Productivity : A Quarterly Journal of The National Productivity Council

ISSN: 0032-9924

e-ISSN: 0976-3902

Subject: Economics

Periodicity: Quarterly

DOI: 10.32381/PROD

Month(s) of Publication: Jun., Sept., Dec. & Mar.

Current Volume: 63 (2022-23)

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PRODUCTIVITY is the principal journal of the National Productivity Council of India. The Journal aims at disseminating information on concepts of and data on productivity and its growth in India and elsewhere. It also aims at disseminating knowledge on techniques and methods of productivity improvement through effective management of all types of resources. Thus contribution from a large spectrum of disciplines are accepted for publication.Only those manuscripts that present original results will be accepted of the publication in the Journal.The managerial/policy implications of the study should be highlighted separately towards the end of the paper.

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Volume 63 (2022-23) Issue 2 , (July-2022 to September-2022)

Jul-Sep. 2022

Productivity Linkage of India’s Export Competitiveness with Free Trade Agreement Partners by Kashika Arora and Biswajit Nag

Page: 133-142

Abstract: This paper makes an attempt to link export performance with productivity, using Indian data, to assess whether sectors with higher comparative advantage in the FTA partner markets have experienced increased productivity over the years. Changes in exports are then correlated with changes in productivity. The sectors to be studied were identified after calculating the Bilateral Revealed Comparative Advantage (BRCA), and productivity using Data Envelop Analysis (DEA). Malmquist Productivity Index at the sectoral level was used to calculate Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth. The findings from the paper reveal that though it is natural that due to intense competition at the international level, productive firms will survive; in reality, a few other factors play an important role. A labourabundant country tends to specialise in labour-intensive sectors, but due to low penetration of technology, its TFP growth is slower. Price advantages received by firms are solely due to cheaper labour costs. These firms face challenges in reaping the benefits from economies of scale, which is possible only when the scale of operations is larger, along with higher productivity. Also, the relationship between export competitiveness and productivity tends to ignore various forms of trade barriers. The introduction of new forms of non-tariff barriers mars productivity benefits. Regulatory barriers, licensing, etc. play an important role and productivity growth requires concurrent adherence to such barriers for higher exports.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.1

Are Indian Agricultural Commodities Competitive under the ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement? by Subhash Jagdambe and Rajesh Raushan

Page: 143-155

Abstract: The inclusion of the agricultural sector under the free trade agreement (FTA) has been a topic of discussion since its inception. This study addresses the question of whether the Indian agricultural commodities are competitive under the ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement (AIFTA). It relies on the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) data for ASEAN and India between the years 2001 and 2021. Methodologically, the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) index value was calculated to evaluate the competitiveness of India on 15 selected agricultural commodities. The study reveals that India has comparative advantage at the aggregate level but there are strong variations across the commodities at a disaggregate level. Commodities such as meat, spices, and cotton products were found to have strong comparative advantage reflecting India’s future export potential in the ASEAN market. On the contrary, commodities like diary, edible fruit coffee, soya-bean and palm oil products were found to be at a comparative disadvantage in the ASEAN market over the study period. There is a need to reframe the Indian agricultural trade policy and priority should be given to the exportoriented, high-value goods for augmenting competitiveness with the ASEAN countries in the future. JEL Classification: F14, F15, Q17

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.2

Proposed India-UK Free Trade Agreement: Estimating Potential Export Gains for India by Rinku Manocha and Niti Bhasin

Page: 156-168

Abstract: In view of the consistent efforts of India and UK to negotiate a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), the paper attempts to estimate the potential export gains for India from the proposed India-UK FTA. The trends of India’s exports to the UK have been analysed using compound annual growth rate. To estimate the potential short- and long-run impact of the FTA on India’s exports to the UK, the ARDL framework has been employed. The results indicate that market size and liberal trade policies are contributing to India-UK exports in the long-run. The tariff imposed by the UK on India’s exports was found to be negative and significant, both for the long- and short-run, thereby suggesting that reduction or removal of tariffs due to the FTA will significantly enhance trade gains for India.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.3

The Impact of Regional Trade Agreements on Trade between India and Belt and Road Initiative Nations by Hajra Manzoor and Parvez Ahmad Mir

Page: 169-176

Abstract: This article evaluates the influence of regional trade agreements (RTAs) and international borders on international trade between India and the BRI nations using the structural gravity framework. The methodology utilised in this research produces robust results by accounting for endogeneity, RTA phasing-ins, multilateral impacts, and multiple estimation techniques. This analysis demonstrates that the influence of RTAs on trade among India and the BRI countries becomes minimal when the consequences of globalization are considered. Furthermore, the diminishing influence of international borders on trade flow among member countries shows that more trade being facilitated between open economies.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.4

An Empirical Analysis of India’s Apparel and Textile Export Policies and Trade Agreements by Chandra Prabha and S N Jha

Page: 177-185

Abstract: This study emphasizes the policies, strategies, trade agreements, and export promotional activities undertaken by the Indian government to develop the Apparel and Textile Industry. The government’s emphasis is on improving textile manufacturing by building the best quality manufacturing capability, improving technology that fosters creativity, and enhancing competencies and conventional strengths in the textile sector to ensure inclusive and participatory growth for India. The primary data has been collected through a questionnaire to analyze exporters’ views and opinions on various issues related to government textile policies, promotional strategies, impact of national and international affairs on the textile export market, and on questions about problems and suggestions.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.5

