fields, structural modification is needed especially in enhancing of its antimicrobial activity. In this study, chitosan in a solution of 2% aqueous acetic acid-methanol (1:1, v/v) was reacted with malic anhydride at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 mol/glucosamine unit resulting water-soluble of N-(maleoyl) chitosan products with degrees of substitution (DS) of 0.13, 0.25, 0.40, 0.49, and 0.58, respectively. These products were characterized by using 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. The compounds showed high solubility in a wide pH range than chitosan itself. The antibacterial activity was evaluated in vitro by broth micro-dilution technique as a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against four plant pathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora, Ralstonia solanacearum, Rhodococcus fascians, and Rhizobium radiobacter. The results proved that the inhibitory property and water solubility of the synthesized chitosan derivatives, with increase of the DS, exhibited a remarkable improvement over chitosan. The product with a DS of 0.58 was the most active one with MIC of 550, 700, 275, and 400 mg/L against E. carotovora, R. solanacearum, R. fascians, and R. radiobacter, respectively. These compounds based on a biodegradable and biocompatible chitosan could be used as potentially antimicrobial agents in crop protection instead of hazardous synthetic pesticides.

Authors :
Mohamed E. I. Badawy : Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Entsar I. Rabea : Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, 22516-Damanhour, Egypt
 

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Physico-chemical and Biological Properties of Starch Nanocrystals and Orange Oil Incorporated Chitosan Film

By: Neethu Hari , Karthika Shaji , Supriya Radhakrishnan , A. Jayakumaran Nair

Page No : 261-274

Abstract
Chitosan based active packaging films incorporated with orange oil and starch nanocrystals were synthesized by solvent casting method using glycerol as plasticizer. The physical, structural, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the resulting films were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the surface property and enhanced crystallinity by incorporating orange oil and starch nanocrystals in chitosan-glycerol film. Possible interactions between chitosan film and starch nanocrystals were established by FTIR. The opacity of the film showed a positive correlation (O=6.0) with increased incorporation of orange oil and starch nanocrystals, while moisture content, solubility and swelling nature of the modified film showed a negative correlation. Significantly improved antimicrobial and antioxidant capacities were noticed with the incorporation of orange oil (p < 0.05). This study proves that chitosan film modified with orange oil and starch nanocrystals can act as an active packaging film resulting in extended shelf-life of packaged food.

Authors :
Neethu Hari, Karthika Shaji, Supriya Radhakrishnan and A. Jayakumaran Nair : Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom campus, Kerala, India - 695581
 

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Cadmium and Lead Removal Efficiency of Chitosan with different degree of Deacetylation in Flake and Bead form

By: Laly S.J , Priya. E.R , Binsi P.K , Zynudheen A. A

Page No : 275-286

Abstract
The unique properties of chitosan such as adsorption, non-toxicity, porosity, polyelectrolytic nature and polyfunctionality make it an ideal cost effective bioadsorbant for heavy metals. As the degree of deacetylation (DDA) of chitosan largely affects its properties, a study was carried out to compare heavy metal (Cd and Pb) adsorption efficacy of chitosan of different DDA (78.2, 86, 90.2 & 94.2 %) in flake and bead form. SEM images and FT-IR spectra revealed the characteristics of flakes and beads studied. Heavy metal concentration was determined using ICP-OES. At pH 7 flake and bead having DDA of 90.2 exhibited maximum removal efficiency of Cd. While in the case of Pb removal efficiency flake (78.2 DDA) and bead (78.2 & 86 DDA) types were higher. Maximum efficiency of flakes was observed at contact time of 60 min and at an initial concentration of 5 mg/L, but it was varying between bead types.

Authors :
Laly S.J, Priya. E.R, Binsi P.K and Zynudheen A. A : ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri P O, Willingdon Island, Kochi- 29
 

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Effect of Chitosan Calcium phosphate Bead size on Scaffold Properties as they relate to Formation of Biphasic Constructs for Osteochondral Regeneration

By: Anuhya Gottipati , Steven Elder

Page No : 287-304

Abstract
Treatment of injuries to articular cartilage is challenging as the tissue has limited capacity of intrinsic healing due to lack of blood vessels. This study explores a biphasic approach to cartilage tissue engineering, whereby cartilage forms in vitro on top of a bone mineral deposited, collagen type 1 coated biodegradable composite chitosan-calcium phosphate (CHI-CaP) scaffolds. In the current study, we showed the importance of bead size for these CHI-CaP scaffolds. Bead size plays a crucial role in regulating the pore size, mechanical stiffness, neotissue formation, and also removal of waste products. The CHI-CaP scaffolds with three different bead sizes were fabricated and tested for pore size, mechanical stiffness, and tissue formation. CHI-CaP scaffolds were seeded initially with osteosarcoma cells and then with chondrocytes for cartilage regeneration. Results showed that the scaffolds made of 0.984±0.11 bead size with 34% porosity are ideal of cartilage tissue formation.

Authors :
Anuhya Gottipati and Steven Elder : Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
 

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Chitosan Microspheres Cross-linked with Glyoxal for the Local Delivery of Antibiotics

By: Gregory S. McGraw , J. Amber Jennings , Elysia Masters , Warren O. Haggard , Joel D. Bumgardne , Tomoko Fujiwara

Page No : 305-317

Abstract
Treatment of infection and biofilm formation in injuries and on implant devices is a clinical challenge. Local administration of antibiotics may address this challenge by maintaining high levels of antibiotics locally to prevent infection and biofilm formation while reducing potential toxicity associated with systemic dosing and induction of antibiotic resistance due to subtherapeutic antibiotic levels. This work investigated chitosan microspheres cross-linked with glyoxal for local delivery of tetracycline as a model antibiotic. Chitosan microspheres (82% DDA, MW = 250kDa) with and without 20wt% tetracycline were manufactured using water-in-oil emulsion process and then crosslinked with 3(v/v)%glyoxal. The microspheres with and without tetracycline loading were 10-50 microns in diameter, were 60-70% crosslinked based on the ninhydrin assay, and lost between 10-13% mass over 4 weeks in saline solution containing 100µg/ml lysozyme. Tetracycline release over 4 weeks, exhibited a typical burst release profile followed by a slow release over the last two weeks at 2-6X the minimum inhibitory concentration of tetracycline (2-16µg/ml) against S. Aureus. Zone of inhibition tests confirmed inhibition of S. Aureus in proportion to the amount of tetracycline released. The microspheres upto 200 µg/ml with and without tetracycline loading did not affect fibroblast cell growth over 5 days, did not stimulate mouse monocytes to release NO, and reduced LPS-stimulated NO release, indicating the microspheres were cytocompatible. These results suggest that glyoxal crosslinked microspheres have potential for local delivery of antibiotics for prevention of infection in wounds and on implant devices.

Authors :
Gregory S. McGraw, J. Amber Jennings, Elysia Masters, Warren O. Haggard and Joel D. Bumgardne : Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Memphis, Joint Graduate Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Memphis-University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, Memphis, TN, USA
Tomoko Fujiwara : Chemistry Department, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
 

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Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan from Squid Pens (Loligo chenisis) against Erwinia Carotovora from Soft Rot Postharvest Tomato Fruit

By: Hoang Ngoc Cuong , Nguyen Cong Minh , Nguyen Van Hoa , Trang Si Trung , Huynh Thanh Tung , Pham Thi Dan Phuong

Page No : 319-330

Abstract
The antibacterial activity of squid pen chitosans (deacetylation degree (DD) of 91%) with Mw varying from 93-1740 kDa was tested on Erwinia carotovora that causes soft rot disease in tomatoes. Specifically the inhibition level of chitosan to bacterial colonies development (in vitro) and disease lesion on tomato fruits (in vivo) was evaluated. Sigma’s chitosan (Mw of 50-90 kDa with DD of 80%) was used as positive control. In vitro results showed that the antibacterial action of chitosan depended greatly on the Mw of chitosan. The chitosan with a low Mw exhibited a higher inhibition activity on Erwinia carotovora than higher molecular weight commercial chitosan. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the chitosan with a Mw of 93 kDa was 1.25% (w/v). High Mw chitosan (Mw > 1000 kDa) did not show any inhibition activity in vitro.

Authors :
Hoang Ngoc Cuong and Huynh Thanh Tung : Faculty of Biotechnology, Binh Duong University, Vietnam
Nguyen Cong Minh : Institute for Biotechnology and Environment, Nha Trang University, Vietnam
Nguyen Van Hoa, Pham Thi Dan Phuong and Trang Si Trung : Faculty of Food Technology, Nha Trang University, Vietnam
 

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Modifications of Chitosan for Cadmium Removal: A Short Review

By: Preeti Pala , Anjali Palb

Page No : 331-341

Abstract
Chitosan is an eminent biopolymer which is deacetylated form of chitin. It has the –OH and – NH2 groups on its surface. The presence of these functional groups makes it feasible for ample of amendments. Chitosan is widely used in heavy metal removal from wastewater. Among all the heavy metals, cadmium is one of the deadly toxic elements on earth. Various researches published on the removal of cadmium from wastewater using chitosan/modified chitosan have been compiled up in the present review paper.

Authors :
Preeti Pala: School of Environmental Science and Engineering
Anjali Palb : Civil Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur - 721302, India
 

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Apr-2017 to Jun-2017

Synthesis of Metallocene Poly(ether Esters) from Reaction of Group IVB and VB Metallocene Dichlorides With Glycyrrhetinic Acid

By: Bin Xu

Page No : 343-352

Abstract
A supramolecular recognizing system was constructed based on the water-soluble -cyclodextrinepichlorohydrin polymer (-CD-EP) as host and hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide of P(AM-NaA-OAM) as guest. P(AM-NaA-OAM) was synthesized using micellar polymerization and -CD-EP polymer was produced by the reaction of -CD with epichlorohydrin (EP) in an alkaline medium. Viscosity, rheology and fluorescent probe were used to study the host-guest interaction of the inclusion complexes between P(AM-NaA-OAM) and -CD-EP polymer. The inclusion complex of P(AM-NaA-OAM) and -CD-EP polymer has obvious privilege in viscosity enhancement under and around critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of P(AM-NaA-OAM). Both the inclusion association and intermolecular hydrophobic association can exist in the inclusion complex. At CD/OAM ratio of 1, a maximum of 2.3-fold enhancement of apparent viscosity was observed. The inclusion complex showed better salt resistant performance compared with P(AM-NaA-OAM) because the increasing polarity forced more and more intermolecular association to form inclusion association.

