Jan- to Dec-2023

A Look about an Ornamental Shrimp, Stenopus Hispidus (Olivier, 1811)

By: Manu Madhavan , Ajith Kumar T. T , Kuldeep K. Lal

Page No : 1-19

Abstract
Marine aquarium keeping is one of the most popular hobbies, and it is an emerging sub-sector of the ornamental aquaculture industry, which is expected to grow more in the coming days. A variety of ornamental organisms are found in marine aquaria, which is attracting the attention of aquarists and hobbyists in recent years. The current review is focusing on the potential of an ornamental shrimp, Stenopus hispidus, its importance, distribution, geographical range, ecosystem role, the source for trade; captive/wild, market scenario, significant features, reproductive biology, functional morphology, and captive breeding. All Stenopus species are brightly colored and have been reported throughout the world, and majority of them are preferring for aquaria. Because of their prolonged chelated legs and spiny body, Stenopus are popularly referred to as “Boxing Shrimps”. Recently, the focus on marine ornamental shrimp aquaculture is getting attention towards the captive breeding of a few species, including Stenopus. Aquaculture of marine ornamentals is a significant and effective approach to protecting the coral ecosystem, also meeting commercial demand in the aquarium sector. Seven species of Stenopus are reported in the global aquarium trade, where S. hispidus is the most prominent one. S. hispidus has a lengthy larval duration lasting about 120 - 253 days. Many recent studies conducted globally have augmented the knowledge of their reproductive biology, feeding regimes, larviculture, and propagation process in captive conditions, which made significant advances in the past and present decades.

Authors :
Manu Madhavan : Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India
Ajith Kumar T. T. : ICAR - National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Kuldeep K. Lal : ICAR - National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2023.38.1-4.1

Price: 101

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Dietary Protein Replacement of Fish Meal with Sunflower Meal: Effects on Growth and Digestive Enzyme Responses of Etroplus Suratensis Fingerlings

By: Ahilan Kamalii , A. Jackqulinwino , B. Ahilan , Cheryl Antony

Page No : 21-30

Abstract :
A 60-day feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary replacement of fish meal with a plant protein source (Sunflower meal) on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of Etroplus suratensis fingerling. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated with sunflower meal replacing fish meal at 0 (To), 7.5 (T7.5), 15 (T15), and 22.5% (T22.5) levels. The initial average weight of f ish was 5.48±0.01 g, which were distributed into (number of tanks) (60 l) at a stocking rate of 10 fish per tank. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fishes. Fish fed with 15% sunflower meal attained the highest weight gain, specific growth rate, average daily growth, the protein efficiency ratio (p<0.05) and protease activity. This study highlights the effective replacement of the fish meal with sunflower meal and investigates the influence of sunflower meal on the growth performance and digestive enzyme activity of Etroplus suratensis fingerlings.
 

Authors :
Ahilan Kamalii : University of Calgary, Canada
A. Jackqulinwino : Dr.M.G.R Fisheries College and Research institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu, India
B. Ahilan : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
Cheryl Antony : Dr.M.G.R Fisheries College and Research institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu, India
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2023.38.1-4.2

Price: 101

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Salmon Migration: Guided by Olfaction and Magnetoreception

By: Dharaniya R. , Amirthavarshini S.S. , Selvaraj S. , Cheryl Antony

Page No : 31-44

Abstract 
Diving Deeper into Salmon’s Superpowers: Magnetic Mysteries and Genetic Marvels. In a riveting exploration of the awe-inspiring world of salmon migration, we unravel the secrets behind these incredible f ish. Salmon’s extraordinary journey comes to life as we uncover how they harness Earth’s magnetic field and their keen sense of smell for navigation. They’re equipped with magnetic particles in their bodies, and their DNA may hold the key to their remarkable homing abilities. However, it’s not all smooth swimming for salmon. They face formidable challenges during upstream migration. Climate change, pollution, and man-made obstacles like dams and hydropower schemes disrupt their epic odyssey. To make things even more intriguing, artificial light pollution emerges as an unexpected antagonist. It’s not just salmon in the spotlight but the whole ecosystem. This journey is a saga of nature’s marvels and modern environmental dilemmas, urging us to protect these remarkable creatures. Join us on this exhilarating expedition as we uncover the magnetic allure and genetic wonders that make salmon migration an extraordinary tale.

Authors :
Dharaniya R., Amirthavarshini S.S., Selvaraj S. And Cheryl Antony
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu, India
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2023.38.1-4.3

Price: 101

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Regulatory Mechanism of Environmental Factors including Ecological Elements and Water Pollutants

By: Kalaivanan Rajalakshmi , Nathan Felix , Amit Ranjan , Govindharaj Sathishkumar

Page No : 45-50

Abstract
Environmental pollution is one of the significant threats prevailing in the aquatic environment and aquaculture practices. Many classifications of pollutants cause adverse effects. Pharmaceutical and heavy metals affect the degradation of aquaculture’s population, causing physical deformities in organisms and polluting the aquatic environment. Environmental pollution also leads to the onset of various diseases in fish and also results in impaired growth, development and immune responses. In addition, many endocrine disruptors also poses a long-term threat to all aquatic species. In this article, we have addressed the cause of some pollutants and the preventive measures and strategies for improving organism’s health and aquaculture practices.

Authors :
Kalaivanan Rajalakshmi : Tamil Nadu Dr. J.Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies (IFPGS), Chennai
Nathan Felix : Tamil Nadu Dr. J.Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Nagapattinam
Amit Ranjan : Tamil Nadu Dr. J.Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies (IFPGS), Chennai
Govindharaj Sathishkumar : Tamil Nadu Dr. J.Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies (IFPGS), Chennai
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2023.38.1-4.4

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Problem and Preventive Measures of Antibiotic Residues in Aquaculture

By: H. Manimaran , Cheryl Antony , M. Joshna

Page No : 51-60

Abstract
Antibiotics are indispensable tools in aquaculture for treating and preventing diseases, ensuring the health and welfare of aquatic organisms. However, their extensive use has led to the emergence of antibiotic residues in aquaculture products, raising concerns about public health and environmental consequences. This article delves into the multifaceted issue of antibiotic residues in aquaculture, highlighting the various problems associated with their presence, including the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria, potential harm to non-target organisms, and risks to human consumers. Furthermore, it explores preventive measures aimed at mitigating antibiotic residues in aquaculture, such as promoting responsible antibiotic use through regulations and guidelines, implementing alternative disease management strategies, and adopting technological innovations for water treatment and monitoring. By addressing these challenges and implementing effective preventive measures, stakeholders in the aquaculture industry can safeguard both human health and environmental sustainability.

Authors :
H. Manimaran, Cheryl Antony And M. Joshna
Department of Aquaculture, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute Ponneri, Tamil Nadu, India
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2023.38.1-4.5

Price: 101

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A Survey of the Naveen MACHHALI MANDI, Dubbaga, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

By: Rohit Kumar Gautam , Ashish Sahu , Neelam Sharma , Bulbul Ali , Devarshi Ranjan , Abha Mishra

Page No : 61-76

Abstract
The present study was carried out to find the current status of Naveen Machhali Mandi, Dubbaga, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. A large number of intermediaries are engaged in several activities of fish marketing system in Lucknow city. Data was collected from February to October 2022 monsoon wise (winter monsoon to post-monsoon) through direct observation, interview methodologies, and a standard format of questionnaires filled out by fish sellers.An attempt was made to identify infrastructure facilities, current market structure, cost nature, and elements influencing the fish marketing system.It covers storage, transportation, and hygiene standards, emphasizing the importance of these aspects in guaranteeing the quality and safety of fish products. Nearly 60% of the fish is provided locally, while the remaining 40% comes from all over the country, including West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, and Kolkata.We discuss the significance of fish markets in the food industry, the challenges they face, and recommendations for improvement. The study analysed the composition of fish species, price structure, market building and equipment, cold chain, transportation, processing, hygiene, women and children involvement, marketing system, and more. It also includes a list of fish sold in the market during different seasons and highlights numerous stakeholders’ interconnectivity, offering insight into their socioeconomic status and concerns. The Naveen Machhali Mandi, Dubbaga, Lucknow, UP, plays a pivotal role in the regional fish trade industry. This survey provides valuable insights into its operational mechanisms, socio economic significance, and challenges. Understanding the dynamics of this marketplace is essential for both policymakers and stakeholders to ensure its sustainable growth and continued contribution to the local economy.

Authors :
Rohit Kumar Gautam : Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ashish Sahu : Faculty of fisheries, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Cochin, Kerala, India
Neelam Sharma : Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Bulbul Ali : Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Devarshi Ranjan : College of Fisheries, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
Abha Mishra : Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2023.38.1-4.6

Price: 101

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Influence of Environmental Factors on Egg and Larvae Quality in Aquatic Animal Offspring

By: Ashish Sahu , Devarshi Ranjan , Satkar Sagar Gorakh , Shivaji Kanoujiya , Saiprasad Bhusare , Gowhar Iqbal

Page No : 77-90

Abstract
Egg and larvae quality are deeply influenced by various environmental factors, culture practices, and the domestication level of the species (Migaud et al., 2013). Environmental factors play a crucial role in the development and survival of eggs and larvae of aquatic animals such as fish, molluscs, octopus, squids, and sea turtles etc (Bobe et al., 2015). Some important environmental factors include temperature, food, pollutants, population density, sound, photoperiod (light), and parasites. All those factors can impact the growth, development, and overall health of these early life stages. Early larvae stages are the most crucial and vulnerable stages in the life cycle of fishes, and also affect the development, survival, and distribution and migration behaviour of larvae.

Authors :
Ashish Sahu : Faculty of fisheries, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Cochin, Kerala, India
Devarshi Ranjan : College of Fisheries, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Dholi, Muzaffarapur, Bihar, India
Satkar Sagar Gorakh : Faculty of fisheries, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Cochin, Kerala, India
Shivaji Kanoujiya : College of Fisheries, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India
Saiprasad Bhusare : CAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Andheri (W), Mumbai, India
Gowhar Iqbal : CAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Andheri (W), Mumbai, India
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2023.38.1-4.7

Price: 101

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Freshwater Molluscs in the Gangetic Riverine System: Present Status of Diversity and Emerging Threats

By: Ashish Sahu , Pramila Sahadevan

Page No : 91-98

Abstract
Ganga basin is the largest river basin in India in terms of the catchment area, constituting more than 20% of the country’s landmass and supporting about more than 40% of its population. This mighty river is the home for some of the rarest and strangest animals on the planet. Previous documentations on the diversity of Himalayan rivers show that they are increasingly vulnerable to a wide variety of anthropogenic activities. The faunal components of the river, both invertebrates and vertebrates have been stressed due to a variety of reasons. Macroinvertebrates such as molluscs are a significant component of the riverine resources which also have a major role in maintaining the ecosystem health. As per studies conducted from November 2020 to October 2021, diversity of freshwater molluscs in this river has been recorded as 12 bivalves and ten gastropods. In this review impacts of major threats to Ganga river molluscs such as low water level, habitat destruction, agricultural runoff and pollution, over-harvesting, dams, urban development and sand mining have been discussed. Considerably lower diversity in comparison to other parts have been recorded in the middle stretch covering Prayagraj to Kanpur. Thus, it would be ideal to conduct comprehensive studies aiming at the assessment of diversity and conservation of molluscs in this river system. Despite the absence of organised fishery, the river Ganga, provides employment and livelihood support to the fisherfolk of adjacent villages. Hence it would be worthwhile to consider initiating efforts for improving the quality of this riverine system with well-defined action plans aiming at pollution abatement measures and sustainability of the resource.

Authors :
Ashish Sahu And Pramila Sahadevan  
Faculty of Fisheries, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Cochin, Kerala, India
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2023.38.1-4.8

Price: 101

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Role of Black Solider Fly in Aquaculture Industry

By: Salkapuram Sandeep Kumar , Joshna M

Page No : 99-106

Abstract
The role of black soldier flies (BSF) in the aquaculture industry has gained significant attention due to their unique capabilities and benefits. These versatile insects play a crucial role in addressing key challenges faced by the aquaculture sector, including sustainable feed production, waste management, and environmental impact reduction. By harnessing the natural abilities of black soldier flies, aquaculture operations can achieve greater efficiency, resource utilization, and environmental sustainability.

Authors :
Salkapuram Sandeep Kumar And Joshna M   
PG scholar, Department of Aquaculture, Dr. M. G. R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2023.38.1-4.9

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Management of Pond Bottom Soil – A Crucial Step for Effective Farming

By: Vignesh P , Ezhilarasi V , Cheryl Antony

Page No : 107-113

Abstract
Efficient management of pond bottom soil is essential for sustainable aquaculture. This article explores the significance of maintaining optimal soil conditions in earthen ponds for successful fish farming. Emphasising the interplay between soil and water quality, it highlights the importance of soil texture, pH, and sediment management in creating a conducive environment for aquatic organisms. Techniques such as liming, drying, tilling, and sediment removal are discussed for improving soil quality and productivity. Furthermore, the article provides insights into soil management strategies during different stages of aquaculture, from pond preparation to grow-out phases. By implementing appropriate soil management practices, the negative impacts of soil characteristics and sediment changes can be minimized, ensuring long-term viability and productivity of aquaculture operations.

Authors :
Vignesh P : Scholar, Department of Aquaculture, Dr. M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu, India
Ezhilarasi V : Assistant Professor, Department of Aquaculture, Dr. M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu, India
Cheryl Antony : Director of Research, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2023.38.1-4.10

Price: 101

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Jan- to Dec-2022

A Review On Aquaculture Important Fish Chanos Chanos, Forsskål 1775, The Milkfish

By: Divya Merin Jose , Divya P. R.

Page No : 1-26

Abstract
Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskål, 1775) is an economically important species with best biological characteristics for farming. It is valued as a food fish, especially in Southeast Asia. Milkfish aquaculture is an important source of income in many countries such as Taiwan, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Much technical and scientific research has been documented for the development of feeds, farming systems, disease resistance of milkfish etc. This review discusses current scientific studies on milkfish in the relevant areas of aquaculture such as nutrition and feeding, farming systems, diseases, molecular genetics, and economics. It provides a global perspective that will be a benchmark for our current knowledge and facilitate a more oriented focus on the future research needs of this economically valuable fish. This review is helpful for the scientific community by providing an overview of the present state of knowledge, recent research, and developments in milkfish aquaculture.

Authors :
Divya Merin Jose
Faculty of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Cochin-682018, India.

Divya P. R.
Peninsular Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR- NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, Cochin- 682018, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2022.37.1-4.1

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Recent Trends in Aquaculture Technologies

By: P. Ruby , B. Ahilan , Cheryl Antony , S. Selvaraj

Page No : 27-34

Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food production sector in the world. The industry is experiencing significant changes due to several environmental, economic and social concerns. In the past 50 years, applications of science and the introduction of new technologies in aquaculture development have promoted its rapid development. In terms of species, aquafeeds, production systems, diseases, products, business structures and marketing, aquaculture is more diversified than most other food production sectors. Scientific and technologic advances and innovations have improved, expanded and benefited almost every aspect of aquaculture, and several pioneering technologies. This review briefly introduces these emerging and disruptive technologies to open up a forum for an in-depth discussion on how to integrate these technologies into aquaculture to improve its sustainability and profitability.

Authors :
P. Ruby, B. Ahilan, Cheryl Antony and S. Selvaraj
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries college and Research Institute, Ponneri - 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2022.37.1-4.2

Price: 101

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Nisin: A Novel Bio-Preservative for Food Industry

By: Ulaganathan Arisekar , Robinson Jeya Shakila , Rajendran Shalini , T. Surya

Page No : 35-41

Abstract
Approaches to biological preservation are attractive as a safety criterion in foodstuffs with lower levels of additives and chemicals that typically serve to suppress microbial proliferation. Nisin is a natural preservative used in a variety of foods. Bacteriocin is primarily utilized in foods like meat and dairy products. Nisin is used more frequently in food because it is the only bacteriocin approved as a food preservative. Nisin inhibits pathogenic foodborne bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes and many other gram-positive food spoilage organisms. The preservative nisin may be used alone, in conjunction with other preservatives, or in conjunction with several physical treatments. The physicochemical and biological characteristics of nisin are discussed in this article, along with the key variables influencing its antibacterial potency and its use as an additive directly integrated into food matrices.

Authors :
Ulaganathan Arisekar, Robinson Jeya Shakila, Rajendran Shalini and T. Surya
Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin-628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2022.37.1-4.3

Price: 101

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Sustainable Aquaculture: Interlacing Tilapia and Shrimp

By: M. Joshna , Cheryl Antony

Page No : 43-50

Abstract
Tilapia is the second most farmed fish in the world, and due to its ease of aquaculture, marketability, and steady market pricing, output has increased fourfold in the last ten years. For polyculture farming, tilapia and shrimp are suitable species. Both are technically possible and boost revenues while improving the utilization of natural resources and lowering the reliance on commercial diets.

Authors :
Joshna. M
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Aquaculture, Dr. M. G. R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalallitha Fisheries University, Ponneri-601204, Tamil Nadu, India.

Cheryl Antony
Professor & Head, Dr.M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalallitha Fisheries University, Ponneri-601204, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2022.37.1-4.4

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Recent Advances in Finfish Physiology and Endocrinology

By: M. Joshna , S. Mahalakshmi , S. Selvaraj , Cheryl Antony , Robinson Jeya Shakila

Page No : 51-62

Abstract
Physiology is the scientific study of how the component parts of fish function together in the living fish. It can be contrasted with fish anatomy, which is the study of the form or morphology of fishes. The glands that secrete their products into the bloodstream and body tissues along with the central nervous system to control and regulate many kinds of body functions are known as endocrine gland. In fishes, various endocrine gland has been found associated with different tasks and functions. Recent advances in physiology and endocrinology plays a crucial role in increased production levels in the industry.

Authors :
M. Joshna, S. Mahalakshmi, S. Selvaraj, Cheryl Antony and R. Jeya Shakila
Department of Aquaculture, Dr. M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri-601204, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2022.37.1-4.5

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Structure and Function of Kisspeptin and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Neuroendocrine Systems and Their Application in Aquaculture Systems

By: S. Selvaraj , Cheryl Antony , P. Ruby , V. Ezhilarasi , Robinson Jeya Shakila

Page No : 63-71

Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is the major neuroendocrine hormone regulating reproduction in vertebrates, including finfish and shellfish. In recent years, using in vitro and in vivo studies, kisspeptins has been shown to act as upstream modulator of GnRH secretion in few finfish species. Surprisingly, shellfish GnRH do not cluster within finfish GnRH, suggesting diversity in gnRH genes and their evolution in animal kingdom. Kisspeptin and GnRH analogues have been synthesized chemically and successfully used in induced reproduction of finfish. Studies on Kisspeptin and GnRH potency in induced maturation and spawning of shellfish are scarce. Seasonally, fish broodstock raised in captivity exhibit different form of reproductive dysfunction at the level of the neuroendocrine brain-pituitary-gonad axis. Reproductive dysfunctions are also observed during sexual differentiation and pubertal onset periods. To overcome these problems in the captivity, different hormonal preparations including kisspeptin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone preparations are used. The present paper highlights the structure and function of multiple kisspeptin and GnRH systems in fish and their application for controlling reproduction in aquaculture systems.

Authors :
S. Selvaraj, Cheryl Antony, P. Ruby, V. Ezhilarasi and R. Jeya Shakila
Department of Aquaculture, Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri-601204, Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2022.37.1-4.6

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Phytosterol from Marine Algae as Feed Additive in Aquaculture

By: S. Mahalakshmi , S. Selvaraj , Cheryl Antony

Page No : 73-81

Abstract
Aquaculture is growing faster compared to other animal food production sector, and this growth has been accompanied by a rapid increase in aqua feed production in recent years (FAO, 2020). Particularly, there is an increasing trend in the use of plant based compounds instead of using synthetic hormones and antibiotics for promoting growth, colouration and gametogenesis in fish. Many components have been found in marine algae such as phytosterols that have several beneficial effects. Phytosterol present in marine algae such as sterols and stanols are similar to cholesterol in terms of structure and function. Studies on phytosterols and their use as feed additive in fishes are limited. The phytochemicals are classified based on the chemical structures as alkaloids, flavonoids, pigments, terpenoids, steroids and essential oils. The phytochemicals present in the plants and algae possess many useful functions such as enhancing the growth rate, feed consumption and also act as an immunostimulant, antistress factor and possess antimicrobial properties. Phytosterols are the plant derived sterols belonging to the terpenoid chemical group present in higher plants and also in marine algae. The most common phytosterol include beta-Sitosterol, campestrol, stigmasterol and stigmastanol. The sterol distribution in plants varies with some species having only one or two whereas as some other possess many steroids. Phytosterols can only obtained by the animals through their diet they cannot be synthesized by them. Phytosterols present in the marine algae and plants possess many benefits in fishes as well as crustaceans. The sterol distribution in plants varies with some species having only one or two whereas as some other possess many steroids. Phytosterols can only obtained by the animals through their diet they cannot be synthesized by them. Phytosterols present in the marine algae and plants possess many benefits in fishes as well as crustaceans.

Authors :
S. Mahalakshmi, S. Selvaraj and Cheryl Antony
Department of Aquaculture, Dr. M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2022.37.1-4.7

Price: 101

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Bioremediation of Environmental Contaminants – A Review on Current Practices, Recent Advances and Perspectives

By: Hetal Shukla , Kinjal Saini , Nehal Rana , Radhey Shyam Kaushal

Page No : 83-115

Abstract
Environmental pollution has been on the rise in the past few decades owing to increased human activities on energy reservoirs, unsafe agricultural practices and rapid industrialization. Remediation of polluted sites using microbial process i.e., bioremediation has proven effective, efficient and reliable technique due to its eco-friendly features. Bioremediation is an option that offers the possibility to destroy or render harmless various pollutants using natural biological activity. As such, it uses relatively low-cost technology techniques, which generally have a high public acceptance and can often be carried out on site. It will not be always suitable, however, as the range of contaminants on which it is effective is limited, the time scales involved are relatively long, and the residual contaminant levels achievable may not always be appropriate. Hence, bioremediation is an innovative technology that has the potential to alleviate the toxic contaminants. In this review, we provide a comprehensive knowledge and pragmatic view on major bioremediation techniques, types of bioremediation and strategies, various types of bioremediation agents involved, types of contaminants, and the prospects of bioremediation to clean up the environment contaminants.

Authors :
Hetal Shukla, Kinjal Saini, Nehal Rana and Radhey Shyam Kaushal
Assistant Professor, Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Gujarat, 391760, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2022.37.1-4.8

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Bioremediation of Waste Water: In-Depth Review on Current Practices and Promising Perspectives

By: Hetal Shukla , Saloni Gautam , Himanshu Bapodariya , Mukund B Maliwad , Ajit K Gangawane , Radhey Shyam Kaushal

Page No : 117-152

Abstract
With the growing world population, need for fresh water is increasing. World water resources are available in oceans and seas 97.5%. fresh water resources available is limited to 2.5% which is further contaminated by large range of pollutants such as the effluents from pharmaceutical industries, textile industries, food and dairy industries, mining industries agricultural waste, heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, sewage waste etc. The composition of pharmaceutical wastewater is complex contains high concentration of organic matter, microbial toxicity, high salt, and difficult to biodegrade. Textile dyes wastewater is one of the main reasons behind severe pollution problems due to the greater demand for textile products and increase in production and applications of synthetic dyes. Agricultural wastewater includes pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, weedicides etc. which can be hazardous to human health, soil microbiota and aquatic microbiota. Heavy metals like uranium, mercury, lead, chromium, copper, iron etc. can cause a major environmental problem due to their toxicity and persistence in nature. To combat, bioremediation is an option that offers the possibility to destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. Further, nanoremediation – nanotechnology that depends on the use of nanomaterials to tackle and address the formidable challenges of 21st century as water pollution crisis. In-silico approach is a computational framework, potential to perform virtual screening of pollutants and helps to fulfill the gaps and address the flaws of convention bioremediation. A little effort has been made to put the entire literature review of these technologies in one refereed paper, our review paper is an attempt to compile the existing information on various treatment technologies viz. Bioremediation, Nanoremediation.

Authors :
Hetal Shukla, Saloni Gautam, Himanshu Bapodariya, Mukund B Maliwad, Ajit K Gangawane and Radhey Shyam Kaushal
Assistant Professor, Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Gujarat, 391760, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2022.37.1-4.9

Price: 101

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Jan- to Dec-2021

Potent Role of Seaweeds in Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)

By: A. Kamalii , S. Meenatchi , B. Ahilan , E. Prabu

Page No : 1-11

Abstract
Aquaculture is a sunrise sector that fulfills the needs of food security, nutrition, health, poverty alleviation, and economic benefits. However, the Sagacious use of the available resource makes them sustainable for the future era. Marine aquaculture is undeniably a key future direction for the production of food. However, traditional aquaculture involves some significant drawbacks, the major one of which is the surplus discharge of organic matter and dissolved nutrients. To mitigate the environmental impact, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems, which advocate the integration of fed fish with inorganic and organic extractive species, may offer a sustainable solution. In IMTA, the integral component seaweed plays a pioneering role by reducing the impact of nitrogen-rich effluents from cultured fish waste in the coastal ecosystem; that is, they play a bio-remediation role. Besides, they have also been involved in bio-mitigating climate change. Seaweeds in general have a variety of applications in human welfare and specifically in regard to the present study, especially in the food and biorefinery fields. Edible seaweeds are exceptionally rich in proteins, lipids and dietary fibres; they contain high quantities of essential minerals and store various forms of important antioxidants including vitamins and protective pigments. The emerging interest in seaweed commercialization and production methods makes IMTA a highly relevant approach both environmentally and economically.
 

Authors :
A. Kamalii

S. Meenatchi

B. Ahilan

E. Prabu
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri- 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2021.36.1-4.1

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Seaweed…. Can it Combat Against the Novel Coronavirus?

By: A. Kamalii , S. Meenatchi , B. Ahilan , E. Prabu

Page No : 13-19

Abstract
The entire world is beleaguered by the pandemic: Coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 virus is responsible for causing the disease COVID-19. The pandemic has been engulfing lots of people’s lives. The pandemic has not put up to an end because there is not yet a perfect medicine found against it. Several research projects are been carried out to find a valuable solution for it. In that part, we have our seaweed, the marine macroalgae (sea vegetables) which possess sulphate polysaccharides, phlorotannins and several other secondary metabolites having anti-viral properties and can be a fruitful solution against the coronavirus.

Authors :
A. Kamalii

S. Meenatchi

B. Ahilan

E. Prabu
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri- 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2021.36.1-4.2

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Future Fisheries in Hands of Deep Sea Fishing – Scope and its Prospects

By: T. Bhuvaneshwaran , P. Pavin Kumar , S. Ashik Ahmed , B. Ahilan

Page No : 21-30

Abstract
Fisheries play an important role in ensuring the nutritional security for millions and play a pioneer role in the economic development of maritime nations. It provides employment opportunities to more than 14 million people (FAO-SOFIA 2019) and supports for the livelihood of fishermen community. A recent revalidation data on marine fisheries potential has shown that the fishing pressure in near shore waters have been considerably increasing and the signs of overexploitation of fishery resources is evident. If there is further increase in fishing effort along the near shore waters, it will ultimately affect the sustainable yield. The fishery along the Indian waters is currently harvesting around 12% of the potential and the balance resources remains un noticed and unexplored. As the coastal fishery now facing the issues like resource conservation, management and sustainability, there is an imperative need for selecting a alternative resource that fulfils the nutritional security and to cater the increasing demand for fishes. Thus, the deep sea fisheries serves as a best alternative with an ample of scope with huge unexplored, under exploited fishery resources. The deep sea fisheries serve as the best solution to deviate the increasing pressure on inshore waters and to ensure the sustainability for future. With the combination of scientific technologies and modern fishing equipments deep sea resources could be well utilized and well explored. In this context, let us see the importance of deep sea fisheries in overall fishery production, its potential and its prospects.

Authors :
T. Bhuvaneshwaran
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri – 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.

P. Pavin Kumar

S. Ashik Ahmed

B. Ahilan
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2021.36.1-4.3

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Ecological Importance of Sharks

By: Crosslin Vinoliya R , P. Pavin Kumar , B. Ahilan , Alwin Peter. M.

Page No : 31-38

Abstract
Sharks play an important role in the ecosystem by maintaining the species below them in food chain and serving as a indicator of ocean health. Sharks are one of the most important groups of predators of the planet and having over a broad distribution of habitats in every ocean. They are important for maintaining stability in ocean food chain. In addition to that they play very important role in the conservation of coral reefs that facilitates the raising of awareness and financial support for its conservation. The large apex predatory sharks in pelagic and coastal ecosystems are at continued risk from exploitation and they require important jurisdictional management strategies.

Authors :
Crosslin Vinoliya R
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri – 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.

P. Pavin Kumar

B. Ahilan

Alwin Peter. M.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2021.36.1-4.4

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Green Fluorescent Protein

By: Kavimathy, K.R , Kannika, J. , Sameul Moses

Page No : 39-43

Authors :
Kavimathy, K.R
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri – 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.

Kannika, J.

Sameul Moses
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2021.36.1-4.5

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Collapsed Fisheries

By: I. Bargath Nilafar Nisha , P. Pavin Kumar , J.I. Bavithra , B. Ahilan

Page No : 45-53

Abstract
This paper describes about the fisheries get collapsing by some factors like overfishing, overexploitation, ghost fishing, use of chemical and pesticides and also by natural disaster by which millions of people are being severely affected. Therefore, the causes of fisheries disturbances and the measures to be taken to prevent are discussed.