The Performance of Tirupur Knitwear Cluster on Trade Agreements by E Bhaskaran

Page: 186-198

Abstract: The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME), Government of India (GoI) is adopting a cluster development approach for enhancing the productivity and competitiveness of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) and their collective. The Knitwear Cluster in Tirupur was formed during 2003 having MSEs with many interventions by UNIDO and Government of India as well as Government of Tamil Nadu under IIUS and MSE-CDP. The objectives of this research article are: to study the Business Analytics Performance of Tirupur Knitwear Cluster in areas such as diagnostic analysis, descriptive analysis, predictive analysis and prescriptive analysis; to study the diagnostic analysis based on UNIDO intervention in before and after Cluster Development Approach (CDA) to improve the efficiency of the industries, to study the descriptive analysis performance of knitwear export between Government of India and Government of Tamil Nadu, to study the descriptive analysis and predictive analysis of knitwear export based on Number of Units, Employment, Production and Export; to study the prescriptive analysis based on regression analysis and SEM; and to study impact asssessment and make recommendations to exporters, state and the central government on improvements in exports based on trade agreements. The study results show that there is increase in number of units, employment, production and turnover after the adoption of CDA when compared to before CDA. Global market for the knitwear exports from India is estimated at around an average of Rs. 53,884 crores, and from Tamil Nadu it is INR 26,814.17 crores from the year 2016-17 to 2021-22. Recommendations include that further trade agreements should be made with other untapped countries to increase exports of India and that the Government of India and Government of Tamil Nadu should create cluster policies based on export consortia variables.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.6

Trade Effects of Tariff Liberalization of India-UAE CEPA: An Examination by Saba Ismail and Shahid Ahmed

Page: 199-216

Abstract: The present study investigates the effects of tariff liberalization under the India-UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) using a partial equilibrium tool, the WITS-SMART model, to analyse the potential trade effects, specifically trade creation, trade diversion, welfare and revenue effects. Trade effects are assessed at two stages of classification, i.e., the UNCTAD stages of processing classification of goods and the HS 6-digit level of classification. The study examines the potential trade effects of a 100-percent tariff reduction by India and UAE on imports from each other, at the UNCTAD-SOP classification and HS 6-digit level using the SMART Model. The simulation results reveal that the India-UAE CEPA will result in approximately 70% trade creation and 30% trade diversion. The study argues that the India-UAE CEPA will result in trade diversion from many developed countries and other GCC member states, among others. It is pertinent for other GCC countries to negotiate an India-GCC FTA or CEPA to avoid possible trade diversion as a result of the India-UAE CEPA. The results also reveal positive consumer surplus gains for India and the UAE through the CEPA. The study argues that tariff reduction on imports from each other will result in losses in budget revenue, more so for India. Despite all advantages and disadvantages, the results show that overall, trade relations between India and the UAE have improved over time, but there is a lot of untapped potential in order to achieve welfare gains for both trading partners. Finally, the study cautions about the implications of a sensitive list for trade effects and protection from misuse of the rules of origin in the CEPA. JEL Classification: F1, F13, F14, F15, F17

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.7

An Analysis of Productivity Trends in Indian Manufacturing Sector by Chandrima Sikdar and Priya Harikumar

Page: 217-229

Abstract: Manufacturing sector in India has exhibited a rather stagnant growth over the years and has failed to create business and job opportunities, provide productive employment and drive exports. Against this backdrop, the present paper seeks to analyse the productivity performance of the sector during the last one-and-ahalf decade and identify the firm level characteristics impacting the productivity. Using industry level data from annual survey of industries and firm level data from CMIE prowess database, it is found that the manufacturing sector did experience growth in labour productivity and total factor productivity in some of the years during the period of study. However, the overall productivity growth has not been impressive in the sense that it lacked consistency and inclusivity. Examination of firm level characteristics reveals that features like size, R&D stock and age of firm have been the major drivers of growth. Hence, sectors characterised by large and technologically superior firms managed productivity growth while sectors with dominant share of smaller firms with lower R&D and technological capability have found this benefit elusive.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.8

Productivity Enhancement and Water Saving by SRI: A Study of Canal Irrigated Area by G Karthiga Devi, A Narayanamoorthy, P Jothi and K S Sujitha

Page: 230-238

Abstract: The new method of paddy cultivation known as the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) helps in saving water and increasing the productivity of paddy. SRI has been in practice over the last few years in India, but not many studies have attempted to find out whether the SRI method of paddy cultivation is useful to farmers in terms of saving water and increasing the yield of paddy, using data collected from canal irrigated areas. In this study, an attempt has been made to fill this gap using data collected from a total sample of 100 farmers from a district in the state of Tamil Nadu. The study shows that SRI farmers can save 33 percent on water, 26 percent on the cost of cultivation. Productivity can also be increased by about 48 percent, in comparison with non-SRI farmers.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.9

Handicrafts, ODOP and Aspirational Districts: Qualitative Observations from the Field Survey by Roli Misra, Nagendra Kumar and Shivani Tewari

Page: 239-244

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.02.10

Volume 63 (2022-23)

Volume 63 (2022-23) Issue 1 , (April-2022 to June-2022)

April-June

Infrastructure Development in India: Present Status, Global Positioning and Comparative Picture by Kishor Bhanushali