Author :
Bin Xu : College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong, 256600, China
 

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Low Density Polyethylene/Polymeric Microballon Syntactic Foam: Strain Rate Dependent Compressive Response

By: Vela Murali , J.Sandeep

Page No : 353-362

Abstract
Syntactic foams of five different densities were prepared with low density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix and polymer micro-balloons at five different concentrations. The prepared samples were subjected to compressive loading at different strain rates. The compressive strength of the foam material is decreased with increase in weight percentage of polymer micro-balloon filler material in it. The compressive strength of foam is found to be better at higher strain rates when compared to samples tested at lower strain rates.

Authors :
J.Sandeep and Vela Murali : Engineering Design Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, CEG, Anna University, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai, India- 600025
 

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Novel Tetrazole-Functionalized Absorbent based on poly (2,2,3,3 -tetracyanocyclo-propyl) phenylacrylate to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solution

By: Mehdi Hosseinzadeh , Peyman Najafi Moghadam , Nader Noroozi Pesyan

Page No : 363-373

Abstract
The new method for synthesis of P-(2,2,3,3-tetracyanocyclopropyl) phenylacrylate (TCP) was applied. In this method p-acryloyloxybenzaldehyde was reacted with malononitrile and cyanogen bromide at 0° C in short time. Then the TCP monomer was polymerized by free-radical polymerization initiated with benzoyl peroxide in ethylacetate as solvent to obtain a polymer with multicyanocyclopropane functionalities in the pendant group. The prepared polymer was characterized by FT-IR, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. A novel Tetrazole-Functionalized polymer as absorbent (TFP), was made from poly (2,2,3,3- tetracyanocyclo-propyl)phenylacrylate (PTCP) through [3+2] azide-nitrile cycloaddition reaction of nitrile containing polymer with sodium azide in DMF. It was found that approximately 50% of the cyano groups on the polymer surface were converted to tetrazolyl groups, as estimated by elemental analysis. The obtained functionalized absorbent showed strong adsorption ability to the investigated heavy metal ions, Cr (III), Cu (II), and Zn (II), with the maximum adsorption capacities of 5.67,4.13, and 2.51mmol g-1, respectively. The adsorption process was described as an ion exchange and chelation interaction mechanisms. The high adsorption rate (<40 min) was seen. The resulting polymer and its metal chelates were characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis, gravimetry, UV-Vis spectroscopy and atomic absorption techniques (AAS).

Authors :
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Peyman Najafi Moghadam and Nader Noroozi Pesyan : Marand Faculty of Technical and Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
 

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Particle Nucleation under Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) in Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene and Its application in High Solid Content Latex

By: Yanping He , Taotao Cheng , Yanlin Sun , Linhua Zhu , Tian Si , Hong Wang

Page No : 375-389

Abstract
Polystyrene latex was prepared under CMC to explore particle nucleation and the key to control particle number (Np) of latex. The monomer conversion, solid content, Np, particle size (PS) and surfactant surface coverage (q ) were studied as a function of surfactant concentration [S]. It was found that particle nucleation evolved from precipitation nucleation domination to micellar nucleation domination under CMC by increasing [S]. The contribution ratio on monomer conversion by precipitation nucleation was 21% compared with that by micellar nucleation. Np increased by increasing [S] and the regulation range on Np by micellar and precipitation nucleation was about 1-42. The conclusion on Np provided guidance to prepare bimodal high solid content (HSC) polystyrene latex by using a one-step process. Bimodal polystyrene emulsion with a solid content of 61.9 wt.% and a viscosity of 590 mPa.s was created successfully by using the strategy.

Authors :
Yanping He, Taotao Cheng, Yanlin Sun, Linhua Zhu And Tian Si : School of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, Yunan, 650504, China
Hong Wang : Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, Yunan, 650504, China
 

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Photovoltaic Properties of Poly(TriphenylamineThiazolo[5,4-d] Thiazole) Copolymer Dye in BulkHetorojunction Organic Solar Cells

By: Ugursoy Olgun , Mustafa Gulfen , Gonul Hizalan , Ali Cirpan , Levent Toppare

Page No : 391-403

Abstract
In this study, the photovoltaic properties of poly(triphenylamine-thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole) alternating copolymer dye in bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells were examined. The copolymer is a red colored dye material with high thermal stability, good solubility and low-band gap energy. The band gap energy of the polymer was determined as 1.36 eV. The conductivity of the polymer thin film was measured as 1.5x10-5 S/cm. The polymer solar cells were fabricated using the different ratios of the blends of the polymer and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester and their photovoltaic properties were investigated. The optimum polymer solar cell yielded the short circuit current of 4.10 mA/cm2, the open-circuit voltage of 0.47 V, the fill factor of 29% and the power conversion efficiency of 0.55%. The polymer solar cell showed the maximum incident photon to current efficiency of 14.5% at 470 nm. The copolymer can be considered as a promising solar cell dye material.

Authors :
Ugursoy Olgun and Mustafa Gulfen : Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
Gonul Hizalan, Ali Cirpan and levent Toppare : Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
 

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Preparation and Characterization of Styrene-Acrylic Resin Encapsulated C.I. Pigment Blue 15:3

By: Yao Zang , Ming-Quan Ye , Ai-Jun Han , Shu-Ting Zhang

Page No : 405-420

Abstract
To get high-efficiency encapsulation of C.I. Pigment Blue 15:3(PB15:3), comparative experiments of miniemulsion polymerization and in-situ polymerization were conducted. When the weight ratio of pigment to monomer is below 4:100, the pigment can be dissolved in co-monomers and encapsulated particles with clear core-shell structure can be produced by miniemulsion polymerization. However, miniemulsion polymerization is inapplicable when the weight ratio of pigment to monomer is above 4:100, which attributes to the limited solubility of pigment in co-monomers. In-situ polymerization was employed to prepare styrene-acrylic resin encapsulated C.I. Pigment Blue 15:3 in weight ratio of pigment to monomer 10:100, which can be used for laser-printing color toner. The dosage of compound emulsifiers plays an important role in preparing full-encapsulated and well-dispersed composite particles. The transmission electron microscopy(TEM), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) all confirmed successful encapsulation of PB15:3 into styrene-acrylic resin. The encapsulation of PB15:3 does not affect its tinctorial strength but protect it from UV irradiation. The nature and structure of PB15:3 does not change after encapsulation.

Authors :
Yao Zang, Ming-Quan Ye, Ai-Jun Han and Shu-Ting Zhang: School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
 

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Preparation of Epoxidized SBS Triblock Copolymer and Its Methane Separation from Low-Concentration Coal-Bed Methane

By: Tengyang Zhu , Xing Yang , Xiaoqi He , Ziqin Si , Jujie Luo

Page No : 421-437

Abstract
A series of gas separation membranes from epoxidized SBS (ESBS) with various conversion rates were synthesized via epoxidation reaction. The structures of this series were confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. Thermal stability of the ESBSs membranes were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The permeability and selectivity of the membranes were studied at different temperatures of 25–55 °C and pressures of 0.5–1.5 atm, using single gases CH4 ,O2 and N2 . Pure-gas permeation measurements showed that gas permeability decreased and the selectivities of CH4 /N2 and O2 /N2 were improved with the increasing of conversion rate of double bonds. Mixed-gas permeation studies were further performed by analyzing SBS and ESBSs membranes performance using air (O2 /N2 =21/79 vol%) and low-concentration coal-bed methane gas (CH4 /N2 /O2 =8.6/74.8/16.6 vol%, named LCCBM). The result demonstrates that it has a good performance to separate mixed gas for ESBSs membranes than SBS membrane. Especially for ESBS5 membrane, the O2 and N2 volume fraction reach to 47.6 vol% and 47.9 vol% for LCCBM.

Authors :
Tengyang Zhu, Xing Yang, Xiaoqi He, Ziqin Si and Jujie Luo : College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
 

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Separation of Benzene-Isooctane Mixtures Using Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) / Graphene Composite Pervaporation Membranes

By: Z.V.P. Murthy , Harshal A. Gulhane

Page No : 439-453

Abstract
Poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene composite membranes were prepared and used in pervaporation to separate benzene-isooctane mixtures. The prepared membranes were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA, degree of swelling and contact angle to examine properties of composite membranes. The performance of the poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene membranes was studied for the feed composition range 15-60 wt% benzene at different temperatures (45-60°C). The optimized membrane separation performance was reported in terms of flux (1.28 g m-2 h-1), selectivity (48.66) and pervaporation separation index (61.21) at 60°C. The maximum percentage of benzene in permeate was 89.57% at 15 wt% benzene in feed solution.