Authors :
I. Bargath Nilafar Nisha
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri – 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.

P. Pavin Kumar

J.I. Bavithra

B. Ahilan
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2021.36.1-4.6

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Advances in Biofloc Technology for Enhanced Production of Penaeus vannamei Culture: A Review

By: D. Kaviarasu , K. Riji John , M. Rosalind George , A. Rathipriya

Page No : 55-68

Authors :
D. Kaviarasu
Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India.

K. Riji John
Dean Fisheries, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies Panangad, Kochi, India

M. Rosalind George
Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Vaniyanchavadi, Tamil Nadu, India

A. Rathipriya
Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Vaniyanchavadi, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2021.36.1-4.7

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Guidelines for the Water Quality Parameters in Pond Fish Culture

By: Yuvasree. K , Bharthipriya. R

Page No : 69-75

Abstract
The physical, chemical and biological qualities of water are most important as well as critical factor for the fish production. As there exists a significant relationship between host organisms, pathogens and environmental factors i.e., water quality, adverse or changed environmental conditions may affect immunological response, growth and survival of the organism. So, the knowledge about water quality is required for the successful pond management. Variables that determine water quality are temperature, transparency, turbidity, carbon dioxide, pH, alkalinity, hardness, unionized ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, primary productivity, BOD etc… For growth and survival of organisms, good water quality is highly essential. To attain a maximum yield in fish production, all the environmental factors should be maintained and controlled. This article provides detailed information related to water quality parameters, its desirable limits and treatment/remedies to be taken to maintain the optimum condition in culture system.

Authors :
Yuvasree. K
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri – 601204, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India.

Bharthipriya. R
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2021.36.1-4.8

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Application of Selenium Nanoparticles, Vitamin-E and Inulin as Natural Growth Promoters in Aquaculture: A Review

By: M. Joshna , B. Ahilan , P. Chidambaram , H. Maniraman , G. Vijay

Page No : 77-89

Abstract
There is a mounting curiosity in using natural growth promoters based micronutrient delivery systems in aquaculture. Application of antibiotic is a regular practice for the control of microbial disease and to improve the growth in fish culture, but due to downbeat impacts like residual accumulation in tissue and emergence of antibiotic resistant microbes, the use of antibiotics is being discouraged now days. The use of growth promoters like Selenium nanoparticles, Vitamin-E and inulin emphasize design with synergistic antibacterial properties to overcome the emerging antibiotic resistance as well as to define fruitful applications in biomedicine and food safety.

Authors :
M. Joshna
PG Scholar, Department of Aquaculture, Dr.M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri - 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.

B. Ahilan

P. Chidambaram
Professor, Department of Aquaculture, Dr. M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri - 601204, Tamil Nadu, India

H. Maniraman
PG Scholar, Department of Aquaculture, Dr.M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri - 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.

G. Vijay
PG Scholar, Department of Aquaculture, Dr.M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri - 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2021.36.1-4.9

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Periphyton and their Role in Aquaculture Industry

By: A. Anix Vivek Santhiya , P. Chidambaram

Page No : 91-100

Abstract
Aquaculture, especially commercial fish culture, is not always truly sustainable because of supply of external feeds, chemicals and energy inputs. In commercial fish culture, the demand of artificial feeds is met by processed pellets that are made of fishmeal, fish oil and grain. The knowledge of feeding preferences by fish on naturally available food is scientifically inadequate and farmers always tend to use supplementary feed to increase income per unit area. Such effort, in general, leads to detrimental effects on the aquatic environment. Cost of feed is one of the major expense in any fish culture operation as the profitability of whole practice remains intricately tied to it. Although formulated fish feeds are considered as the most balanced and suitable feed, because of the high cost, the farmers are now compelled or forced to searching for cheaper alternative protein sources of either animal or vegetable origin. The positive effect of substrate based biofilm or periphyton on the overall pond ecology along with the higher production supports low input cost involved in periphyton based ponds, makes it a reliable production system. The applicability of this new technology needs to be reviewed, taking into consideration on the improved farming benefits involved. The current approach to reduce the feed cost in aquaculture is the application of periphyton based system. Thus, the aim of the current paper is to highlight the important of periphyton in aquaculture industry.

Authors :
A. Anix Vivek Santhiya
Assistant Professor, Department of Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu, India.

P. Chidambaram
Professor, Department of Aquaculture, Dr. M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri - 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2021.36.1-4.10

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Surrogate Brooders in Fish Propagation

By: Kenyum Lollen , C. Judith Betsy , Cheryl Antony , J. Stephen Sampath Kumar

Page No : 101-119

Abstract
Selective breeding for genetic improvement of production traits has great potential to increase the efficiency and reduce the environmental footprint of aquaculture. When surrogate broodstock technology is combined with genomic selection to predict breeding values of embryos or juveniles, it could potentially reduce the generation interval without substantial loss of selection accuracy. This article has in detail reviewed the methodology of surrogate broodstock technology including sterilization methods, transplantation approaches and its application in aquaculture. It also has provided an overall knowledge on the successful manipulations of germ cell transplantation so far carried out in the world.

Authors :
Kenyum Lollen
Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tuticorin, India.

C. Judith Betsy
Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tuticorin, India.

Cheryl Antony
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri, India.

J. Stephen Sampath Kumar
Directorate of Sustainable Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thanjavur, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2021.36.1-4.11

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Root Causes of Biodiversity Deprivation of Lake Kolleru: A Review

By: Bharathi Kollati , M. Joshna

Page No : 121-132

Abstract
The kolleru lake in the south-eastern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh is the largest freshwater lake of the country. It is a shallow freshwater wetland and a natural depression situated between 81°05’E-81’20’E longitude and 16°32’N-16°51’N latitude. And it is believed to have been formed around 6000 years BP (Reddy P.R. 2014), which is remained for thousands of years since its formation, despite of encroachment, sedimentation through inland streams, weed infestation and reduction in the flushing capacity of Upputeru due to the over extension of its course by progressive advancement of the coastline far away into the sea. In spite of effort to rejuvenate and safeguard the lake region environmental pressures have raised over time. This lake has remarkable significance from socio-economic point of view and sustenance of biodiversity, which need to be protected from various man-made degradation.

Authors :
Bharathi Kollati
PG Scholar, Department of Fisheries Resource Management, ICAR-Central Institute of Education, Versova, Mumbai-400061, Maharashtra.

M. Joshna
PG Scholar, Department of Aquaculture, Dr.M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri - 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2021.36.1-4.12

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Evaluation of Growth, Survival and Carcass Composition of Fish and Prawn in the Substrate Based Polyculture Farming

By: Aditi Rajan Patkar , Manjappa N , Harsha Nayak , Rajanna K. B.

Page No : 147-165

Abstract
A series of substrate based aquaculture systems have been developed to reduce the cost of finfish and shellfish farming. Periphyton acts as important food component for finfish and shellfishes. The present study is aimed to assess the growth and survival of fish (Labeo fimbriatus, Barbodes carnaticus) and shellfish (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in a substrate based system for a period of 6 months. Sugarcane bagasse is used as a substrate for the growth of periphytons. The experiment was carried out in three treatments, T1 (only substrate), T2 (substrate + feed) and T0 (only feed/ control) with triplicates. The results of the study showed maximum average weight in T2 (L. fimbriatus 141.17 ± 0.66; B. carnaticus 98.07 ± 1.16 and M. rosenbergii 73.95 ± 0.73) compared with T1 and T0 and there is a significant difference (P<0.05) observed between the treatments, substrate showed significant effect the water quality parameters viz., pH (6.73–8.17), dissolved oxygen (6.70–8.50mg/L). Low concentration of Ammonia (0.068–0.140 mg/L) and Nitrite (0.046–0.082mg/L) was observed in substrate based ponds. The results of substrate based cultural system increased the protein content of the fish and prawn. The study revealed the relative advantage of using sugarcane bagasse in polyculture system for enhancement of health and growth of the fish with increasing the production.

Authors :
Aditi Rajan Patkar
Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Mangaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, India.

Manjappa N
Fisheries Research & Information Centre (Inland), Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru, India, Karnataka, Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, India.

Harsha Nayak
Fisheries Research & Information Centre (Inland), Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru, India, Karnataka, Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, India.

Rajanna K. B.
Fisheries Research & Information Centre (Inland), Hebbal, Bengaluru, India, Karnataka, Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2021.36.1-4.13

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Reduction of Nauplii Size in an Allochthonous Artemia Strain through Selective Breeding

By: P.A.Vikas , N.K. Sajesh Kumar , P.C. Thomas , Kajal Chakraborty , J. Jayasankar , K.K. Vijayan

Page No : 147-165

Abstract
The present study was aimed to develop an Artemia strain producing small nauplii through selective breeding. Fifteen generations of mass selection were carried out for the reduction of nauplii size in the indigenous Artemia, which was identified to be Artemia franciscana naturalized in the Indian salinas. Mean values of life-history traits, heritability of nauplii size, selection differentials, standardized selection differential, and predicted and realized selection responses were estimated from the fullsib data. The selection response realized from fifteen generations of selection was a 14.9% reduction in nauplii length (from 517.0 ± 39.8 ?m to 439.3 ± 27.0 ?m). Five percent reduction in cyst size (from 224.83 ± 14.81 ?m to 212.5 ± 9.5 ?m) was realized as a correlated response. Concurrently with the reduction in nauplii and cyst size, a significant increase in cyst hatching percentage (10%) was also realized as a correlated gain (from 54.4% to 64.58). Heritability estimate for the first-day nauplii length, pooled for the fifteen generations was 0.94 ± 0.27. Since nauplii/cyst size and hatching efficiency along with the nutrient profile are the prime indicators that determine the suitability of Artemia as larval feed, the selectively bred Artemia of the present study make it a promising strain for larviculture.

Authors :
P.A.Vikas
Subject Matter Specialist, Fisheries, Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Ernakulam) of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), 
Narakkal, Kochi, Kerala - 682505, India.

N.K. Sajesh Kumar
Marine Biotechnology Division (MBTD), Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Post Box No.1603, Ernakulam North P.O, Cochin-682018, Kerala, India.

Kajal Chakraborty
Marine Biotechnology Division (MBTD), Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Post Box No.1603, Ernakulam North P.O, Cochin-682018, Kerala, India.

J. Jayasankar
Marine Biotechnology Division (MBTD), Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Post Box No.1603, Ernakulam North P.O, Cochin-682018, Kerala, India.

K.K. Vijayan
Marine Biotechnology Division (MBTD), Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Post Box No.1603, Ernakulam North P.O, Cochin-682018, Kerala, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2021.36.1-4.14

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Silvoaquaculture: A Sustainable approach towards Aquaculture

By: A. Kamalii , S. Meenatchi , T. Sanjay , P.K. Parthasarathi , P. Muthuvinayagam , Cheryl Antony

Page No : 167-175

Abstract
Aquaculture is one of the fast-growing sectors with myriad of resources. The aquaculture’s contribution to world fish production has been constantly increasing, which is 46.0% in 2016–18, from 25.7% in 2000 (FAO, 2020). However, in the present scenario, the sustainable utilization of these aquaculture resources is widely appreciated and prioritized by the countries. In that case, silvoaquaculture plays a substantial role. It integrates mangrove tree culture with brackish water aquaculture making it environmentally viable, economically equitable and socially bearable. This clearly displays the contribution of silvoaquaculture to the sustainable development goals (SDG 14). The mangroves integrated in the aquaculture systems are carbon-rich forests, with blue carbon sources which cordially helps in resilience of the climate change.

Authors :
A. Kamalii
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri.

S. Meenatchi
Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai.

T. Sanjay
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri.

P.K. Parthasarathi
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri.

P. Muthuvinayagam
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri.

Cheryl Antony
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2021.36.1-4.15

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Production of Putative YY Supermales of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and their Performance in Propagation of Genetically Male Tilapia (GMT) Seed

By: Muhammad Zahirul Islam , Rafiqul Islam Sarder , Rafiqul Islam Akhand

Page No : 177-194

Abstract
Identification and propagation of putative YY supermales of Oreochromis niloticus and their performance in production of genetically male (GMT) seed was studied. One hundred fry supposed to be YY male were collected from Philippines and reared in ponds. Out of 10 fish mated with normal females (XX), 9 were identified as putative YY males. Four YY males were mated with females (XX) and the progeny (XY) was feminized with ?-estradiol. Twenty-four feminized fish were progenty tested and 17 were identified as sex- reversed females (XY). For YY female production, 6 sex-reversed females (XY) were mated with YY males and the progeny (XY, YY) were feminized with ?-estradiol. Upon progenty testing of 29 feminized fish, 8 were identified as YY females. Mating between 3 YY males and 3 YY females produced 98.6 to 100% males. Twenty-one YY males from this broodstock were progeny tested and 18 were identified as putative YY males those produced 81.6 to 100% male.The progenies obtained were considered as GMT and showed higher growth and survivability.

Authors :
Muhammad Zahirul Islam
Niharika Fisheries and Hatchery, Tarakhanda, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Rafiqul Islam Sarder
Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.

Rafiqul Islam Akhand
Innovision Consulting Private Limited, House-62, Road-3, Block-B, Niketan, Gulsan-1, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2021.36.1-4.16

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Jan-2020 to Dec-2020

Biodiversity and Conservation of Scleractinian Corals in India

By: M. Kishore Kumar , P. Arul Manova , M. Kavipriya

Page No : 1-8

Abstract
Scleractinia, also called stony corals or hard corals, are marine animals in the phylum Cnidaria that build themselves a hard skeleton. Stony corals occur in all the world’s oceans. The scleractinia corals of India have a richer diversity when compared to the other reefs of the tropical world. Settlement, industrial pollution, exploitation of reef resources, tourism, dredging of lagoon and reefs, siltation due to deforestation are some of the major man made causes for the destruction of the reefs and mass mortality of corals all over the world. Several national and state level committees with a view to protecting our reefs have been formulated. All the Scleractinian corals are protected under wildlife protection Act, 1972 and listed in Schedule – I which prevent its collection. Hence, there should be spread awareness among all the people throughout the country to conserve the Scleractinian corals biodiversity.

Authors :
M. Kishore Kumar
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Instittute, Poneeri - 601204, India.

P. Arul Manova
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Instittute, Poneeri - 601204, India.

M. Kavipriya
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Instittute, Poneeri - 601204, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2020.35.1-4.1

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Biosecurity Strategies in Aquaculture for Fish Health Management

By: Petchi Muthu M. , M. Rosalind George , Riji John

Page No : 9-26

Abstract
Biosecurity is any executive action to prevent the introduction of disease-causing agents to aquaculture facility. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) guidelines to guarantee that their products are safe for human utilization. Farm-level biosecurity actions engage the application of a combination of activities more or less which includes strict quarantine measures, disinfectant and pesticide, disinfection of egg, traffic control, water treatments, use clean feed, disposal of dead animals appropriately. Prophylactic treatment is able to reduce developing clinical signs and inappropriate use of antibiotics will lead to developing antibacterial resistance. The prevention and control of aquatic nuisance species (ANS) also require rule and the implementation of manage measures at a variety of levels of government.

Authors :
Petchi Muthu M.
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi- 601 204, India.

M. Rosalind George

Riji John
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2020.35.1-4.2

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Non-conventional Feed Ingredients for Aquaculture with Special Reference to Palm Kernel Meal- A Review

By: Sangavi S. , C. Judith Betsy

Page No : 27-39

Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector, which fulfills half of the animal protein requirement of the world population. To meet the future protein requirement, development of formulated nutritious feed from non-conventional feed ingredients is the need of the hour. The use of formulated commercial feed in the aqua-farm accounts for about 50-60% of the total operational cost. Therefore, use of non-conventional feed ingredients is necessary to optimize the feed cost. In the recent years, agro-industry by-products derived from the agricultural crops are widely used as a feed ingredient in the formulation of aqua-feeds. One of these agro-industrial wastes is the oil palm kernel meal/ cake extracted from the oil palm industry. It is well established for ruminants as a feed ingredient. Due to its nutritional value, low cost and availability in the tropical countries, in recent times it is gaining momentum in aquaculture sector as a non-conventional feed ingredient in the fish diets which will be reviewed in this article.

Authors :
Sangavi S.
ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai.

C. Judith Betsy
Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tuticorin, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2020.35.1-4.3

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Applications of Cosmeceuticals Derived from Marine Resources

By: A. Kamalii , B. Ahilan , E. Prabu

Page No : 41-48

Abstract
Marine resources represent an interesting source of active ingredients for the cosmetics industry. Algae (macro and micro) are rich in proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins (A, B, and C) and oligo-elements such as copper, iron and zinc. Recently, a great deal of interest has been expressed in the cosmetic industry regarding marine derived cosmetic active ingredients due to their numerous beneficial effects on human skin health. Cosmeceuticals represent a marriage between cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. These cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products with biologically active ingredients purporting to have medical or drug like benefits. They are formulated not only to improve the skin’s appearance but also to enhance positive physiological effects at the cellular level. Bioactive substances derived from marine resources have many functional roles such as photo protection, antioxidant potential, antiacne activity, tissue repair etc. These properties pave way for the development of cosmeceuticals. Among marine organisms, bacteria and algae constitute a major source of active ingredients. For instance, lipid content in microalgae is particularly of interest in the cosmetics domain.

Authors :
A. Kamalii
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi.

B. Ahilan
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri Tamil Nadu Dr.J.Jayalalithaa Fisheries University.

E. Prabu
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri- 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2020.35.1-4.4

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Overview on Seed Production Technology in Milkfish (Chanos Chanos)

By: A. Anix Vivek Santhiya , M. Joshna , P. Chidambaram

Page No : 49-54

Abstract
In this article, we present an overview of milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture, in order to provide basic information on biology, habitat, seed collection, seed production, nutrition and feeding technologies. Milkfish is a warm-water marine species, and its culture is widespread in the Asian-Pacific region; it is a unique species in the family Chanidae. Milkfish culture has to be economically competitive compared to shrimp and other fish culture which do not contribute to local food supply. Milkfish production comes mostly from aquaculture, and the availability of fry for stocking plays an important role in the success and development of the industry. Traditionally milkfish production relied on the capture of fry from the wild; but important attempts have been made to develop milkfish brood stockhatchery technology, and significant successes have been achieved in the artificial propagation of this species. Thus, the aim of the current paper is to review the techniques involved in collection and production of milkfish seed in aquaculture industry.

Authors :
A. Anix Vivek Santhiya
Assistant Professor, Department of Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu, India.

M. Joshna
PG Scholar, Department of Aquaculture, Dr.M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri - 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.

P. Chidambaram
Professor, Department of Aquaculture, Dr. M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri - 601204, Tamil Nadu, India
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2020.35.1-4.5

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Phytobiotics and their Role in Enhancing the Fish against the Diseases

By: T. Bhuvaneshwaran , P. Philominal , G. Sanjay , J. Jayasankar , B. Ahilan

Page No : 55-65

Abstract
With the continued expansion of cultured fish and shellfish species, aquaculture has become a key component of the animal health industry. Use of phytobiotics or herbal extracts for increasing growth and health status is one of the major focuses in fish nutrition research. Intensification of aquaculture causes stress in fishes leading to immunosuppression which ultimately results in reduced growth and diseases. Uses of most antibiotics are banned in aquaculture as they have residual effects and can develop drug-resistant bacterial strain. Hence, stimulation of non-specific immune system is a smart choice available for enhancing the immunity as well as growth performance of cultured species. Phytobiotics are rich in various bioactive compounds that act as immunostimulants. Those compounds mainly enhance the activity of phagocytic cells and increase their bactericidal activities, stimulate the natural killer cells, complement activity, proliferate lymphocytes, lysozyme and antibody responses of fish. Use of diets containing dietary herb or plant extracts to improve growth and disease resistance in fish and shrimp are generally based upon tradition and folklore transferred through generations without knowing any biochemical properties.

Authors :
T. Bhuvaneshwaran
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri – 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.

P. Philominal
DR. M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu ,India.

G. Sanjay
DR. M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu ,India.

N. Jayakumar
DR. M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu ,India.

B. Ahilan
DR. M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu ,India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2020.35.1-4.6

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The Fructans: A Valuable and Functional Additive as a Prebiotic in Promoting the Disease Prevention in Modern Aquaculture

By: Kalidoss Manikandan , Nathan Felix , Baboon Sundram Ahilan , Cheryl Antony

Page No : 67-79

Abstract
Prebiotics are indigestible feed additives which effect the host beneficially by specifically stimulating the growth activity. Prebiotics in simple term are the food to the probiotics which enhances the probiotic effect. Due to the potential development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the use of feed additives like prebiotics and probiotics are being preferred. The fructans is a general term used to depict the fructose containing polymers like inulin, oligofructose and fructooligosaccharide (FOS) that have the potential as prebiotics. Fructans consists of 2 to 60 chain length units. Inulin is a polymer and a polydisperse ? (2-1) fructan. The oligosaccharide containing 2–10 fructose monomers connected by glycosidic linkages are called Oligofructose. In nature, fructans are found in many plants, including common plants. The prebiotics also play a role in immunomodulatory activity of the host either directly by the interactions with the innate immune system of the host or by improving the growth of beneficial bacteria. Addition of inulin, oligofructose or ScFOS positively affects the intestinal microbiota. Further research is needed in this area to differentiate the health-promoting effects from potentially deleterious responses and know what are the modes of action of the different chemical classes of oligosaccharides. High priority should be given to these prebiotics in the future and many challenge studies should also be included to assess their effects on fish health.

Authors :
Kalidoss Manikandan
Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Aquaculture, ECR-Muttukadu – 603112,Tamil Nadu, India, Dr. M. G. R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri-601204, Tamil Nadu, India.

Nathan Felix
Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Aquaculture, ECR-Muttukadu – 603112,Tamil Nadu, India.

Baboon Sundram Ahilan
Dr. M. G. R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri – 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.

Cheryl Antony
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2020.35.1-4.7

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Applications of Genetic Engineering in Fisheries

By: V.V. Jothiswaran , C. Lloyd Chrispin , A. Anix Vivek Santhiya , S. Nirmala

Page No : 81-86

Abstract
Insufficient aquaculture technologies and low productive species are not satisfying the demand of fish consumer across the world. Biotechnology can be used as a tool to produce organisms that are of higher productivity than their natural morphs. Genetic engineering of fishes helps in production of animals with our desirable traits. This article explains very clearly about the application of genetic engineering in food fishes and ornamental fishes with various genetic engineering methods. However, the application of genetic technologies to aquaculture species has been slow. Till now, a few of aquaculture organisms have been genetically engineered which perform well in the captive conditions than their related wild relatives. Thus, the aim of the current paper is to review the status of genetic engineering application in fisheries industry.

Authors :
V.V. Jothiswaran
Research Scholar, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India.

C. Lloyd Chrispin
Assistant Professor, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam,Tamil Nadu, India.

A. Anix Vivek Santhiya
Assistant Professor, Department of Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa, Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. Nirmala
Assistant Professor, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2020.35.1-4.8

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A Review of Drugs used in Aquaculture

By: Petchi Muthu M.

Page No : 87-91

Abstract
Aquaculture industry has become an important source of fish available for human consumption. In order to achieve greater production, severe fish cultivation systems are employed, which can cause greater susceptibility to diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. The use of antibiotics may cause development of antibiotic resistance among pathogens infecting cultured animals. The design of pharmacological studies in fish and shellfish is necessary prior to use of drugs in aquaculture. Antimicrobial substances are compounds used in livestock production with the objectives of inhibiting the growth of microorganisms and treatment or prevention of diseases. In this paper we will review the drugs that are used in animal health.

Author :
Petchi Muthu M.
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute,Thoothukudi- 601 204, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2020.35.1-4.9

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An Essential Review on the challenges with Plant-based Ingredients with respect to Phytic Acid and Phytase Activities in the Aquafeeds

By: Kalidoss Manikandan , Nathan Felix , E. Prabu , Subramaniam Bharathi , Tamilarasu Alagarasu

Page No : 93-105

Abstract
The fisheries sector plays a crucial role in livelihood development and income for millions of people around the world and it remains a substantial source for food and nutrition. Many kinds of research are being carried out to replace fishmeal in the diets of the cultured aquatic animals. Although plant protein sources are considered the best replacement for fishmeal, they do have contrasting characteristics to those of fish meal due to the presence of Anti-Nutritional Factors (ANFs), deficiency in certain essential amino acids, low nutrient digestibility and lesser palatability. One of the major ANF to be considered while opting for plant protein source is phytic acid. Almost half of the phosphorus in the plant ingredient is bound to phytate, making it unavailable to monogastric animals. This phytate-phosphorus becomes a pollutant when released in the aquatic environment and has the tendency to bind with minerals and proteins non-selectively. Phytase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the indigestible phytate.The enzyme phytase which has a wide pH range and also has higher activity even at lower pH would be efficient in reducing the phytate by hydrolysis more quickly. The phytase activities for cold-water fishes are limited. The most important factor to be considered in the analysis of the phytase activity as the analyzed values may vary with the calculated values. The efficacy of dietary phytase may vary with species, method of analysis, feed composition (level of phytate and P in the diet), adaptation time and type of phytase used. The use of phytase could reduce feed cost and enhance the efficiency of utilization of minerals, protein, and other nutrients when the plant based feed ingredients were used in the preparation of the diets.

Authors :
Kalidoss Manikandan
Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Aquaculture, ECR-Muttukadu – 603112,Tamil Nadu, India, Dr. M. G. R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri – 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.

Nathan Felix
Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Aquaculture, ECR-Muttukadu – 603112, Tamil Nadu, India.

E. Prabu
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Ponneri- 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.

Subramaniam Bharathi
Dr. M. G. R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri – 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.

Tamilarasu Alagarasu
Dr. M. G. R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri – 601204, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2020.35.1-4.10

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A Study on Socio-Economic Characteristics of Ornamental Fish Hobbyists in Chennai, India

By: D. Pargunan , M. Alagappan

Page No : 107-115

Abstract
Ornamental fish keeping is a popular hobby in developed countries and is gaining popularity in many developing countries. The growing interest in aquarium fishes has resulted in steady increase in aquarium fish trade, globally. The majority of the ornamental fish culture is still confined to the hobbyist. In this direction, in order to develop market for ornamental fish, there is need to understand the socio-economic characteristics of the hobbyists. The present study discusses the socio-economic profile of the ornamental fish hobbyists in Chennai in Tamilnadu on the extent of ornamental fish keeping.

Author :
D. Pargunan
Inspector of Fisheries, Directorate of Fisheries, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai.

M. Alagappan
Assistant Professor (Fisheries) – Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University, Kundrakudi – 6430206,Sivaganga District, Tamil Nadu.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2020.35.1-4.11

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Critical Analysis of Seaweed Production Potential in India in Comparison to World Major Producers

By: Kaleeswaran, V. , C. Judith Betsy

Page No : 117-133

Abstract
Seaweeds are used in different forms throughout the world. Due to growing demand for seaweeds and their products worldwide, wild stocks became inadequate to meet the demand. However, in India, total seaweed production during 2019 was 18,400 tonnes. This is very low when compared to other producers in the world. Hence in this paper, the reasons for the low production in India with comparison to other countries have been discussed along with the details on different schemes available for promoting seaweed production in India. The SWOT analysis presented in this paper will give a deep insight into the various measures to be adopted by India to strengthen the industry and to cease the opportunities and methods to overcome the threats and weakness.

Authors :
Kaleeswaran, V.
Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tuticorin, India-628 008.

C. Judith Betsy
Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tuticorin, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2020.35.1-4.12

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A Deep Insight into the DNA Viral Diseases of the Cultured Finfishes

By: D. Kaviarasu , K. Riji John , M. Rosalind George , Dinesh R , A. Rathipriya

Page No : 135-148

Abstract
Aquaculture is a quickest growing and main worldwide enterprise taken into consideration as an animal food-generating agricultural sector, which that contributes considerably for almost half of the world’s food fish production. The enterprise has been in particular laid low with several infectious viral, bacterial and parasitic illnesses. Now, infectious illnesses are one of the most important key threats to the sustainable development of aquaculture and fisheries within the industry. Mainly, viral illnesses cause severe issues in finfish aquaculture and are one of the most critical factors within the fish farming area. In this review, we’ve summarized the main vital viral pathogens and emerging viral diseases that pose a maximum devastating impact to semi-intensive and intensive aquaculture system which leads to extreme monetary loss, food safety risks and environmental hazards. Several DNA virus groups along with adenoviruses, herpesviruses, iridoviruses, polyomaviruses, and poxviruses that motive disorder had been studied at some stage in last many years. Moreover, the article gives an overview of DNA viruses which are the maximum unfavourable pathogens encountered in aquaculture and acts as a limiting issue to the achievement of many aquaculture farms.

Authors :
D. Kaviarasu
Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India.

K. Riji John
Dean Fisheries, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, India.

M. Rosalind George
Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Vaniyanchavadi, Tamil Nadu, India.

Dinesh R
Formulator-Executive, the Waterbase Limited

A. Rathipriya
Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu, Dr. Jaylalithaa Fisheries University, Vaniyanchavadi, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2020.35.1-4.13

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Formulation of Fish Feed with Multiple Ingredients using a Software Tool Developed in Java

By: Pinaki Chakraborty , Tuhina Singh , Jaigopal Sharma , Rina Chakraborty Anthony

Page No : 149-165

Abstract
A software tool named Interactive Fish Feed Designer (IFFD) has been developed using Java programming language for the formulation of fish feed. IFFD allows formulating fish feed with desirable protein and lipid levels using multiple ingredients. In the first step, ingredients are selected from a list. Then the ratio of the ingredients is adjusted to maintain the percentage of protein and lipid in the feed; finally, the quantity of the total feed is specified. IFFD generates a report that may be printed and referred later. Six plant-based pelleted feeds are designed using this software. The feeds are prepared with the Twin-screw Extruder. The protein and lipid contents of feeds varied from 26.90 - 38.61 and 10.31 - 12.63%, respectively. The software is interactive and user-friendly. The calculation is automatic; results are precise and clearly visualized.