Page: 1-10

Abstract: India aims to become the world’s third largest economy (US$ 5 trillion) by 2025, a dream which was derailed to a certain extent because of the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several ways to achieving the target set, albeit with some time lag. One way to support the economy in such a high-pressure situation is through infrastructure development. A positive correlation between infrastructure development and economic development has been proved beyond doubt. Infrastructure development also supports socio-cultural development. The present paper is an attempt of understand the trends and status of infrastructure development in India. It is very important to take stock of the domestic situation in a global context, to have a more realistic picture and understand the gaps. The second part of the paper presents a comparative picture of infrastructure development in India and China.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.1

Does Physical Infrastructure Investment Facilitate Resilient and Sustainable Productivity in India? An Empirical Investigation
by Biswajit Paul and Ashish Kumar Sana

Page: 11-20

Abstract: Total factor productivity (TFP) is an important indicator for measuring the relationship between outputs (total product) and inputs i.e., factors of production. It is primarily related with labour and capital. Increased TFP is the result of economic growth, technological change, education, innovation, etc. India, as one of the emerging market economies, should play an effective role in ensuring resilience and sustainability with respect to productivity. The objective of the study is to examine the influence of Infrastructure Investment (PII) on TFP in India. Annual time series data from the Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) for the time period 1961 to 2020 has been used for this. Econometric tools such as Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Philips-Perron (PP) tests confirm the problem of non-stationarity at level. This problem was eliminated by taking first difference of all variables. Johansen Co-integration test was applied to find out co-integration. To capture the long-run and short-run causal relationships between PII and TFP, the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was applied. The results confirm that there is an impact of PII on TFP. Short-run causal effects of PII on TFP have also been found. The Error Correction Term (ECT) value reveals that the model is in equilibrium and adjusts itself to external shock. Each result shows evidences of validation of PII for TFP. This study can serve as a guideline for policy makers so that they can strive to make productivity sector resilient and sustainable in post-pandemic era.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.2

Energy Infrastructure in India: Challenges and Opportunities by Rajarshi Majumder, Subhadip Ghosh and Bidisha Chatterjee

Page: 21-34

Abstract: Productivity is the new buzzword for economic growth in the era of globalization, as countries with higher productivity levels enjoy a comparative advantage over their competitors. Infrastructure is critical in this quest for higher productivity, growth, and development, and energy infrastructure is one of its crucial components. Longterm planning for ensuring that energy demands are met has become an integral part of policy-making, as energy infrastructure requires a huge lump sum investment and has a long gestation period. So, capacity augmentation and installing energy infrastructure in its physical form (refineries, power plants, pipelines, distribution lines, and so on) have to be planned and executed early. In this paper, we first narrate India’s energy demand/consumption trends over the last four decades and then try to forecast future energy demands and related energy infrastructure needs over the medium to long run period of 20 years from 2020 to 2040. Total Primary Energy Consumption is expected to be more than double the current level, and electricity demand to treble. As a result, coal production, oil refining, gas importing and distribution, electricity generation, and transmission & distribution capacities all have to grow substantially. Thus, we are looking at massive infrastructure requirements for the energy production sector. Finally, policy implications are also discussed.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.3

Revisiting Infrastructure Development and Institutional Response for Mitigation of Air Pollution in India
by Naresh Kumar and Shiv Narayan Nishad

Page: 35-47

Abstract: Air pollution has become one of the major societal and environmental challenges in India that has put millions of people’s health at high risk. India has witnessed extreme pollution events (EPEs) that have become a major concern for the policy makers and decision makers. Therefore, effective and efficient management of air pollution has become the need of the hour. The present study explores the initiatives taken by government agencies to mitigate the impact of air pollution in terms of policy development, infrastructure development, and institutional response for the control and mitigation of the impact of air pollution.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.4

Infrastructure, Productivity and Poverty Nexus: The Case of Indian States by Akshay Dhume and R. S. Deshpande

Page: 48-71

Abstract: Infrastructure development has assumed greater importance in the post-1991 phase in India’s development. Theoretically, this is an important determinant that is expected to enhance productivity, leading to the creation of income generating opportunities that would help in alleviating poverty. The Indian government, at various points in time, has launched several projects aimed at achieving a high infrastructural base. In this study, an attempt was made to explore whether infrastructure has improved productivity and reduced poverty. Four infrastructure indicators were considered for this purpose namely: irrigation, power, transport. It is hypothesized that high productivity (GVO per capita) and poverty rate may be associated (positively or negatively) with infrastructural development. The results for productivity are a bit of a mixed bag, possibly due to the indicators themselves, but some of the results across states are quite interesting. This paper clearly brings out the patches that need policy interventions.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.5

Rural Health Infrastructure in India – A Study in Selected Villages of Karnataka by V. Basil Hans