Authors :
Harshal A. Gulhane and Z.V.P. Murthy : Department of Chemical Engineering, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat – 395 007, Gujarat, India
 

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Synthesis and Characterization of Copolymers of Methyl Methacrylate with N-arylitaconimides via AGET-ATRP

By: Chetana Deoghare , Raghu N. Behera , Rashmi Chauhan , Vishnu S. Nadkarni

Page No : 455-466

Abstract
This study presents the synthesis of copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with Narylitaconimides (NAIs) [such as N-(4-chlorophenyl)itaconimide, N-phenylitaconimide, N-(4- methylphenyl)itaconimide and N-(4-methoxyphenyl)itaconimide] with architecture Poly(NAI-ranMMA)-b-poly(NAI) via activators generated by electron transfer-atom transfer radical polymerization process. The structural characterization of these copolymers was carried out using IR, 1 H-NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The molecular characterization was carried out using gel permeation chromatography and showed increased molecular weight of block copolymers as compared to the macroinitiator used for its synthesis. The thermal characterization was carried out using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. An increase in the molecular weight and Tg of Poly(NAI) block was observed as the electron releasing capacity of the substituent on aromatic ring of the pendant group is increased.

Authors :
Chetana Deoghare, Raghu N. Behera and Rashmi Chauhan : Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar - 403726, Goa, India
Vishnu S. Nadkarni : Department of Chemistry, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa - 403206, India
 

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Synthesis and Characterization of New, Soluble and Low- poly(aryl ether ketone)s containing Tetramethyl and Xanthene groups in Structural Units

By: Hai-Tao Duan , Xiao-Ling Liu , Xue-Chun Mao , Zhen-Zhong Huang , Shou-Ri Sheng

Page No : 467-480

Abstract
9,9-Bis (3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)xanthene (BDMHPX) was prepared in good yield by a HCl/ZnCl2 -catalyzed condensation reaction of xanthenone with 2,6-dimethylphenol. Then, several new cardo aromatic poly(ether ketone)s (PEKs) containing tetramethyl and xanthene groups in structural units were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution polycondensation reaction of BDMHPX with various difluorinated aromatic ketones in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate. High molecular weight PEKs having numberaverage molecular weights (Mn ’s) in the range of 22,000–27,000 g/mol with the polydispersity index ranged from 1.8 to 2.0 were all amorphous, and showed high glass transition temperatures ranging from 231 to 277 oC, good thermal stability, and the 5 % weight loss temperatures were over 418 o C with char yields above 55 % at 650 o C in nitrogen. These new PEKs were soluble in polar aprotic solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and DMAc, as well as chloroform and tetrahydrofuran, and could form transparent, strong, and flexible films with tensile strengths of 57–67 MPa, Young’s moduli of 2.02–2.27 GPa, and elongations at break of 7–12 %. They also showed lower dielectric constants (k = 2.68–2.80 at 1 MHz) and low water absorptions (0.46– 0.60 %).

Authors :
Hai-Tao Duan, Xiao-Ling Liu, Xue-Chun Mao, Zhen-Zhong Huang And Shou-Ri Sheng : Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
 

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Synthesis and Characterization of Partial Carbonized Graphene modified Polyimide Films

By: Juan Yu , Lin Xu , Deyang Zhou , Pei Huang

Page No : 481-492

Abstract
Graphene modified polyimide films are partial carbonized between 500°C and 900°C in nitrogen atmosphere. Meanwhile, the structure, mechanical, thermal and electrochemical behaviors were comparatively investigated. It was shown that there was stable lamellar graphite crystal structure in part resin matrix after carbonized at 900°C. Meanwhile, according to the TG and gas adsorption experiments, there was pore structure formed in the carbonization material during the pyrolysis process above 600°C. Furthermore, the membrane carbonized at 900°C is employed as the supercapacitor electrode in the 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte solution, which exhibits a specific capacitance of 179.5 F g-1. It also exhibits excellent stability, and the energy density was stable with the increase in the power density, suggesting it an promising electrode material for supercapacitor.

Authors :
Juan Yu, Lin Xu, Deyang Zhou And Pei Huang : State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
 

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Synthesis of Metallocene Poly(ether Esters) from Reaction of Group IVB and VB Metallocene Dichlorides With Glycyrrhetinic Acid

By: Charles E. Carraher Jr , Ngoc Trang Caroline Truong , Michael R. Roner

Page No : 493-512

Abstract
Poly(ether esters) are rapidly formed employing the interfacial condensation of metallocene dihalides with glycyrrhetinic acid in high yield producing moderate to high polymeric chain lengths. Infrared spectroscopy shows the formation of metal-oxygen bonds. The products are a mixture of bridging and non-bridging structures about the metal atom. Proton NMR and MALDI MS results are consistent with the formation of the poly(ether esters).

Authors :
Charles E. Carraher Jr and Ngoc Trang Caroline Truong : Florida Atlantic University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boca Raton, FL 33431 and Florida Center for Environmental Studies, Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410
Michael R. Roner : University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Biology, Arlington, TX 76010
 

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Jul-2017 to Sep-2017

The Interaction between Crystallization Behavior and Foaming Performance in the Foamed Polypropylene

By: Jinsong Wen , Lirong Chen , Xianwu Cao , Yijun Zhang

Page No : 513-524

Abstract
Three types of polypropylene, namely homo-polypropylene (HPP), block copolymer of propylene with ethylene (CPP-B) and random copolymer of propylene with ethylene (CPP-R) were melted and foamed in a self-designed vessel under supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2 ) atmosphere. The melting behavior, crystalline forms and foaming performance of foamed samples were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that foaming process parameters greatly influence the crystallization behavior and foaming performance of samples. With the increasing of polypropylene contents, crystallinity, cell density was increased. Furthermore, under the certain critical condition, CO2 can induce the change of crystal structure and b- crystals were obtained. In addition, it was observed that g-crystals could be obtained in the foamed CPP-R under Sc-CO2 , while no g-crystals were formed in the other two samples.

Authors :
Jinsong Wen, Lirong Chen, Xianwu Cao and Yijun Zhang : National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
 

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Renewable Resource based blends of Polylactic acid (PLA) and Thermoplastic starch (TPS) using Novel Reactive Compatibilization

By: Smita Mohanty , Sukhila Krishnan , Sanjay K.Nayak

Page No : 525-538

Abstract
The current work deals with enhancing the compatibility between thermoplastic starch (TPS) and polylactic acid (PLA) blends. TPS was initially modified with methylene diphenyldiisocyanate (MDI) / epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) to reduce its hydrophilic nature. The effect of MDI / ESO incorporation on the properties of PLA/TPS blend was evaluated by employing thermal, mechanical, morphological and water absorption studies. Morphological studies showed that in comparison to TPS, TPS modified by MDI and ESO were uniformly dispersed within the PLA matrix and exhibited higher impact energy as compared with neat PLA.

Authors :
Sukhila Krishnan, Smita Mohanty and Sanjay K.Nayak : Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Bhubaneswar, INDIA
 

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Numerical Analysis of Damage Mechanism on Lowvelocity Impact of GLARE 5 Fiber-metal Laminates

By: Yun Wan , Gusheng Tong , Shenshen Chen , Yonghu Huang

Page No : 539-552

Abstract
The impact performance play an important role in marine material. A numerical methodology including user material subroutine VUMAT, Johnson–Cook flow stress model and surfacebased cohesive behavior is carried out to simulate the damage evolution of the impact of GLARE 5 fiber-metal laminates (FML). Specially, user material subroutine VUMAT and surfacebased cohesive behavior are employed to solve composite and interface delamination in numerical simulation of low-velocity impact on GLARE 5 FML. By parameters study, proper properties of fiber reinforced layers and surface-based cohesive behavior are given. Moreover, the damage progression of fiber reinforced layers, aluminum alloy layers and delamination in FML are analyzed, respectively. The low-velocity damage mechanism of GLARE 5 is investigated by combining histories of absorbed energy, deflection, contact force and damage evolution. After comparing and analyzing three kinds of damage evolution and the curves of history of absorbing energy, central deflection and contact force, our simulations show that aluminum alloy layers play an important role in improving the performance of low-velocity impact for composites material.

Authors :
Yun Wan, Gusheng Tong, Shenshen Chen and Yonghu Huang : School of Civil Engineer and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, China
 

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The Study of Impact Properties of UDF/epoxy Composites with Shape Memory Alloy Wires (SMAs) under Low Velocity Impact

By: Zhenqing Wan , Min Sun , Yahui Chen , Liang He , Fangxin Wang

Page No : 553-563

Abstract
The objective of this investigation is to study the impact properties of unidirectional glass fiber (UDF) reinforced epoxy laminates with shape memory alloy wires (SMAs) inserted. The SMAs/ GF/epoxy laminates are manufactured with vacuum assisted resin injection (VARI) process. Then, the low velocity impact tests of such laminates were conducted at room temperature. The experimental result shows that the impact properties of laminates can be improved by embedding SMAs which may be due to the super-elasticity capacity of shape memory alloy wires (SMAs). The position of SMAs insertion has an effect on impact properties of composites, and the laminate with the ply code [90o /0o /SMAs/(90o /0o )7 ] and [(90o /0o ) 4 /SMAs/(90o /0o ) 3 /90o /SMAs/0o ] have the best impact properties.

Authors :
Zhenqing Wan, Min Sun, Yahui Chen, Liang He and Fangxin Wang : College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
 

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Eugenol-based Organic Silicone Epoxy Resin and Its Curing Kinetics

By: Luo Jun , Liu Yuan , Chunyan Liu , Dai Jinyue , Wang Sheng , Shen Xiaobin , Sun Liyuan , Jiang Yanhua , Wang Jinggang , Liu Xiaoqing , Zhu Jin

Page No : 565-578

Abstract
In this paper, a novel bio-based silicone epoxy resin, 1,3-bis(3-(3-methoxy-4-(oxiran-2- ylmethoxy)phenyl)propyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (HMSEEP), was prepared using bio-based monomer, eugenol, as the raw material. Then, 4,4'-diaminophenyl methane (DDM) and two polyetheramine curing agents, D230 and D400, were applied to cure the HMSEEP. The bisphenol A type epoxy resin (DGEBA) was also cured and tested the same as the HMSEEP. The results of 1 H-NMR and FTIR indicated that the bio-based silicone epoxy resin was successfully prepared. Moreover, the curing kinetics of the HMSEEP and DGEBA were investigated by using Kissinger method. HMSEEP had excellent thermal stability and showed no weight loss below 200°C, and the carbon residue of the HMSEEP at 600 ° C was also higher than that of the DGEBA.