Authors :
Pinaki Chakraborty
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India.

Tuhina Singh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India.

Jaigopal Sharma
Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India.

Rina Chakraborty Anthony
Aqua Research Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2020.35.1-4.14

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Jan-2019 to Jun-2019

Status of Genetic Improvement Programme in Shrimps– An Analysis

By: A. Anix Vivek Santhiya

Page No : 1-15

Abstract
Worldwide declines from capture fisheries over the past two decades have stimulated increased participation in aquaculture. Since 1990, production levels from aquaculture have steadily increased by around 10% per year, with most of this increased production coming from countries such as China, Russia, Israel and the United States. Associated with the growth of aquaculture industries comes the opportunity to increase production through genetic improvement. However, the application of breeding technologies to shrimp aquaculture species has been slow. The increasing importance of disease to shrimp farming worldwide has stimulated research for developing breeding programs for increasing disease resistance/tolerance to disease. The current situation in the world, highlights the need for a systematic stock improvement program for shrimps aimed at improving economically important traits in these species. It is reasonable to conclude that at present less than 10% of aquaculture production is based on genetically improved stocks. Thus, the aim of the current paper is to review the status of the genetic improvement programme of shrimps in aquaculture industry.

Author :
A. Anix Vivek Santhiya
Assistant Professor, Department of Aquaculture, Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute,Tamil Nadu Dr. J.Jayalallitha Fisheries University, Ponneri-601 204, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.1-2.1

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Third generation Biofuel Production from the Seaweeds: an Indian perspectives

By: Sathish Chennuri , Kranthi Rekha Mukkeri , Karan Kumar Ramteke

Page No : 17-25

Abstract
The progressive decline of fossil fuels reserves and their associated harmful effects such as global warming and the demand for energy is expected to increase over the following years to come which results in searching for new sustainable environmentally friendly fuels which are known as biofuels. 3rd generation biofuels sources such as seaweeds do not compete with food crops and don’t require agrarian land for cultivation and numerous species grow in brackish or salt water maintaining a strategic distance from rivalry for land and fresh water required for food production. Seaweeds are considered as among the most potentially noteworthy future sources of sustainable biofuels. In India, seaweed grows in large quantities along the coast of Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and in specific locales of Lakshadweep, and the Andaman and Nicobar islands. There are likewise exceptionally rich seaweed diversity along the coast lines of Mumbai, Ratnagiri, Goa, Karwar, Varkala, Vizhinjam, Pulicat, and Chilka. There are different methods by which fuel can be extracted (i) direct combustion, (ii) pyrolysis, (iii) gasification (conventional), (iv) trans-esterification of seaweed oils to biodiesel (v) hydrothermal treatments, (vi) fermentation to bioethanol, (vii) ABE fermentation to biobutanol and (viii) anaerobic digestion. India, with a tremendous coastline can be a resourceful and renewable source for seaweed cultivation and biofuel generation. Certain fundamental factors, such as use of potential species, its cultivation method, yield per hectare, time and method of harvest, energy yield, and cost of fuel production need to be carefully researched for successful foundation of commercial biofuel reactor.

Authors:
Sathish Chennuri, Kranthi Rekha Mukkeri and Karan Kumar Ramteke
ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.1-2.2

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Assessment of Mercury Toxicity on Sensitivity and Behavioural response of 27-35 Freshwater Tropical Worm, Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard, 1892

By: Kishore Dhara , Nimai Chandra Saha , Asish Kumar Panigrahi , Arpan Kumar Mait

Page No : 27-35

Abstract
Though aquatic oligochaetes have often been used as indicator organisms to monitor aquatic pollution, however, the toxic impact of mercury on sensitivity and behavioural response of Branchiura sowerbyi remained uninvestigated. In lieu of this lacuna, the present study has been carried out. Significant mortality rate of B. sowerbyi at exposure times (24, 48, 72 and 96h) were recorded at 0.008, 0.040 and 0.060 mg/L of the toxicant (p<0.05). But the mortality rate of the worms showed significant variation (p<0.05) at all concentrations except 0.005 mg/L irrespective of exposure times. Pertaining to behavioural changes, clumping tendency was not altered significantly in the treated worms except at 0.06 and 0.08 mg/L of mercury at 48, 72 and 96h of exposure. The movement was gradually reduced at all the concentrations with the progress of time of exposure. Excess mucous secretion and reduced movement in the treated worms were observed at higher concentrations (0.04 to 0.06 mg/L) during 72 and 96h of exposure. At 0.08 mg/L, the worms showed excess mucus secretion at 48h and 72h of treatment but they lost their movement after 72h of exposure followed by faster decomposition and death.

Authors :
Kishore Dhara : Office of the Deputy Director of Fisheries, Gour Banga Zone, Govt. of West Bengal, Meen Bhawan, Mangalbari, Malda-732 142, West Bengal, India

Nimai Chandra Saha : Fisheries and Ecotoxicology ResearchLaboratory(Vice-Chancellor’s Research Group), Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, Golapbagh, Burdwan-713 104, West Bengal, India.

Asish Kumar Panigrahi : Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani 741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India.

Arpan Kumar Mait : Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohanpur, District-Darjeeling, West Bengal-734013, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.1-2.3

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Occurrence of Venomous Aquatic Organisms as Bycatch and their Suggested Management Measures in Dolnets Operated in Selected Creeks of Maharashtra

By: S. Abuthagir Iburahim , Suraj Kumar Pradhan , T. Nirmal , Chennuri Sathish , Bala Mhadgut , Swapnil Tandel

Page No : 37-43

Abstract
In India, Maharashtra is an important hub for the operation of dolnets. Dolnets, a kind of non-selective bag net are the second most revenue generating gear in the state. There is an increased habitat degradation observed in creek ecosystem due to human interventions. Fishermen of creek areas dominated by subsistence fishing, who are more vulnerable to the venomous organism contact during fishing operations and they lack in knowledge about the conservation status of some venomous aquatics lack. Though various research has been done regarding venomous aquatic species and their interaction in marine fishermen nets, such studies in creeks are limited. A study was conducted in Karanja and Bhayander creek of Maharashtra where dolnets are the topmost contributor to the fishery. On-board fortnight sampling was done in this study area and the opinions of fishermen’s about the conservation status of poisonous species were collected from August 2016 to May 2017. A total of 4 sea snakes, 2 stinging jellyfish, 1 stinging catfish were observed all along the study period. The study reflects that there is a lack of conservation awareness against the venomous aquatic creatures especially in reference to sea snakes and bycatch issues of these species are to be addressed by involving fishermen for further management.

Authors :
S. Abuthagir Iburahim, Suraj Kumar Pradhan, T. Nirmal, Chennuri Sathish
Ph.D.Student, ICAR-CIFE, Mumbai-400061

Bala Mhadgut : SRF, ICAR-CMFRI Research Centre, Mumbai-400061

Swapnil Tandel : Principal Scientist, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai-400061
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.1-2.4

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Factors Determining Oil Yield in Selected Marine Bacillariophyceae

By: C.Ajan , T.Praba , T.Citarasu , T.Selvaraj , S.Albin Dhas , P. Gopal ,

Page No : 45-72

Abstract :
The successful yield of oil from micro algae is dependent upon combined interaction of physical, chemical and biological factors. Selected marine Bacillariophyceans were studied for the yield of oil in relation to various physical, chemical and biological parameters. The optimum pH, salinity, temperature, phosphate, nitrate and silicate required for the maximum growth and oil yield are found to be varied from species to species. Silicate, being one of the most important components for diatoms, it is observed to increase oil yield most favourably at zero level even though it could decrease the biomass production. Amongst the different harvest methods tested, the centrifugation has yielded more oil. The Pseudomonas sp inoculated algae has increased the oil yield. Significantly intra generic varied species has shown variation in oil yield but a particular species collected in different location also has shown variation in oil yield under similar culture conditions. Different light intensities and duration of light have been observed to affect the oil yield of Bacillariophyceae.

Authors :
M.Michael Babu, T.Praba, T.Citarasu, T.Selvaraj, S.Albin Dhas, P. Gopal and C.Ajan
Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari District, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.1-2.5

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Bioindicators in Aquatic Environment and their Significance

By: Manickavasagam S , Sudhan C , Bharathi , Aanand S

Page No : 73-79

Abstract
Bioindicators are organisms or biological processes which indicate altered environmental conditions and can be used to identify and/or quantify the impact of pollutants on the environment. The assessment on the status of bioindicators would indirectly provide an estimate of the natural state or the level/degree of contamination that is present in that particular ecosystem. The bioindicators in an aquatic ecosystem include algae, macrophyte, zooplankton, bivalve mollusks, seabirds and fish that can be used to assess the contaminants in aquatic system. A biological system provides an indication regarding the health of its surroundings such as plankton responding rapidly to changes taking place in the surrounding environment. The variations in the populations of animals may indicate harmful changes caused due to pollution into the ecosystem. The development of industry and agriculture promotes the rapid increase in pollution. Bioindicators can be used as an index of measures or a model that characterizes an ecosystem health.

Authors :
Manickavasagam S.: Senior Research Fellow, Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- CIFE, Mumbai- 400061, India.

Sudhan C : Ph.D. Scholar, Fisheries Resources, Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-CIFE, Mumbai- 400061, India.

Bharathi : PG Scholar, Department of Aquaculture, Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Thiruvallur,Tamil Nadu, India.

Aanand S : Assistant Professor and Head, Erode Bhavanisagar Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture – Bhavanisagar, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India.

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.1-2.6

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Spatial Distribution of Fish Diversity in Godavari River at Ambad Stretch

By: D. D. Bhutekar , S. B. Aher , M. G. Babare

Page No : 81-93

Abstract
The fish diversity of Godavari River at Ambad Stretch (16 km length) was studied by conducting seasonal fish sampling at five identified sampling sites. Fishes were sampled seasonally over a period of two years (2012-2014). The 25 fish species belonging to 10 different families was observed in River Godavari at Ambad Stretch. Among the 10 observed fish families, the fish species belonging to Cyprinidae family was found dominant and shared 29% of total fish population. The Cichlidae was observed as the lowest dominant family contributing only 2.5% to total observed population. The Shannon diversity index was observed between 2.35 and 3.03 among different sampling sites. The maximum Shannon Index of 3.03 was found for undisturbed habitat. The higher degree of the pollution and habitat disturbance made the water quality unsuitable for the growth of the fish community as evidenced from lower diversity index value at polluted site (2.35).

Authors :
D. D. Bhutekar : Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Arts, Science and Commerce College, Naldurg, Maharashtra - 413 602, India

S. B. Aher : ICAR- Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh – 462038, India

M. G. Babare : Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Arts, Science and Commerce College, Naldurg, Maharashtra - 413 602, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.1-2.7

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Sensitivity and Behavioural response to Acute Toxicity of lead in tropical Freshwater Worm, Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard, 1892

By: Kishore Dhara , Arpan Kumar Mait , Asish Kumar Panigrahi , Nimai Chandra Saha

Page No : 95-106

Abstract
Though aquatic oligochaetes are used as indicator organisms to monitor aquatic pollution but the toxic effects of lead on Branchiura sowerbyi are scanty. To address this lacunae, sensitivity and behavioural responses to acute toxicity of lead was studied in this particular species. Significant relationship between mortality rate of B. sowerbyi and exposure times (24, 48, 72 and 96h) was recorded only at 28 and 34 mg/l of the toxicant (p<0.05). In behavioural studies, treated worms showed significant reduction in rapid twisting movements with the increasing concentration of lead and the time of exposure. Significant reduction in normal clumping tendency was recorded at 48 and 50 mg/l of lead after 72h of exposure. No significant change in mucus secretion was recorded in the treated worms. Lead sediment was observed over the body wall of the worms at higher doses of lead exposure (44, 48 and 50 mg/l)

Authors :
Kishore Dhara : Office of the Deputy Director of Fisheries, Gour Banga Zone, Govt. of West Bengal, Meen Bhawan, Mangalbari, Malda-732 142, West Bengal, India.

Arpan Kumar Maiti : Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohanpur, District-Darjeeling, West Bengal-734013, India.

Asish Kumar Panigrahi : Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani 741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India.

Nimai Chandra Saha : Fisheries and Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory (Vice-Chancellor’s Research Group), Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, Golapbagh, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.1-2.8

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Blue bottles and its Consequences along the Mumbai Coast of Maharashtra, India

By: S. Abuthagir Iburahim , Suraj Kumar Pradhan , T. Nirmal , A.K.Jaiswar

Page No : 107-113

Abstract
Portuguese man of war or blue bottles (Physalia physalis) belong to the phylum Cnidaria. Here we reported the presence of this cnidarians from different beaches of Mumbai coast in Maharashtra state. This observation was made in the monsoon season which is pretty near to the famous Ganesh festival of Maharashtra. In the present study, the occurrence of Physalia physaliswith documentation of various size ranges was recorded from August 2018 to September 2018 via beach walks in low tide period.

Authors :
S. Abuthagir Iburahim, Suraj Kumar Pradhan, T. Nirmal
Principal Scientist , ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra-400061

A.K.Jaiswar : Principal Scientist , ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra-400061

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.1-2.9

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Potentiality of Earthworm as a Replacement for Fish Meal and its Role in Aquaculture

By: T. Bhuvaneshwaran , G. Sanjay , N. Jayakumar , B. Ahilan , E. Prabu , N. Felix

Page No : 115-127

Abstract
Earthworm is famously called as “Farmers friend”, as they play a major role in converting the organic wastes and litter wastes into organic manure,which serves as a best natural fertilizer adding nutrients to the soil. Only fish feed contributes more than 40-60% of the production cost in aquaculture. Fish meal is a major animal based protein source used in the aqua feed production industries which also increases the feed production cost. Reducing the use of fish meal is a worldwide challenge by many aquaculturists and fish nutritionists. Many plant based ingredients have been introduced as alternative for fish meal. However, the bioavailability of nutrients to the aquatic animal being cultured is restricted due to the presence of antinutritional factors present in the plant based feed ingredients. An another novel approach to replace fish meal is the supplementation of earth worm meal as it contains crude protein and crude lipid around 52% and 18% respectively. The nutritional and health status of cultured animal improved with the use of earth worm meal in their diets which in fact due to the presence of essential and non-essential amino acids profile of earth worm meal.

Authors :
T. Bhuvaneshwaran, G. Sanjay, N. Jayakumar, B. Ahilan, N. Felix and E. Prabu
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu, India Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.1-2.10

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Length-Weight Relationship of two Goat Fish Species Parupeneus Heptacanthus (Lacepede, 1802) and Upeneus Moluccensis (Bleeker, 1855), (Family Mullidae) from Tuticorin Coast of Tamil Nadu, India

By: K. Karuppasamy , A. Mathan Babu , P. Jawahar , V. Vidhya , Satyanarayana Boda , G. Vijay Sundar Deva

Page No : 129-134

Abstract
Length-weight relationship (LWRs) of two goat fish species of family Mullidae (Teleostei: Perciformes), namely Cinnabar goatfish, Parupeneus heptacanthus (Lacepède, 1802) and Yellowstripe goatfish, Upeneus moluccensis (Bleeker, 1855) was studied from major fishing harbor along the Tuticorin (Lat. 8°47? 26? N, Long. 78°10? 07? E) coast of Gulf of Mannar were described in this paper. A fortnightly mode of collection was done at monthly from June 2016 to November 2017 from trawl landings operated along the Tuticorin waters. The present study estimated b value ranges from 2.923 to 3.223 for the two species. The results pointed out that P.heptacanthus and U.moluccensis species has shown negative allometric growth pattern and positive allometric growth pattern respectively. Lengthweight relationship showed good fit with r 2 values varying from 0.955 to 0.985. In addition to information on LWR, new maximum length range of U.moluccensis species was reported.

Authors :
K. Karuppasamy : Department of Fisheries Biology and Resource Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, TNJFU, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, 628 008, India

A. Mathan Babu : 2Department of Animal Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India

P. Jawahar : Department of Fisheries Biology and Resource Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, TNJFU, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, 628 008, India

V. Vidhya  : Department of Fisheries Biology and Resource Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, TNJFU, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, 628 008, India

Satyanarayana Boda : Department of Fishery Economics and Statistics, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, WBUAFS, 5- Budherhat road, Chakgaria, Panchasayar, Kolkata-700 094, West Bengal, India.

G. Vijay Sundar Deva: Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai-61, India
 

 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.1-2.11

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Jul-2019 to Dec-2019

A Review on RNA Viral Diseases of Fish

By: Dhayanath. M , Abisha Juliet Mary.S.J

Page No : 135-145

Abstract
Due to the rising global demand in the recent years, aquaculture is continuously growing to an extent of impressive rate to satisfy the raising demands. It is stated that the aquaculture production will reach a value of 186 million tons in 2030 which is of 167.2 million tons in 2014 (FAO, 2016). This increasing production forced the aquaculture farmers to grow the fishes in a high intensity culture which potentially leads to disease outbreaks. The isolation of viruses from the diseased fishes has attained a unstoppable events in the past few years. Some of the OIE listed groups of viruses associated with the fish diseases belongs to RNA viruses notably Viral Haemorrhagic Septicemia virus (VHSV), Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV), Spring Viremia of Carp (SVCV), Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy (VER) which causes a serious economic losses in the aquaculture farms. This review summarizes the important RNA viruses which is causing serious impacts on the aquaculture farms

Authors :
Dhayanath. M and Abisha Juliet Mary.S.J
Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Yari road, Andheri west, Versova, Mumbai- 400061.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.3-4.1

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Double Extirpation of Eyestalk in Spiralothelphusa Hydrodroma Induced Gonadal Maturation

By: Anne Rebecca A , Prabhavathi R.

Page No : 147-160

Abstract
The suitability of bilateral eyestalk ablation as a means of induced breeding technique in S. hydrodroma was tested under laboratory conditions by considering growth and survival indices, reproductive indices, biochemical and histological indices. The daily growth rate (g) was higher for ablated males (0.3±0.2) against 0.16±0.09 in control males. A positive correlation with feed intake of 0.71±0.04 (g) in ablated males against 0.62±0.84 in control males and a negative correlation with Hepatosomatic Index (%) of 7.02±2.4 against 13.77±3.2 are recorded. Female crabs shows less survival rate (%) compared to males (64±12.7/88±10.33). Ovarian and testicular index in comparison to control were found to be higher (0.2±0.08/0.15±0.02 and 2.6±0.33/1.08±0.06 respectively). Nutrient mobilization was evident from decreased muscular protein and carbohydrates as of hepatopancreatic lipid after extirpation and increased gonadal proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. The double extirpation procedure increased the number of oocytes, follicle diameter and number in females and an increase spermatozoa and spermatocytes in males as reveled by histological indices.

Authors :
Anne Rebecca A and Prabhavathi R.
PG department of Zoology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore-641014, Tamilnadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.3-4.2

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Recent Emerging Fish Viral Disease in Indian Aquaculture

By: Abisha Juliet Mary.S.J , Dhayanath. M

Page No : 161-170

Abstract
The emergence of the aquatic diseases and its impacts on the economy of the Indian population has been overloaded due to the strict intensification of the aquaculture activities for its increase production. Now, this contributes to the unknown disease emergence causing complete crop loss in terms of high morbidity and mortality has become a challenging issue for the fish health. Here we review a few of the emerging and significant viral pathogens of Indian origin of finfish, including carp edema virus and Tilapia lake virus which have been a newly emerging in this present year and some nodaviruses, ranaviruses and cyprinid herpes virus which have been known since the first half of the 20th century and found to emerge as aquaculture has undergone a dramatic expansion in the past years. Thus, the majority of the data in this review identifies with newly emerging pathogens that debilitate the fish farming industry in India.

Authors :
Dhayanath. M and Abisha Juliet Mary.S.J
Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Yari road, Andheri west, Versova, Mumbai- 400061.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.3-4.3

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Culture of Pacific White Shrimp, Penaeus Vannamei in Low Saline Waters through Water Adaptations and Diet Modifications

By: E. Prabu , N. Felix , B. Ahilan , A.Uma , K.Manikandan

Page No : 171-179

Abstract
Culture of shrimps utilizing Low Salinity Water (LSW) emerging as common practice in a number of countries around the world. The Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei is the preferred shrimp species for culture in LSW, predominantly due to its remarkable ability to effectively grow and survive at extreme salinities. In the last decade, significant strides have been made in the understanding of low salinity culture of this particular species. Improved understanding of the physiology of P. vannamei has translated into the development of effective culture techniques that have resulted in profits for farmers utilizing LSW. In general, two separate strategies have been employed by researchers to improve growth and survival of P. vannamei reared in LSW. These strategies include water modification approaches which alter the low salinity rearing medium to make it more acceptable for production of shrimp and nutritional strategies that focus on modification of diets offered to shrimp, usually with supplements that might theoretically improve osmoregulatory capacity.

Authors :
E.Prabu, N.Felix, and K.Manikandan
Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Aquaculture, ECR-Muttukadu, Tamil Nadu, India.

B.Ahilan and A.Uma
Dr.M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.3-4.4

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Antiparasitic Effect of Allium Sativum against Argulus Japonicus infestation in Carassius Auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)

By: Ramya, M. , Anne Rebecca A

Page No : 181-196

Abstract
Argulosis is one of the constrain in ornamental fishery as ectoparasite infestation. Allium sativum is recognized as a potential anti-parasitic agent against Argulus japonicus. The present study was aimed to investigate anti-parasitic effect of Allium sativum against Argulus japonicus in Carassius auratus recorded after 5 days. The parasite was cultured under laboratory condition to infest the host. Host fish was concurrently subjected to Allium sativum at the rate of 0.125g/L, 0.25g/L and 0.5g/L. Morphometric, growth, survival, biochemical, histopathological, haematological and micropathological indices were recorded after the challenge test. A. sativum reduced intensity of infestation(0.62±0.38), behavioral morbidity and increased the parasite mortality rate in addition to the haemotological and biochemical indices of the host. However, increasing the concentration to A. sativum to 0.5g/L was found to be fatal resulting in declining survival rate (84.00±21.90). Low concentration of A. sativum (78.00±3.74) stimulated feed intake. Overall, 0.25g/L of A. sativum offered to C. auratus was found to be optimum, promoting the growth rate during the A. japonicus challenge test.

Authors :
Ramya, M. and Anne Rebecca, A.
PG Department of Zoology (SF), PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore-641014, Tamilnadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.3-4.5

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MAVS in Fish Antiviral Response- A Mini Review

By: Abisha Juliet Mary.S.J , Dhayanath. M , G. Vijay Sundar Deva

Page No : 197-207

Abstract
The immune system in an organism is answerable for clearing pathogens which is implemented by the coordinated use of innate and adaptive immune components of its immune system. Bony fish represents a transition factor on the phylogenetic spectrum between species possessing simplest innate immunity (i.e., invertebrates) and species relying heavily on adaptive immunity (i.e., mammals). Research on host response to virus infections suggests that mammals and bony fish are more or less similar within the predominant mechanisms of each innate and adaptive immune response towards viruses. This review focuses on the main concept of MAVS which is an adapter protein acting to create an antiviral cellular state. This protein is required for the phosphorylation of IRF3 and I?B and functions downstream of RIG-I.

Authors :
S.J. Abisha Juliet Mary, M.Dhayanath1 and G. Vijay Sundar Deva
Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.3-4.6

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‘Chicken Feet’ farming Potential in Inland Salt affected Areas: Striking Gold for Farmers and Entrepreneurs

By: Ananthan P.S , Gomathy V

Page No : 209-215

Abstract
About 6.74 million ha (CSSIR, 2019) land in India is under the adverse impact of salinity and solidity making agriculture unproductive. Large extent of states like Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Maharashtra are affected. ICAR-CIFE’s R&D has led to productive and profitable use of some of these lands for P. vannamei farming. Salicornia species is a salt tolerant (halophytic) plant, known as “chicken feet”, has enormous potential as a candidate crop for cultivation in inland salt affected areas. It has significant domestic as well as export demand in European countries due to their nutritional and medicinal importance. High seed oil concentration makes it as a cost-effective biofuel. This paper proposes farming of chicken feet crop, preferably on a contract basis, on the bunds of shrimp farms as well as in salt affected lands. It offers a golden opportunity and a win-win scenario for both farmers and entrepreneurs. As an eco-friendly technology, it can be an effective counter to second-generation environmental externalities arising from expansion of shrimp farming in inland salt-affected areas. Following a value-chain approach would be the best strategy for promotion of chicken feet farming in not only coastal areas but also the inland salt[1]affected areas in states.

Authors :
Gomathy V
PhD Scholar,Fisheries Economics Extension and Statistics Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India.

Ananthan P.S
Senior Scientist, Fisheries Economics Extension and Statistics Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India.

 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.3-4.7

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Efficacy of Dietary Supplementation of Phytobiotics on the Growth Performance and Survival of African Catfish, Clarias Gariepinus

By: Olawoye, Oluwatosin Phebian , Olusola, Sunday Emmanuel

Page No : 217-229

Abstract
The growth performance of Clarias gariepinus on diets containing Turmeric Rhizome (TR) and Neem Leaves (NL) extracts were investigated. Growth experiments were replicated twice with 20 C. gariepinus juveniles (6.33±0.01g) per replicate in 18 tanks and were carried out for 12 weeks. Nine (9) experimental diets composed of Control (0%), TR 2 (1%), TR 3 (2%), TR 4 (3%), NL 5 (1%), NL 6 (2%), NL 7 (3%), CHR 8 (15mg/kg diet) and CHR 9 (30mg/kg diet) were fed twice daily at 3% body weight. Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured. Temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were determined using standard methods. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical and ANOVA at P=0.05. Fish on turmeric rhizome based diets had higher growth rate than the control diet but C. gariepinus juveniles fed TR 2 had significant higher MWG, SGR, and FCR of 8.53±1.40g, 0.44±0.05 and 0.47±0.03 respectively. The values of pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature obtained were within the recommended limit for cultured fish. Fish fed C. longa and A. indica diets had improved mean weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and their application in organic aquaculture would enhance fish productivity.

Authors :
Olusola, Sunday Emmanuel And Olawoye, Oluwatosin Phebian
Department of Biological Sciences (Fisheries and Aquaculture Programme), Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.3-4.8

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Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Fisheries and Fisheries Management

By: M. Kishore Kumar , N. Jayakumar , M. Kavipriya , B. Ahilan

Page No : 231-243

Abstract
Remote sensing is one of the emerging technology for sustainability to fisheries, by the use of synoptic ocean measurements, various satellite oceanic remote sensing play a major role for fishery forecasting, fishery research and fishery management, and also the influence of fluctuations in the availability of food in the critical period of larval stages can be investigated through the application of ecological indicators and so this will increase the relationship between the ecosystem factors and recruitment of key species. Most of the marine stocks are fully exploited or over exploited than aquaculture stocks and there is also demand for marine fisheries resources so it should be managed by the use of modern technology like the use of satellite remote sensibly information, some of the software which are capable of using geo referenced data for a range of spatial analysis and outputs, application of GIS, identification of potential fishing zone for catching abundance of fishes in the sea is measured by various remote sensing tools which is useful for both inland and marine fisheries.

Authors :
M. Kishore Kumar, N. Jayakumar, M. Kavipriya and B. Ahilan
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.3-4.9

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Management of Small Reservoirs through different approaches

By: Avadootha Shivakrishna , R. Charitha , Dharmaraj Patro , Karan Kumar Ramteke , Zeba Jaffer Abidi

Page No : 245-249

Abstract
Water resources management often requires the construction of dams across rivers for creating storages and regulating flows, which called as a sleeping giant. For easy management reservoirs of fisheries, reservoirs are generally classified as small (<1 000 ha), medium (1 000 to 5 000ha) and large (>5 000 ha) reservoirs and fish yields from different categories of reservoirs have been estimated at 50 kg/ha/yr, 12 kg/ha/yr and 11 kg/ha/yr respectively and the average yield is about 20 kg/ha/yr. Indian reservoirs have been estimated very low yield in comparison to countries such as China (>800 kg/ha/yr), Sri Lanka (>3? kg/ha/yr and Cuba (>100 kg/ha/yr) due to the poor governance, weak cooperatives, lack of fish seed for stocking, inappropriate craft and gear, poor landing and marketing channels, absence of closed season etc. For centuries, the world’s water resources have been developed to benefit mankind. The construction of dams to create reservoirs has served many purposes such as water supply, hydroelectric power, flood control, Irrigation and navigation. They are also used to regulate the flow of water in rivers. Water can be released from the reservoir during drier seasons to support wildlife and the environment downstream, and to provide a resource for human uses.