Page: 72-82

Abstract: Health as a basic right is essential for the personal, social, economic and political development of every individual. Health is a valuable investment as well. It is more than 30 years since the member states of the World Health Organisation made an ambitious commitment to a global strategy of ‘Health for All by 2000 A.D.’ (i.e., HFA Goal), health as a basic right, and to the principles of primary health care. Moreover, health has no geographical boundaries. Good health like good governance has to be present everywhere in the form of good food and nutrition, health and best practices, and value orientation towards human dignity, including child protection and women empowerment. Thus, health is an inclusive problem for study and action. In India, despite modernisation and globalisation, good health infrastructure and services still seem to elude the countryside. Simply put, we need to address health problems at the village level. Health interventions are needed. Rural health services are essential to bring the rural folks to a more productive level and assimilate them in the national mainstream of manpower planning and human development. Every state must have this goal. The present study, however, is confined to one state, i.e. Karnataka. From the findings of the study, we can infer that there is a close relationship between rural economic development and health infrastructure. People take increasing interest in health promotion activities, but not always as resources are not adequate and accessible. There is inter-state, inter-district, inter-taluk, and inter-village disparities in this regard. It is only with the collaboration of the governments, private sector, and the third sector that we can make the much necessary headway. There should be no compromise on that.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.6

Infrastructure Development in Chennai Automotive Components Industry Cluster by E. Bhaskaran

Page: 83-96

Abstract: Chennai is nicknamed the ‘Detroit of Asia’ due to the presence of major automobile manufacturing units and allied industries around the city. The infrastructure of Ambattur, Thirumudivakkam and Thirumalisai Industrial Estates were required to be upgraded, and they formed the Chennai Auto Ancillary Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Company (CAAIIUC) for upgradation of the infrastructure of these three industrial estates. The CAAIIUC got funds under the Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Scheme (IIUS), DPIIT, Government of India and developed these three industrial estates, and utilized physical infrastructure and centralized facilities under the Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Scheme of the Government of India.

The objective was to perform a qualitative analysis of the CAAIIUC before and after the implementation of the IIUS Scheme. Qualitative data was collected from 100 industries using a questionnaire and analyzing the responses using Reliability Analysis, Descriptive Analysis, Factor Analysis, Correlation Analysis and Confirmatory Factory Analysis. Reliability Analysis proved that the data is excellent. Confirmatory Factory Analysis proved that the parameters on infrastructure, technology, procurement, production and marketing interrelationships are significant. There is a high degree of linkage between infrastructure and the other interrelationships like procurement, technology, production and marketing. Due to the implementation of the cluster development approach, the selling price of auto components of individual enterprises will decrease and they will be able to compete in the global market. The costs of marketing, infrastructure development, human resources, raw material and production will decrease and there will be an increase in the profit/turnover.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.7

An Assessment of Infrastructural Development and Enrollment in Elementary Education in Odisha by Himani Majhi and Minati Mallick

Page: 97-106

Abstract: Being an important component of the Human Development Index, education plays a very important role in the economic progress of an economy. The right to education has been enshrined as a fundamental right in the Constitution of India, which states that: “the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children aged six to fourteen years in such a manner as the state may, by law, determine.” Both the central and the state governments have been paying increased attention to the need to provide “education for all”. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is one of the flagship programmes of Government of India, which has been implemented in all the 30 districts of Odisha since 2001 in order to achieve universal elementary education. Availability of physical infrastructure is crucial for ensuring quality in elementary education. In this back drop an attempt has been made in the present study to construct a physical infrastructure index for government and private schools across the districts of Odisha, while assessing the role this plays in improving the enrolment (using secondary data collected from the report of DISE for the year 2014-15).

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.8

Impact of Adequacy of Social Infrastructure on Social Development in Uttar Pradesh by Sarvesh, Karuna Shanker Kanaujiya and Abhishek Singh

Page: 107-120

Abstract: Infrastructure is the prerequisite for the development of any economy. It is difficult to imagine the modern world without basic facilities. Education is a human right while health is a human need. Both education and health are necessary for human emancipation and the social development of regions. Among the various elements of the basic structural characteristics, health and education levels are the best showcases of regional development due to their dual functions as cause and effect of modernization. The proposed study establishes the relationship between social infrastructure and social development using the infant mortality rate (IMR) and literacy rate of Uttar Pradesh, and also attempts to find out the cause-effect relation between both.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.9

Effect of COVID-19 on Manufacturing MSMEs in Bangalore by Theresa Nithila Vincent, Bhoomika Lakshminarayana, Lakshmi Bhooshetty and Enu Chal

Page: 121-131

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the functioning of enterprises and posed a significant effect on the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector. This research intends to explore the effect of COVID-19 on the manufacturing MSMEs in Bangalore by studying the key performance indicators, namely, Labour, Revenue, Production and Supply Chain. The study also tries to determine the extent to which manufacturing MSMEs benefitted from government relief packages. The paper followed a mixed-method approach and employed the indexing method by assigning index scores to draw inferences about the level of effect caused by COVID-19 on the KPIs of manufacturing MSMEs. Primary data was collected from MSME owners through a structured online questionnaire. The government and the policymakers can use this research to draw insights and reinforce MSMEs in the short and long term.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.63.01.10

Volume 62 (2021-22)

Volume 62 (2021-22) Issue 4 , (January-2022 to March-2022)

January-March

The Dynamics of Health, Productivity, and Development: A Policy Prescription by Neha Purohit and Shankar Prinja

Page: 341-354

Abstract: There have been remarkable achievements in terms of life expectancy and mortality rates across the globe. The traditional economist accepted health as a by-product of economic prosperity, but was unable to explain the historical gains in health. Our paper discusses the empirical connections by which improvements in health lead to economic growth, and more broadly to human development, and examines health interventions in light of economic development. The review concludes that health is an important contributor to productivity and overall well-being, and this can be achieved through a multisectoral action. It endorses the “health in all policies” and targeting “causes of causes” approaches to achieve sustainable development.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.1

