Aquatic Xenobiotic: Biomarkers for Assessing and Mitigating Environmental Contamination

By : Sana K. M Patel , Indulkar S. T. , Ninawe A.S.

Page No: 34-52

Abstract:
The persistence of biologically active xenobiotic compounds in aquatic environments poses a significant threat to ecosystem health and human safety. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the interactions and ecological impacts of xenobiotics in aquatic systems, with a focus on fish as sensitive bioindicators. Xenobiotics, including heavy metals and synthetic chemicals, induce a spectrum of biological responses in fish, ranging from synergistic or antagonistic effects to alterations in mortality, behaviour, physiology, and cellular integrity. Notably, bioaccumulation of these contaminants in fish tissues not only disrupts aquatic biodiversity but also enters the human food chain, raising public health concerns.

Recent research highlights the role of cellular-level xenobiotic modifications in carcinogenicity and other chronic effects. To address these challenges, freshwater fish species are increasingly employed as ecological sentinels for early contamination detection. Furthermore, this review explores innovative remediation strategies, such as bacterial bioremediation and phytoremediation, which leverage natural processes to degrade xenobiotics. Advances in understanding xenobiotic biotransformation pathways offer promising avenues for mitigating environmental pollution and safeguarding aquatic ecosystems.

Authors:
Sana K. M Patel and Indulkar S. T. : College of Fisheries (Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth), Ratnagiri,
Ninawe A.S.: Ex. Scientist “G”, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi,
 

DOI: http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2026.41.1-4.4