Exotic Fish Species Introduction in India: Benefits, Risks, and Regulatory Needs

By : Sweety Singh , Judith Betsy C.

Page No: 70-91

Abstract
India possesses one of the richest aquatic biodiversity resources in the world, yet the increasing introduction of exotic aquatic species for aquaculture, ornamental trade, biological control, and inland water management has significantly altered native ecosystems. While several introductions, such as Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, and Oreochromis niloticus, have substantially enhanced fish production, food security, and rural livelihoods, their ecological consequences remain a major concern. Exotic species contribute significantly to global aquaculture output and economic growth; however, they may also cause competition with native species, habitat alteration, genetic introgression, disease transmission, trophic disruptions, and biodiversity loss. Cases of invasive expansion, stunting, turbidity enhancement, and the spread of pathogens such as White Spot Syndrome Virus highlight the ecological risks associated with unregulated introductions. This review synthesises the historical background, purposes, benefits, and ecological consequences of exotic fish introductions in India, and emphasises the need for strict quarantine protocols, ecological risk assessment, policy strengthening, and prioritising the development of indigenous species. A balanced and science-based regulatory framework is essential to harmonize aquaculture expansion with long-term ecosystem sustainability and biodiversity conservation.

Authors
Sweety Singh: State Fisheries Department, Chhattisgarh,
Judith Betsy C.: Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Vaniyanchavadi, OMR Campus, Chennai,
 

DOI: http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2026.41.1-4.7