Women, Health and Productivity - Some Issues in India’s Development by V. Basil Hans

Page: 355-366

Abstract: India is on the path to becoming an economic superpower but its performance in the health component of human development, particularly that of women is not impressive at all. The typical advantage in life expectancy is not afforded to women in India. In the context of the new economics of liberalization and the challenges it presents to work, human security, and development, it is necessary to understand whether women are in a position to take advantage of the economic take-off. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to analyse the health issues of women in India in relation to their work environment, productivity, and welfare. It focuses on two broad areas of gender-based differences and inequalities, viz. the links between gender and economic productivity, and the development of human capital.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.2

Examining Socio-economic Inequalities in Tobacco Cessation in India: An Analysis of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2 by Rajmohan Panda, Supriya Lahoti and Rajath R Prabhu

Page: 367-376

Abstract: The aim of this study is to examine the socio-economic patterns of tobacco cessation among tobacco users (smokers as well as smokeless tobacco users). Data on tobacco users was derived from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2016-17 (GATS-2). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association of socio-demographic variables with tobacco cessation outcomes. Tobacco users of lower socio-economic status were found to be less successful in quitting, compared with their counterparts of higher socio-economic. The inequalities identified suggest targeted interventions for particular groups of tobacco users. Decreases in morbidity and mortality attributable to tobacco will have long-term effects on productivity of the population.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.3

Status of Child Health Deprivation in West Bengal during 2005-06 to 2015-16: A Multidimensional Analysis by Satyanarayan Kumbhakar, Shama Firdaush and Pinaki Das

Page: 377-386

Abstract: This paper assesses the child health deprivation ratio, intensity, and determinants of multidimensional child health deprivation in West Bengal using unit level data from the two latest rounds, 2005- 06 and 2015-16, of the National Family Health Survey. Our analysis shows that children were more deprived in terms of health rather than in terms of nutrition, sanitation, and safe drinking water. Child health deprivation in West Bengal has decreased significantly over time, but still remains a major concern. Ordered logistic regression illustrates that higher education levels, health insurance, supplementary nutrition and other services from ICDS play a vital role in reducing child deprivation in West Bengal.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.4

The Performance of Pharma and Biotechnology Clusters in Tamil Nadu by E. Bhaskaran

Page: 387-398

Abstract: A few Chennai-based micro and small enterprises manufacturing steel products faced a few issues with reference to value addition in the pharma products manufactured by them. The Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) approached the Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) and the Government of India (GoI) through the Tamil Nadu Small Industries Development Corporation (TANSIDCO) and formed a cluster at Alathur Pharma, SIDCO Industrial Estate, Chennai for the installation of a Common Effluent Treatment Plant. The objective is to examine the physical and financial performance of the Pharma clusters, and ascertain the productivity of the cluster by analyzing independent variables like No. of Units, Employment and Production, and dependent variables like Exports. The methodology adopted for this study consists of collecting primary data like no. of units [Un], employment in no’s [En], production in crores [Pc] and exports in crores [Ec], and its analysis using tools such as Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), Descriptive Analysis, Correlation Analysis, Trend Analysis, Regression Analysis, Structural Equation Modelling, and Value Chain Analysis. There is an increase in the number of units, employment, production, and exports after adopting the Cluster Development Approach, leading to an increase in productivity, which is expected to continue well into the future.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.5

Economic Growth and Inequality: Non-linearity by Mohd Azhar Ud Din Malik and Muzamil Jan

Page: 399-407

Abstract: This paper studies the impact of nonlinear income distribution on economic growth in the developing world. Understanding whether there is a trade-off between growth and inequality is fundamental in order to pay adequate attention to those policies that fend increases in inequality, which may harm overall growth. Beyond simple organizational identity implied by the cross-country panel regression analyses and Kuznets curve, this work attempts to shed light on the impact and dynamic causal relationship between inequality and economic growth — using vector auto regression (VAR) models and vector error correction model (VECM) for individual economies. The study highlights constituents such as access to legal and credit systems for the poor, which are fundamental for creating an egalitarian society and to eliminate the unfair advantages enjoyed by the rich. It also provides useful means for promoting participation through designing and monitoring programs and projects. Given the increasing challenges of reducing inequalities, economies could create a proper inequality quarry as a binding constraint in achieving economic growth, rather than using strategies like growth first and redistribution later.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.6

Labour Productivity, Structural Change and Economic Growth: State Level Analysis of Indian Economy
by Sanjeev Kumar, Kavita Baliyan and Simran

Page: 408-420

Abstract: The economic reforms of 1991, Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation (LPG) changed the composition and structure of the emerging Indian economy significantly, which reallocated factors of economic activities in India transversely. It is in this context that the present paper examines the emerging trends in labour productivity, structural changes, and economic growth in India at an aggregate as well as disaggregate level during the period 1980-81 to 2017-18. The study analyses the contribution of productivity growth and structural change to the overall economic growth at the country as well as the state level. The McMillan and Rodrik growth accounting approach was employed which decomposes labour productivity growth into ‘within’ sector and ‘structural change’ components. The progress is diverse across the state level in India, indicating that labour has not been exiting agriculture as fast as the share of value added by agriculture has been declining. The results also reveal that changing final demand is the most crucial factor in labour reallocation in India. Due to its existing structure, India is capable of leading global economic growth in the future. There is a great need for policies on human capital development, and outwardoriented, economic reform measures.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.7