Authors :
Avadootha Shivakrishna, R. Charitha, Dharmaraj Patro, Karan Kumar Ramteke and Zeba Jaffer Abidi
ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.3-4.10

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Proximate Composition of Mantis Shrimp Resources available along Mumbai Waters

By: Aradhana Appa Sawant , Shreya Patil , S. Abuthagir Iburahim , S.Kesavan , K.A. Martin Xavier

Page No : 251-258

Abstract
The proximate composition was analyzed in mantis shrimp from by-catches of Mumbai coast of India. Totally 4 species (Oratosquilla oratoria, Miyakella nepa, Harpiosquilla harpax and Cloridopsis scorpio) of mantis shrimp had collected from selected landing centres. Standard Protocol of AOAC (Association of analytical communities) was used for estimation of proximate composition from the collected Squilla samples for each species. The moisture, Crude protein, Crude Lipid, and Minerals were found highest in Harpiosquilla harpax among the collected species.

Authors :
Aradhana Appa Sawant and Shreya Patil
K.J. Somaiya College of Science and Commerce, Vidyavihar, Mumbai-77

S. Abuthagir Iburahim, S.Kesavan and K.A. Martin Xavier
ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai-400061.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.3-4.11

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Studies on the Food and Feeding Habits of Chelon Planiceps (Valenciennes, 1836) from Hooghly-matlah Estuary, West Bengal

By: Soumendra Pramanick , Sudhir Kumar Das , Dibakar Bhakta , Canciyal Johnson

Page No : 259-265

Abstract
Food and feeding habits of Chelon planiceps was estimated for 232 fishes collected from Kakdweep and Diamond harbor local fish markets and were subjected into analysis for the period of December, 2005 to July, 2006. Such fishes were procured from different areas of Sunderban delta of 24- Paraganas district (S). The results of the study indicated Chelon planiceps feed on a wide variety of food items. The highest food item found was detritus (34%), followed by algae (33%), sand and mud (11%), diatom (9%), zooplankton (7%) and miscellaneous items (6%). The feeding intensity was quite high during the winter and autumn seasons. Gastro Somatic Index (GaSI) of male Chelon planiceps was high in March (5.803) and low in December (3.328), but in the case of female the GaSI was high in April (6.217) and low in July (2.848). The findings obtained from this study would be helpful to promote fisheries of the species in the locality

Authors :
Soumendra Pramanick and Sudhir Kumar Das
Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, WBUAFS, Chakgaria, Kolkata-700 094.

Dibakar Bhakta
ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Regional Center, B-12, Hans Society, Harney Road, Vadodara-390 022, Gujarat, India.

Canciyal Johnson
ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Monirampore, Kolkata-700 120, West Bengal, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.3-4.12

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Agriculture Waste Into Wealth: An Overview

By: Gomathy V , Jerusha Stephen , Jane Jacob

Page No : 267-273

Abstract
Agricultural waste is the unwanted or unmarketable materials produced or wholly obtained from agriculture and allied activities. Agricultural wastes pose severe effects on the environment in all forms, irrespective of how it is formed, stored, or recycled. Some of this waste is reused as fertilizer, but this can be washed out of fields by rain or overwatering, leading to pollution. The lack of buyers for agricultural waste forced farmers to either burning it, causing air pollution or dumping it leading to soil and water contamination. Therefore, healthier and eco-friendlier approaches towards handling and utilization of agriculture waste by farmers and entrepreneurs to gain the desired benefit through efficient process viz., organic farming, bio-fuel extraction, production of electricity from agro-waste, bio-compost from agro-waste, aquaculture from agriculture waste, etc., need to be enforced. Thus, this study suggests, for better use of agro-waste, entrepreneurial activity in the field of agro-waste management is necessary to be promoted.

Authors :
Gomathy V
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Fisheries Economics, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India.

Jerusha Stephen
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Post Harvest Technology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India.

Jane Jacob
PG Scholar, Department of Aquaculture, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.3-4.13

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Karyotyping in the Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium Malcolmsonii (Milne-Edwards, 1844), Decapoda

By: Anne Rebecca A , John Merston , Saravana Bhavan

Page No : 275-285

Abstract
Decapod karyology is one of the least studied areas. M. malcolmsonii, a freshwater species of the order decapoda is karyologically analysed for chromosome number, arm length, arm ratio and centromere position using a compound light microscope and an ocular micrometer. Based on the measurements using the micrometer, chromosomes were grouped. A karyogram and an ideogram were prepared. The diploid set (2n) of chromosomes from 100 metaphase spreads were found to have a modal value of 118. 26 pairs of metacentric, 9 pairs of sub-metacentric, 2 pairs of sub[1]metacentric/sub-telocentric, 2 pairs of subtelocentric and 20 pairs of telocentric chromosomes were observed and grouped using a standard nomenclature described by Levan et al., (1964)

Authors :
Anne Rebecca A, John Merston and Saravana Bhavan
P. Department of Zoology (PG-SF), PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore-641014, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2019.34.3-4.14

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Jan-2018 to Jun-2018

Nutritional Quality of Freshwater Fishes and its Importance on Regulation of Nutritional Status of Local Fishermen Community of Murshidabad District, West Bengal, India: A Field Study

By: Soumima Chattoraj , Kausik Mondal

Page No : 1-10

Abstract
Nutrient contents of fresh water fishes plays a very significant role against malnutrition and have a great impact on human health. West Bengal is a leading state for commercial aquaculture and fish farming plays a key role in socio-economic development. Consumption of fish varies greatly with choice and availability of fishes and also on the economic capacity of the consumers. This survey has been done on poor rural people from two blocks, Berhampore block and Hariharpara block of Murshidabad district. Economically backward people of Murshidabad engaged with fish capture and farming generally consume fishes, both from market and farms. Fishermen of both sexes and non[1]fishermen of both sexes belonging from less prestigious occupational groups were surveyed to know their fish consumption habit and current health status. Regular fish intake ratio is higher and risks of hypercholesterolemia and hypertension are significantly lower in the fishermen community including fish on their regular diet.

Authors :
Soumima Chattoraj 
Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia-741235.

Kausik Mondal
Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India.
 

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Length-weight Relation, Relative condition and GSI of Channa Punctata (Bloch, 1793) in Wetlands of Nadia District, West Bengal

By: Rupali Chakraborty , Sudhir Kumar Das , Dibakar Bhakta

Page No : 11-18

Abstract
The biological parameters like length-weight relationships, relative condition factor, gonado-somatic index were examined of 348 specimens of Channa punctata (Bloch, 1793) from wetlands of Nadia district, West Bengal. The total length of the species varied from 80-220 mm with minimum size of first maturity was recorded at 110 mm. The species was categorized into two group’s viz., group I <110 mm) and group II (?110 mm) for the convenience of interpretation. The ‘b’ value was encountered as 3.1634 and 2.9978 from the group I and group II specimen respectively. The fish exhibited isometric growth. Relative condition (Kn) factor was varied from 1.029 to 1.217. There were significance differences (P<0.05) in Kn value of Channa punctata during the period of study. Gonado-somatic index values (GSI) varied from 0.50 to 2.30 for males and 0.52 to 5.26 for females.

Authors :
Rupali Chakraborty, Sudhir Kumar Das and Dibakar Bhakta
Department of FRM, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata- 700 094, West Bengal.
 

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Cage Culture of Tilapia with respect to Nutrition and Feeding

By: E. Prabu , N. Felix , B. Ahilan , Cheryl Antony , A.Uma , P. Ruby

Page No : 19-33

Abstract
Aquaculture must grow rapidly as an alternative to the declining capture fisheries in the world and it is the only sector to fulfil the protein requirement of the human beings throughout the world. Aquaculture, especially of tilapia has the potential to play a leading role in the fight against food insecurity, malnutrition, and poverty and it is the second most farmed fish species in the world next to salmons. Compared to most other finfish species, tilapias are extremely hardy fish equally adaptable to a range of culture systems such as low density pond systems, cage culture systems, raceway systems and super-intensive culture systems under a wide range of environmental conditions. While doing aquaculture of tilapia it is very important to focus on tilapia nutrition and feed technology to have a sustainable production of tilapia. The cage farming of tilapia being purely based on supplementary feeding, selection of good quality fish feed and its application in right quantity is important to achieve desirable production of tilapia.

Authors :
E. Prabu, B. Ahilan, Cheryl Antony, A. Uma and P. Ruby
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamilnadu, India.

N. Felix
Directorate of Aquaculture Technology Training and Incubation, Muttukadu, Tamilnadu, India.
 

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Periphyton Based Aquaculture : A Review

By: P. Ruby , B. Ahilan , E. Prabu

Page No : 35-48

Abstract
Fisheries and aquaculture are vital to the national economy in terms of nutrition, income, employment generation and foreign exchange earning. Periphyton-based aquaculture system is a modern concept and eco-friendly approach in closed water aquaculture. The rapid growth in aquaculture has triggered new technological advancement such as periphyton based aquaculture. Periphyton is comprised of groups of algae, filamentous bacteria. Periphyton technology works on the basis of introduction of substrates into the water to support the growth of periphyton, which becomes food for fish. To minimize costs, a considerable part of pond research concentrated on enhancing the phytoplankton based food web to reduce the need for external production inputs and to improve nutrient efficiencies. In periphyton-based aquaculture, the various invertebrates that colonize the hard substrates provided in ponds supplement artificial feed, while the sheltering substrates minimize the territorial effects of the cultured animals. Therefore, periphyton can increase the productivity and efficiency of aquaculture systems.

Authors :
E. Prabu, B. Ahilan and P. Ruby
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamilnadu, India.
 

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Role of Astaxanthin in Aquaculture – A Review

By: C. Judith Betsy , J. Stephen Sampath Kumar

Page No : 49-57

Abstract
Carotenoids are tetraterpenoid organic pigments that are naturally occurring in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants and in photosynthetic organisms like algae, some bacteria, and some types of fungus. They are a diverse family of organic compounds that act as immunostimulants and antioxidant. They also provide the basis for a wide range of animal pigmentation. Carotenoids when supplied to fish with feed easily get absorbed in the terminal part of the intestine and then transported by lipoproteins. Astaxanthin, a red colour carotenoid plays a vital role in aquaculture. It is one of the major feed additives used in the diet of finfishes and shellfishes because of its antioxidant activity

Authors :
C. Judith Betsy
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin, India

J. Stephen Sampath Kumar
Directorate of Sustainable Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thanjavur, India.
 

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Review on Enzymes as Fish Feed Additives

By: M. Muthu Abishag , C. Judith Betsy

Page No : 59-77

Abstract
In the recent years, replacement of fishmeal with plant-based protein ingredients is the priority area of research in the globally expanding aquaculture industry. However it brings in issues of poor digestion and low feed efficiency because of the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANTs), non[1]starch polysaccharides (NSPs) and trypsin inhibitors in vegetable protein sources. Exogenous enzyme supplementation besides digesting these anti nutritional factors also helps in better digestion and utilization of nutrients in aqua feeds, improving FCR and reducing water pollution. Most commonly used enzyme additives are phytase, carbohydrases like a-amylase, b-mannanase, a-galactosidase, xylanase, cellulase and pectinase, protease and lipase to a small amount. In this regard, focus needs to be given on the feed processing methods for the efficient enzyme delivery system to increase their thermal tolerance. This paper provides an overview on the importance of enzyme supplementation, commonly used enzyme supplements, issues to be addressed along with a note on thrust areas of research.

Authors :
M. Muthu Abishag and C. Judith Betsy
Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tuticorin, India.
 

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Immune Response of Fish to Parasitic Infection – A Review

By: Petchi Muthu M. , M. Rosalind George , Riji John , Dinesh R

Page No : 79-89

Abstract
Parasites are responsible for important economic losses among aquaculture industries, and hence there is high interest in studying the immune response of fish against them. The host’s age, behaviour, immunological status and environmental change can affect the association that is beneficial to the host whereas evasion of the host’s immune response favour the parasites. Cellular and humoral factors are involved in both innate and acquired immunity against parasites. However, many parasites invade and establish in body tissues and fluids where they are able to survive by virtue of a range of adaptations that reduce the efficacy of the immune system of fish. Pathogenic scuticociliate parasites can cause surface lesions and can also penetrate inside the body, where they feed on tissue and proliferate in the blood and in most internal organs, killing the host in a few days. Immune humoral factors, especially complement are of particular importance in defending fish against these ciliate parasites. The role of innate immune response and it is clear that adaptive immunity plays an essential part for eliminating and then mounting a solid resistance against subsequent microsporidian infections. Glucans are compounds that can modulate the immune system and potentiate resistance to microorganisms. These compounds have been proposed that can interact with receptors on the surface of leukocytes that result in the stimulation on non-specific immune responses. In this paper we have discussed on the mechanisms of antibody-mediated immunity and development of vaccines against parasites as well.

Authors :
Petchimuthu, M.
Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management.

Rosalind George, M.
Professor and Head, Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thalaignayiru,

Riji John. K.
Professor and Head, Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi

Dinesh, R
Aquatic Service Centre, Sheng Long Biotech (India) Pvt Ltd. Tamil Nadu.
 

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Ribosomal RNA and their Applications in Species Identification

By: Ranjithkumar K , Utsa Roy , Madhusudhana Rao B , Sudhan C

Page No : 91-99

Abstract
The rRNA genes are one of the most conserved genes in the living world. The core function of the ribosome is basically the same across different groups of organisms. However, the actual sequence of the nucleotides in rRNAs does vary between species and this enables its use as a molecular marker for species identification. Prokaryotes have three different types of rRNAs which include 23S, 16S and 5S rRNA. Of these, 16S rRNA has the most favorable characters due to which it is widely accepted for prokaryotic species identification. Eukaryotes consist of four different types of nuclear rRNA (18S, 28S, 5.8S & 5S) and two types of mitochondrial rRNA (12S and 16S). The eukaryotic 18S rRNA is similar to the prokaryotic 16S rRNA and it has less evolution rate compared to the cytochrome oxidase gene. The 18S rRNA is commonly used for identification of marine nematodes. Biparental inheritance of the 28S rRNA enables the identification of hybrid species. The 5.8S rRNA is located in the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), and its conserved nature provides PCR primer sites for amplification of ITS regions that are most commonly used for identification of fungus species. Apart from 5S rRNA gene that is transcribed by RNA Pol III, all the others are transcribed by RNA Pol I in the nucleolus which is the site for ribosome assembly. The nucleotide variation in both the mitochondrial 16S and 12S sequences is suitable for identifying the majority of fish specimens at genus level, but less useful for the explicit differentiation of certain congeneric fish species.

Authors :
Ranjithkumar K, Utsa Roy and Madhusudhana Rao B
ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra.

Sudhan C
TNJFU-Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu.
 

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Advanced Developments in Fish Vaccination

By: A. Kamalii , E. Prabu , P. Ruby , B. Ahilan

Page No : 101-109

Abstract
An important threats to aquaculture is the economical looses imposed by incidences and outbreaks of infectious diseases on account of high mortality in farmed fishes and commercial aquaculture systems. Vaccination plays an important role in large-scale commercial fish farming and has been a key reason for the success of fish cultivation. Vaccination is a process by which a protective immune response is induced in an animal by administration of vaccines. Vaccines are preparations of antigens derived from pathogenic organisms, rendered non-pathogenic by various means, which will stimulate immune system of the animal to increase the resistance to the disease on natural encountered with pathogens. Fish Vaccines in general fall into three major categories namely killed whole cell vaccine, live attenuated vaccine and recombinant DNA based vaccines. Efficacy of these vaccines has been appreciably improved using adjuvants, immunostimulants and vaccines carriers. However, it is still affected by the routes of vaccine administration. In general injection is better than immersion and oral administration.

Authors :
A. Kamalii
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India.

E. Prabu, P. Ruby and B. Ahilan
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Ponneri, Tamilnadu, India.
 

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Jul-2018 to Dec-2018

Applications of Nanotechnology in Fisheries and Aquaculture

By: A. Kamalii , B. Ahilan , N. Felix , B. Kannan , E. Prabu

Page No : 111-117

Abstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging tool for aquaculture, fish biotechnology, fish genetics, fish reproduction and aquatic health etc. Nanotechnology tools like nanomaterials, nanosensors, DNA nanovaccines, Gene delivery, Drug delivery, Fluorescent biological labels, Probing of DNA structure, Bio detection of pathogens, Separation and purification of biological molecules and cells, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity cell toxicity etc. have the potential role to solve many problems like animal health, production, reproduction, prevention and treatment of diseases. It may presume that in the recent years, nanotechnology research will reform the science and technology and will help to boost up the livestock production in future. Nanotechnology applications in the fish processing industry can also be utilized to detect fish bacteria in packaging, produce stronger flavors, colour quality, and safety by increasing the protection properties. This article presents the recent developments of nanotechnology and its applications in aquaculture and fisheries.

Authors :
A. Kamalii
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi

B. Ahilan
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research institute, Ponneri

N. Felix, B. Kannan and E. Prabu
Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Aquaculture, Muttukadu Tamilnadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2018.33.3-4.1

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Locally available Ingredients for better formulation in Aqua-Feeds for Cultivable Freshwater Fishes

By: B. Kannan , A. Rathipriya

Page No : 119-133

Abstract
The rise into global prominence and rapid growth of finfish and crustacean aquaculture has been due, in part, to the availability and on-farm provision of feed inputs within the major producing countries. In 2008, more than 46 percent of the total global aquaculture production was dependent upon the supply of external feed inputs. For the aquaculture sector to maintain its current average growth rate of 8 to 10 percent per year to 2025, the supply of feed inputs will have to grow at a similar rate. Nutritional requirements like protein, fat, fibre and carbohydrate are the most important key role for formulating the aqua feed. Among these, protein plays an important nutrient for formulating the aqua feed and its requirements will be vary from species to species. In the case of freshwater aquaculture production, high quality, optimum quantity and cost-effective feeds are always desirable for obaining targeted production and growth. Therefore, aquaculture producing countries should concentrate in feed-based aquaculture techniques to maximize the use of locally available feed ingredient sources and use nutritionally safe feed ingredients that can be sustainably produced and grow with the sector.

Authors:
A. Rathipriya and B. Kannan
Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2018.33.3-4.2

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A Review on Pond Bottom Management in Shrimp Aquaculture

By: B. Kannan , N. Felix , A. Rathipriya , E. Prabu , M. Nagoor Meeran

Page No : 135-142

Abstract
Pond bottom soil plays an important key role in regulating the concentrations of nutrients in the pond water, Shrimp ponds are the dynamic and complex ecosystem, it will produce the tragetable production of the nutrient cycle and waste decompositions are properly managed. Research tells that, in semi-intensive shrimp farming system added phosphorus accumulated about 63.5% and 38% of the total nitrogen in the sediment. The higher concentration of organic and inorganic nutrients in bottom soils of older compare to newer ponds. Salt water used for shrimp culture contains higher concentration of sulfate possible for sulfide production; the sediment accumulating in shrimp ponds is the black color with smell of H2s. The removal of organic sediments by digging is expensive, and natural dry-out combined with liming and occasional sediment removal should be investigated as a less expensive and more environment eco-friendly alternative to removing sediment after each crop. The success of aquaculture can be assured by selecting a site with suitable soil and a high quality water supply, it is essential to understand the pond soil and water characteristics and their optimum requirements to increase the productivity of the ponds. This review discusses the pond bottom management and soil treatment techniques for improving the condition of pond soils. Application of these techniques can enhance soil condition and water quality, improve production efficiency, and prolong the useful life of ponds also this study strongly recommends to the shrimp farmer to concentrate in each and every culture likely to enhance the bottom soil by adding some extra nutrient to the soil.

Authors :
B. Kannan and N. Felix
Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Aquaculture (DIVA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu

A. Rathipriya , M. Nagoor Meeran and E. Prabu
Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2018.33.3-4.3

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Impacts of Heavy Metals in the Coastal Waters of Tamil Nadu

By: K.Manikandan , N. Felix , E. Prabu , Sudhan C , B. Kannan

Page No : 143-154

Abstract
Tamil Nadu, South east part of India, located between the Latitude 11.1271° N, Longitude 78.6569° E and has a coastal length of 1076 Km. In view of the fact that, the rivers act as a main drainage system for various districts of Tamil Nadu, major industrial units operated along the coastal areas release their untreated effluents into near shore coastal waters and estuaries through river waters. The heavy metals are naturally occurring elements with high atomic weight and high density; their introduction in the marine environment is on the high level due to the rapid industrialization and urbanization. Besides to the Industrial waste, city sewage and other non-biodegradable wastes significantly contribute to the contamination. The added heavy metals to the ecosystem may dissociate and take part in several biogeochemical processes includes bioaccumulation, biomagnification and were potentially toxic to the marine fishes and threat to habitat. Similarly, Mangrove soils are active absorber of these elements like Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb and act as a distributor of heavy metals to the adjacent waters. Various studies have focused on the surface sediments from the coastal regions are useful in assessing the marine pollution due to heavy metals. The pollution can be evaluated by contamination factor (CF) and Geo-accumulation Index. The severe health effects on humans were also attributed and reported. Speciation of heavy metals play a key role in metal toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics.The present review could be used as reference for advanced studies carried out for the tangible source of heavy metal contamination and their impact on marine ecosystem and biodiversity. In the future, continuous efforts on environmental monitoring should be carried out to assess the industrial activities and actions to prevent additional contamination of heavy metals in to the system.

Authors :
Manikandan. K and Kannan. B
Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri - 601 204.

Felix. N and Prabu. E
Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Aquaculture, Muttukadu, Chennai, India

Sudhan. C
ICAR-CIFE, Versova, Mumbai.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2018.33.3-4.4

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Catagorization and Evaluation of Status of some Collected Fish Species of North Bengal, India following IUCN Standard

By: N.R.Chattopadhyay , S. K. Abujam

Page No : 155-172

Abstract
Information gathered on threatened status, ecosystem status, with known or probable reason for decline through collection of samples during a field study covering the major districts of North Bengal. Besides other relevant information was collected keeping the base year as 2000 and with the appraisal that perceivable decline has taken place during the last 15 – 20 years. Out of the 104- fish collected during the study, 58 belongs to the least concern group, 22 represent not assayed group, 13 is near threatened, critically endangered 2, vulnerable 2, data deficient 4 and 3 under endangered category. Of the 22-endangered ones, three are, such as Glyphis gangeticus (Muller and Henle), Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton) and Periopphthalmus weberi Eggert, marked as critically endangered .

Authors :
N.R.Chattopadhyay
Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India

S. K. Abujam
Department of Zoology, Rajiv Gandhi University (RGU), Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2018.33.3-4.5

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Generation of DNA Barcode Data Base for Batik Loach, Nemacheilus Triangularis (Day)

By: Jaculine Pereira. J , B. Ahilan , Jeya Shakila. R , Karal Marx. K , Rajagopalsamy. C.B.T.

Page No : 173-185

Abstract
The Batik loach, Nemacheilus triangularis was collected from Karnataka state. Morphometric and meristic characterization was carried out for N. triangularis and DNA was isolated from N. triangularis using phenol chloroform rapid non-invasive technique. Purity of DNA was checked with UV spectrophotometer and DNA was confirmed with Agarose gel Electrophoresis. DNA barcoding was carried out with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit 1(COI) gene and the PCR product 652bp was confirmed again with Agarose gel electrophoresis using DNA marker and DNA content was analysed with Biophotometer. Purity of DNA was ascertained and the purity value obtained was 1.60 -2.0 (DNA quality is good). Then, PCR products of COI gene were sequenced and submitted to Genbank (NCBI), the accession numbers were provided by GenBank for N. triangularis includes KP772689, KP772690 and KP772691.

Authors :
Jaculine Pereira. J
Department of Fisheries Biotechnology, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi – 628 008

Ahilan. B
Dr. MGR Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri.

Jeya Shakila. R
Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi

Karal Marx. K
Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Vanianchavadi, Chennai

Rajagopalsamy. C.B.T.
Aquatic Rainbow Technology Park, Madhavaram.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2018.33.3-4.6

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Quality Assessment of Cryopreserved Sperm of Mrigal, Cirrhinus Cirrhosus and its use in Commercial Seed Production

By: Md. Arif Hossain , Md. Abdur Rouf , Naznin Akter , Md. Rafiqul Islam Sarder , Mohammad Matiur Rahman , Md. Fazlul Awal Mollah

Page No : 187-200

Abstract
Quality of frozen sperm of C. cirrhosus in terms of motility, fertility and hatching of eggs was examined in relation to extenders, cryoprotectants and storage time. Sperm was processed with Alsever’s solution, egg-yolk citrate or urea egg-yolk plus DMSO or methanol and highest post-thaw motility was observed from Alsever’s solution with 10% DMSO (91.6±.5%). In the first 4 weeks of cryostorage, sperm motility was similar (96.3±0.58% to 89.3±1.0%) to those of fresh (97.3±0.5%) whereas after 8 weeks of storage the motility reduced significantly (71.6±1.5%) (P<0.05). Fertilization of eggs inseminated with 4 and 8 weeks old sperm were 69.6±3.2% to 64.6±1.5%, close to that of fresh sperm (72.6±3.7% to 67.0±2.6) respectively. Hatching rates of cryopreserved sperm-originated larvae (60.3±2.5% to 52.6±2.5%) were also similar to that of fresh sperm (62.3±4.0% to 55.6±2.0%). The quality parameters of cryopreserved sperm of C. cirrhosus are standardized which measures the efficiency of cryopreservation protocol that can be used in seed production in hatcheries.

Authors :
Md. Arif Hossain, Md. Abdur Rouf, Naznin Akter, Md. Rafiqul Islam Sarder, Mohammad Matiur Rahman, and Md. Fazlul Awal Mollah
Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.
 

 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2018.33.3-4.7

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Bio-Indices and Proximate Composition of Muscle in Channa Punctata (Bloch, 1793) occurring in Wetlands of West Bengal, India

By: Rupali Chakraborty , Sudhir Kumar Das , Dibakar Bhakta

Page No : 201-207

Abstract
Bio-indices like gonado-somatic index (GSI) and hepato-somatic index (HSI) as well as proximate composition of muscle of Channa punctata collected from wetlands of Nadia district of West Bengal for a period of eight months were studied. An inverse relationship between GSI and HSI was observed with GSI values exhibiting an increasing trend from October onwards having peak during month of May. Mean monthly GSI values were significant (p<0.05). The proximate composition of muscle exhibited significant variations (p<0.05) in case of lipid, protein and ash contents. The moisture and fat content showed an inverse relation to each other. The variation in body composition was mainly due to foraging and gonadal development of the species.

Authors :
Rupali Chakraborty, Sudhir Kumar Das and Dibakar Bhakta
Department of FRM, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata- 700 094, West Bengal.
 

DOI : http://doi.org/10.32381/JAT.2018.33.3-4.8

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Jan- to Jun-2017

Diversity of Fish Fauna in Kusiara River (Fenchungonj Upazilla), Northeast Bangladesh

By: Mohammad Amzad Hossain , Mariya Akter , Mohammed Mahbub Iqbal

Page No : 1-13

Abstract
A twelve month study was conducted from July 2015 to June 2016 on fish biodiversity status of Kusiara River, Bangladesh. Regular sampling was done by using different gears and in addition, fishes were also collected from local markets, and identified in vitro. A total of 74 fish species were reported belonging to 23 taxonomic families. Among them Cyprinidae were 38%, Siliuridae 15%, Cobitidae 7%, belonidae 4%, Hemiraphidae 4%, Heteropneustidae 4%, Gobidae 3%, Channidae 3%, Claridae 3%, Chiclidae 2%, Osprenidae 2%, Ambasiidae 2%, Bagridae 2% and others 1% each. The H´ was found to be oscillated from 2.07 to 2.41. Highest value for richness index was 7.43 and lowest 2.78. The peak evenness ranges between 0.99-1.15. The maximum dominance value was 6.62 and minimum 4.22. Fish fauna were found in aggregative distribution occupying dispersion index fluctuating between 22.87 to 9.92.

Authors :
Mohammad Amzad Hossain, Mariya Akter and Mohammed Mahbub Iqbal
Department of Fish Biology and Genetics, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh.
 

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Phytoplankton and Food Selectivity in Nile Tilapia Reared in Earthen Ponds under Monoculture and Polyculture with African Sharptooth Catfish

By: Athanasio Stephano Mbonde , Samwel Mchele Limbu , Yunus Daud Mgaya , Amon Paul Shoko

Page No : 15-38

Abstract
Phytoplankton availability is one of the most important biotic factors affecting the successful culture of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus) in semi-intensive ponds. The present study investigated phytoplankton composition, abundance and food selectivity in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) reared in monoculture and polyculture system with African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) in earthen ponds. Water samples and stomachs of 144 O. niloticus were collected from respective pond systems for examination of phytoplankton composition and abundance. The obtained phytoplankton species in water and stomachs were used to determine food selectivity of O. niloticus. The results showed significantly higher Chlorophyceae in polyculture than monoculture ponds. The gut contents of O. niloticus from both systems were mainly composed of Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Cyanophyceae and detritus and insect remains. Bacillariophyceae, detritus and insect remains were selected as food by O. niloticus cultured in both systems. Findings from this study show that, under monoculture and polyculture pond systems, O. niloticus exhibit selective feeding consuming more Bacillariophyceae, detritus and insect remains.

Authors :
Athanasio Stephano Mbonde
Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 90, Kigoma, Tanzania
 
Samwel Mchele Limbu and Yunus Daud Mgaya
Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Amon Paul Shoko
Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Headquarters, P. O. Box 9750, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
 

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Energetic of Fish Spermatozoa- A Review

By: C. Judith Betsy , J. Stephen Sampath Kumar

Page No : 39-53

Abstract
Success of fertilization depends on the energy of spermatozoa. In water, spermatozoa face a huge energy demand to sustain flagellar beating for which energy is provided by the hydrolysis of ATP. Flagellar beat frequency and sperm swimming speed decreases when there is reduction in ATP content. Thus energy content of spermatozoa remains as an important factor in spermatology. Hence an attempt is made to review the energy components contributing to the energy of spermatozoa, ATP estimation and role of exogenous energy sources in sperm motility.