Authors :
Liu Yuan, Dai Jinyue, Wang Sheng, Shen Xiaobin, Sun Liyuan, Jiang Yanhua, Wang Jinggang, Liu Xiaoqing And Zhu Jin : Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
Luo Jun : Engineering Research Center for Materials Protection of Wear and Corrosion of Guizhou Province, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
Chunyan Liu : Department of Chemical Engineering, Chengde Petroleum College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China
 

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Synthesis and Characterization of Modified Acrylate Emulsion Emulsified by -CD and SDBS

By: Xin Zhang , Dawei Chen , Li Jun Chen

Page No : 579-588

Abstract
The novel acrylate emulsion was prepared by semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFMA, C8 H8 F6 O2 ) and benzyl methacrylate (BZMA, C11H12O2 ) which were emulsified with the mixed surfactants of b-Cyclodextrins (b-CD) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and initiated with potassium persulfate (KPS). Many factors such as the amount and mass ratio of emulsifier, and monomer, dosage of initiator, which have an influence on the polymerization stability, have been investigated in detail. The films of the resultant latex are characterized by FTIR, DSC and TGA. The novel emulsion has a good hydrophobicity and a low surface energy. Furthermore, the thermal stability of the modified emulsion is improved significantly.

Authors :
Xin Zhang, Dawei Chen and Li Jun Chen : School of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
 

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Preparation and Properties of PLLA/PBS Fibers

By: Zujiang Xiong , Rui Wang , Ningning Liang , Chunfang Yang , Xiuqin Zhang

Page No : 589-599

Abstract
Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) was chosen to modify the brittleness of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA). The spinabilities of PLLA/PBS blends with different PBS compositions were investigated, and PLLA/PBS fibers were obtained via two-step melt spinning. The effects of the PBS content on the crystallization, mechanical, dyeing and boiling-water shrinkage properties of PLLA/PBS fibers were systematically studied. It was found that the spinability of PLLA decreased with increasing PBS content. When the PBS content exceeds 10 wt%, it is difficult to prepare PLLA/PBS fibers. The crystallinities of the PLLA/PBS drawn fibers were above 50 %. The addition of PBS improved the flexibility and dyeability of PLLA fibers. Furthermore, the boiling water shrinkage of drawn PLLA/PBS fibers with a draft ratio of 3 was below 10 %, which can meet the fiber application requirements.

Authors :
Zujiang Xiong, Rui Wang, Ningning Liang, Chunfang Yang and Xiuqin Zhang : School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
 

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Synthesis and Characterization of Vegetable oil based Polyurethane derived from Biobased isocyanate

By: Smita Mohanty , Swarnalata Sahoo , Hemjyoti Kalita , S.K.Nayak

Page No : 601-613

Abstract
In the present work, biobased polyurethane (BPU) polymers at different NCO: OH molar ratio were synthesized using castor oil based polyol and palm oil derived partially biobased aliphatic isocyanate (PBAI) with and without catalyst. The curing time of BPUs was studied employing attenuated Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (AT-FTIR). The glass transition temperature (Tg ) of the cured films of BPUs were evaluated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) analysis. The higher glass transition temperature (Tg ) was observed in biobased polyurethane with catalyst (BPUW) as compared with biobased polyurethane without catalyst (BPUWT). Cross linking densities of the BPUs were calculated by utilizing kinetic theory of rubber elasticity and found be higher in presence of catalyst. Further, the surface properties were studied using contact angle measurement.

Authors :
Swarnalata Sahoo, Hemjyoti Kalita, Smita Mohanty and S.K.Nayak : Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, Tamilnadu,600032
 

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Synthesis of Water Soluble Block Copolymer with Temperature and Chemical dual-stimuli Responsive and its Application in Renewable Heavy Metal ion Adsorbent

By: Fenglian Wang , Maoan Wang , Dan Song , Yin Xu , Dinghai Huang

Page No : 615-630

Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was employed to synthesize a well defined block copolymer, Poly(2,4-dinitrobenzaldehyde acryloylhydrazone)-b[1]N-isopropylacrylamide (PDAH-b-PNIPAM) comprising both thermosensitive block and chemical sensitive block, with specific molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution. The thermal sensitive LCST temperature is slightly decrease with the increase of mole ratio of PDAH copolymer block. A detailed examination of the effect of contact time and the concentration of heavy metal ion Cd(II) on the adsorption characteristics was performed. The adsorbent with 10.1% mole ratio of PDAH copolymer block exhibits maximum adsorption capacity. The recovery and recycle investigation indicated that the dual-stimuli sensitive block copolymeric adsorbent showed very good renewability.

Authors :
Fenglian Wang, Maoan Wang, Dan Song, Yin Xu and Dinghai Huang : Department of Polymeric Material Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University 300072, Tianjin, China
 

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Rheological Properties of Food Hydrocolloids based on Polysaccharides

By: Barbora Lapcikova , Tomasvalenta , Lubomir Lapcik

Page No : 631-645

Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize rheological properties of shear-thinning polysaccharides (guar gum, k-carrageenan, xanthan gum), which are widely used as food hydrocolloids in food processing. Viscometric analysis of the polysaccharides solutions both in distilled water and in 0.07M KCl at the temperature range of 20 to 45 °C confirmed strong concentration dependency of the solutions viscosities as reflected in observed significant changes of the flow parameters, calculated by the Ostwald-de Waele and Herschel-Bulkley rheological models. The consistency coefficient (k) of the solutions increased with concentration, whereas the flow behaviour index (n) decreased in all studied hydrocolloids except xanthan gum aqueous solutions. The temperature had an opposite effect in comparison to one obtained for concentration dependencies; k decreased with temperature, while n increased. However, xanthan gum both in water and KCl exhibited a different patterns of the flow parameters dependencies on temperature, and provided some specific properties, such as relatively viscous solutions at higher temperatures, and a noticeable yield stress in the whole studied temperature range. The transition from double helical structure of the polysaccharides to single coil conformation in water and KCl aqueous solutions at 30 °C temperature was proved by the steep change of the Kraemer constant temperature dependence.

Authors :
Barbora Lapcikova, Tomasvalenta and Lubomir Lapcik : Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Department of Foodstuff Technology, Faculty of Technology, Nám. T.G. Masaryka 275, 762 72 Zlín, Czech Republic
 

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In-Situ Synthesis of Poly (An-co-m-TFMA) Electro Active Copolymer: Characterization and Application as Humidity Sensor

By: P.S. Vijayanand , A. Jeeva , S. Ashokan , T. Kojima , S. Kato , J.Chandrasekaran

Page No : 647-661

Abstract
A new series of polyaniline based nanocomposites has been synthesized by using chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline (An) with m-trifluoromethyl aniline (TFMA) doped dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid (DBSA). The prepared copolymer composites were characterized by using different analytical techniques such as UV-visible, FT-IR, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction methods (XRD) and humidity sensing techniques. The Conducting properties of these nanocomposites was studied by using standard four probe method. The particle size ranges from 100 nm to 200 nm diameters was observed in SEM analysis and surface morphology shows solid granular layers of nano pillared like structures. XRD pattern shows that the amorphous nature of the copolymer particles. Interestingly the electrical conductivity of this nanocomposite was found to be 1.807 x 10-4 S/cm. The solubility tests of these composites show good solubility than that of polyaniline homopolymer. The humidity sensing mechanism was studied, based upon the resistance variations due to the absorption of water vapour. The poly (An-co-m-TFMA) thin film was prepared by spin-coating method and humidity sensing ability was compared. It was observed that by the change of relative humidity (%RH) from 10% to 70%.

Authors :
P.S. Vijayanand, A. Jeeva and S. Ashokan : Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, 638 401, Erode Dt, Tamilnadu, India
T. Kojima and S. Kato : Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University, 3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi 3-chome, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan
J.Chandrasekaran : Materials Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science, 641020, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
 

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Oct-2017 to Dec-2017

Effect of Sodium Humate on the Swelling Characteristics and Agricultural Application of Superabsorbent Hydrogels of Poly (acrylic acid/sodium alginate/sodium humate)

By: Shipra Agnihotri , Reena Singha

Page No : 663-680

Abstract
A series of superabsorbent hydrogel (SAHs) based on poly Acrylic Acid (AAc), Sodium Alginate (NaAlg) and Sodium Humate (SH) (AAc/NaAlg/SH) was prepared by free radical solution copolymerization. Hydrogel having sodium humate 9.09 wt% showed maximum water absorbency of 906 g of water per gram of superabsorbent hydrogel. The application of the synthesized superabsorbent hydrogel was investigated in agriculture as soil conditioner for water retention in sandy soil. The study revealed that the synthesized superabsorbent hydrogels could act as an effective water saving material for agricultural applications. Swelling behavior (such as swelling ratio, initial swelling rate constant, swelling exponent, diffusion coefficient and penetration velocity etc.) for all the synthesized superabsorbent hydrogels having various (6.9 to 11 wt %) concentration of SH was studied. Swelling exponent was found in range of (0.712 to 0.802); thus suggesting non fickian diffusion mechanism. The effect of synthesized SAHS on growth of seeds of corn and white gourd are reported.