Impact of Lockdown on Returnee Migrant Workers: A Study in Two Villages in Uttar Pradesh by Bhaskar Majumder

Page: 421-429

Abstract: The reason why the migrant workers decided to return home postdeclaration of lockdown abruptly declared by the Government of India, was their immediate job loss. Also, they had been evicted by their landlords for non-payment of rent. The distressed migrant workers’ return home was different from reverse migration in that it was not accompanied by any informed job opportunity at the root state. This paper examines the impact of lockdown on returnee migrant workers.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.8

Prioritization of Ecologically Sensitive Regions at Disaggregated Levels in Dakshina Kannada District, Central Western Ghats by T V Ramachandra, Bharath Setturu and Vinay S

Page: 430-461

Abstract: Ecological sensitivity refers to the permanent and irreversible damage of existing biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem with a considerable erosion in the functional aspects of progression and speciation with the alterations in the ecological integrity of a region. The comprehensive knowledge of the ecological fragility of a region will aid in evolving strategies of conservation. This entails understanding factors responsible for ecological sensitivity, including landscape dynamics, to visualize future transitions to mitigate the problems of haphazard and uncontrolled development approaches. Ecological sensitive regions at disaggregated levels were identified in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka State, India. The 33% (24 grids) of the area corresponding to 54 villages represents ESR 1, 20% (15 grids) of the area is demarcated as ESR 2 covering 81 villages, 28% (20 grids) of the area encompassing 145 villages shows ESR 3, and 19% area (14 grids) covering 100 villages ESR 4. Regions ESR 1 and ESR 2 indicate high ecological sensitiveness that needs to be protected with stringent conservation measures. ESR 3 denotes a zone of moderate conservation, with scope for structured developmental activities. ESR 4 represents a zone of the least diverse space, with the potential for developmental activities in accordance with the local requirements under stringent regulatory monitoring with vigilance.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.9

Community Resilience and Climate Justice for Sustainable Development in India by Kiran Prasad

Page: 462-468

Abstract: India has experienced several climate disasters which have had an adverse effect on the large rural population of 857 million, who are among the most vulnerable and in need of climate justice. There is a resurgence of community resilience underscored through the philosophical strands interwoven in the cultures, traditions, religions, and values that accord special merit to ecological conservation and the regeneration of nature. People’s participation in the process of development and localized solutions to their problems leads to self-reliance which is on the basis of the Atmanirbhar Bharat policy being promoted by the government. The pandemic has sparked a rethinking of the much trodden economic development path to a people-centric approach based on building and strengthening social capital and community participation for sustainable development. This paper will analyze the interrelations between communication and culture for building resilient communities for the mitigation of climate change, and strategic action towards climate justice that lies at the heart of inclusive sustainable development.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2022.62.04.10

Annual Index of Productivity Vol. 62
(April 2021– March 2022)

Page: 469-470

Volume 62 (2021-22) Issue 3 , (October-2021 to December-2021)

October-December

Attitudinal Segmentation of Mobile Banking Users: A Perspective on Continuance Intention
by VIBHUTI TRIPATHI, ANKITA KHARE AND KUMAR SAURABH

Page: 209-224

Abstract: India is inching towards digitalisation of essential services riding on technological innovations and development. In the drive to digitise, banks are offering various services through different platforms and mobile banking is one such service. Users’ mindsets and demographics are changing. In this competitive era, it is difficult for the banking organisations to retain their initial adopters to continue utilising their services. This makes identification of the antecedents of continuance intention of mobile banking usage an important research area that can help the banks to segment their markets on the basis of user attitude to effectively formulate strategies and retain their existing users.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.1

“Virtual Erudite” as a New Entry in Segmentation by AJAI PRAKASH AND AJITESH K. TIWARI

Page: 225-234

Abstract: Improvements in productivity are the mainstay of manufacturing companies. These companies face the challenge of identifying suitable groups of customers to present their offerings and hence are on a constant lookout for innovations either in their product, ways to market the product, or to influence other stages in their value chain. Given the emergence of diversified purchase platforms, a new insight is the emerging segment of ‘virtually erudite’ customers that emerges out of this research. This segment promises a range of gains for both companies and customers in the given group. Frameworks for segmentation are evolving, and the most significant evolution in recent times is the departure from existing frameworks due to technological interventions. This piece of research establishes how there is a shift from the traditional brick and mortar purchase considerations to the behaviour of the virtually erudite segment. The research finds out how humans of different age groups exhibit different purchase behaviour (this is true for the year 2021). Differences in purchase behaviour have evolved due to technological exposure and technology adaptation which gives rise to technological rationality. The result of complete interaction between the abovementioned variables is the virtual erudite segment. Segmentation as we all know is the classification of a group of customers with different needs into sub-groups with similar needs and preferences. This has its own ramifications at the production level also. The STP model which consists of segmentation, targeting, and positioning is well accepted in modern marketing. It is important to create a clear segmentation strategy to successfully implement STP practices in the current dynamic environment. The approach falters if the right criteria have for segmentation are not set. The following work looks at how technology has influenced the understanding of the prospects of customer groups and has changed their perception, process of purchase, and post purchase behaviour. This work has been addressed to four different groups consisting of students, businessmen, servicemen, and executives of the e-commerce platforms, through unstructured questionnaires. The work introduces virtual erudite as a new category of segmentation, and presents a detailed discussion on how this category has evolved and is applicable to most parts of the globe.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.2