Authors :
 

C. Judith Betsy
Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tuticorin, India

J. Stephen Sampath Kumar
Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, India.
 

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Koi Herpes Virus: A Recent Hazardous Pathogen in [Carp Farming] Aqua Industry

By: Madhusudhana Rao B , Sudhan C , Ranjithkumar K , Raghu Ramudu K

Page No : 55-65

Abstract
Cyprinidherpesvirus-3 / Koi herpes virus (KHV) is an acute and systemic viral infection of Koi herpes virus disease. The virus is a representative family Alloherpesviridae infecting carps, having lot of specificity over common carp and few of their relatives. KHV is one of threatening viral disease of fishes, emerging as a obstacle for several countries food producing industries; thereby creating massive nuisance to European and Asian countries striking economical loss due to mass mortality and listed by OIE in 2007. Temperature is considered to be the decisive environmental factors govern the outbreak of this disease. The elementary effect is to be noticed on respiratory filaments, leads to the production of high mucous. Latency & subclinical signs (intolerable conditions) is a characteristic element that could be encountered by RT– PCR. Immense work is needed in this field pertaining to vaccine development, modification and improvement; adoption of biosecurity measures, and complete quarantine provisions. This paper would supplement and significantly contributes to give brief review over Koi herpes virus disease and research studies carried out over it.

Authors :
Madhusudhana Rao and B Ranjithkumar K
PG Research Scholar, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Sudhan C.
PG Research Scholar, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India

Raghu Ramudu K
Scientist, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India.
 

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Aquaponics and their Role in Aquaculture Industry

By: E. Prabu , A. Anix Vivek Santhiya

Page No : 67-77

Abstract
Aquaculture production has increased steadily in recent years and is the fastest growing food production sector and has become a valuable component of national development and poverty reduction plans in many areas of the world. In the aquaculture, effluents accumulate in the water increasing toxicity for the fish. Aquaculture is now considered as a potential polluter of the aquatic environment and a cause of degradation of wetland areas. The nutrients generated from fish manure, algae and decomposing fish feed are contaminated and build up to toxic levels in the fish tanks. Aquaponics is the best solution to reduce or eliminate toxic pollutants in the fish tank. Aquaponics serves as a model of sustainable food production. The current approach to improving water quality in fish tank is the application of bio-integrated system known as ‘aquaponics’. Thus, the aim of the current paper is to highlight the important of aquaponics system in aquaculture industry.

Authors :
E. Prabu and A. Anix Vivek Santhiya
Research Scholar, Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi-628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Quality Deterioration in Fish and Shrimp - A Review

By: Renganathan R , Supratim C , Dora K.C , Abraham J

Page No : 79-98

Abstract
Over the past few years, safety has become very topical subject eliciting a great deal of public concern particularly in the developed countries, where food safety offences are now regarded at Government level. Selling, possessing and/or advertising for sale of food that does not comply with food safety requirements are now offences as per food safety requirements. Enforcement Officers have been given very detailed and powerful new provisions for dealing with the process, premises and equipments that contravene the legislation or pose a threat to the health of the consumer. As technology advance and public awareness grows, consumers are becoming increasingly demanding in terms of choice, quality, freshness, nutritional value and microbiological safety of food. Hence this review deals with the quality of raw sea food and the changes that occur during storage in terms of microbiological, biochemical, proximate composition and sensory.

Authors :
Renganathan R
Department of Fisheries, Tiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu, India.

Dora K.C And Supratim C
Department of Fish Processing Technology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, West Bengal, India.

Abraham J
Department of Aquatic Animal Health, West Bengal University of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, West Bengal, India.
 

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Ribbonfish Fisheries of India

By: Patadiya D.S , P. Jawahar , Mogalekar H.S. , Sudhan C , Jyoti Saroj , Ramesh Kumar , Upadhyay. A.

Page No : 99-106

Abstract
Present paper overviews the species composition, distribution, food and feeding, size at first maturity, spawning, fecundity, fishing season, mode of exploitation, population dynamics, production trend, utilization pattern, conservation and management of ribbonfish fisheries of India over last 25 years. In total ten species of ribbonfishes belonging to three genera have been recorded from India waters. All the species of ribbonfishes are highly carnivorous. Size at first maturity of Ribbonfishes ranges from 24 cm to 56 cm. Trichiurus lepturus is found to lay up to 1, 34,000 ova and peak spawning on the west coast is from April – June and along the east coast during February to June. The fishing season extending from July to April but the peak is from October –December. The principal gear is trawl net. The other gears are dol net, drift gill net, boat seine and shore seine. The production of ribbonfish from 1991 to 2015 ranged 74043 tones (1995) to 252179 tonnes (2013) with average production of was 156533 tonnes. The average ribbon fish contribution to the total pelagic fish production was 10.46 % and contribution to the total marine fisheries production was 5.51 %. Ribbonfishes are increasingly being targeted in India on account of its demand for export to Southeast Asian countries. As the pace of exploitation is changing, it is essential to monitor the fishery and biological characteristics to suggest various regulatory measures.

Authors :
Patadiya D.S., Jawahar P., Mogalekar H.S., Sudhan C., Jyoti Saroj, Ramesh Kumar and Upadhyay. A.
Fisheries College and Research Institute, (Tamil Nadu Fisheries University), Thoothukudi-628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Influence of Replacing Soybean Meal by alternative Protein sources in the Diets of Gift Tilapia

By: Raswin Geoffery.G.K , B. Ahilan , Athithan.S. , J. Stephen Sampath Kumar

Page No : 107-114

Abstract
Aquaculture plays an important role in global food security and employment provision. It is the fastest growing food producing sector. Stagnating marine capture yield has intensified aquaculture which helps to bridge the demand-supply gap. In intensive fish production models, the utilization of nutritionally complete feeds with fish meal as major protein source is critical to the success of the industry. The present study was designed to partially replace soybean meal by alternative protein source like cotton seed meal and to study the influence on the bio growth performance of GIFT Tilapia. In the present trial, the cotton seed meal was incorporated in the feed at different concentrations viz., 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 %. Every day the fishes were fed at the rate of 5 % of their body weight. The experiment was conducted for a period of 60 days and the sampling was carried out once in a fortnight. The mean body weight gain recorded in the 15% inclusion of Cotton seed meal (CSM15%) was 4.35g, whereas in control (C) this was recorded as 3.84 g. The CSM at 15 % yielded better body weight gain than control fishes. There was an increasing trend in the Specific Growth Rate (SGR) from 5 % to 15 %. The SGR in 15 % was 3.90. The growth rate was poor in the fishes fed with 20 % CSM, which proved that the 15 % inclusion performed better growth in GIFT Tilapia. In the fishes which were fed with 20 % CSM the SGR was observed to be 3.69 which was lower than that of the 15 % CSM incorporated diet as well as control feed.

Authors :
Raswin Geoffery.G.K, Ahilan, B., Athithan.S., and J.Stephen Sampath Kumar
Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi-8.
 

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Dna Barcode Data Base Generation for Dotted Loach, Nemacheilus Semiarmatus (Day, 1867)

By: Jaculine Pereira. J , B. Ahilan , Jeya Shakila. R , Karal Marx. K , Rajagopalsamy. C.B.T. , Devivaraprasad Reddy

Page No : 115-125

Abstract
The Dotted loach, Nemacheilus semiarmatus was collected from the streams of Harangi river, Kalur village, Madikeri District of Karnataka state. Morphometric and meristic characterization was carried out for N. semiarmatus. The DNA was extracted from N. semiarmatus with phenol chloroform method. Quality of DNA was analyzed with UV spectrophotometer (260 nm and 280nm) and DNA was confirmed with Agarose (1%) gel Electrophoresis. DNA barcoding was carried out for the DNA extracts using Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit 1(COI) gene. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was carried with COI gene primer and the PCR product size of 652bp was confirmed with AGE (2%) using DNA marker (100bp ladder) and the DNA content was analyzed with Biophotometer (Eppendorf). The purity and concentration of DNA was analyzed at 260nm and 280 nm, the purity and concentration recorded for the PCR products were 1.82-1.89 (DNA quality is good) and 7.12 (4.6-10.1) respectively. PCR amplified products of COI gene were sequenced and submitted to Genbank (NCBI), the accession numbers were provided by GenBank for N. semiarmatus includes KP823400, KP823401 and KP823402.

Authors :
Jaculine Pereira. J, B. Ahilan, R. Jeya Shakila., K. Karal Marx, C.B.T.Rajagopalsamy and A. Devivaraprasad Reddy
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi-628 008, Tamil Nadu.
 

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Cultivable Freshwater Fishes of Maharashtra

By: Mogalekar H.S. , Canciyal Johnson , Patadiya D.S , Kolhe S.S.

Page No : 127-147

Abstract
Cultivable freshwater fishes of Maharashtra comprises of 96 species (58 primary freshwater and 38 diadromus) under six orders, 17 families and 49 genera. Out of 96 species, 30 are endemic to Western Ghats, eight are endemic to India and nine are exotic. Of the 96 species assessed for conservation status two species are critically endangered, ten species are endangered, four species are vulnerable and 14 species are near threatened. The most diverse family was Cyprinidae with 44 species and 20 genera. Among the cultivable freshwater fishes recorded from Maharashtra, 38 species are under experimental, semi intensive, intensive aquaculture and seed production as well as culture techniques need to develop for remaining 58 species. There is urgent need to develop brood stock from wild for captive breeding, seed production and culture of several other medium and minor carps, catfishes which show high regional demand.
 

Authors :
Mogalekar H.S., Canciyal J. and Patadiya D.S.
Department of Fisheries Biology & Resource Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, India.
 

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An Overview of Anti-nutritional factors in Fish Feed Ingredients and their effects in Fish

By: E. Prabu , Rajagopalsamy. C.B.T. , B. Ahilan , Jegan Michael Andro Jeevagan , Renuhadevi, M , Santhakumar R

Page No : 149-167

Abstract
Plants commonly synthesize a range of secondary metabolites as part of their protection against attack by herbivorous, insects and pathogens or as means to survive in adverse growing conditions.The term anti-nutrients refers to defence metabolites, having specific biological effects depending upon the structure of specific compounds which range from high molecular weight proteins to simple amino acids and oligosaccharides.Anti-nutrient substances from nutritional point of view, interferes with normal growth, reproduction and health, when consumed regularly in amount existing in a normal component of diet therefore should be considered as harmful and toxic.Tentatively, protease inhibitors, phytates, antigenic compounds, and alkaloids, at levels usually present in fish diets containing commercially available plant-derived protein sources, are unlikely to affect fish growth performance. In contrast, glucosinolates, saponins, tannins, soluble non-starch polysaccharides, gossypol, and phorbol esters, are more important from a practical point of view. The effectiveness of common processing techniques such as dry and wet heating, solvent extraction and enzyme treatment in removing the deleterious effects of antinutrients from feed materials.

Authors :
Prabu, E., Jegan Michael Andro Jeevagan, I. And Renuhadevi, M
PG Research Scholar, Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi – 628008 Tamil Nadu, India

Rajagopalsamy, C.B.T. And Ahilan, B.
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi – 628008 Tamil Nadu, India

Santhakumar R
Chair, School of Fisheries Information and Social Sciences Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi – 628008 Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Jul-2017 to Dec-2017

Water Quality And Plankton Production In Fertilized And Un-Fertilized Freshwater Fish Ponds

By: P. Elakkanai , A. Srinivasan , P. Padmavathi , S. Kavitha

Page No : 169-180

Abstract

Plankton are known to play an important role in all aquatic systems as they form basic food source for organisms of higher trophic level. The use of live-stock manure has an important role in fisheries. It has a direct relation with fish production. Cattle manure is generally used in fish ponds to enhance the plankton production and finally the fish. Physico-chemical parameters and nutrient status of the water body play an important role in governing the production of plankton which is the natural food for many species of fishes. During the study period, a total of 21 species of phytoplankton and 30 species of zooplankton recorded. Plankton are known to play an important role in all aquatic systems as they form basic food source for organisms of higher trophic level. The use of live-stock manure has an important role in fisheries. It has a direct relation with fish production. Cattle manure is generally used in fish ponds to enhance the plankton production and finally the fish. Physico-chemical parameters and nutrient status of the water body play an important role in governing the production of plankton which is the natural food for many species of fishes. During the study period, a total of 21 species of phytoplankton and 30 species of zooplankton recorded.

Authors :
P. Elakkanai, A. Srinivasan, P. Padmavathy and S. Kavitha 
Department of Fisheries Environment, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu.
 

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Amphiprion Species - A Key For A Sustainable Marine Ornamental Fish Trade  

By: Sherry Abraham , Dinesh R , Sanitha Saseendran

Page No : 181-188

Abstract
The increasingly popular ornamental fish keeping and its propagation is fuelling the rapid growth of the aquatic ornamental industry, particularly the trade of marine ornamental species. Currently, there is a heavy reliance on wild caught marine ornamentals to satisfy consumer demand. The ultimate answer to a long-term sustainable trade of marine ornamental trade is only through the development of hatchery production technologies. Research efforts towards marine ornamental aquaculture will supplement or replace the supply of wild caught specimens for the marine ornamental trade, and potentially help boost reef recovery efforts through restocking. This article provides an insight into the importance of Amphiprion species which are the greatest contributors to the marine ornamental fish trade.

Authors :
Sherry Abraham, R. Dinesh and Sanitha Saseendran
Division of Aquaculture, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai-400061, India.
 

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Dietary Piperine Improves Haemato-Immunological Parameters, Growth Profiles And Resistance  Against Aeromonas Hydrophila In Labeo Rohita (Hamilton, 1822)  

By: Ezhil Nilavan S , Ram Prakash Raman , Kundan Kumar , Abhay Kumar , Saurav Kumar , Prem Prakash Srivastava , Kusunur Ahamed Basha , K. Saravanan

Page No : 189-204

Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary piperine on haemato-immunological parameters, growth profile and disease resistance in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish were fed with a diet containing 0 g kg-1 (T0), 0.5 g kg-1 (T1), 1.0 g kg-1 (T2), 2.0 g kg-1(T3), 4 g kg-1(T4), and 8 g kg-1 (T5) of piperine and blood of the experimental fish was collected on 14th, 28th, and 42nd for evaluation of haemato-immunological profiles and fishes were challenged with A. hydrophila. Haemato-immunological parameters at the end of 42nd day trial revealed that piperine administered through feed significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the complete blood counts, haemoglobin level, respiratory burst activity, lysozyme activity, and phagocytic activity. The percentage weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio of fishes fed with piperine were found to be significantly (P>< 0.05) high compared with control. Dietary inclusion of piperine showed significantly (P<0.05) higher RPS in T3 (57.15%). The results reveal><0.05) higher RPS in T3 (57.15%). The results reveal that 2 g kg-1 piperine supplemented diet has a stimulatory effect on haemato-immunological parameters along with improved growth performance and increased resistance against A. hydrophila infection in L. rohita.

Authors :
Ezhil Nilavan S, Ram Prakash Raman, Kundan Kumar, Abhay Kumar and  Saurav Kumar
Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, PanchMarg, Off Yari road, Versova, Mumbai – 400 061, Maharashtra, Indi

Prem Prakash Srivastava
Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, PanchMarg, Off Yari road, Versova, Mumbai – 400 061, Maharashtra, India

Kusunur Ahamed Basha
Fish Health, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, CIFT Junction, Willingdon Island, Matsyapuri P.O., Cochin-82 029, Kerala

K. Saravanan
Fish Health,ICAR-Central Island Agriculture Research Institute, Port Blair, India 744101.
 

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Shading Of Breeding Hapas Enhances Reproductive Performance Of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis 205 Niloticus) And Seed Output

By: Ram C. Bhujel , Anusha Perera

Page No : 205-216

Abstract
During summer, temperature of water in fishponds often rises excessively high which has been aggravated further by global warming. When the water temperature reaches above 35o C it hampers growth and reproduction. Facing this critical problem, an experiment was conducted for 120 days during May – September 2015 to investigate the effects of shading on seed output of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The trial was conducted using 12 hapas (12m x 5m) with net cover installed in a green water pond randomly assigned four replications for each of the three treatments, namely; (i) black net; (ii) blue net; and (iii) without cover as “Control”. Each hapa was initially stocked with 150 females (Mean weight ± SE, 118.8 ± 5.7 g) and 75 male Nile tilapia (Mean weight ± SE, 120.3 ± 4.6 g). During the trial period, pond water temperature ranged from 26.7oC – 37.8oC. Average weekly egg production was 15,622±842 hapa-1 from the hapas shaded with black net, which was 9 % and 18 % higher than that from the control and the hapa shaded with blue net respectively. Percentage of clutch hapa-1 week-1 from the black shaded hapas increased by 9% and 10%, as compared to the one shaded with blue net and control hapa respectively. Present study, therefore, showed that shading with black net helps increase seed output whereas blue net does not.

Authors :
Ram C. Bhujel and Anusha Perera
Aqua-Centre, School of Environment, Resources and Development (SERD) Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), THAILAND.
 

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Studies On Socio-Personal Profile And Constraints Among Shrimp Farmers Of Nagapattinam District of Tamilnadu     

By: K. Arunprasath , K. Veerabhadran , Santhakumar R , P. Padmavathi

Page No : 217-226

Abstract
In recent days the contribution of shrimp aquaculture in socio-economic growth of the country is increasing rapidly. Shrimp farming activity have developed fast in Tamilnadu since last decade. Shrimp farming activities have also generated employment opportunity along the coastline. As this sector is growing with good pace and state is yearning valuable foreign exchange it is necessary to study socio economic profile of shrimp farmers of each farming district in person. The present study was conducted in Nagapattinam district of Tamilnadu. For this study, shrimp farmers of the Nagapattinam district were selected from five taluks as the population for sampling. Among the 811 shrimp farmers, the total number of 150 respondents were selected proportionally to the number of shrimp farmers of each taluk. The data were collected with the help of well-structured interview schedule by personal contact method. The collected data were analyzed by using simple statistical tools like mean, standard deviation, percentage analysis, correlation and regression. The results indicates more than half (50.00 per cent) of the respondents were found in the category of middle aged, (80.67 per cent) of the respondent had undergone formal education ranging from primary school to collegiate levels, majority of the (86.67 per cent) of the respondents had farming as their main occupation. The socio-economic parameter viz. social participation among shrimp farmers were of medium level, they had medium level of experience in farming activities. Further lack of good quality seed and high cost of feed and chemicals are the major constraints for them. The possible suggestions are identified by the shrimp farmers are also discussed.

Authors :
K. Arunprasath
PG Research Scholar, Department of Fisheries Extension

K. Veerabhadran
Professor and Head, Department of Fisheries Extension.

R. Santhakumar
Chair, School of Fisheries Information and Social Sciences, Fisheries College and Research Institute

P. Padmavathi
Professor and Head, Department of Aquatic Environment Management.

 

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Analyses Of Morphometric And Meristic Characterisation For Cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) In The Thoothukudi Coast, Tamil Nadu.

By: Rajeshkannan R , Jaculine Pereira. J , Karl Marx , Kiruthiga Lakshmi D , Devivaraprasad Reddy , Jawahar P.

Page No : 227-234

Abstract
A study was conducted to analyze morphometric characters and meristic counts of cardinalfishes collected from Thoothukudi coast during September 2016 to March 2017. The specimens were caught approximately 15 Nm Southeast of Thoothukudi fishing harbour, Gulf of Mannar at a depth ranged from 75 to 100 m (8°38¹127²N) and (78°12¹612²E) by trawler. A total of 90 samples of three species of apogonids (i.e. each species 30 numbers) were collected, such as Gon’s cardinalfish (Archamia bleekeri), Flower cardinalfish (Ostorhinchus fleurieu), Ostorhinchus oxina. Morphometric and meristic study is the most powerful tools for measuring discreteness of the same species. Morphometric and meristic characterization was carried out for the three species by analyzing a total of 15 morphometric and 6 meristic characteristics of the fishes. The fishes were examined for the following morphometric and meristic parameters such as Total length (TL), Forked length (FL), Standard length (SL), Head length (HL), Maximum body depth (MBD), Pectoral fin length (PcFL), Pelvic fin length (PeFL), Dorsal fin length (DL), Anal fin length (AFL), Pre Pectoral length (PPL), Pre Pelvic length (PPeL), Pre Anal length (PAL), Snout length (SnL), Head depth (HD), Eye Diameter (ED), First Dorsal fin spines, second Dorsal rays, Pectoral soft rays, Pelvic fin spiny rays, Anal fin spiny rays and Lateral-line scales.

Authors :
Rajeshkannan R, Jaculine Pereira J, Karal Marx, Kiruthiga Lakshmi D
Department of Fisheries Biotechnology, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi – 628008.

Devivaraprasad Reddy
Scientist (Fisheries), Y.S.R. Horticulture University, Andhra Pradesh.

Jawahar P
Department of Fisheries Biology and Research Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi – 628008.
 

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Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (Imta) – An Environmental Friendly Farming Approach

By: Tmt. G. Arul Oli , B. Ahilan ,

Page No : 235-249

Abstract
Aquaculture production of fish and shellfish has grown by an average of 7.7% per year over the last decade. However, aquaculture has also been responsible for many of ecosystems failure. Sustainable fishery production is a big challenge of the aquaculture industry especially where there is an extensive use of commercial feeds that, itself, contributes to a much bigger problem in open water system causing water pollution. The increasing popularity of using open sea culture systems for marine fish production is anticipated to intensify the use of commercially formulated feeds, which serve as primary source of water pollution. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is an ecosystems approach in mariculture that has been proven to solve sea pollution problems associated with fish culture mainly in temperate waters. IMTA system uses marine species that are not only commercially viable, such as salmon, but are also environmentally sustainable, based on the concept that the wastes consisting of uneaten feed, feces and metabolic excretion of one species area useful input for growth of another species, working in a natural self-cleansing mechanism. IMTA combines the farming of inorganic and organic extractive species and fed species to convert the waste released into the system into a commercially valuable product for environmental friendly farming.

Authors :
Th.K.S.Vijay Amirtharaj
Department of Coastal Aquaculture, School of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tharuvaikulam, Thoothukudi – 628 105.

B. Ahilan
Department of Inland Aquaculture, School of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi – 628 008

Tmt. G. Arul Oli
Department of Inland Aquaculture, School of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi – 628 008.
 

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Nutrigenomics In Aquaculture

By: Jegan Michael Andro Jeevagan , B. Ahilan , E. Prabu , Renuhadevi, M , Jemila Thanngarani, A.

Page No : 251-260

Abstract
The interface between the nutrients and cellular processes is referred to as Nutrigenomics. Nutrigenomics seeks to provide a genetic understanding for how common dietary nutrients affect the balance between health and disease by altering the expression or structure of an individual’s genetic makeup. It is the science that examines the response of individuals to food compounds using post[1]genomic and related technologies (e.g. genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics etc.). Nutrigenomics is establishing the effects of ingested nutrients and other food components on gene expression and gene regulation. In fish nutrition, especially for species maintained in aquaculture, formulated feeds are significantly different from the natural diet with recent changes in nutrient sources, especially with protein and oil sources now being predominated by terrestrial derived ingredients. Additionally, many feeds are now incorporated to health management and termed functional feeds, which are believed to improve fish health, reduce disease outbreaks and/or improve post-infection recovery. Using new omics technologies, including transcriptomics, proteomics, and the metabolomics, nutritional requirements and research could be improved to the subsequent level in fish nutrition.

Authors :
Jegan Michael Andro Jeevagan, Prabu E and Renuhadevi M
PG Research Scholar, Department of Inland Aquaculture Fisheries College and Research Institute,Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi – 628008. Tamil Nadu, India

B Ahilan
Professor, Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute,Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi – 628008. Tamil Nadu, India

Jemila Thanngarani, A.
Assistant Professor, Department of Inland Aquaculture Fisheries College and Research Institute,Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi – 628008. Tamil Nadu, India
 

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An Account on Ichthyofaunal Diversity and Aquaculture Fish Production in Reservoirs of India

By: Sudhan C , Kingston, D.S. , Jawahar P. , Aanand S

Page No : 261-292

Abstract
The inland fisheries resources of India are vast and comprise of river systems with tributaries and distributaries, network of canals crisscrossing the country, scores of natural lakes, reservoirs, estuaries and lagoons. Reservoirs are classified as small (5000 ha). Small reservoirs are prime resources for capture fisheries and being used for extensive aquaculture. Biodiversity would apparently seem to be most unambiguous and easily studied of ecological concepts. Biodiversity refers to the variety and variability among organisms and ecosystem complexes in which they occur. It includes diversity of forms right from the molecular unit to the individual organisms and then to the populations, communities, ecosystem, landscapes and biosphere. The ichthyofaunal studies concentrates primarily on fish diversity and related indices. The main problem in developing the fisheries of reservoirs has been, inadequate stocking of advanced fingerlings, stocking of small sized fingerlings, skewed proportion of stocked fingerlings and inappropriate release of fingerlings at a specific place and time. Tilapia, African catfish and Red bellied fish (Pacchu / Pagu) has become a dominant species with landings comprising small-sized fishes in many of the small and big reservoirs. The love among the people for the exotics has found another niche and reservoirs are being stocked with silver carp, grass carp and common carp to the detriment of indigenous fauna. It is time that fast growing local species with a consumer preference and high economic value are stocked with efforts to produce their seed close to the reservoir concerned. Owing to these variables, the present review work has been planned with ichthyofaunal studies and outlined on fish diversity, aquaculture fish production, native fish fauna identification, breeding and development of seed production techniques, threats and conservation of reservoir fisheries. Based on the literature review made, the conservation strategies were suggested for the effective management and conservation actions concerning to Indian reservoirs.

Authors :
Sudhan, C.
M.F.Sc Research Scholar, Department of Fisheries Biology and Resource Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu.

Kingston, D.S.
Professor and Head, Fisheries Training and Research Center, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Kanyakumari; Tamil Nadu.

Jawahar, P.
Professor and Head, Department of Fisheries Biology and Resource Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University; Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu.
 
Aanand, S
Assistant professor, Department of Aquatic environment and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu.
 

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Nutraceuticals In Aqua Feed

By: Renuhadevi, M , B. Ahilan , Rajagopalsamy. C.B.T. , Jegan Michael Andro Jeevagan , E. Prabu

Page No : 293-303

Abstract
A review of Nutraceuticals in aqua feed was carried out to provide information on incorporation of Nutraceuticals properties in the feed for effective aquaculture management. Use of antibiotics in prophylactic treatment has led to the development of the resistant strains and the need to switch over to other antibiotics. Antibiotics residues were settle in the muscle of fish and also give side effects. Reduce the use of antibiotics alternative nutraceutical used in the aqua feed. Nutraceuticals properties get from the plant source, animal source and microbial source. Herbal medicinal products used in the aquaculture operations act as growth promoting ability and improve the immune system. Neem herbal extract contain Nimbolininn, Nimbin and Nimbidin helps to maintain fish health management. carotenoid improve the both muscle and skin pigmentation effects. Probiotics (Lactobacilli) are capable of stimulating the immune system and minimize the pathogen activity.

Authors :
Renuhadevi, M., Jegan Michael Andro Jeevagan, I and Prabu, E
PG Research Scholar, Department of Inland Aquaculture Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi – 628008, Tamil Nadu, India.

Ahilan, B., Rajagopalsamy, C.B.T
Professor, Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi – 628008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Role Of Sedative And Anaesthetic Drugs In Aquaculture

By: Dinesh R , Sherry Abraham , Nalini Poojary , G. Kantharajan , U. Sivagurunathan

Page No : 305-313

Abstract
Aquaculture practices include different operations such as netting, handling, sizing, grading, weighing, transportation, disease treatment etc. The cultured animal faces a serious stress situation while carrying out any of the above activity or a combination of these activities. These stress conditions ultimately results in the mortality of the fishes following an intermediate sign of physical injury, loss of appetite and poor growth. As a consequence, the aquaculturists encounter severe economic losses. In order to prevent these stress induced mortalities, sedation and anaesthetic technique proves to be a valid and reliable one to enable a variety of operations. The technique is well performed with the employment of medicines known as sedatives and anaesthetics which includes a variety of products of both natural and synthetic origin. This article provides insight into the phases and fish behavioural changes occurring under sedation and anaesthetic treatment as well as the common sedatives and anaesthetics used in and tested for use in aquaculture.

Authors :
R. Dinesh, Chandra Prakash and Sherry Abraham
Division of Aquaculture, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai-400061, India
 

Nalini Poojary and G. Kantharajan
Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai-400061, India

U. Sivagurunathan
Fish Nutrition, Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai-400061, India
 

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Effect Of Stocking Density On Growth And Survival In Indian River Prawn Macrobrachium Malcolmsonii  (H Milne Edwards)

By: Prasanti Mishra

Page No : 315-326

Abstract
Effect of stocking density on growth and survival in Macrobrachium malcolmsonii was studied in six earthen tanks of size 0.02ha each at Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga Farm. The advanced post larvae with an average weight of 1.02g were stocked at 1 (T-I), 2 (T-II) and 3 (T-III) PL / m2. Rearing was carried out for 180 days. PL were fed twice a day with commercial diet having 42% protein and 6% lipid @ 7- 10% of the body weight. Growth increment was recorded fortnightly. The water quality parameters monitored periodically were found within the desired ranges. Data manifested significantly higher (p< 0.05) growth rate in prawns in T-I compared to T-II and T-III. Average final growth was 47.1g, 32.4g and 18.35g in treatment T-I, T-II and T-III tanks respectively. Similar trend was also noticed in the survival recording 81% , 65% and 40% in T-I, T-II and T-III respectively. Specific growth rate (SGR) was computed to be highest 0.88% in T-I followed by 0.79% in T-II and 0.65% in T-III stocking density. Results further suggest that although the average weight gain and survival were much higher in T-I, the total biomass production recorded to be insignificantly higher 8.42kg in T-II compared to 7.63kg in T-I but significantly (p<0.5) much less 4.4kg in T-III. The Feed Conversion ratio (FCR) was found to be lowest in T-I (1.82) followed by T-II (2.36) and T-III (2.94) suggesting suitable stocking density at 2 post larvae/m2 for optimum prawn production.