Authors :
Shipra Agnihotri and Reena Singha : Department of Plastic Technology H. B. Technical University, Kanpur, U. P. -208002, India
 

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Preparation of Ag/g-C3 N4 /C Ternary Nanocomposites and Study of their Photoreactivity

By: Xianhua Li , Qingbo Yu , Songhui Fang , Xiaoze Wang

Page No : 681-693

Abstract
In this article, novel Ag/g-C3N4/C ternary nanocomposites with leaves-fructification-like architecture were prepared by hydrothermal treatment of the mixture of g-C3 N4 nanosheets, glucose solution and silver nitrate. In order to comparison, a series of nanomaterials including g-C3 N4 nanosheets, binary nanocomposites (g-C3 N4 /C) and ternary nanocomposites (Ag/g-C3 N4 /C) loaded with different amounts of carbon were prepared and characterized in detail. The Ag/g-C3 N4 /C1 nanocomposites showed the highest photocatalytic activity towards degradation of MB. The reason for this was bio-inspired structures effects and the synergistic effect of Ag, g-C3 N4 and carbon, which increased visible-light absorption due to their surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of Ag, enhanced adsorption for the MB because of the negatively charged surface of Ag, improved photoinduced electron–hole separation efficiency owing to carbon and bio-inspired structures effects.

Authors :
Xianhua Li : School of Mechanical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, People’s Republic of China
Qingbo Yu, Songhui Fang And Xiaoze Wang : Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, People’s Republic of China
 

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Effect of Organoclay Addition on Relationship between Rheology and Morphology of Polyethylenes/ Polyamide6/Organoclay Nanocomposite

By: Mahvash Javanshir , Mahmood Masoomi , Rouhollah Bagheri , Armin Hajibaba , Mojtaba Ahmadi

Page No : 695-708

Abstract
The effect of nanoclay on properties of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)/low density polyethylene (LDPE)/Polyamide6 (PE/PA6)film was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) proved that exfoliation in nanocomposite containing 4 phr of organoclay was achieved and a large amount of organoclay was located in both PA6 and PE/PA interface. According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the use of organoclay alongside polyethylene grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) as a compatibilizer can lead to a reduction of size in dispersed droplets. Transitions in rheological behavior from liquid-like to solid-like at low frequencies were observed for samples containing 4 and 5 phr of organoclay.

Authors :
Mahvash Javanshir, Mahmood Masoomi, Rouhollah Bagheri, Armin Hajibaba and Mojtaba Ahmadi : Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
 

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Nanoindentation and Molecular Simulation Study of Chemical Doped-Induced Stiffening of a Poly (pphenylene vinylene) Film

By: Jing Xu , Gang Xu , Xiaoju Long , Tingting Liu , Hai Xu

Page No : 709-717

Abstract
A combined experiment and molecular simulation study was performed to understand the mechanism of mechanical change in doped poly (p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) film. PPV with a partial quinoid structure was obtained using oxidation of ferric chloride. Its chemical structure was determined by FT-IR, Raman and UV-vis spectra. The nanomechanical properties of the neutral PPV film and the chemical-doped PPV films were investigated by nanoindentation test. The critical bending radius of films based on the flexible base was evaluated from the results of the nanoindentation test. The relationship between the benzoid/quinoid ratio of PPV and its inter-molecule interaction was investigated with molecular simulation and the changes of the geometry of PPV single chain and the cohesive energy density (CED) of the multi-PPV. The result suggests that the quinoid PPV has higher CED and rigid chain structures.

Authors :
Jing Xu, Gang Xu, Xiaoju Long and Tingting Liu : Northeast Petroleum University, Qinhuangdao 066004 PR China
Hai Xu : College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 PR China
 

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Imidazolium-Functionalized Poly(ether sulfone)as a Novel Polymeric Membrane for CO2 /CH4 Separation

By: Tengyang Zhu , Jujie Luo , Shaobo Fu , Feilong Pan

Page No : 719-732

Abstract
A series of novel gas separation membranes based on poly(ether sulfone)s were successfully synthesized via polycondensation, brominated and methyl imidazolium functionalization reactions. The structures and properties of this series, as well as the gas separation properties of the corresponding polymer membranes, were studied. The permeability and selectivity of the membranes were studied at different temperatures of 25-55°C and pressures of 0.5-1.5 atm, using single gases CO2 and CH4 . Gas-permeation measurements showed that copolymers with different content of imidazoliumionic groups exhibited different separation performances. For example, the membrane from MIPESF-c showed better performance in terms of ideal selectivity over the other two copolymers membranes. The highest ideal CO2 /CH4 selectivity was 34.5 with CO2 permeability18.5 barrer at 1.5 atm and 25°C.

Authors :
Shaobo Fu, Tengyang Zhu, Feilong Pan and Jujie Luo  : College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
 

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Enhancing Lightning Resistance property of the Polymer Composites

By: M.K. Marichelvam , K. Kandakodeeswaran

Page No : 733-745

Abstract
Aircraft structures are redesigned by fibre-reinforced composites mainly due to their high specific stiffness and strength. However, while using the semi-conducting composites in an aircraft it may be failed due to lightning strike damage. The existing protection techniques will increase the weight and hence negatively impacts the fuel efficiency. This paper addresses an overview of the lightning damages that occur due to the usage of composites and existing protection techniques. The Plasma coating of copper and titanium nitride on the epoxy laminate was carried out to increase the electrical conductivity on polymeric composite coatings. The surface conductance of the coated and uncoated laminate was analytically determined. And the lightning strike test was experimentally carried out and finally the tensile strength of damaged and undamaged laminates were measured. Due to the titanium nitride coating, electrical conductance of epoxy laminates was increased. Further, it was observed that the weight can be reduced up to 85% with less damage on exposure to high current and temperature when compared to the uncoated laminate.

Authors :
M.K. Marichelvam and K. Kandakodeeswaran : Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India – 626005.
 

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Investigation of Formability, Morphology and Functionality of Chitosan based Biosensors

By: Kanchana M , Usha Antony , Jayappriyan R M , Kumar B

Page No : 747-758

Abstract
Dilute solution of chitosan has been deposited on glass slide by inkjet printing and the efficacy of the coating for its formability, morphology and functionality has been explored. The chitosan coating was characterized by SEM, AFM, Optical Microscope and Spectrophotometer. The biosensor formulation (ferritin) entrapped between two layers of chitosan coating exhibited active functional characteristics confirming that chitosan coatings fabricated by inkjet printing could be utilized for optical biosensor applications.

Authors :
Kanchana M, Jayappriyan R M and Kumar B : Department of Printing Technology, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai– 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
Usha Antony : Centre for Food Technology, A.C. Tech., Anna University, Chennai– 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Impacts of Heat Treatment Medium on Performance of Aliphatic-aromatic and Aromatic-aromatic based Thinfilm composite (TFC) polyamide Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membrane

By: A.K. Ghosh , R.C. Bindal

Page No : 759-772

Abstract
In this study, we report the impact of heat treatment medium (hot air, hot water & steam) on structure and performance of aliphatic-aromatic and aromatic-aromatic types thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membranes prepared by in-situ interfacial polymerization. Aliphatic-aromatic polyamide membranes were prepared using polyethylene imine (PEI) & isophthaloyl chloride (IPC) and aromatic-aromatic polyamide membranes were prepared using m-phenylene diamine (MPD) & trimesoyl chloride (TMC). Thin film coating of polyamide was given over laboratory synthesized microporous polysulfone supports. TFC membranes prepared using three different heat treatment media were characterized in terms of water permeability, separation of NaCl solute, water contact angle and atomic force microscopy studies. It was found that different heat treatment media produced TFC polyamide membranes with widely varying water fluxes, salt rejections, and surface properties under identical coating conditions and it has different impacts on aliphatic-aromatic and aromatic[1]aromatic type polyamide composite membrane performances. The surface hydrophilicity of the steam and hot water-cured membranes increased more than that of hot air cured membranes for aromatic-aromatic type TFC-RO membrane. Heat treatment in hot water and steam media results TFC membrane with the more permeates flux and salt rejection for both aliphatic-aromatic and aromatic-aromatic type.

Authors :
A.K. Ghosh and R.C. Bindal : Membrane Development Section, Chemical Engineering Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai – 400 085, India
 

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Preparation and Characterization of Green Acrylic Latex Modified with Fluorinated and Crosslinking Monomers

By: Lijun Chen , Xin Zhang , Dawei Chen

Page No : 773-782

Abstract
The environmental friendly polyacrylate latex was prepared by semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFMA) and hydroxy propyl methacrylate (HPMA), which was initiated with potassium persulfate (KPS) and emulsified with the novel mixed surfactants of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and myristyl hydroxypropyl sulpho betaine (betaine). The structure of the latex was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The particle size of the latex was measured by Zetatrac dynamic light scattering detector. The properties of latex film were tested by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), contact angle (CA) and DSC. The stability of the latex was improved.

Authors :
Lijun Chen, Xin Zhang and Dawei Chen : School of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
 

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Synthesis, Photoisomerization properties and Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Polyesters Containing Azomethine moiety in the main chain

By: R.Vini , S.C. Murugavel

Page No : 783-796

Abstract
A series of polyesters containing azomethine group in the main chain was synthesized by solution polycondensation of 4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl)iminomethyl]phenol with various diacid chlorides. The synthesized polyesters were characterized systematically by Fourier transform infrared, UV and 1 H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. UV analysis revealed that the synthesized polyesters have quite lower band gap than the corresponding monomer. The optical band gap values of monomer and polymer were found to be 2.80 and 2.64 respectively. Thermal properties were studied using thermo gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the aromatic polymers had higher char yield. The self extinguishing property of the synthesized polymers was studied by the limiting oxygen index values. The aromatic polyesters had higher LOI than aliphatic polyesters. Thermal degradation kinetics have been studied using Arrhenius, Broido and Horowitz-Metzger models and calculated the activation energy (Ea ) and pre-exponentional factor (A). The photoisomerization property was examined with UV spectroscopy and all these polymers showed in trans to cis isomerization 10–15 s, whereas reverse process took around 90 min in solution.