Assessing The Stability of Market Segments Using Indexes by ROHIT VISHAL KUMAR

Page: 235-247

Abstract: The purpose of marketing is to match the needs and wants of the customers with the products and services offered by the producers. In order to do so effectively and efficiently, manufacturers and producers need to understand the consumer markets and plan their offerings. This is achieved by (a) deciding which consumer groups to focus on (segmenting and targeting) and (b) the image of the organisation that needs to be created in the marketplace (positioning). These two decisions are critical to the organisation as they decide on the long-term commitment of the organisation and cannot be easily reversed. In this paper, we aim to focus on understanding market segmentation stability using cluster indexes. We look at 10 cluster indexes and then demonstrate the process using a real-world database. It is to be remembered that the focus of this paper is not to make readers expert on segmentation but to demonstrate how we can create better segments using the modern tools and techniques available to us.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.3

Market Segmentation Framework for Generation Alpha Cohorts by ANAND SHANKAR RAJA M, DEEP JYOTI GURUNG AND THERESA NITHILA VINCENT

Page: 248-254

Abstract: The Generation Alpha cohort is a customer group made up of children born after 2010 to millennial parents. Universally recognised as a distinct segment, this generation is at ease with technology, is incredibly tech-savvy, and is very active on social media from a young age. Communicating with this cohort must be done in a way that appeals to them and through the media they utilise. The literature suggests that increased exposure to social media advertisements stimulates Generation Alpha to become customers with persuasive power over their parents’ buying behaviour. This research employs a qualitative approach, using the content-coding technique, to profile Generation Alpha and propose a framework for market segmentation. Using this framework, marketers can fine-tune marketing strategies focusing on business sustainability.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.4

Examining Causal Variables Triggering Indian Farmer Suicide: Rising Rural Health Concern by Priyanka Murria

Page: 255-262

Abstract: The Indian agrarian economy is facing a distress situation on account of mounting farmer suicides year after year. This is a serious socio-economic issue as it affects not only the farmers but also their families. A staggering number of farmer suicides have been reported, particularly in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and West Bengal. This has aggravated the Indian agricultural sector that is already battling problems such as under-performance, low production, and low vigour for a long time now. In October this year, India Today reported that over 15,000 farmers has committed suicide in Maharashtra in a span of 6 years from 2013 to 2018. This is the just one instance of the reporting on farmers suicide over the past few years. These suicides have posed a big question mark on the Indian economy, ranked seventh in terms of nominal GDP by the IMF Economic Forum in 2018. On the one side, the Indian economy is on its way to becoming the 5th largest economy of the world by surpassing United Kingdom and France in 2019. On the other side, its farm sector is facing distress deaths and massive despair. The present paper, therefore, makes an attempt to investigate these incidents and uncover the causal variables leading to this epidemic that is rapidly spreading to the entire country.

The paper is divided under four sections. Section I provides an introduction to farmer suicides in India. In addition, the objectives and methodology of the paper have been discussed. In Section II, an attempt has been made to highlight the gravity of this issue which is hampering the health of Rural Indian Economy. A factsheet has been prepared that enumerates the facts and figures related to this issue. Further, in Section III, an extensive review of research work on farmer suicides has been done in order to describe the critical causal variables. For this purpose, the literature and figures from 1995 to 2021 have been considered. The paper ends with Section IV where concluding remarks have been mentioned along with some suggestive measures.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.5

Economic Returns of Sweet Potato Cultivation: A Field Level Analysis in South India
by P. JOTHI, C. RENUKA AND N. DEVIKA

Page: 263-271

Abstract: Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, but the truth is, the situation of the farmers is dire. India has a lot of sectors and professions, and they seem to grow at a healthy rate. The agriculture sector has also grown extensively, but farmers have been struggling to improving their quality of life, especially in times of distress, such as climate change and disaster (Covid 19). Therefore, an attempt has been made in this study to analyze the economic returns of sweet potato cultivation using farm level data collected from Kalaiyar Kovil block, Sivagangai district of Tamil Nadu. The study reveals that sweet potato cultivation provides a number of benefits, especially for the poor and marginal farmers. Sweet potato is comparatively free from many serious diseases in India, although the crop has been reported susceptible to more than 40 diseases in other countries. Consequently, sweet potato is considered as a win-win crop as an environmentally sound and a farmer-friendly crop. Sweet potatoes cultivation demands less pesticides, fertilizers and labour, because of which, there is lesser land degradation. Besides, the profit realized from sweet potato cultivation is substantially higher at about `65,142 / acre.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.6

Drivers behind the Choice of Sector of Activity by Women in Uttar Pradesh: Examining NSSO & PLFS Data by NOMITA P. KUMAR AND ACHALA SRIVASTAVA

