Re-examination of Mahāyāna Buddhist Artifacts in Peninsular Malaysia before the Modern Era

By : Ampere A. Tseng

Page No: 99-132

Abstract
This article explores the early spread of Mahāyāna Buddhism to Peninsular Malaysia by re-examining the artifacts discovered from various archaeological sites across the region and scrutinizing the associated conditions that facilitated its spreading.The spread commenced mid-first millennium and concluded premodern era. Archaeological findings, supplemented by historical documents, are analyzed to evaluate the Buddhist influences from India. Artifacts related to Mahāyāna Buddhism include thirteen inscriptions with engraved figures, sixteen statues of Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, and dozens votive tablets with imprinted images and inscriptions. The study presents fresh perspectives and updated data on these artifacts, affirming their Mahāyāna Buddhism connection. It rectifies discrepancies in initial archaeological studies and also corrects inconsistencies in original archaeological studies where necessary. The article posits that Mahāyāna Buddhism reached West Malaysia primarily through Indian traders and missionaries from the 5th century or earlier. By the first millennium’s end, Mahāyāna Buddhism was prevalent in Peninsular Malaysia, particularly in its northern five states.

Author :
Ampere A. Tseng : Manufacturing Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287 USA.