Authors :
R.Vini and S.C. Murugavel : Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Science (Chemistry), PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore 641 004, India
 

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Preparation and characterization of poly(o-toluidine)/ nano TiO2 composite and study of their anticorrosion properties blended with epoxy resin

By: Ying Li , Chuanbo Hu , Jiawei Li , Yazhou Kong , Yushi Ding

Page No : 797-808

Abstract
In this investigation, HCl doped poly(o-toluidine)/nano TiO2 composite was prepared using in situ polymerization method. The composition and structure of the composite were characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The anticorrosion properties of the epoxy resin blended with poly(o-toluidine)/ nano TiO2 composite were studied in 3.5% NaCl solution by electrochemical measurements. Potentiodynamic polarization measurement showed that poly(o-toluidine)/nano TiO2 /epoxy composite coating acted as a highly efficient corrosion protection layer on steel with 97.85% protection efficiency. Electrochemical impendence spectroscopy measurement showed that poly(o-toluidine)/nano TiO2 /epoxy composite coating exhibited a higher charge transfer resistance and effectively decreased the permeation of water and corrosion substances. The highly efficient corrosion protection of the epoxy coating containing poly(o-toluidine)/nano TiO2 composite may be derived from the passivation and barrier effects.

Authors :
Chuanbo Hu, Jiawei Li, Yazhou Kong, Yushi Ding and Ying Li : School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, ChinaAbstract
In this investigation, HCl doped poly(o-toluidine)/nano TiO2 composite was prepared using in situ polymerization method. The composition and structure of the composite were characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The anticorrosion properties of the epoxy resin blended with poly(o-toluidine)/ nano TiO2 composite were studied in 3.5% NaCl solution by electrochemical measurements. Potentiodynamic polarization measurement showed that poly(o-toluidine)/nano TiO2 /epoxy composite coating acted as a highly efficient corrosion protection layer on steel with 97.85% protection efficiency. Electrochemical impendence spectroscopy measurement showed that poly(o-toluidine)/nano TiO2 /epoxy composite coating exhibited a higher charge transfer resistance and effectively decreased the permeation of water and corrosion substances. The highly efficient corrosion protection of the epoxy coating containing poly(o-toluidine)/nano TiO2 composite may be derived from the passivation and barrier effects.

Authors :
Chuanbo Hu, Jiawei Li, Yazhou Kong, Yushi Ding and Ying Li : School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
 

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Formulation, Optimization and Characterization of Microspheres using Biomaterial Arabinoxylan

By: Johar Shujaat , Alia Erum , Ume-Ruqia Tulain , Asmara Ismail , Sobia Noreen

Page No : 809-821

Abstract
Microspheres of new biomaterial arabinoxylan loaded with levosulpiride a model drug were formulated using ionotropic gelation technique. Microspheres were optimized by using different reaction parameters like cross linkers type and concentrations, concentration of biomaterial arabinoxylan, effect of reaction temperature and reaction time and drug loading method. Nine different formulations were formulated. It was observed that best microspheres were formulated using 10 % CaCl2 , 3 % arabinoxyaln at 600C temperature and 15 minutes reaction time for curing. Compatibility of arabinoxylan with levosulpiride was tested by using XRD and FTIR techniques. Microsphere formulations were evaluated for percentage yield, flow properties, swelling index, solvent regain and drug release studies. Formulations possessed excellent flow properties as indicated by their angle of repose, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, tapped density and bulk density. SEM showed that microspheres were almost spherical and had rough surface morphology. Levosulpiride release from biomaterial arabinoxylan followed Korsmeyer–Peppas model showing drug release by diffusion and erosion of polymer. So this study provides a scientific evidence for the use of arabinoxylan as an effective alternative to sodium alginate for microsphere formulation.

Authors :
Johar Shujaat, Alia Erum, Ume-Ruqia Tulain and Asmara Ismail : College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
Sobia Noreen : Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
 

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Jan-2016 to Mar-2016

Preparation of Polyaniline/Nano SiC/Epoxy Hybrid Coating and Evaluation of its Corrosion Resistant Property

By: Ying Li , Chuanbo Hu , Yushi Dinga , Beiyue Ma , Yansheng Zheng

Page No : 1-15

Abstract
In this investigation, polyaniline/nano SiC composites were prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline monomer in the presence of nano SiC particles. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the composition and structure of the composite. Polyaniline/nano SiC composite was mixed with epoxy resin through a solution mixing method and the hybrid coating was coated onto the surface of steel coupon. Then its corrosion resistance was evaluated by electrochemical measurements and immersion test in 3.5% NaCl solution as corrosion environment. The results showed that polyaniline/nano SiC composite containing coating has higher corrosion resistance than that of polyaniline. The enhancement of corrosion protection efficiency of polyaniline/nano SiC composite containing coating is due to the formation of more uniformly passive film on steel surface and the addition of nano SiC particles increases the tortuosity of the diffusion pathway of corrosion substances.

Authors :
Chuanbo Hu, Yushi Dinga, Beiyue Ma and Ying Li : School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
Yansheng Zheng : College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China.
 

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Preparation, Physicochemical Characterizations, and the Antioxidant Activity of the Biopolymer Films Based on Modified Chitosan with Starch, Gelatin, and Plasticizers

By: Mohamed E. I. Badawy , Entsar I. Rabea , Mahmoud A. M. El-Nouby

Page No : 17-32

Abstract
A series of active composite biopolymers films were prepared by casting the composite polymers of 2% chitosan with gelatin or starch (2 and 5% for each polymer) with different concentrations of glycerol and sorbitol (1, 2, 5, and 10%, w/w) as plasticizers. Effect of gelatin, starch, and plasticizers on the film properties was determined by measuring their physical properties, and antioxidant activity. The appearance and cross-sectional characteristics by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed good crosslinking and compatibility, generating the desired miscibility between the biopolymers. The results suggested that the incorporation of gelatin or starch in blending with plasticizers into chitosan films improved the swelling, water vapor permeability (WVP), and the antioxidant activity of the films. This study showed the benefits of the combination of such components into chitosan films and the potential for using them as active packaging materials or coatings in agriculture and food products.

Authors :
Mohamed E. I. Badawy and Mahmoud A. M. El-Nouby : Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Entsar I. Rabea : Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, 22516-Damanhour, Egypt.
 

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Low Density Polyethylene/Polymeric Microballoon Syntactic Foam: Processing and Compressive Response

By: Vela Murali , J. Sandeep

Page No : 33-39

Abstract
Syntactic foam with low density polyethylene as matrix and varying w/w% of polymer micro[1]balloon were prepared and the compressive behavior is analysed. There was uniform reduction in the compression strength with increase in the w/w% of polymer micro-balloons. The preferable cushion property of extended strain rate during compression was observed. The structural stability and uniform dispersion of the polymer micro-balloons in the LDPE matrix is quantified by the microscopic images.

Authors :
J. Sandeep and Vela Murali : Engineering Design Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, CEG, Anna University, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai, India- 600025
 

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Iodine Complexes of Acid-Functionalized Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogels: Synthesis, Characterization and Release Studies

By: Nasreen Mazumdar , S. Ishraque Ahmad , Showkat A. Ganie , Akbar Ali

Page No : 41-52

Abstract
Iodine containing polymers were synthesized to study the interaction of iodine with functionalized polymers and the release of various iodine forms from the polymeric materials. Preparation of functionalized hydrogels by crosslinking polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a synthetic hydroxylated polymer with a dicarboxylic acid is discussed here. Thin films of PVA, cast from aqueous solutions were crosslinked with malonic acid. Concentration of the crosslinker, crosslinking temperature and time were varied to achieve different levels of crosslinking. The films were iodinated with 0.164 mol dm-3 iodine solutions prepared in ethanol and aqueous solution of potassium iodide to study the complexation of molecular and ionic iodine (I2 and I3 - ) with the carbonyl groups introduced in functionalized PVA. The properties of the iodinated hydrogels thus produced were compared and the characteristics of the crosslinked hydrogels were studied by thermal and spectral methods. The complexes were evaluated as iodine release systems and the different forms of released iodine were identified. A reaction scheme has been proposed to suggest the formation of the hydrogel and its iodine complexes.

Authors :
Nasreen Mazumdar, S. Ishraque Ahmad, Showkat A. Ganie and Akbar Ali : Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, New Delhi 110025, India.
 

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Methods to Enhance Adhesiveness Between Metal and Fibre Reinforced Polymer layers in Carbon-Jute Reinforced Aluminium Laminates

By: M. Vasumathi , Vela Murali

Page No : 53-62

Abstract
In general, polymer composites have no problem of interfacial bonding. But when a Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) layer is interfaced with metal layer in a Fibre Metal Laminate (FML), adhesion between metal and FRP is always challenging. In this work, two methods are suggested to address this problem in a FML, CAJRALL (Carbon-Jute Reinforced Aluminium Laminate). Firstly, aluminium is given different surface treatments to increase its surface roughness prior to manufacture of the FML; secondly, the existing matrix is replaced with another matrix system to enhance the inter laminar adhesion. In both the cases, the Inter Laminar Shear Strength (ILSS) is evaluated as a measure of bonding between the metal and FRP. Grit blasting is found to be the best surface treatment technique for improved adhesion which is demonstrated through micro structural analysis and epoxy resin when coupled with Amino Propyltriethoxy Silane (APS), is used as matrix enhances inter laminar adhesion.

Authors :
M. Vasumathi and Vela Murali : Engineering Design Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai-600 025, India.
 

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Synthesis and Characterisation of a Novel Optically Active Dendronized Polymer bearing Biphenyl Moiety

By: Chang-An Yang , Yunchuan Xiaa , Ying Lub

Page No : 63-73

Abstract
Novel optically active dendronized polymer bearing biphenyl moiety, poly (R)-(+)-2-{4¢-[3, 4, 5- tridodecyloxy benzyloxy]} biphenyloxy propyl methacrylate, has been successfully synthesized. The chemical structures of intermediates and dendronized monomer were confirmed by 1 H NMR, and the chemical structure of the polymer was studied by 1 H NMR and GPC. The optical activity of intermediates, monomer and polymer was investigated by polarization apparatus. Furthermore, the phase structure and transition behavior of the polymer were studied using DSC, PLM and 1D WAXD. The results show that the synthesized chiral intermediates, monomer and the corresponding polymer all exhibit optical activity, and the polymer forms columnar nematic (FN) phase.