Author :
Prasanti Mishra
P.G Department of Zoology, Gangadhar Meher University, Sambalpur, Odisha.
 

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Sea Turtle: Biology, Conservation and Management Status in India

By: Sudhan C , Kingston, D.S. , Jawahar P. , Aanand S

Page No : 327-342

Abstract
Sea turtles are large, air-breathing marine reptiles that inhabit tropical and subtropical seas throughout the world. They belong to the Order Testudines, which form an integral part of the marine ecosystem. Worldwide, there are seven species, with 5 reported in the Indian coastal waters. Turtles are valued for its meat, oil and carapace in black market. The vital organs of turtle, liver and heart, bones and body scutes finds application in the preparation of medicines for Tuberculosis, Asthma and Bronchitis and for ornamental purpose. Due to its meat and medicinal values, sea turtles were hunted intensively by humans who resulted in worldwide declining trend of stocks over the last few decades. This leads to the declaration of all species of turtles as either vulnerable or endangered species, receiving international attention to focus towards conservation and impact assessment. Some of the major measures taken towards conservation of sea turtles were installations of TED (Turtle Excluder Device) in fishing gears, control of beach erosion and human predation, awareness and education on conservation and biosphere reserves. Conservation of sea turtles in Indian coast is essential for ecological balance and sustainable ecosystem development.

Authors :
Sudhan, C.
M.F.Sc Research Scholar, Department of Fisheries Biology and Resource Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu.

Kingston, D.S.
Professor and Head, Fisheries Training and Research Center, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Kanyakumari; Tamil Nadu.

Jawahar, P.
Professor and Head, Department of Fisheries Biology and Resource Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University; Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu.
 
Aanand, S
Assistant professor, Department of Aquatic environment and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu.
 

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Influence Of Different Fish Feed Ingredients On The Growth Performance Of Carps

By: Ramya, M. , B. Ahilan

Page No : 343-351

Abstract
Aquaculture is poised for robust growth in India and availability of the nutritionally balanced feeds at a reasonable cost is the challenge to the aqua nutritionists. Supplemental feeds which provide additional quantities of nutrients are required when the productivity of a water body cannot provide for the fish growth desired. Continued growth and intensification of aquaculture production depends upon the development of sustainable different protein sources in aqua feeds. The feeding trials were conducted in carps (catla, rohu and common carp) to assess the influence of four different feed ingredients (spirulina, shrimp head meal, squid meal and soya flour) on the growth. Four different experimental diets were prepared and fed to experimental fishes. The highest mean weight gain (0.285g) was observed in catla fed with fish meal followed by common carp (0.205g) and rohu (0.167g). Among all the feed ingredients fish meal ranked first in terms of growth in all the species of carp tried in the experiment followed by shrimp head meal.

Authors :
B. Ahilan and Ramya. N
Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi-8
 

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Foraging And Bio-Indices Of Labeo Calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) From Wetlands Of South 24 Parganas District Of West Bengal

By: E. Vahneichong , Sudhir Kumar Das , Dibakar Bhakta

Page No : 353-360

Abstract
An investigation was made on food and feeding as well as some bio-indices like relative length of gut (RLG), Gastro-somatic index (GaSI) and Gonado-somatic index (GSI) in 275 samples of Labeo calbasu (total length 130 to 430 mm) occurring in wetlands of South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal for a period of nine months. The food items observed in gut contents constituted decayed organic matter, diatoms, mud and sand, algal matter, zooplankton and broken shells. The relative length of gut varied from 5.68 to 14.70 and it was significantly different between two size groups. The mean GaSI of male fish varied from 1.64 to 4.11 and that of female from 1.62 to 3.96. The mean GSI value ranged from 0.54 to 3.30 for male and 0.56 to 9.65 for female and it was significantly different in different months and sex

Authors :
E. Vahneichong, Sudhir Kumar Das and Dibakar Bhakta
Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Chakgaria, Kolkata- 700 094, West Bengal, India.
 

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Histological alterations in brain tissues of Terapon puta collected from sewage disposal site, Therespuram off Thoothukudi, Southeast coast of India

By: T. Kalaiyarasi , N. Jayakumar , B. Ahilan , A. Subburaj

Page No : 361-366

Abstract
A study was conducted to find out the histological alterations in brain tissue of small-scale banded grunter, Terapon puta collected from sewage disposal site Therespuram off Thoothukudi, Southeast coast of India. Specimens of Terapon puta were collected from the study site, bimonthly from Sep’ 2016 to June’ 2017 with the help of local fishermen by gillnetting. Brain tissue was collected from the fish specimens and stored in Bouine solution for histological analysis. Histological sections were prepared and sections were stained with haemotoxylin and eosin following standard histological protocol. Histological sections were observed under trinocular microscope. Histological changes like enlarged pyramidal cell, ruptured nucleus and binucleated nucleus, degenerated nucleus and hemorrhage were noticed. The above results indicate that sewage pollution impacts the brain of fishes at tissue level which may in turn affect the structure and function of other organ systems if the pollutants persist in the system for long.

Authors :
T. Kalaiyarasi, N. Jayakumar, P. Jawahar, B. Ahilan and A. Subburaj
Department of Fisheries Biology and Resource Management, Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi – 628 008, Tamil Nadu.
 

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Biofloc Technology – An Emerging Trend In Sustainable Aquaculture: A Review

By: Renuhadevi, M , Rajagopalsamy. C.B.T. , B. Ahilan , Jegan Michael Andro Jeevagan , E. Prabu

Page No : 367-384

Abstract
Aquaculture production has increased steadily in recent years and is the fastest growing food production sector and has become a valuable component of national development and poverty reduction plans in many areas of the world. Aquaculture is now considered as a potential polluter of the aquatic environment and a cause of degradation of wetland areas. To reduce the environmental damages caused by aquaculture, the alternative technology available is to optimize production with the usage of the “biofloc technology (BFT)”. Biofloc applies to a complex structure made out of 60 to 70% of organic matter, which includes a heterogeneous mixture of microorganisms (fungus, algae, protozoans, and rotifers) and of 30 – 40% of inorganic matter such as colloids, organic polymers, and dead cells. Nearly all biofloc systems are used to grow shrimp, tilapia and carps.

Authors :
Renuhadevi, M., Jegan Michael Andro Jeevagan, I and Prabu, E
PG Research Scholar, Department of Inland Aquaculture Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi – 628008, Tamil Nadu, India.

Ahilan, B., Rajagopalsamy, C.B.T
Professor, Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi – 628008, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

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An overview on the relevancy between proximate protein content of few fishes with their market price value

By: Tapas Ghosh

Page No : 385-395

Abstract
Proteins from the animal sources are known to be ‘superior protein’. In India, where poverty and malnutrition remains a significant development challenge, fish can become a good food supplement as a source of protein (The World Bank, 2009; Alam, 2014). But, FAO (2015) reported that, India’s national average consumption of fish and fish products was 2.85 Kg./Capita/Year. This motivated me to investigate the relevancy of the price value and protein content of fishes. Objective was to investigate - ‘Is price value of fish depends on its protein content or not?’ Finally, conclusion was that price value of fish doesn’t depend on its protein content as higher rate of fish doesn’t signify that fish has rich protein and vice versa. If we can increase the rate of production or process the flesh of the fishes, having lower price value then it will surely help millions of people.

Author :
Tapas Ghosh
Research Scholar, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia-741235, W.B., India.
 

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Mangroves: An Incredible ecosystem for sustainable fisheries

By: S. Gokul , E. Prabu

Page No : 397-411

Abstract
The term mangrove refers to an ecological group of halophytic plant species as well as to a variety of complex plant communities dominated by these species, found along sheltered tropical and subtropical shores. This is also used to describe a diverse group that are well adapted to wet, saline intertidal habitats in the tropical and sub-tropical coasts. Mangrove may typically refer to an individual species. Terms such as mangrove community, mangrove ecosystem, mangrove forest, mangrove swamp and mangal are interchangeable to describe the entire mangrove community. Healthy mangrove forests are key to a healthy marine ecology. The mangrove makes an enormous contribution to food chain that supports the coastal fisheries.

Authors :
E. Prabu and S. Gokul
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi – 628008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Phytogenic Feed Additive (PFA) Improved Survival and Growth of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Fry During Subsequent Nursing

By: Lumpan Poolsawat , Ram C. Bhujel , Rui A. Gonçalves

Page No : 413-425

Abstract
A two-stage trial was conducted to examine the efficacy of an experimental phytogenic feed additive (PFA) on Nile tilapia fry. Four doses of the phytogenic products 0 (control), 0.5 (low), 1.0 (medium) and 1.5g/kg feed (high) were tested in triplicate. A total of 1,200 fry (6.4±5.8mg) were stocked in 12 aquaria each and fed five times a day for 21 days. The fry were nurse further in aquaria and hapas-pond for another 21 days. Randomly sampled 300 fry from each aquarium were transferred to each of the 12 hapas. Another 300 fry from the same aquaria were transferred to clear water plastic tanks. During the 21-day feed treatment, fry survival was not affected by PFA. However, during subsequent nursing in hapa-in-pond system, 7% higher fry survival was found at 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg diet compared with control, and in aquaria, 1.27mg/kg diet of PFA dose was determined for highest survival.

Authors :
Ram C. Bhujel and Lumpan Poolsawat
Aqua-Centre, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand

Rui A. Gonçalves
BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Erber Campus 1 3131 Getzersdorf, Austria.
 

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Jan- to Jun-2016

Generation of Dna Barcode Data Base for Gunther's Loach Nemacheilus Guentheri (day, 1867)

By: Jaculine Pereira. J

Page No : 1-12

Abstract
The Gunther's loach, Nemacheilus guentheri (Day, 1867) was collected from the streams of Harangi river, Kalur village, Madikeri District of Karnataka State. Morphometric and meristic characterization was carried out for N. guentheri. The DNA was extracted from N. guentheri with both phenol chloroform method and HiPurA multi-Sample DNA purification kit. Purity of DNA was checked with UV spectrophotometer (260 nm and 280nm) and DNA was confirmed with Agarose gel Electrophoresis (1%). DNA barcoding was carried out for the DNA extracts using Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit 1(COI) gene. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was carried with COI gene primer and the PCR product size of 652bp was confirmed with Agarose gel electrophoresis (2%) using 100bp DNA ladder and DNA content was analyzed with Biophotometer (Eppendorf). The purity and concentration of DNA was determined at 260nm and 280 nm, the purity and concentration recorded for the PCR product were 1.58-1.63 (DNA quality is good) and 7.12 (4.6-10.1) respectively. PCR products of COI gene were sequenced and submitted to Genbank (NCBI), the accession numbers were provided by GenBank for N. guentheri includes KP772692, KP772693, KP772694 and KP772695.

Authors :
Jaculine Pereira. J, R. Jeya Shakila, B. Ahilan, K. Karal Marx, C.B.T. Rajagopalsamy and A. Ancy Jenifer
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi-628 008 Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu.
 

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Studies on the Maturation and Spawning of Channa Striata (bloch, 1793) in Ukkadam Lake, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

By: M. Senguttuvan , A.A. Sivakumar

Page No : 13-23

Abstract
In the present study, C. striata was found to breed throughout the year with peaks in January and July. Individuals of C. striata seem to spawn once in a breeding season. The highest values of gonado[1]somatic index and relative condition factor were obtained during the peak spawning periods. In this species, females mature earlier than males. The ratio between size at first maturity and maximum length (Lm/Lµ) value for males (0.3345) and for females (0.3299) suggests low mortality rates. The values of Co-efficient of correlation (‘r’) between total length of fish and fecundity (0.9643), weight of the fish and fecundity (0.9704) and weight of the ovary and fecundity (0.9883) were found to be significant. In C. striata, the sex-ratio deviated from the expected 1:1 ratio during all the months except July, August and September.

Authors :
M. Senguttuvan
Dept. of Zoology, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore-641 014, India

A.A. Sivakumar
Dept. of Environmental Science, Kovai Kalaimagal College of Arts & Science, Narasipuram P.O., Coimbatore-641 109, India.
 

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Effect of Three Different Extenders on the Spermatological Parameters of Cyprinus CarpioSpermatozoa

By: C. Judith Betsy , J. Stephen Sampath Kumar

Page No : 25-30

Abstract
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of three different extenders in maintaining the spermatological parameters of common carp spermatozoa. Three ionic extenders namely Freshwater Fish Saline, Modified Fish Ringer and Physiological Saline solutions were used to dilute the milt and kept at refrigerated condition. Observations were made for 4 days on motility parameters based on which the duration, score, pattern and percentage were determined. The results were statistically analysed using ANOVA. Milt samples diluted with Modified Fish Ringer had higher motility duration (67.39±4.79 s) when compared to all other samples. This difference in motility duration is statistically significant (P>0.05)

Authors :
C. Judith Betsy
Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tuticorin, TamilNadu 628 008, India.

J. Stephen Sampath Kumar
Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, India.
 

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Herbal Antimicrobials also Induce the Resistant Bacterial Strain Development - APreliminary Study in Comparison with Commercial Antibiotics

By: M.Michael Babu , S. Kavitha , T.Citarasu , S.Albin Dhas , T.Selvaraj

Page No : 31-49

Abstract
This work was designed to study the effect of commercial antibiotics and herbal antimicrobials on development of resistant strain in the aquatic bacterial pathogens such as Vibrio harvi, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio damselae and Vibrio angularium. The aquatic bacterial pathogens were treated with commercial antibiotics and partially purified herbal antimicrobials obtained from Adathoda zeylanica, Cynodon dactylon, Solanum trilobatum, Solanum surratense and Ocimum sanctum. The resistant strain developments in bacteria due to the treatment of antibiotic and herbal antimicrobials were studied by treating the pathogenic bacteria with Less than Threshold Concentration (LTC) of the antibiotics and herbal anti microbial for four subsequent treatments with uniform intervals. From this work, it was evidenced that apart from antibiotics, the herbal antimicrobials also induced resistant strain development in bacteria. The duration and concentration of treatment with commercial antibiotics and herbal antimicrobials were found effective for the development of resistant strain in bacteria. The commercial antibiotics and herbal antimicrobials when mixed and applied on bacteria, reduced the percentage of resistant strain development than applied them separately.

Authors :
Michael Babu M, Kavitha. P, Citarasu. T, Albin Dhas. S and Selvaraj T
Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam – 629 502, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Impacts of Climate Change on Fish and Fisheries

By: Mogalekar H.S. , Jawahar P. , S. Ajidhaslin , T. Yuvaraj

Page No : 51-66

Abstract
Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing the world today. Scientific research has unequivocally established that greenhouse gas emissions are leading to increasing changes in the Earth’s climate. Increasing temperatures, melting of glaciers, sea level rise, drought, changes in precipitation patterns and the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, are the source of additional uncertainties and stress on the world’s ecosystems. Climate change has serious impacts on various aquatic ecosystems including rivers, reservoirs, estuaries and oceans. These include impact on hydro-biological parameters of aquatic ecosystems, biophysical impacts on the distribution of fishes, specific growth rate of fishes, maturity of fishes, reproductive integrity of fishes, breeding and recruitment of fishes and osmoregulation in migratory fishes, ocean acidification and coral bleaching, changes in oceanography and habitat destruction, disruption to precipitation and freshwater availability. The present paper describes historic reviews and present status of climate change impacts on fish and fisheries along with its adaptive measures.

Authors :
H. S. Mogalekar and P. Jawahar
Department of Fisheries Biology & Resource Management, Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. Ajidhaslin and T. Yuvaraj
Inspector of Fisheries, O/O Assistant Director of Fisheries Manimuthar-627 421, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Effect of Colour Enhancers in the Colour Enhancement of Juvenile Goldfish Carassius Auratus (linnaeus, 1758)

By: Ramya, M. , B. Ahilan , Rajagopalsamy. C.B.T. , T. Francis

Page No : 67-75

Abstract
Attractive colouration is a determining factor for the commercial value of ornamental fish. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of two natural (spirulina and shrimp head meal) and two artificial (b-carotene and astaxanthin) colour enhancers in the colour enhancement of 60 days old juvenile goldfish, Carassius auratus. The juvenile fishes were fed with experimental feed ad libitum. Among the natural colour enhancers, the spirulina fed fishes recorded the maximum mean weight gain of 1.11g at 3 % level. In the artificial colour enhancers, a higher mean weight gain was recorded in the juvenile fishes fed with b-carotene at 0.02 % level followed by astaxanthin at 0.005 % level. A seven fold increase in the carotenoid content was observed in the spirulina fed fishes at 4% concentration compared to other diets and control fishes. The colour enhancement was higher in the astaxanthin at 0.004 % level followed by b-carotene at 0.02 % level. This study confirmed that the natural colour enhancers could be best for the growth and colour enhancement of goldfish.

Authors :
Ramya, N., Ahilan, B., Rajagopalasamy, C.B.T., and T. Francis
Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi-8
 

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Polyculture of Puntius Pulchellus With Catla Catla And Labeo Rohita

By: K.P. Hemaprasanth , M.R. Raghunath , B. Gangadhar , S. Saurabh , C.H. Raghavendra , N. Sridhar , P. Jayasankar

Page No : 77-83

Abstract
Puntius pulchellus, a medium carp was evaluated for its potential as a candidate species for species diversification in freshwater aquaculture. Two growth trials were conducted to evaluate its performance with other Indian major carps, Catla catla and Labeo rohita in polyculture conducted in outdoor, stone pitched, un-manured ponds. In the first trial, catla was replaced with pulchellus at 20 and 30% levels and in the second, the replacement was done for rohu. Monoculture of the species being replaced and that of pulchellus was also carried out for comparison. Results of the first trial revealed that the growth of catla and pulchellus was higher in both 20 and 30% replacements compared to that in monoculture. Among the two substitutions, the better growth of both the species was recorded at 30% replacement of catla with pulchellus. In the rohu substitution trial also, there was a clear improvement in the performance of both the species when grown in polyculture than in monoculture. P. pulchellus gained weight in both the treatments, whereas the optimal weight gain was recorded in 20% replacement in rohu. The fact that both the species grew better in polyculture than in monoculture reveals that pulchellus is a good candidate species for polyculture with catla and rohu. Since weight gain of both the species increased with increased substitution of catla with pulchellus, there is scope for conducting further culture trials to evaluate still higher levels of substitution in order to arrive at optimal level.

Authors :
K.P. Hemaprasanth, M.R. Raghunath, B. Gangadhar, S. Saurabh, C.H. Raghavendra and N. Sridhar
Regional Research Centre, ICAR- Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bangalore, India.

P. Jayasankar
ICAR- Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India.
 

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Efficiency of Water Hyacinth in the Removal of Nutrients from Polluted Waters of Coimbatore

By: A.A. Sivakumar , P. V. Rajasree

Page No : 85-89

Abstract
Nutrient removal in three different polluted water samples has been made by introducing the water hyacinth, Eichhornia cressipes. Changes in the chemical characteristics and nutrient contents of the samples were recorded on 7th, 14th and 21st day. Carbonates and Bicarbonates were moderately removed from the domestic sewage whereas Nitrates, Phosphates, Silicates Iron were efficiently removed from all the three samples.

Authors :
A. A. Sivakumar
Department of Environmental Studies, Kovai Kalaimagal College of Arts & Science, Narasipuram Post, Coimbatore – 641 109.

P. V. Rajasree
Post-Graduate & Research Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts & Science College, G. N. Mills Post, Coimbatore - 641 029, Tamil Nadu.
 

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Influence of Earthworm Meal as Alternative Protein Source in Goldfish Carassius Auratus

By: J. Stephen Sampath Kumar , C. Judith Betsy , T. Gowsalya

Page No : 91-102

Abstract
The present study was carried out to find the influence of earthworm meal on the growth and gonad maturation of goldfish, Carassius auratus when used as an alternative protein source in the feed. The gold fishes were stocked in troughs of 45 liters capacity and maintained with replicates. They were fed with diet containing earthworm meal at two concentrations viz., 10% (E10) and 15% (E15) and a Control diet was also fed which has no earthworm meal. The experiment was carried out for a period of 60 days. Sampling on the bio-growth parameters was done once in 10 days. At the end of feeding trial, fishes fed with earthworm meal containing diet at 10% (E10) level had higher growth (38.56 g) when compared to fishes fed with earthworm meal containing diet at 15% level and control feed. Histological sections were taken once in 30 days. On the 60th day of the experiment, the Control group had no development and E15 group had partially developed eggs in the ovary but in goldfishes of E10 group, the eggs were in Secondary Vitellogenesis (SVO) stage as noticed in the histological sections of the ovary. Therefore, 10% earthworm meal containing diet is found optimum for growth and gonad maturation of goldfishes.

Authors :
T. Gowsalya and C. Judith Betsy
Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tuticorin, India – 628 008

J. Stephen Sampath Kumar
Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, India.
 

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Influence of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) on the Spermatological Parameters of Cyprinus Carpio During Cryopreservation

By: C. Judith Betsy , J. Stephen Sampath Kumar

Page No : 103-113

Abstract
Cryopreserved spermatozoa of fishes can make a big shift in the production of quality seeds of cultivable fishes. But the success largely depends on the ability of the cryopreserved spermatozoa to fertilize the eggs in vitro. Energy supplements have been used effectively in large animals’ semen preservation. Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was tested as a co-cryoprotectant for its efficiency in maintaining the spermatozoa of Cyprinus carpio during cryopreservation. Milt from the matured C. carpio was diluted (1:40) with Modified Cortland Medium (MCM) as extender and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) as cryoprotectant. The diluents were prepared with BSA at three different concentrations, viz., 0.5%, 1% and 2%. The diluted milt was equilibrated for 15 min at 4°C and loaded into 0.5 ml straws. The loaded straws were then frozen with LN2 vapour for 5 min and immersed in liquid nitrogen. Observations were made once in 7 days for 21 days on motility parameters based on which the duration, score, pattern and percentage were determined. The spermatozoa cryopreserved with BSA at 2% concentration showed the highest motility duration of 129±5.5 s whereas Control group showed motility duration of only 72.5±2.7 s on 21st day. The difference in motility duration was statistically significant (P>0.05). The present study revealed the benefits of adding BSA at 2% during cryopreservation as it could help in maintaining the motility duration and survival of spermatozoa.

Authors :
C. Judith Betsy
Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tuticorin, India – 628 008

J. Stephen Sampath Kumar
Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, India.
 

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Applications of DNA Markers in Aquaculture Genetics: AReview

By: Kiruthiga Lakshmi D , A. Rathipriya

Page No : 115-122

Abstract
This paper reviews about the applications of DNA markers in aquaculture genetics. The development of DNA-based genetic markers had a revolutionary impact on aquaculture. With DNA markers, it is theoretically possible to observe and exploit genetic variation in the entire genome. Popular genetic markers in the aquaculture community include allozymes, mitochondrial DNA, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, microsatellite, SNP, and EST markers. The application of DNA markers has allowed rapid progress in aquaculture investigations of species identification, strain identification, monitoring genetic changes in stocks, parental assignments and reproductive contribution, genetic diversity, brood stock management, identification of genetic variability between and within stocks, pedigree analysis in selective breeding, assessment of genetic manipulations, genome mapping and detection of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for various aquaculture species. Hence, in this review, the principle and potential power of each markers and its recommendation for specific applications in aquaculture genetics are discussed.

Authors :
D. Kiruthiga Lakshmi and A. Rathipriya
Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Genetic Improvement Programme in Finfishes towards Aquaculture Development

By: A. Anix Vivek Santhiya , Athithan.S. , B. Ahilan , J. Stephen Sampath Kumar , T. Francis

Page No : 123-137

Abstract
There are two ways in which an aquaculturist can increase his yields. The first is by environmental manipulations and the second is by growing genetically improved stock. Aquatic animals allow the implementation of several approaches to genetic improvement. These include hybridization and cross breeding, chromosome manipulation, sex control, transgenesis, and selective breeding. The application of such technologies can be divided into two broad groups: those for short term and those for long term improvement. For instance, it is seldom, if ever, stated that of all the genetic approaches only selective breeding offers the opportunity of continued genetic gain, that the gains made can be permanent. Broadening of the breeding objective to include behavioural traits and selection for multiple environments are areas where much fruitful research and development could be conducted. Thus, the aim of the current paper is to highlight the genetic and advanced reproductive technologies are implemented by the aquaculture industry.

Authors :
Anix Vivek Santhiya, S. Athithan, B. Ahilan, J. Stephen Sampath Kumar and T. Francis
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University Thoothukudi -628008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Morphometric and Meristic Analyses of Flying Fish Populations along the Thoothukudi Coast, Tamil Nadu

By: A. Rathipriya , Karl Marx , Jawahar P. , Kiruthiga Lakshmi D

Page No : 139-146

Abstract
A study was conducted to analyze morphological and meristic characteristics of flying fishes collected from the landing sites on Thoothukudi coast. A total of 90 samples of this species were collected. A total of fourteen morphometric and four meristic characteristics of the fish were measured for this study. Morphometric and meristic study are vigorous tools for measuring discreteness of the same species. Traditional measurements were used to describe the shape of fish body. Traditional data, such as total length (TL), fork length (FL), standard length (SL), head length (HL), maximum body depth (MBD), eye diameter (ED), pre orbital length (PrOL), pre anal length (PAL), caudal height (CH) and pectoral fin length (PFL) were recorded. A total four meristic characters were examined using the number of pectoral fin unbranched rays, dorsal fin rays (DFR), anal fin rays (PvFR), and predorasal scales (PDS).

Authors :
A. Rathipriya and D.Kiruthiga Lakshmi
Department of Fisheries Biotechnology, Fisheries College & Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University Nagapattinam, India.

K. Karal Marx
Department of Basic Science, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University Nagapattinam, Indi

P.Jawahar
Dept. of Fisheries Biology & Resource Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi.
 

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Jul-2016 to Dec-2016

Developmental Biotechnology for Aquaculture, with Special Reference to Production of Fish by Surrogate Technology

By: A. Rathipriya , Kiruthiga Lakshmi D

Page No : 147-154

Abstract
Alternative method of genetic resource preservation for fish - surrogate broodstock technologies. Surrogate broodstock technologies refer to techniques where immature germ cells from a target fish species are transplanted into a related species that is easy to raise and mature, so that the related species can produce sperm and eggs of the target species. To introduce surrogate production as a new technique for fish-seed production in aquaculture. It is achieved by inducing germ-line chimerism between different species during early development. PGCs are a key material of this technique to induce germ-line chimera. PGCs from donor species are isolated and transplanted into host species to induce the germ-line chimera. Surrogate production, however, has the possibility to allow efficient fish-seed production and effective breeding and transfer of biodiversity to an aquaculture strain. Conservation and efficient utilization of genetic resources will be achieved through surrogate production combined with the cryopreservation of PGCs.

Authors :
A. Rathipriya And D. Kiruthiga Lakshmi
Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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An Overview of Bioremediation towards Aquaculture

By: E. Prabu , A. Anix Vivek Santhiya

Page No : 155-164

Abstract
Aquaculture production has increased steadily in recent years and is the fastest growing food production sector and has become a valuable component of national development and poverty reduction plans in many areas of the world. Aquaculture is now considered as a potential polluter of the aquatic environment and a cause of degradation of wetland areas. The physical, chemical and biological conditions of the culture environment have an influence on the shrimp to toxins like hydrogen sulphide, ammonia and carbon dioxide leads to stress and ultimately disease. Bioremediation is the best solution to reduce or eliminate toxic pollutants. The current approach to improving water quality in aquaculture is the application of microbes/enzymes to the ponds known as ‘bioremediation’. The current study is therefore undertaken in a detailed review to highlight the importance of bioremediation in aquaculture systems.

Authors :
E. Prabu and A. Anix Vivek Santhiya
Research Scholar, Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University Thoothukudi-628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Effect of Different Culture Media for the Growth and Oil Yield in Selected Marine Microalgae

By: T.Praba , C.Ajan , T.Citarasu , T.Selvaraj , S.Albin Dhas , P. Gopal , M.Michael Babu

Page No : 165-177

Abstract
This study reveals the effect of five different culture media on biomass and oil production of five marine microalgae, Tetraselmis sp, Chaetoceros sp, Chlorella sp, Nannochloropsis sp and Dunaliella sp which were harvested by Flocculation method using Aluminium sulphate. The Conway, MN+, and ASN-III medium resulted in a significantly higher growth (P<0.05) when compared to the Guillard and Chu 10 medium. The results suggest that the ASN-III medium is the best growth medium for Chlorella sp, Nannochloropsis sp and Chaetoceros sp than the other species studied. The maximum oil yield was obtained in the Nannochloropsis sp that was grown in Conway medium. The oil yield in relation with species and culture media are significant (P >< 0.05)

Authors :
Praba. T, Ajan. C, Citarasu.T, Albin Dhas S, Gopal. P and Michael Babu, M
Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmanium Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India.

