Convergence, Divergence, and Crossvergence of National Values: The Case of Italy and India

By : Antony P. Girlando, Nina B. Eduljee, David Pinchbeck

Page No: 125-137

Abstract
This exploratory cross-cultural study examines whether national values, as conceptualised by Hofstede’s Six-Dimensional Model remain stable or change over time. The Value Survey Module 2013 (Hofstede & Minkov, 2013) which measures six indices was used. Italy and India were selected as comparative case studies, within the framework of three key theoretical perspectives: convergence, divergence, and crossvergence. A cross-sectional design surveyed Italian students (n = 366) and Indian students (n = 291). The results indicate convergence in the dimensions of Uncertainty Avoidance and Power Distance, and divergence in Individualism, Masculinity and Long-Term Orientation. Implications of the results are discussed.

Authors
Antony P. Girlando : Associate Professor, Department of Business, Saint Joseph’s College of Maine, Standish, ME, USA.
Nina B. Eduljee : Professor, Department of Psychology, Saint Joseph’s College of Maine, Standish, ME, USA.
David Pinchbeck : Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Saint Joseph’s College of Maine, Standish, ME, USA.
 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/JPR.2026.21.01.12