Authors :
Chang-An Yang  and Yunchuan Xiaa : Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, Hunan Province, PR China
Ying Lub : College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, PR China
 

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Rapid Method for Estimation of Ethylene Content in Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers

By: Ravindra Kumar , Veena Bansal , Sujit Mondal , G.S. Kapur , V. Kagdiyal , Deepak Saxena

Page No : 75-85

Abstract
Accurate characterization of ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPC) composition and triad sequence distribution is critical for understanding structure–property relationships, developing product specifications and for researchers involved in new product development. Generally, the 1 H NMR spectra of olefins copolymers are difficult to analyze in terms of composition and sequence distribution information due to severe overlapping of resonances in a short chemical shift region of 0.5-2.0 ppm. In this work Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) has been used to revise the interpretation of the 1 H NMR spectra of EPC. Based on this interpretation ethylene content has been estimated by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and found to be in close agreement with that of the 13C NMR (R2 =0.9929). The role of stable tune-match and shimming in acquiring a high quality 13C NMR spectrum at high temperature has also been discussed along with a revised 13C NMR methodology.

Authors :
Ravindra Kumar, Veena Bansal, Sujit Mondal, G.S. Kapur, V. Kagdiyal and Deepak Saxena : Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Research & Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad-121007
 

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Synthesis of Polycaprolactone via Ring Opening Polymerization Catalyzed by Candida Antarctica Lipase B Immobilized onto an Amorphous Silica Support

By: Nurefsan Gokalp , Cansu Ulker , Yuksel Avcibasi Guvenilir

Page No : 87-100

Abstract
In this work, an amorphous silica material was used as a support to immobilize Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) by physical adsorption method, and e- caprolactone (e-CL), 7-membered lactone, was polymerized via ring opening polymerization catalyzed by immobilized CALB (IML). The optimum temperature, enzyme concentration and time period were investigated for poly(e- caprolactone) (PCL) synthesis. Molecular weights of PCLs were determined by using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR) analysis. The surface morphologies of PCLs were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Besides, PCLs were successfully characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The results showed that high molecular weights and monomer conversions of PCLs were achieved about 14300 g/mol and 90 %, respectively. This study demonstrated immobilization of lipase improves properties of free lipase and enzymatic polymerization of e-CL is an effective method contributed ecofriendly polymer processes.

Authors :
Nurefsan Gokalp, Cansu Ulker and Yuksel Avcibasi Guvenilir : Istanbul Technical University, Chemical Engineering Department, Istanbul, TURKEY
 

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Physico-Chemical Study of Modified Mannich Base Cured Epoxy Resin of 9,9’-bis(4-Hydroxy Phenyl) Anthrone-10 and its Jute and Glass Composites

By: P. H. Parsania , Jabal D. Thanki

Page No : 101-109

Abstract
Modified Mannich base (EPK-3251) cured epoxy resin of 9,9’-bis(4-hydroxy phenyl)anthrone-10 (EAN) is thermally stable upto 360°C and followed first order decomposition reaction with 52.5% residue at 700°C. Jute and glass composites were prepared by hand lay-up followed by compression molding at 150°C for 4h under 2 bar pressure. Jute-EAN (J-EAN) and glass-EAN (G-EAN) composites showed fairly good mechanical and electrical properties and excellent hydrolytic stability against different alkaline and saline environments. Equilibrium water absorption and diffusivity are affected by nature of electrolytes. Both the composites might be useful for low load bearing housing, electrical and electronic as well as marine applications.

Authors :
Jabal D. Thanki and P. H. Parsania : Polymer Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360005, India
 

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Mechanical Properties of Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber Latex (SBR) and Vinyl-Acetate-Ethylene (VAE) Polymer Modified Ferrocement (PMF)

By: Rajinder Ghai , Prem Pal Bansal , Maneek Kumar

Page No : 111-126

Abstract
Ferrocement has now become a universally acceptable thin composite material in the field of construction technology. In order to improve the performance of ferrocement, the effects of addition of polymers namely; styrene-butadiene-rubber latex (SBR) and vinyl-acetate-ethylene polymer (VAE) in its mortar matrix, have been studied. The polymer-modified mortar (PMM) matrices were prepared with the addition of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% polymers by weight of cement. Two and three layered wire mesh polymer modified ferrocement (PMF) elements were casted and tested. The test result reflects that the performance of SBR modified ferrocement is better as compared to VAE modified ferrocement. Flexural strength, tensile strength and elongation of three layered PMF on addition of 15% SBR showed an enhancement by 48.04%, 39.41% and 17.59% respectively, as compared to conventional ferrocement. This is attributable to the development of a polymeric layer, in which the polymer elements merge, a polymeric compound is propagated and an interlocked mesh composition is formed. This study, therefore, recommends the use of 15% SBR modified mortars in three layered wire mesh ferrocement elements for better durability and strength.

Authors :
Rajinder Ghai, Prem Pal Bansal And Maneek Kumar : Department of Civil Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab
 

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Segmented Poly(L-lactic acid)-Co-polyamides Synthesized through Polycondensation and Chain Extension

By: Yanping Zhao , Suqing Li , Xiaokai Yuan , Jingbo Zhao , Zhiyuan Zhang , Junying Zhang , Wantai Yang

Page No : 127-144

Abstract
Two poly(L-lactic acid) prepolymers (PrePLLAs) terminated with HO- and HOOC- groups were synthesized via melt polycondensation from L-lactic acid with or without adipic acid under the catalysis of stannous chloride and p-toluenesulfonic acid. Chain extension of them was carried out at 180 ºC using 2,2’-(1,4-phenylene)-bis(2-oxazoline) (PBOX) and adipoyl biscaprolactamate (ABC) as combination chain extenders. High molecular weight chain extended PLLAs were obtained. To improve crystallization, a nylon-610 oligomer (PrePA) was prepared from the reaction of nylon 610 salt with sebacic acid. Polycondensation of a PrePLLA with PrePA was conducted, and several segmented poly(L-lactic acid)-b-polyamide (PLLA-PA) prepolymers were synthesized. Chain extension of them was conducted at 190 ºC with PBOX and ABC. Chain extended PLLA[1]PAs (ExtPLLA-PAs) with Mn above 70500 g/mol were synthesized. The ExtPLLA-PAs were characterized by FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, DSC, TGA, and wide angle X-ray scattering. ExtPLLA-PAs exhibit Tm up to 154.7 ºC and initial decomposition temperature over 270.5 ºC. Their crystallization and thermal stability are obviously improved.

Authors :
Yanping Zhao, Suqing Li, Xiaokai Yuan, Jingbo Zhao, Zhiyuan Zhang, Junying Zhang and Wantai Yang : Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
 

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Effect of Ball Milling Time on Treated Banana Stem Fibre on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber (NR) Latex Films

By: A.S. Siti Nuraya , A. Baharina , A.R. Azura

Page No : 145-154

Abstract
The banana stem fibre is added to natural rubber (NR) latex compound in order to increase the biodegradability of NR latex products. Banana stem fibre was soaked in 2% of sodium hypochlorite solution for 24 hours at 40°C. After that, it was ball-milled with variable milling times (0, 24, 48 and 72 hours) to produce a series of banana stem fibre dispersions containing 10% fibre of different particle sizes. The resulting dispersions were added to NR latex compounds. The effect of milling time on the fibre size of the dispersion and the properties of the NR latex films was studied. It was observed that the particle size of the banana stem fibre reduced with milling time. NR latex films containing smaller banana stem fibre particles have higher moduli (at 100% and 300% elongation), higher tensile and tear strengths. Except for the milling time for 24 hours, increasing the milling time reduces the swelling index of the NR latex films. Ball milling the banana steam fibre for 24 hours produced fibre whiskers which increase the interaction between the banana stem particles with rubber matrix.

Authors :
A.S. Siti Nuraya and A. Baharina : School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
A.R. Azura : School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

 

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Effect of Amino-functionalized on Tensile and Electrical Properties of Graphene Nanopowder Filled Epoxy Thin Film Nanocomposite

By: Z.A. Ghaleb , M. Mariatt , Z.M. Ariff

Page No : 155-164

Abstract
Amino-functionalization of graphene nanopowder (GNP) was carried out by grafting ethylenediamine on the surface of GNP through the acid-thionyl-chloride way. Successful grafting of ethylenediamine on GNP surface was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Beside amino-functionalized GNP (m-GNP)/epoxy nanocomposites, GNP/epoxy nanocomposites were fabricated via ultrasonication and spin coating technique. Subsequently, the effects of GNP content on the tensile properties and electrical conductivity for two systems were investigated. The experimental results showed that m-GNP could enhance the adhesion and wettability between the graphene and the epoxy, thus improve the tensile strength and tensile modulus compared to those of the GNP without functionalization. However, the m-GNP/epoxy composites exhibit percolation threshold value at higher filler loading (0.6 vol%) compared to that of 0.1 vol% in GNP/epoxy composite. SEM of the tensile fracture surface of GNP/epoxy and m-GNP/epoxy composites showed that epoxy matrix wetted the m-GNPs due to improve compatibility with epoxy matrix and, as a result, more homogenous dispersion in the epoxy.