Selvaraj. T
Departamento de Biología, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, UTPL, Loja, Ecuador , South America.
 

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Potential And Futuristic Prospectus of Cage Aquaculture In India

By: Rajagopalsamy. C.B.T. , P. Halekhya Sri Himaja

Page No : 179-191

Abstract
In 21st century water resource will be at premium with water shortage expected after 2015, with such a pressure on this vital resource for aquaculture business as usual scenarios will no longer be possible. In this aspect there is need of water based aquaculture system like cages, pens (inshore, offshore). The cage aquaculture sector has grown very rapidly during the past 20 years and is presently undergoing rapid changes in response to pressures from globalization and growing demand for aquatic products in both developing and developed countries. It has been predicted that fish consumption in developing countries will increase by 57 percent, from 62.7 million metric tons in 1997 to 98.6 million in 2020. Presently there are only wooden, steel, galvanised iron, and HDPE made cages in India, From past years there was an increase in novel technologies for cages in other countries but not in India, for more development there is an need of futuristic cages like closed cage from Aquafarm equipment’s(As), ocean drifter IMTA, Aquapod pens, single point mooring cages etc., should be developed for future aquaculture development.

Authors :
P. Halekhya Sri Himaja and C.B.T. Rajagopalasamy
P.G. Research Scholar, Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University Thoothukudi-628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Review of Embryonic Stem Cells in Fishes

By: Karl Marx , K Aruljothi , P Anusuya Devi

Page No : 193-198

Abstract
Embryonic stem cells are used to preserve biodiversity in species for which embryo or gamete cryopreservation is not possible. In many tissues they serve as an internal repair system, dividing limitlessly to replenish other cells over a lifetime. The reason that people continue to research stem cells is because they believe this can be the solution to all medical problems. ES cells in fish was to produce transgenics in a precise and efficient way for either solving basic biological problems or enhancing productivity in farmed commercial species. In this review, we discussed about the embryonic stem cells and its application in fishes.

Authors :
K Aruljothi and K Karal Marx
Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu – 611 001

P Anusuya Devi
Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu – 628 008.
 

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Review on Biofloc Meal as an alternative Ingredient in Aquaculture Feeds

By: P. Halekhya Sri Himaja , Rajagopalsamy. C.B.T.

Page No : 199-220

Abstract
Aquaculture is an extremely diverse industry which is expanding rapidly and represents the most efficient method by which to convert waste feed to edible protein. Rendered animal proteins and fats have been used in aquaculture feed for several decades and have undergone much research in recent years. Potential alternative include meals and oils from plants, fish processing waste, yeast, bugs and other special meals, and even seaweed. Potential alternative ingredients already in use include soybeans, barley, rice, peas, canola, lupine, wheat gluten, corn gluten, other various plants proteins, yeast, insects and algae, Other sources that show great promise include waste from biofloc shrimp farms. Researchers have been successful in identifying alternatives that grow fish and help maintain the human health. One of the alternative ingredient for fish meal in aquaculture is microbial floc (Biofloc meal).

Authors :
P. Halekhya Sri Himaja and C.B.T. Rajagopalasamy
P.G. Research Scholar, Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University Thoothukudi-628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Influence of ‘Stafac-20’ on Growth, Carcass Composition and activity of Digestive Enzymes in Mahseer, Tor Khudree (Sykes) Fingerlings

By: B. Manoj Kumar , P. Keshavanath

Page No : 221-223

Abstract
Stafac-20, a commercial growth promoting feed additive containing 2% virginiamycin, was added at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm levels to the basal diet having 35% protein, prepared incorporating fish meal, groundnut oilcake, rice bran, tapioca flour and vitamin-mineral mixture. The effect of these diets (T0 , T1 , T2 , T3, T4 and T5 ) was evaluated on growth, body composition and digestive enzyme activity of mahseer, Tor khudree fingerlings through an experiment conducted over 140 days. Fingerlings of average weight 1.4 g + 0.04 stocked in 25 m3 outdoor cement tanks were fed on the test diets in triplicate. Addition of the additive resulted in significant (P<0.05) increase in fish weight gain, the best being with 60 ppm Stafac-20 inclusion. The highest fish survival, feed conversion efficiency, RNA: DNA ratio and net fish production were obtained in this treatment. Body composition and digestive enzyme activity were positively affected in the treated fish. The results indicate the beneficial effects of adding Stafac-20 to the diet of mahseer.

Authors :
B. Manoj Kumar
School of Fisheries Resource Management and Harvest Technology , Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad-682 506, India

P. Keshavanath
College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore-575 002, India.
 

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Effect of Ovarian Fluid on the Sperm Motility characteristic of Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio)

By: C. Judith Betsy , J. Stephen Sampath Kumar

Page No : 225-231

Abstract
The composition of ovarian fluid of common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 and their effects on sperm motility characteristics are not available. Based on the works available for other species in respect to ovarian fluid, the present study was carried out. The ovarian fluid of common carp was collected and evaluated for its pH, magnesium and calcium composition. The pH of ovarian fluid was in the range of 8. The calcium and magnesium content were in the range of 0.53±0.98 mM.L-1 and 0.62±0.48 mM.L-1 respectively. The sperm was activated using ovarian fluid, water and ovarian fluid + water with diluted and undiluted milt. When ovarian fluid alone was used, the sperm was not activated. However other two treatments like water and ovarian fluid + water activated the spermatozoa immediately. When activated with ovarian fluid + water, higher motility duration and percentage of motile spermatozoa was noticed and the results were statistically significant (P< 0.01).

Authors :
C. Judith Betsy
Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tuticorin, India – 628 008.

J. Stephen Sampath Kumar
Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, India.
 

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Effect of Fish Oil on the Growth and Survival of Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) Fry

By: C. Judith Betsy , J. Stephen Sampath Kumar

Page No : 233-237

Abstract
Cyprinus carpio is a freshwater omnivorous fish having a preference for aquaculture worldwide. Nutrition of a cultivable fish is of utmost importance in its successful farming economically. Fish oil is a nutritional supplement known to promote the growth in many fishes. Purified sardine oil was added in the diet of common carp fry at three different concentrations (2.5%, 3.5% and 4.5%) and its influence on the growth and survival were studied and compared. Experimental feeds were checked for their fatty acid profile thereby the inclusion was confirmed and compared with the control feed. Early fry (10 numbers) of C. carpio (ABW 0.018g) were maintained in four troughs (T1 , T2 , T3 and C) and fed with the respective experimental diets ad libitum for 40 days under controlled conditions. Periodical bio-growth data (body weight, survival, weight gain, etc) were taken at 7 days interval and at the end of the study parameters like weight gain, weight gain percentage, specific growth rate and survival rate were determined. The results showed that inclusion of fish oil at 2.5% in the diet of fry had the highest growth and survival rate. The observation was discussed in the light of economical culture of C. carpio in tropical waters.

Authors :
C. Judith Betsy
Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tuticorin, India – 628 008.

J. Stephen Sampath Kumar
Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, India.
 

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Jan- to Jun-2015

Impact of Substrates and Fish Stocking Density on Growth and Production of The Indian Major Carp, Labeo Rohita (Ham.)

By: P. Keshavanath , J. Ramesha , M. Priyadarshini , B. Gangadhar , A. A. Van Dam , M. C. J. Verdegem , M.C.M. Beveridge

Page No : 1-14

Abstract
The effect of two substrates and four fish stocking densities on the growth and production of rohu (Labeo rohita) was investigated through a 70-day 2 x 2 factorial design experiment carried out in mud-bottomed outdoor 25 m2 cement tanks. Bamboo and sugarcane bagasse were employed as substrates. Both the substrates affected (P<0.05) fish growth and production. Percentage increase in production was higher with the lowest fish density. Periphyton ash free dry matter did not differ significantly among substrates, but showed an increase with the progress of the experiment along with that of pigment content. Fish density did not affect pigment content of periphyton from the two substrates. Bagasse treatment recorded the highest plankton dry weight. A reciprocal relationship was noticed between fish density and plankton dry weight. Substrates reduced water temperature and dissolved oxygen. Bagasse substrate proved equally effective as bamboo in supporting periphyton and fish growth.

Authors :
P. Keshavanath,T. J. Ramesha and M. Priyadarshini
Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, India.

B. Gangadhar
Peninsular Aquaculture Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR), Bangalore, India.

A. A. Van Dam
UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands.

M. C. J. Verdegem
Aquaculture and Fisheries, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

M.C.M. Beveridge
World Fish Center, CGIAR, Longacres, Lusaka, Zambia

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Morphometric and Molecular Identification of Isopod Parasite Joryma Hilsae in Pellona Ditchela(Val 1847)

By: P. Roy , S.P. Panda , N. Rana , B.K. Das , S.N. Sethi , G. Sethi

Page No : 15-21

Abstract
Joryma hilsae is a large isopod ectoparasite, protandric hermaphrodites and blood suckers living on the gills. The present study is aimed to identify the J. hilsae on Pellona ditchela using morphological and molecular tools. Morphologically the parasite is having pereonites and pleonites. Confirmation of this parasite was done by 28s rDNA characterization and submitted to GenBank with accession no. KJ637325. The study suggests that morphological characters along with molecular study are essential for validating and identifying the isopods.

Authors :
P. Roy, S.P. Panda, N. Rana, and B.K. Das
Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha- 751 002, India.

S.N. Sethi
Madras Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 75, Santhom High Road R. A. Puram, Chennai - 600 028, Tamil Nadu, India.

G. Sethi
Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India.
 

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Influence of Herbal Additives on The Growth and Disease Resistance of Goldfish, Carassius Auratus (linnaeus)

By: Nithiyapriyatharshini, A , B. Ahilan

Page No : 23-32

Abstract
Application of medicinal herbs in aquaculture is gaining success. The present investigation was designed to study the influence of three herbal additives viz., garlic, ashwagandha, and tulsi on the growth and disease resistance in goldfish, Carassius auratus. The experiment was conducted in the adult fishes for a period of 60 days. After the 60 days, fish of each treatment were challenged by pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila which was given by intraperitoneal injection and kept under observation for 10 days to record clinical signs and the daily mortality rates. Ashwagandha, at 1.0 per cent concentration yielded highest mean weight gain (2.346 g) and ranked first among the herbal additives tried followed by garlic which recorded a mean weight gain of 2.135 g at 1.0 per cent concentration. The highest survival rate (95 %) was observed in garlic fed group at 1.5 per cent concentration followed by tulsi (90%) at 1.5 per cent concentration. These results indicate that herbal additives supplement is promoting as an alternative method to antibiotics for disease prevention in goldfish farming.

Authors :
Ahilan, B.
Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi – 628 008, Tamilnadu, India.

Nithiyapriyatharshini, A
Research Assistant State Department Fisheries, Beach Road, Thoothukudi – 628 001.
 

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Proximate and Mineral Composition of Fifteen Freshwater Fishes of Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu

By: B. Chrisolite , S.A. Shanmugam , S. Siva Senthil Arumugam

Page No : 33-43

Abstract
The proximate composition (moisture, protein, fat and ash content) and mineral composition (sodium, potassium, calcium, iron and phosphorus content) of fifteen freshwater fishes from the market of Thoothukudi was analysed to create a baseline data on the nutritional quality of freshwater fishes. The moisture content of the fishes under study ranged from 73.21 to 81.90 %. The protein content of fishes ranged from 3.46 % in pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) to 27.44 % in eels (Anguilla bengalensis) and nine species had protein content over 15 %. The lipid content ranged from 0.25 (Channa striatus) to 8.26 % (Mysteris oar) and only three fishes viz. grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), catfish (Mystis oar) and pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) had higher lipid value of over 7 %. The carbohydrate content was very low (0.07 to 1.0 %) and ash content ranged from 0.92 to 2.18 %. Sodium, potassium, calcium, iron and phosphorus content ranged from 0.35 – 11.49 mg %, 6.80 – 37.02 mg %, 0.16 – 5.75 mg %, 0.50- 2.96 mg % and 298.31 – 626.31 mg % respectively. The study showed that freshwater fishes had protein and lipid content similar to marine fishes and can be used as a protein rich food relatively at a cheaper cost.

Authors :
B. Chrisolite, S.A. Shanmugam, S. Siva Senthil Arumugam
Department of Basic Sciences, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi.
 

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Effect of Different Hormones on Change in Level of Testosterone and Estradiol in Murrel Channa Striatus (Bloch)

By: M. Chandramani , T. Francis , Rajagopalsamy. C.B.T. , Jawahar P. , N. Jayakumar , A. Subburaj

Page No : 45-52

Abstract
The effect of different hormones (Kisspeptin, GnRH analogue, Pituitary extract) on change in level of testosterone in male and estradiol in female and comparative analysis of change in the level of testosterone and estradiol-17b with respect to different hormones injected were investigated. Testosterone in blood serum of control and hormones injected fish was measured using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay kit to assess the influence of these hormones on the serum steroid hormone profile. Among the three hormones injected, Kisspeptin showed significant impact of increase in the level of testosterone in males and estradiol in females. The other two hormones showed less effect on steroid level of blood serum of male and female Channa striatus (Bloch). Among three hormones, Kisspeptin injected fish showed highest testosterone level of 4.1 ng/ml of blood during May and highest estradiol level of 9270 pg/ml of blood during April were observed. Among the three hormones injected Kisspeptin injected fish showed high impact on change in level of steroid hormones of murrel fish than GnRH analogue, Pituitary extract injected fish.

Authors :
M. Chandramani, T. Francis, P. Jawahar, N. Jayakumar And A. Subburaj
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.

C.B.T. Rajagopalsamy
Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Effect of Zinc Toxicity on Histological Changes in Brain and Gonad of Goldfish, Carassius Auratus

By: A. Subburaj , T. Francis , N. Jayakumar , P. Elakkanai

Page No : 53-61

Abstract
The present study was carried out to find out the toxicity effect of Zinc and histopathological changes in the brain and gonad of goldfish (Carassius auratus) under acute and sub-lethal concentrations of zinc. The LC50 values of C. auratus exposed to Zinc were calculated by Probit Analysis and the mean LC50 value were 108.05, 69.15, 38.002 and 22.89 mg.l-1 at 24, 48, 72 and 96h respectively. The histological changes were studied in the brain and gonad of the treated fish. Vacuolation, increased in size of nucleus, hemorrhage, binucleated nucleus, hyperplasia and necrosis, degenerated nucleus, ruptured nucleus and increased in number of nucleus were observed from the brain of treated fish. Rupture of seminiferous tubules, vacuolation, blood congestion, degenerated seminiferous tubules, reduction of spermatocytes, reduction of spermatozoa and reduction of spermatid were observed from the gonad (testis) of treated fish. Atretic follicles appeared, ruptured ovarian wall, shrinkage of oocytes, degeneration of egg envelops, immature oocytes, enlargement of oocytes and increased number of atretic follicles were observed from the gonad (ova) of treated fish. Above results showed that exposure of fish to different acute and sub-lethal concentration of zinc made changes in their internal organs (brain and gonad) of goldfish, Carassius auratus. This confirms the possibility of zinc to be a toxicant even at lower concentration.

Authors :
T. Francis, P. Jawahar, N. Jayakumar and P. Elakkanai
Department of Fisheries Biology and Resource Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, India.
 

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Occurrence of VibrioSpecies in Shrimp Farming Systems in The Coastal Farms of Tamil Nadu, India

By: P. Sivasankar , A. Anix Vivek Santhiya

Page No : 63-70

Abstract
Shrimp farming systems have encountered by various microbial diseases, which cause deleterious economical losses to the global shrimp farming communities. Bacteria are one of the most important groups of microorganisms causing serious losses to shrimp aquaculture. In Asia, Penaeid shrimp culture systems are caused by bacterial diseases particularly vibrios have been reported to be most predominant. Water, sediment and shrimp samples are collected from farms of Tamil Nadu were analysed. The bacterial isolates were confirmed by biochemical methods. A total of 10 Vibrio species have been identified. Among, the 113 isolates, Vibrio harveyi accounted for 23%, followed by V. parahaemolyticus (18.58%), V. logei (14.16%), V. mimicus (13.27%), V. alginolyticus (11.5%), V. vulnificus (7.96%), V. cincinnatiensis (5.31%), V. carchariae (4.42%), V. orientalis and V. marinus (0.88%) of each. As a result, among samples sediment contributed (40%) followed by shrimp (21%) and water (21.88%) of the 10 Vibrio species have been identified.

Authors :
A. Anix Vivek Santhiya and P. Sivasankar
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University Thoothukudi-628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Enhancing the Life and Potency of Cyprinus CarpioSpermatozoa during Cryopreservation by Glucose Supplementation

By: C. Judith Betsy , J. Stephen Sampath Kumar

Page No : 71-79

Abstract
The present study was conducted to find out the optimal concentration of glucose that will help to enhance the life and potency of spermatozoa. Cyprinus carpio spermatozoa were cryopreserved along with glucose as a co-cryoprotectant after 1:100 dilution with 0.85% physiological saline as extender and DMSO as cryoprotectant (85:15). The diluents contained glucose at four different concentrations, viz., 0.25% (T1 ), 0.5% (T2 ), 0.75% (T3 ) and 1% (T4 ). The diluted milt was equilibrated for 10 min at 5°C and loaded into 0.25 ml straws. The loaded straws were then frozen with LN2 vapour for 5 min and immersed in liquid nitrogen. Observations were made once in 7 days for 42 days on motility parameters based on which the duration, score, pattern and percentage were determined. There were significant differences in the motility duration between treatments and glucose at 0.25% (T1) concentration was found to support the cryopreserved spermatozoa better than the other concentrations and the difference in motility duration was statistically significant (P > 0.05).

Authors :
C. Judith Betsy and J. Stephen Sampath Kumar
Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tuticorin, India – 628 008.
 

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Analysis of Factors Responsible for Aquaculture Development in Asia with special reference to India and China

By: C. Judith Betsy , J. Stephen Sampath Kumar

Page No : 81-94

Abstract
World aquaculture production is in the increasing trend. During the year 2012, China ranked first by producing 41.1 million tonnes of fish followed by India. However, the production figures of India were much lower with a difference of 36.8 million tonnes. There were many countries produced far below 10 tonnes. Many factors contribute to these differences in production between countries. Profile of these countries were analysed to arrive at the contributing factors. SWOT analysis was performed to identify the factors that are responsible for aquaculture development in India and China. Contributing factors responsible for the aquaculture development in India were identified based on the factors prevailing elsewhere in other countries.

Authors :
C. Judith Betsy and J. Stephen Sampath Kumar
Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tuticorin, India – 628 008.
 

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Reproductive Biology of Estuarine Whiting, Sillago Vincenti (Mckay, 1980)

By: N. Manjappa , N. Basavaraja , H. N. Anjaneyappa

Page No : 95-110

Abstract
This study was conducted with a view to document some of the reproductive traits of the estuarine whiting, Sillago vincenti (family: Sillaginidae). The length-weight relationship of S. vincenti indicated that the weight of the fish increased almost the cube of the length. The observed sex ratio indicated the dominance of males over females and the ratio was found to be 1:0.30; the males were dominant in the population in all the months. The gonado-somatic index (GSI) of male was found to be lowest (0.24%) in April, while the highest (1.43%) value was observed in November. In female, the lowest (0.65%) GSI value was recorded in May, while the highest (3.44%) value was observed in the month of September. The absolute fecundity was found to vary from 12,686 to 1,16,248 eggs with an average of 44,277 eggs, depending upon the size of fish.The GSI and maturity stages indicate a prolonged breeding season, with one or two peaks in a year. The histological examination of ovary of S. vincenti revealed the presence of oocytes at different stages of maturity. The immature ovary showed maximum percentage of oogonia, while the mature gonad had maximum proportion of mature, ready-to-ooze oocytes and vitellogenic atretic oocytes. The spent stage showed oocytes at different stages of development and corpus luteum. In male, the testis showed the presence of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatid and spermatozoa at various stages of development. However, the spent fish showed the presence of empty testicular lobules and some residual spermatozoa.

Authors :
N. Manjappa
Fisheries Research and Information Centre (Inland), Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru-560 089, Karnataka

N. Basavaraja
Department of Aquaculture, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University,College of Fisheries, Mangalore-575002, Karnataka, India

H. N. Anjaneyappa
Department of Fisheries Resource and Management, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, College of Fisheries, Mangaluru-575002, Karnataka.
 

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Jul-2015 to Dec-2015

Periphyton-based Polyculture of Jaraqui,Semaprochilodus insignis (Schomburgk, 1841) and Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1816) with Feed Supplementation

By: S.A.R. Tortolero , B.A.S. Cavero , J.L. Silvajunior , J.G. Brito , C.C. Soares , P. Keshavanath , H.T.B. Barbosa , B. Gangadhar

Page No : 111-132

Abstract
The effect of feed vs. feed plus two substrates, a macrophyte (Pistia stratiotes) and plastic screen, on the performance of jaraqui (Semaprochilodus insignis) and tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) was evaluated under polyculture. Jaraqui of 14.84-18.05 g and tambaqui of 4.32-4.60 g initial average weight were stocked in triplicate at 1 fish per m2 in the ratio 70:30 in masonry tanks of 46 m2 , with an average depth of 70 cm. The tanks were fertilized with urea, triple superphosphate and wheat bran. A commercial feed containing 36% protein was provided to satiation in the control and treatment tanks every morning in plastic trays suspended in the water column. Macrophyte supported higher periphyton biomass, while protein content was higher in periphyton grown on plastic screen. On termination of the 90-day culture, jaraqui reached a final weight of 34.32 g in the plastic screen treatment as against 22.89 g in the macrophyte treatment and 27.44 g in the control. Tambaqui grew to 137.36 g and 139.68 g size in macrophyte and plastic screen treatments respectively, both being marginally higher than that of the control, which recorded a final weight of 117.54 g. Survival of jaraqui and tambaqui ranged from 89.90% to 100% and 82.05% to 100%, respectively. The water quality parameters measured were generally within the acceptable range for fish culture.

Authors :
S.A.R. Tortolero
Instituto Federal de Educação do Amazonas, Manaus Campus, Brazil

B.A.S. Cavero and J.L. Silvajunior
Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.

J.G. Brito, C.C. Soares and P. Keshavanath
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil

H.T.B. Barbosa
Instituto Federal de Educação do Amazonas, Presidente Figueiredo Campus, Brazil.

B. Gangadhar
Peninsular Aquaculture Division, ICAR Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bengaluru, India.
 

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Nature of Infestation and Prevalence of Ergasilus Sp. (Copepoda) on the Fish, Liza Macrolepis (Mugillidae) of theThenkapattinam Estuary (Tamil Nadu, India)

By: A. A. Sivakumar , J. Kiruba , P. Natarajan

Page No : 133-141

Abstract
Ergasilus sp. was found attached to the gill filaments of the host and the attachment is effected by second antennae. The distribution studies indicated that it was more towards the anterior region (44.16 %) of the gill. The infestation was found to be 58.48% and the intensity was 7.86. Prevalence and intensity of the parasite in relation to different months, size and sex of the host and water flow in the environment have also been studied in detail.

Authors :
A. A. Sivakumar
Department of Environmental Studies, Kovai Kalaimagal College of Arts & Science, Narasipuram (PO), Coimbatore – 641 109, Tamil Nadu

J. Kiruba and P. Natarajan
Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, University of Kerala, Trivandrum – 695 007, Kerala.
 

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Evaluation of Supplementation of Glucose and Egg Yolk on the Motility of Cyprinus Carpio and Cirrhinus Mrigala Spermatozoa Under Short Term Storage

By: C. Judith Betsy , J. Stephen Sampath Kumar

Page No : 143-155

Abstract
Fish spermatozoa are reported to have the ability to utilize external energy supplements like glucose, egg yolk, honey, milk, bovine serum albumin, etc. when used as co-cryoprotectants during cryopreservation. Milt from Cyprinus carpio and Cirrhinus mrigala was collected, diluted to 100 times with 0.85% physiological saline containing glucose, egg yolk powder and raw hen’s egg yolk as the experimental component. Glucose was tried at eight different concentrations, viz., 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15% (w/v); Egg yolk powder at three concentrations (5, 10 and 15% w/v) and raw hen’s egg yolk powder at three concentrations (5, 10 and 15% w/v). Observations on the motility duration of the spermatozoa were made once in 3h for 6h. There were marked influences of the supplemented items on the motility duration when compared to non-supplemented milt kept as Control. The differences in the motility duration between treatments were statistically significant (P>0.05). Glucose at all concentrations below 1% and raw hen’s egg yolk at 5% concentration were found positively influencing the spermatozoa while other concentrations including the egg yolk powder used did not exhibit any visible influence.

Authors :
C. Judith Betsy and J. Stephen Sampath Kumar
Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tuticorin-628 008, India.
 

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Influence of Natural and Artificial Colour Enhancers in the Colour Enhancement of Adult Goldfish Carassius Auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)

By: Ramya, M. , B. Ahilan , Rajagopalsamy. C.B.T. , T. Francis

Page No : 157-165

 

Abstract
Color plays a major role in the overall preference and acceptability of ornamental fishes. In the present study the feeding trials were conducted in adult goldfish to assess the effect of two natural (spirulina and shrimp head meal) and two artificial colour enhancers (b-carotene and astaxanthin) on the growth and colour enhancement. The experiment was carried out for a period of 60 days. The fish were fed with experimental feed twice a day at the rate of 5 percent of their body weight. A threefold increase in growth was observed in the fishes fed with 4% spirulina incorporated feed when compared to control. There is an increase in mean weight gain corresponding to the increase in the shrimp head meal inclusion level. The maximum mean weight gain was recorded in the fishes fed with 0.03 % level of b-carotene compared to the control. The astaxanthin fed fishes gained threefold increase in the mean weight gain at 0.004% level. The highest carotenoid content was observed in the b- carotene fed fishes at 0.02% level when compared to other diet and control. This study confirmed that, the artificial source of carotenoid is better for the colour enhancement, of adult goldfish rather than natural source.

Authors :
Ramya N, Ahilan B, Rajagopalasamy C.B.T. and FrancisT
Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi-8.
 

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Effect of Biofloc Technology in the Nursery Rearing of Goldfish

By: Mohamed Faizullah , B. Ahilan , Rajagopalsamy. C.B.T. , T. Francis

Page No : 167-179

Abstract
In the present study, the impact of biofloc technology on the goldfish fry was investigated. The mean value of water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N and floc volume (FV) recorded in the biofloc treatment system for goldfish fry were 27.3°C, 7.9, 3.9 mg/l, 48.32 µg-at[1]N/l, 0.62 µg-at-N/l, 238.08 µg-at-N/l and 8.48 ml/l respectively. The control set during the nursery rearing of goldfish fry registered the mean value of water temperature (28.9°C), pH (8.2), dissolved oxygen (4.4 mg/l), ammonia-N (82.15 mg-at-N/l), nitrite-N (0.72 mg-at-N/l), nitrate-N (76.85 mg-at-N/l) and FV (0.093 ml/l) more than the treatment excepting the nitrate-N and Floc volume. Chlorella sp, Oscilatoria sp, Stephanodiscus sp, Coscinodiscus sp, Navicula sp, Amphiprorasp, Nitzschia sp, Chaetoceros sp, Cyclotella sp, Triceratium sp, Cymbella sp, Stentor sp, Paramecium sp, Cyclidium sp, Peranema sp, Petalomonas sp, Rotifer, Nematode or round worm, Chaetonotus sp and Cyclops sp were observed in the biofloc treatment tank water while the control tank water had only Chlorella sp, Coscinodiscus sp and Chaetoceros sp. The maximum SGR in biofloc treatment (138.64) and control (107.41) was in 35th day. The percentage growth increment of 376.44 in gold[1]fish fry was recorded in the biofloc treatment than the control set of experiments.

Authors :
Mohamed Faizullah, Ahilan B, Rajagopalasamy C.B.T. and FrancisT
Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi-8.
 

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Effects of Dietary Vitamin C Supplementation on Growth, Survival and Disease Resistance in Giant Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium Rosenbergii (De Man)

By: Mohamed Faizullah

Page No : 181-191

Abstract
Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated incorporating ‘C-care’, containing 55% stabilized vitamin C, and fed daily for 135 days to Macrobrachium rosenbergii juveniles (av. wt. 0.7 g) stocked at the rate of 60 in 25 m3 cement tanks. The five diets T0 , T1 , T2 , T3 and T4 were supplemented with 0, 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg C-care/kg diet respectively. On analysis, the diets contained 62.12, 370.80, 698.40, 1460.58 and 1994.04 mg vitamin C/kg diet. The water quality parameters monitored were within acceptable limits for M. rosenbergii farming. Growth, survival, yield and food conversion were the best with prawn fed 2000 mg C-care/kg diet, only survival and yield being significantly (P<0.05) different. Prawns receiving vitamin C supplemented diets displayed resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila. Results of this trial indicate that vitamin C at 1460 mg/kg diet induces higher growth and survival of M. rosenbergii juveniles, while 1994 mg/kg diet results in better disease resistance. However, considering the leaching loss, the effective dose consumed by prawns would be much less

Authors :
C.K. Shiny and P. Keshavanath
Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore-575 002, India
 

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Carbon : Nitrogen Ratio as a Control Elements in Shrimp Farming Systems

By: A. Anix Vivek Santhiya , Henry Rajadinesh

Page No : 193-201

Abstract
Aquaculture systems today have expanded large enough to have significant impact on environment, such as pond culture and cage culture systems produce a lot of wastewater by huge nutrient loading to the environment which might be a source of water pollution. The main obstacles in developing intensive shrimp culture is waste of shrimp farms which is detrimental to environment. Mitigating the environmental impacts of effluent discharge, shrimp culture should be implemented in closed system with limited water exchange. However, the major problem associated with limited water exchange system is the rapid deterioration in pond, resulting from increasing concentration ammonia and nitrite. The high concentrations of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate are toxic to shrimp and cause high mortality. The addition of carbon materials such as molasses into shrimp culture with manipulating the carbon: nitrogen ratio level is one of the best strategies of controlling ammonia and nitrite in shrimp culture with Limited Water Exchange Model (LWEM). The current study is therefore undertaken in a detailed review to highlight the important of carbon : nitrogen ratio levels on water quality and shrimp production in aquaculture systems.