Authors :
Z.A. Ghaleb, M. Mariatti and Z.M. Ariff : School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
 

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Synthesis and Characterization of Polystyrene-blockPolyisoprene block-Poly(butyl acrylate) Triblock Copolymer

By: M. Norzurain , A.H.S Helyati , M.I. Mohd Azlan , M. Noor Aishatun

Page No : 165-171

Abstract
This paper describes polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-poly (butyl acrylate) (PS-b-PI-b-PBA) triblock copolymer that has been prepared by using styrene, isoprene and butyl acrylate monomer. Polymerization involved was an anionic living polymerization reaction using n-butyllithium (n[1]buLi) as an initiator to form polystyrilithium anions by which the reaction showed changes in colour from colourless to reddish orange. The living polymerization was carried out using 5-neck reaction flask equipped with mechanical stirrer, nitrogen gas inlet and thermometer to control polymerization temperature. The synthesized triblock copolymer was collected by precipitation of the mixture in methanol. FTIR indicates the presence of the monomers in the triblock copolymer. The thermal analysis of the PS-b-PI-b-PBA triblock copolymer have been reported in this synthesis which resulting in low Tg due to the presence of isoprene monomer.

Authors :
M. Norzurain , A.H.S Helyati , M.I. Mohd Azlan and M. Noor Aishatun : Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
 

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Quantitative Analysis of Natural Antioxidant Remaining in Various Natural Rubber Types

By: Suwimon Siriwong , Adisai Rungvichaniwat , Pairote Klinpituksa , Khalid Hamid Musa , Aminah Abdullah

Page No : 173-179

Abstract
Various natural rubber types i.e. air dried sheet (ADS), ribbed smoked sheet No.3 (RSS3) and Standard Thai Rubber 20 (STR20) were collected during early period of yearly tapping season. All samples were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC), free radical scavenging assays namely a 2,2 ¢ -azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The plasticity retention index (PRI) was also determined. It was found that TPC values calculated as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g ranged from 200.04 to 291.39, 247.09 to 294.95, and 287.32 to 378.90 for ADS, RSS3 and STR20, respectively. The ABTS values calculated as mg trolox equivalent (TE)/100 g rubber were found to be in the range of 44.31 to 93.36, 69.71 to 77.81, and 73.32 to 95.39 for ADS, RSS3 and STR20, respectively. ORAC values calculated as µmol trolox equivalent (TE)/100 g rubber were found to be in a range of 1,559 to 2,173, 2,724 to 3,827, and 2,616 to 4,265 for ADS, RSS3 and STR20, respectively. TPC, ABTS and ORAC values showed high correlation. PRI of ADS, RSS3 and STR20 were in the range of 97.16 to 99.22, 97.77 to 98.91, and 70.31 to 84.60, respectively. PRI values of ADS and RSS3 were not significantly different (confidence, P £ 0.05), but both were higher than that of STR20. Moreover, it was found that PRI of STR20 from different sources showed slightly different values and a similar trend was observed for antioxidant obtained in natural rubber.

Authors :
Suwimon Siriwong, Adisai Rungvichaniwat And Pairote Klinpituksa : Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani, Thailand
Khalid Hamid Musa And Aminah Abdullah : Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
 

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Multilayer Graphene Filled Epoxy Thin Film Composites: Transparency, Morphology and Thermal Conductivity

By: A. Norshamira , M. Mariatti

Page No : 181-190

Abstract
To date, multilayer graphene has captured tremendous attention of researchers around the world with its properties include ultra-light, yet immensely tough. It also can enhance the thermal properties of polymer based composites at a very low loading compared with other carbon materials. The present work reports the transparency, morphology and thermal conductivity of multilayer graphene filled epoxy thin film composites. Multilayer graphene was loaded in epoxy system at 0.2vol% to 1.0vol%. Based on the observation, there are change in colour and transparency due to presence of multilayer graphene, the higher the filler loading, the darker it will get. Other than that, the morphology of multilayer graphene composites at 0.4vol% exhibits a relatively smooth fracture surface meanwhile rough fracture surface with many small faceted features were found at 1.0vol%. It is also found that multilayer graphene filled epoxy thin film composites show increment in thermal conductivity reached up to 0.4vol% filler loading and started to reduce thermal conductivity after increase the filler loading which may cause interfacial thermal resistance across a filler matrix interface.

Authors :
A. Norshamira and M. Mariatti : School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
 

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Characterization and In Vitro Study of Surface Modified PLA Microspheres Treated with NaOH

By: M. M. S. Mohd Sabee , Z. A. Abdul Hamid , N. A. Kamalaldin , B. H. Yahaya

Page No : 191-200

Abstract
The development in drug delivery systems (DDS) is moving towards the usage of biodegradable polymeric materials as therapeutic drug vehicles. One of the polymers commonly used is poly lactic acid (PLA) which is having desired properties including biocompatible, biodegradable and has good mechanical properties. But, its hydrophobicity is not preferable and thus, several modifications have been made to make PLA microspheres to be more hydrophilic so that it could reduce chances of adverse reaction. This research investigated the effect of surface modification with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) at different concentrations on the PLA microspheres properties and their interaction towards cell proliferations. Morphological changes of modified PLA microspheres have been confirmed via SEM imaging. Confirmation of increased hydrophilicity has been evaluated using FTIR and contact angle. The in vitro assay showed that both microspheres of neat PLA and PLA treated with NaOH were non-toxic to cell.

Authors :
M. M. S. Mohd Sabee and Z. A. Abdul Hamid : Biomaterials Niche Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
N. A. Kamalaldin and B. H. Yahaya : Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
 

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Mechanical and Physical Properties of Polylactic Acid (PLA) / Thermoplastic Starch (TPS) Blends

By: I. Noorizzah , A.W.M. Kahar , D.N. Uylana

Page No : 201-212

Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is most known as a biodegradable plastic, often faces such a problem mainly related to flexibility. In order to improve the brittleness of PLA and to produce biodegradable plastic with good combination of cost and performance, we have focussed here on adding thermoplastic starch (TPS) within the PLA matrix. To improve the interfacial adhesion between TPS and PLA, the TPS structure was chemically modified by using citric acid (CA). The ratio between PLA/TPS was chosen at 60/40 and 40/60 and CA content was varied from 1 to 4%. The tensile strength, together with Young’s modulus for (60/40) and (40/60) of the PLA/TPS blend, were found to increase after modification with CA. However, the elongation at break of PLA/TPS (60/40) blend was decreased. This result showed that higher loadings of TPS in the blend tend to elongate due to the flexibility of TPS. On the other hand, by modifying the TPS with CA, it showed that compatible blend has been achieved.

Authors :
I. Noorizzah, A.W.M. Kahar And D.N. Uylana : School of Materials Engineering Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
 

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Effect of Microcrystalline Cellulose From Cassava Peel Waste Filler Loading on Natural Rubber Latex Products

By: Hamidah Harahap , Andri Rusli , Taslim , Indra Surya , Sukardi

Page No : 213-221

Abstract
Cassava peel waste is one of the renewable biomass resources which has the potential to be derived into microcrystalline cellulose. Microcrystalline cellulose was produced from cassava peel waste by using delignification process, followed by bleaching process and controlled acid hydrolysis. The structural properties of microcrystalline cellulose obtained were examined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The filler loading was 0-25 pphr microcrystalline cellulose and 1% wt alkanolamide. In this research, alkanolamide was used as compatibilizer agent for natural rubber latex products. The filler dispersion was poured into latex system and followed by pre-vulcanization at 70°C. The natural rubber latex films were produced by coagulant dipping method and dried at temperature 120°C for 20 minutes. It was found that the incorporation of microcrystalline cellulose derived from cassava peel waste as fillers at 10 pphr filler loading in natural rubber latex has improved the crosslink density and mechanical properties of the natural rubber latex products such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, but decrease elongation at break.

Authors :
Hamidah Harahap, Sukardi, Andri Rusli, Taslim and Indra Surya :  Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sumatera Utara, Jalan Almamater, Kampus USU Medan 20155, North Sumatra.
 

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Tensile Properties and Thermal Stability of Gamma Irradiated Epoxidized Natural Rubber Latex with the Presence of Sensitizer

By: C.T. Ratnam

Page No : 223-232

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of gamma radiation on epoxidized natural rubber latex (ENRL) with the presence of sensitizer, with regards to its tensile properties, gel fraction and thermal stability. ENRL used are ENRL-25 and ENRL-50, with epoxidation level of 25 mole% and 50 mole% respectively. The sensitizers, i.e. butyl acrylate, 1, 6-hexanediol diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate, at the range of 0.5 to 3 phr, were added to ENRL together with potassium laurate, stirred and irradiated with gamma radiation at 12 kGy. Cast films were prepared from the irradiated ENRL and used in tensile test, gel fraction and thermogravimetry analysis. Results revealed that the presence of sensitizer during gamma irradiation of ENRL enhanced the tensile properties, gel fraction and thermal stability of ENRL. The effects of sensitizer depended on number of acrylate groups in the sensitizer and epoxidation level of the ENRL. Amount of sensitizer beyond 0.5 phr was found to adversely affect the tensile strength of gamma irradiated ENRL at 12 kGy

Authors :
C. K. Chai, , L.C. Abdullah and H.M. Yusoff : Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 UPM Serdang, Malaysia
C.T. Ratnam : Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia.
 

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Tensile, Swelling and Thermal Aging Properties of Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana) Peel Powder Filled Natural Rubber Compounds

By: Norjulia Ahmad , Mahir Hanafi Ismail , Nadras Othman

Page No : 233-243

Abstract
Recent developments in rubber compounding have heightened the need for natural fillers as replacements of commercial fillers. Tensile, swelling and thermal aging properties of the mangosteen peel powder filled natural rubber compounds were investigated and all the results were discussed and compared with natural rubber gum. The tensile strengths and elongation at break increased while tensile modulus decreased with the increasing of mangosteen peel powder loading in the compounds. Swelling percentage was reduced as the filler loading was increased. However, it was found that the addition of mangosteen peel powder into natural rubber improved the aging property of the compounds.
 

Authors :
Norjulia Ahmad, Mahir Hanafi Ismail And Nadras Othman : School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, 14130 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
 

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