Authors :
A. Anix Vivek Santhiya and Henry Rajadinesh
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi-628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Assessment of Frequency of Lime Application for Increasing the Fish Productivity in Ponds - AField Level Trial

By: Biswajit Goswami

Page No : 203-209

Abstract
The on farm trial were laid out in farmers’ field of Dakshin Dinajpur district of West Bengal to show the potential of the technology i.e. application of lime in two way, . Lime option 1: Lime application (single dose before stocking of fish) (total dose of lime calculated based on PH of the soil and water), Lime option 2 : Lime application (1/2 of the total dose before stocking of fish) + rest in equal monthly installment(total dose of lime calculated based on PH of the soil and water). The pH of water and soil of the district is acidic in nature. Two technology option on lime application in different frequency were tested, where existing farmers’ practice was kept. This study clearly elucidated that it will be appropriate to use the lime in pond. According to the pH of soil for boosting the fish productivity. Total net fish production after 300 days were 14.6 q/ha, 24.2 q/ha and 26.4 q/ha for the Farmers’ Practice, Lime Option 1 and Lime Option 2 respectively. By conducting effective on farm trial of proven technologies yield potential of the fish can be increased to a great extent.

Authors :
Biswajit Goswami
Subject Matter Specialist (Fishery Sc.) Dakshin Dinajpur Krishi Vigyan Kendra, UBKV, Majhian, Patiram-733133, D. Dinajpur.
 

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Review on New Records of Freshwater Fishes from India with Note on Distribution and Conservation Status

By: Mogalekar H.S. , Jawahar P. , T. Francis , Karl Marx , Canciyal Johnson , P. Pavin Kumar , N.V. Sujathkumar

Page No : 211-232

Abstract
New species of freshwater fishes recorded for first time during last three decades form India is reviewed. In total 150 new species of freshwater fishes belonging to 5 order, 22 family and 44 genera have been emerged from different locality of India. Cypriniformes was the most dominant order represented by 69 species belonging to 5 family and 17 genera, followed by Siluriformes (58 species belonging to 8 family and 17 genera); Perciformes (19 species belonging to 6 family and 7 genera); Synbranchiformes (3 species belonging to 2 family and 2 genera) and Tetraodontiformes (1 species belonging to 1 family and 1 genera). Maximum number of species emerged from the Mizoram (32), followed by Manipur (29), Kerala (28), Arunachal Pradesh (17), West Bengal (14), and Karnataka (13). Of the 150 species, one species belong to the critically endangered category, 5 to the endangered, 9 to Vulnerable and 2 to Near Threatened.

Authors :
H. S. Mogalekar, P. Jawahar, T. Francis, J. Canciyal and P. Pavinkumar
Department of Fisheries Biology and Resource Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi-628 008, Tamil Nadu, India

K. Karalmarx
Department of Fisheries Biotechnology, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi-628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.

N.V. Sujathkumar
Department of Fisheries Information and Statistics, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi-628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Fish Assemblage Including Threatened Species in Hakaluki Haor, Sylhet, Bangladesh

By: Mohammed Mahbub Iqbal , Shamima Nasren , Md. Abdullah-Almamun , Mohammad Mosarof Hossain

Page No : 233-246

Abstract
Hakaluki haor is the largest haor in Bangladesh and enrich in fish assemblage where this study has been conducted from January to December 2013. The occurrences of 83 species of fishes in the haor have been recorded belonging to 55 genera, 28 families and 10 orders. Forty one threatened fish species for Bangladesh were recorded from the study area. This study disclosed the fish species and their composition along with diversity, richness evenness and dominance in[1]dices. Cypriniformes was found to the most dominant order comprising 73% followed by siluriformes (13%) and perciformes (9%). Among the found fishes, 49.40% species were considered threatened in Bangladesh, which include 14.46% vulnerable, 21.69% endangered and 13.25% critically endangered species. Overall values of Shannon-Weaver diversity (H), richness (D), Evenness (e) and Dominance indices were found to be 2.53, 5.94, 0.66 and 0.081, respectively. In order to conserve available fish species, both threatened and non-threatened species, establish[1]ment of fish sanctuary is suggested.

Authors :
Dr. Mohammed Mahbub Iqbal and Shamimanasren
Department of Fish Biology and Genetics, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh.

Md. Abdullah-Almamun
Department of Fish Health Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh.

Mohammad Mosarof Hossain
Department of Coastal and Marine Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
 

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Impact of River Linking on Aquatic Ecosystems

By: Mogalekar H.S. , Jawahar P. , T. Francis , N.V. Sujathkumar , Karl Marx , Canciyal Johnson , P. Pavin Kumar

Page No : 247-256

Abstract
Present paper overviews potential implications of the proposed river linking project on aquatic ecosystems. River linking might have positive as well as negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems, such as water quality changes, loss of habitat, alteration in spawning and breeding grounds, effect on fish migration, changes in land-ocean interactions, effect on fish ecology and biodiversity, impact of inland navigation and/or effect on fish production. Successful completion of the river linking project could result balanced distribution of water and increase agriculture/aquaculture production and generate employment. However, visualizing many relevant issues of the sustainable aquatic biodiversity conservation is also important. There is need of case specific studies, citing the example of the Western Ghats, Himalaya and Eastern Ghats which is known for its unique flora and fauna, and implementation of such construction-intensive project will lead to biodiversity loss that would be beyond comprehension.

Authors :
H. S. Mogalekar, P. Jawahar, T. Francis, J. Canciyal and P. Pavinkumar
Department of Fisheries Biology and Resource Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi-628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.

N.V. Sujathkumar
Department of Fisheries Information and Statistics, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi-628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.

K. Karalmarx
Department of Fisheries Biotechnology, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi-628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Effect of the Different Spawning Inducing Hormones on the Fertilization and Hatching Efficiency of Rohu, Labeo Rohita by Induced Breeding Technique

By: Kiruthiga Lakshmi D , Karl Marx , Jothiramalingam Killivalavan , Jeya Shakila. R

Page No : 257-262

Abstract
The present study aims at developing a standardized technique for the in vitro fertilization in Labeo rohita in the commercial hatchery, Chola Fish Seed Farm, Vaduvoor, Thiruvarur district using different spawning agents. The brooders were injected with different spawning inducing hormones such as Ovaprim, Ovatide and Wova-FH at a dosage of 0.4 ml/kg body weight to the males and 0.5 ml/kg body weight to the females. After 6 hrs of hormone injection, gentle stripping was done from both females and males and in vitro fertilization was done. Followingly, the average fertilization and hatching rate was calculated. The Wova-FH hormone injected fishes got maximum fertilization rate of 94.40±0.83% and hatching rate of 88.36±0.82% than Ovaprim and Ovatide injected fishes comprehension.

Authors :
D. Kiruthigalakshmi, K. Karalmarx, K. Aruljothi and R. Jeyashakila
Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Fish Diversity of Downstream Waters of Pechiparai Reservoir in the Kanyakumari Region of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India

By: Prateek , Kingston, D.S. , Mogalekar H.S. , T. Francis , Aanand S , Malay Biswas

Page No : 263-267

Abstract
The prime objective of the study was to invent the fish diversity of upstream waters of Pechiparai reservoir. Thirteen species of freshwater fishes have been recorded belonging to 9 genera and 6 families. Cyprinidae was the dominant family (6 species) in the study area. Of the 13 species, Dawkinsia arulius belong to the endangered category, Hyporhamphus xanthopterus and Dawkinsia rohani to Vulnerable and Ompok bimaculatus to Near Threatened category. All the 13 species of fishes found are endemic to India and ornamentally appreciated.

Authors :
Prateek, Mogalekar H.S., Francis T
Department of Fisheries Biology and Resource Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi-628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.

David Kingston S
Fisheries Training and Research Center, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Parakkai-629 601, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India.

Aanand S. and Malay Biswas
Department of Fisheries Environment, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi-628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Jan- to Jun-2014

Dietary Administration of Stable Vitamin C enhances Growth and Resistance of Postlarvae of Tiger SHrimp Penaeus Monodon against Vibrio Anguillarum

By: Nathan Felix , M. Rosalind George , C. John Weslykirubakaran , M. J. Prince Jeyaseelan

Page No : 1-8

Abstract
An investigation was carried out to study the effect of administration of stable vitamin C on the growth and disease resistance of Penaeus monodon through feeds. Three feeds were prepared by supplementing stable vitamin C at 0.05, 0.15 and 0.25% concentrations along with unsupplemented contol. The postlarval shrimps were fed with experimental diets for a period of 60 days under laboratory conditions. Among the diets examined, stable vitamin C incorporated diet at a concentration of 0.25% showed higher growth (weight gain of 0.130±0.01 g) and SGR (2.836±0.01). In the disease resistance study, after 60 days growth period, the shrimps were challenged with bacterial strain Vibrio anguillarum. The survival rate was recorded for the challenge period of 10 days. The shrimps fed the stable vitamin C added siet at 0.15% and 0.25% concentrations showed maximum disease resistance in terms of higher shrimp survival rate of 66.67% whereas in control it was only 16.67%. Considering the cumulative effects of growth and disease resistance in shrimps, stable vitamin C at a concentration of 0.25% gave best results.

Authors :
Nathan Felix, M. J. Prince Jeyaseelan, C. John Weslykirubakaran and M. Rosalind George
Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi-8
 

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Population Genetic Structure of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Reveled by Microsatelite DNA marker Analysis

By: Md. Golam Kibria , Afroj Jahan Sweety , Md. Samsulalam , Md. Shahidulislam

Page No : 9-19

Abstract
Information on genetic variation is essential for conservation and stock improvement programs. Three dinucleotide microsatellite loci (UNH147, UNH172 and UNH222) were analysed to reveal genetic variability in three stocks of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) viz. BFRI, Parbatipur, and Southampton. Upon PCR amplification, the alleles were separated on polyacrylamide gel using a sequencing gel electrophoresis system and visualized by silver-staining method. Loci UNH147 and UNH222 were polymorphic (P95) in all the populations. Differences were observed in number and frequencies of alleles as well as heterozygosities in the studied populations. The average number of allele was higher in BFRI while the average heterozygosity was higher in Parbatipur stock. BFRI population deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg expectation in all the loci, while Parbatipur and Southampton populations deviated in only one locus. None of the stock-pairs was homogeneous at any locus. The genetic distance between Parbatipur and Southampton stocks was the highest. The UPGMA dendrogram based on genetic distance resulted in two clusters: Southampton stock alone in one cluster while the remaining two stocks in the other cluster. The results reflect higher degree of genetic variability in Nile tilapia stocks available in Bangladesh compared to the Southampton stock.

Authors :
Md. Golam Kibria, Afroj Jahan Sweety and Md. Samsulalam
Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202 Bangladesh

Md. Shahidulislam
Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.
 

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Use of Soybean Meal as partial substitute of Fish Meal in the Diets of Rohu, Laabeo Rohita (Ham.) Fry

By: D. A. Jahan , M. Z. Ali , L. Hussain , M A. Islam

Page No : 21-31

Abstract
A 60-days feeding trial was conducted in a static indoor rearing system consisting 12 glass aquarium to investigate the utilization of soybean meal protein replacing fishmeal as dietary protein source for Labeo rohita fry (0.86 ± 0.03 g). Four iso-nitrogenous (30% protein) and iso-caloric (19 kJ/g GE) experimental diets were prepared to contain viz. diet 1 (100% fishmeal protein), diet 2 (75% fishmeal protein + 25% soybean meal protein), diet 3 (50% fishmeal protein + 50% soybean meal protein) and diet 4 (25% fishmeal protein + 75% soybean meal protein) were fed to triplicate groups of 10 fish (per aquaria). Fish were fed two times daily at the rate of 5% of their body weight during the entire experimental period. The feeding ration was adjusted every 10th day sampling of fish. Among the diets, the best (P < 0.05) growth rates, feed conversion ration (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were evident in fish fed with diet 2 contained 75% soybean meal protein and 25% fish meal protein and no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between diets 1 and 3. Whole body compositions of fish were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among the treatments. The study reveals that considering the growth rates, FCR and PER, it can be suggested that fishmeal protein could be replaced up to 50% by soybean meal protein in the diet of L. rohita fry without supplementation of amino acids.

Authors :
D. A. Jahan and M. Z. Ali
Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI) Freshwater Station, Mymensingh-2201

L. Hussain and M A. Islam
Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202.
 

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Comparative Analysis of Growth Performance of Mixed-Sex and Monosex Tilapia Population at differential Stocking Densities under Indian Perspective

By: Suman Bhusan Chakraborty , Debasis Mazumdar , Samir Banerjee

Page No : 33-41

Abstract
Stocking density is considered one of the important factors affecting fish growth. But, information related to impact of stocking density on growth performance of androgen-treated monosex tilapia population under the ecological conditions of Gangetic plains in West Bengal, India is limited. The aim of our study was to compare the growth potential of control and hormone-treated, sex reversed tilapia at various stocking densities and to determine an ideal stocking density for culture of such fish. Control and hormone treated fish were stocked separately in mesh cages at different stocking densities (1, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 75 and 100 fry / m3) and it was found that the highest growth was observed for the 50 fish / m3 groups for both the treatment categories. Moreover, the monosex androgen treated population showed much higher growth potential for all the density groups compared to the corresponding mixed-sex population. Thus, culture of hormone treated sex reversed tilapia at a density of 50 fish / m3 can be considered ideal for augmented production of the fish under Indian context.

Authors :
Suman Bhusan Chakraborty
Department of Zoology, Serampore College, India.

Debasis Mazumdar
Department of Agricultural Statistics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, India.

Samir Banerjee
Aquaculture Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, India.
 

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Growth Performance and Waste Excretion of Marble Goby (Oxyeleotris Marmorata Bleeker) in Relation to Different Culture System and Diet

By: Su Shiung Lam , Mohd. Azmi Ambak , Ah Theem Law , Ahmad Jusoh

Page No : 43-61

Abstract
Marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata bleeker), a potential profitable aquaculture species in Malaysia and Southeast Asia region, was fed with different diets (live food and minced fish) and cultured separately in partitioned tank (with PVC tubes) attached to a closed recirculating system as an approach to overcome the poor growth performance and disease problems shown by conventional cage and outdoor pond culture systems. This study aimed to examine the growth, feed utilization, protein digestibility and waste excretion of marble goby under the above conditions, and also to evaluate the feasibility of partitioned culture tank in overcoming the fish cannibalistic and territorial behaviors. Fish (100±5g) were fed to satiation once daily for 12 weeks with live tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), live common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and minced scads (Decapterus russellii), and cultured individually in tank designs of: Big space partitions with PVC tubes (Big-P tubes), Big space partitions (Big-P), and Narrow space partitions (Small-P). Fish were also cultured in Non-partition with PVC tubes (Non-P tubes) and Non-partition (Non-P) for comparison. Growth of fish fed tilapia was significantly higher than those of fish fed carp and scads. Fish cultured in Big-P tubes and Big[1]P had significant higher growth and feed intake than other tank designs, while the lowest weight gain and feed intake were shown in Small-P. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE), protein efficiency ration (PER) and productive protein value (PPV) of fish fed tilapia were significantly higher than those of fish fed other diets, whereas fish cultured in Big-P tubes and Big-P showed higher FCE PER and PPV in tank designs. The survival of fish cultured individually in partitions was 100% compared to 62.5% and 75% in non-partitions. Fish fed with scads gave the highest waste excretion compared to those of fish fed live food (Tilapia and Carp). Waste excretion was highly correlated with feed intake. Live food, particularly tilapia, was found to be the preferential diet for marble goby by showing the best growth and nutrient utilization, and exhibited the lowest of waste excretion and N loss comparable to that of fish fed trash fish or artificial feed. In addition, culturing the fish individually in spacious partitions with PVC tubes (Big-P tubes) associated with recirculating system was proved to be suitable for marble goby by showing better growth and feed utilization. This type of tank design was able to prevent overcrowding and cannibalism in marble goby.

Authors :
Su Shiung Lam, Mohd. Azmi Ambak, and Ah Theem Law
Institute of Tropical Aquaculture (AQUATROP), University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.

Ahmad Jusoh
School of Ocean Engineering, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
 

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Jul-2014 to Dec-2014

DNA Barcode of Indian Spiny Loach, Lepidocephalus Thermalis(valenciennes) 61-69 of Tamil Nadu

By: Jaculine Pereira. J , B. Ahilan , Karl Marx , Jeya Shakila. R , Rajagopalsamy. C.B.T.

Page No : 61-69

Abstract
The Indian spiny loach, Lepidocephalus thermalis was collected from various regions of Tamil Nadu. Morphometric and meristic characterization were carried out for L. thermalis and DNA was isolated from L. thermalis using phenol chloroform rapid non-invasive technique. Purity of DNA was checked with UV spectrophotometer at 260 nm and 280nm and DNA was confirmed with 1 percent Agarose gel Electrophoresis. DNA barcoding was carried out for the DNA isolates using Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit 1(COI) gene. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was carried with COI gene primer and the PCR product was confirmed with 2 percent Agarose gel electrophoresis using 100bp DNA ladder and DNA content was analysed with Biophotometer. PCR products were sequenced and submitted to Genbank (NCBI).

Authors :
Jaculine Pereira, J., B. Ahilan, K. Karalmarx, R. Jeyashakila and C.B.T. Rajagopalsamy
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi-628 008
 

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Genetic Differentiation of Field Isolates of Vibrio Alginolyticusand V.Parahaemolyticus by using RAPD Fingerprinting Pattern

By: N.P. Marhual , S. Sahu , B.K. Das , K.K Nayak

Page No : 71-84

Abstract
From 28 isolates grown on Thiosulphate-Citrate Bilesalt-Sucrose agar (TCBS) medium, seventeen yellow colour colonies representing one strain of V. alginolyticus and eleven green colour colonies representing one strain of V. parahaemolyticus were identified. These isolates obtained from different organs eg. external surface, haepatopancreas, pleopod and telson of diseased Penaeus monodon were selected for the genotyping using RAPD fingerprinting for molecular differentiation between V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus. One hundred primers belonging to Operon series A, B, C, G and H were used for amplifying the genomic DNA profile of the both bacterium. In V. alginolyticus, 48 primers were amplified where as 59 primers produced more than 2 bands in V. parahaemolyticus. Genomic DNA of both the species could only able to amplify 35 percent of primers. In total, series only 11 primers could amplify for V. alginolyticus and not for V. parahaemolyticus. Similarly 24 primers could amplify for V. parahaemolyticus not for V. alginolyticus. These primers could potentially be used for the genetic differentiation and strain identification of both the bacterium from the diseased shrimp of P. monodon.

Authors :
N.P. Marhual, B.K. Das and S. Sahu
Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar-751002, India

K.K Nayak
KBDAV College Nirakarpur , Khorda
 

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Evaluation of Selected Probiotics as Feed Additives in the Formulated Diets of Climbing Perch, Anabas Testudineusin Ponds

By: M. Z. Ali , M. Paul , Y. Mahmud , M. Zaher

Page No : 85-96

Abstract
A 3-month feeding trial was conducted in pond condition to evaluate the effect of selected probiotics as feed additives on growth, feed conversion, protein utilization, production and net profit in Anabas testudineus. Eight experimental ponds each of 400 m2 size were divided into 4 treatment groups each with two replicates. The mean initial weights of fish were 3.60 ± 0.7 g and fish were stocked at the rate of 2,500 fish per pond (62,000/ha). Four experimental diets (iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic) were formulated to contain 33% crude protein and 16.47 kJ g-1 gross energy for diets 1–4, were tested respectively. A control diet (Diet-1) was prepared with same feed ingredients without probiotic. Fish were fed the experimental diets at the rate of 10-5% of their body weight per day adjusted fortnightly. The results showed that growth rate in terms of mean final body weight, weight gain, percent weight gain of experimental fish fed diets 2-4 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control diet. The specific growth rate (SGR) in different experimental diets varied between 3.14 and 3.39, with diets 2-4 producing higher (3.39) SGR value. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) values of different experimental diets ranged between 1.88 and 2.03 with diets 2-4 producing the better FCR. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) in different experimental diets ranged between 2.05 and 2.18 and the lowest PER value was obtained with diet 1 (control). The production of Anabas testudineus ranged between 3,350 to 4,270 kg/ha/3 months with probiotics containing diets results the highest production. A simple economic analysis showed that fish fed with probiotics containing diets resulted in the highest net profit. The carcass protein content in different diets ranged between 17.06% and 19.69%. Fish fed diet 2 showed significantly (P<0.05) highest protein content and diet 1 the lowest. This study revealed that feed incorporated with the probiotics may be used as a fish feed in Anabas testudineus culture, to enhance fish health, better feed efficiency and growth performance.

Authors :
M. Z. Ali, M. Paul, Y. Mahmud And M. Zaher 
Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute Freshwater Station, Mymensingh-2201 
 

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Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Enterococcus sp from Artemia Population from Puthalam Saltpan of Kanyakumari District, India

By: Michael Babu , T.Citarasu , T. Selvaraj , S. Maryjosephine Punitha , S.Albin Dhas

Page No : 97-116

Abstract
The present study reveals that Enterococcus sp. causes mortality in the natural habitat of Artemia. The aim of this work was to isolate, characterize the pathogen and also to experiment the pathogenic property of pathogen in the host and predator. The bacterial pathogen was isolated, characterized, and identified by 16S r DNA analysis. The external symptom of this infection was the appearance of black spot on body surface and followed by sluggish movement and death within 96 h post-infection. The optimum temperature, salinity and pH for the growth of pathogen were 35°C, 40 - 60 ppt and 8-10, respectively. The bacteria synthesized chitinase enzyme that helps to degrade the exoskeleton of Artemia and make black spots. This bacterium also reduced the hatching percentage of cyst and nauplii survival in Artemia. The study on prophenol oxidase activity conducted in the predator of Artemia, shrimp revealed an increase in prophenol activity after the injection of pathogen. The histopathological study of body tissue of Artemia showed the effect of internal tissue damage and necrosis by this bacterium. The identification by means of 16S rDNA and other biochemical test proved that the isolated pathogen was closely related to Enterococcus sp.

Authors :
Michael Babu, M., T. Citarasu, T. Selvaraj, S. Maryjosephine Punitha And S. Albindhas
Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam-629 502, Tamil Nadu, India
 

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Influence of Physical and Nutritive Parameters on Population and Size Variation in Two Species of Rotifer

By: P. Gopal , T.Citarasu , S. Maryjosephine Punitha , T. Selvaraj , S. Albindhas , E.S. Sindhu , M.Michael Babu

Page No : 117-130

Abstract
This study was carried out to find out the influence of physical and nutritive factors on determining the population abundance and size variation in two species of rotifer in continuous and batch culture system. The animals were subjected to different pH (6-10) and salinity (10-60ppt). The pH 8 and salinity 20ppt revealed the maximum growth and followed by 7, 9, 6 and 10pH and the salinity 30,10,40,50 and 60ppt. The algae cultured in Conway and Organic media were fed to the Brachionus rotundiformis and Brachionus plicatilis species of rotifer. The rotifer fed with Chlorella raised in Organic culture medium was found to be the effective feed to enhance the population density than the rotifer grown in Conway medium. Among the two culture systems studied for the present work, the continuous culture system was found to be the best system in increasing the rotifers population densities.

Authors :
Gopal, P. T. Citarasu, S.M.J. Punitha, T. Selvaraj, S. Albindas, A.S. Sindhu And M. Michael Babu
Center for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam 629502, Kanyakumari Dist., Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Genetic Diversity in Farmed Nile and Red Hybrid Tilapia Stocks in India Using Microsatellite Genetic Markers

By: Karl Marx , G.C. Shyamala , G. Jeyasekaran

Page No : 131-143

Abstract
The study was carried out to asses the genetic diversity in farmed Nile and red hybrid tilapia stocks available in India using microsatellite genetic markers. Microsatellite DNA were analysed in seven different Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (collected from Dharmapuri, Thanjavur, Sathanoor, Krishnagiri, Mangalore, Trivandrum and Vijayawada) as well as two different red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus X O. niloticus) (collected from Thanjavur and Vijayawada) stocks farmed in India. Microsatellite variation at nine loci (UNH106, UNH222, UNH172, UNH123, UNH216, UNH104, UNH211, UNH213 and UNH147) showed that all the nine microsatellite markers were polymorphic with mean allelic diversity ranging from 7.0 to 9.0 in Nile and 5.4 to 8.8 in red tilapia. Observed mean heterozygosity (Ho ) (value ranged from 0.663 to 0.779 in Nile tilapia and 0.759 to 0.777 in red tilapia) was lower than that of expected mean heterozygosity (He ) (value ranged from 0.777 to 0.856 in Nile tilapia and 0.792 to 0.873 in red tilapia) in all the nine population. Most of the Nile tilapia and red tilapia stocks exhibited remarkably significant homozygote excess relative to Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, suggesting some degree of inbreeding.

Authors :
G.C. Shyamala, K. Karalmarx and G. Jeyasekaran
Department of Fisheries Biotechnology, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi- 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

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Influence of Health Promoting Additives on the Growth, Gonad Development and Disease Resistance of Goldfish, Carassius Auratus

By: N.Thenmozhi , B. Ahilan

Page No : 145-154

Abstract
Goldfish (Carassius auratus) is a coldwater, ornamental fish and one of the most commonly kept aquarium fish. The present study was designed to study the influence of three health promoting additives (mannan oligosaccharides, nucleotides and beta carotenoids) on the growth, gonad development and disease resistance of goldfish. Feeding trial was carried out for a period of 60 days. After feeding trial, the fishes were subjected to challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila for the duration of 10 days to investigate the disease resistance ability of the goldfishes. Among all the three additives tested the beta carotenoids at 0.03 percent (300ppm) recorded the highest mean weight gain of 3.072g with the SGR of 0.698g which is followed by mannan oligosaccharide. With regard to maturation, the GSI values of the treatment fishes were higher when compared to the control. The highest survival rate of 90 percent was observed in beta carotenoids at the concentration of 0.03 percent. These results indicate that health promoting additives may be used as an alternative method to antibiotics for disease prevention in goldfish farming.

Authors :
N.Thenmozhi
Research Assistant, State Department of Fisheries, Thiruvarur, Tamilnadu, India.

B. Ahilan
Professor, Department of Inland Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi – 628 008, Tamilnadu, India.
 

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Captive Brood-Stock Development, Induced Breeding, Histology and Nursery Rearing of Olive Barb, Puntius Sarana Sarana (Hamilton)

By: N. Basavaraja , Nityanaibedya Biswal , K. Pau Biak Lun

Page No : 155-169

Abstract
Puntius sarana sarana holds promise as a candidate for the diversification of freshwater aquaculture. To raise brood-stock, fingerlings/sub-adults were collected from a perennial reservoir, transported, acclimatized and reared in prepared ponds. On attaining maturity, the sex of brooders was determined based on morphological features. The captive brooders were first induced to breed with ovatide at 0.5-0.75 ml/ kg female and 0.15-0.25 ml/kg male. The interval between hormone injection and spawning ranged between 8 and 10 h at 26-28.5°C. The fertilization rate varied between 35.5 and 93%. The hatching period and hatching rate were 15-20 h and 98%, respectively. The eggs and embryos developed normally; the yolk-sac absorption period was 3-4 d. Subsequently, this species was also induced to spawn with ovaprim and the results compared with those of ovatide. Of the two spawning agents tested, ovatide was found to be marginally better than ovaprim. Histological examination showed the presence of immature, maturing and mature oocytes and post-ovulaotry follicle, whereas the testis comprised of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. The larvae reached a size of 1.45 g (3.7 cm) and 2.9 g (6.3 cm) after being reared for 25 and 55 d, respectively.

Authors :
N. Basavaraja, Nityanaibedya Biswal And K. Pau Biak Lun
Department of Aquaculture, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, College of Fisheries, Mangalore-575002, India.
 

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Observations on The Maturation and Spawning of Channa Punctata(Bloch, 1793) in Ukkadam Lake, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

By: M. Senguttuvan , A. A. Sivakumar

Page No : 171-183

Abstract
In the present study, C. punctata was found to breed throughout the year with peaks in April and September. Individuals of C. punctata seem to spawn once in a breeding season. The highest values of gonado-somatic index and relative condition factor were obtained during the peak spawning periods. Females mature earlier than males. The ratio between size at first maturity and maximum length (Lm/La) value for males (0.3904) and for females (0.3695) suggests low mortality rates. The values of Co-efficient of correlation (‘r’) between total length of fish and fecundity (0.9832), weight of fish and fecundity (0.9963) and ovary weight and fecundity (0.9852) were found to be significant. Sex[1]ratio deviated from the expected 1:1 ratio during all the months except in July.

Authors :
M. Senguttuvan
Department of Zoology, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore-641 014, India.

A.A. Sivakumar
Department of Environmental Science, Kovai Kalaimagal College of Arts & Science, Narasipuram P.O., Coimbatore-641 109, India.
 

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