Page: 272-291

Abstract: This paper is based on different rounds of National Sample Survey Organization data from 1993–94 to the recent PLFS (2017-18) unit level data to elaborate on the patterns and trends of female labour-force participation in Uttar Pradesh’s labour market. It charts the extent of the recent downward plunge in Female Labour-force Participation Rates (FLPR) and estimates the contribution of various demographic and socioeconomic factors affecting their participation in the labour market. An analysis of the data reveals that female labour force participation dropped between 2004-05 to 2017–18 in rural areas (14.9 percent points) and in urban areas during the same period (6.4 percent points). It develops a multinomial regression model based on unit level data from the NSSO to comprehend factors that influence the choice of employment in both informal and formal labour markets in Uttar Pradesh. The variables selected for the analysis are income deciles, social groups, religion, educational level, age, and household size, as these are the drivers of the decisions pertaining to the choice of sectors whether informal or formal. Informal workers include unpaid family workers, self-employed, and casual wage workers. Women in the age group 15-59 were studied to ascertain their choice of economic activities.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.7

Measuring the Financial Performance of the Dairy Industry by Applying Discriminant Function Analysis by P. Sarveswara Rao And N. Madhava Rao

Page: 292-312

Abstract: Seven dairy units, spread over the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh were studied for a period of 7 years, using Discriminant Analysis. The study is divided into two sections; the first section deals with the identification of a set of variables to construct a model for evaluating the performance of the dairy units; the second section is concerned with developing the discriminant function to predict the nature of the performance.

Z= -22.009 – 3.21*CR + 6.92*LR + 12.71*STCR + 0.21*SWCR + 28.32*BFWC + 32.56*PR + 1.99*DER +1.19 * GPR – 0.318 *NPR+ 2.968 * ICR — (6.1)

We evaluated the function given in (6.1) for each unit by substituting the values of the 10 FRs mentioned in the function, which gave us the Z-Scores for each unit. If the score was equal to or more than the cutoff value, the unit was classified as good; otherwise it was classified as poor. We concluded that three dairies are good performers, and the remaining four dairies are poor performers.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.8

An Analysis of Impact of Occupation on Income, Remittances and Expenditure of International Return Migrant Labourers of Uttar Pradesh in Gulf Countries by MOHAMMED TAUKEER

Page: 313-329

Abstract: Uttar Pradesh is ranked first in the labour migration from India to the Gulf countries according to the analysis of emigration clearance data of the ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. In this content the present paper analysed the impact of occupation on income, remittances and expenditure of international return migrant labourers of Uttar Pradesh in Gulf countries. I conducted field work between November 2017 and March 2018 in selected rural and urban areas of Lucknow district in Uttar Pradesh. The findings from the study show that semi-skilled including drivers, tailors, welders, plumbers, and electricians gained skills of occupation through informal mode during internal migration in cities of India while skilled migrant including managers and engineers gained skills of occupation through formal mode in training institutions/organisations in India. It is found that there was interconnection between internal and international migration because a vast majority of the international return migrant labourers were involved in internal migration before migration to Gulf countries. Analyses of primary data show that international return migrant labourers gained more income in Gulf countries relative to internal migration in India. Skills of occupation determined the pattern of income, remittances, and expenditure of international return migrant labourers in both internal and international migration. Apart from this, analyses of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) model show that there were significant differences in the pattern of income, remittances, and expenditure of international return migrant labours according to the skills of occupation in Gulf countries.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.9

Consequences of Online Learning of Students by S. CATHERINE REX

Page: 330-339

Abstract: Physical classroom learning is no longer the sole mode of learning for the current younger generations (Gen Y onwards) nowadays. Internet-enabled distance learning, generally known as online education plays a vital role in the country’s education system. It is undeniable that online education provides ample of benefits to young learners. Nevertheless, there are many negative implications from online education. Limited collaborative learning, increase in time spent and effort are some negative implications of online education. This study examines such implications of online education among students, especially during the pandemic. Data was collected through a survey questionnaire and interviews, and was analyzed using SPSS. The study found that there are various serious issues with online education and its effect on the quality of the education provided in India to a certain extent. Several issues were identified, which have to be resolved in order to sustain the quality of education for future generations. Furthermore, India should formulate a standard policy, monitor the implementation of online education closely, evaluate and review the teaching methods used and institute regular upgrades in order to maintain the quality of online education.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.03.10

Volume 62 (2021-22) Issue 2 , (July-2021 to September-2021)

Jul-Sep

Technology, Productivity Growth, and Productivity-Employment Trade-offs by Arup Mitra

Page: 103-111

Abstract: The paper tries to reflect on the concept of total factor productivity growth and its determinants, including technology, infrastructure and trade openness. The inverse relationship between labour productivity growth and employment growth becomes distinct particularly when one of the two grows rapidly. Policy planners would advocate for countries with low wages to have higher productivity growth so that the benefits can be transferred partly to the workers. On the other hand, sluggish productivity growth along with slow employment growth is not a desirable outcome. Only when value added growth is stepped up by total factor productivity growth (i.e., TFP-driven growth), employment growth can still be faster, particularly if the technology is labour intensive in nature and/or the “scale effect” is substantial.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.1

Technology Readiness Level: An Assessment of the Usefulness of this Scale for Translational Research by Sujit Bhattacharya, Vipan Kumar and Shiv Narayan Nishad

Page: 112-124

Abstract: Technology assessment at different stages of a ‘technology development cycle’ is critical for successful technology development and deployment. One of the useful frame works for technology assessment is the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale. This paper draws attention to the evolution of this scale, making an implicit argument that revisiting the technologies developed in India through a suitably modified TRL scale can provide a useful direction for technology development and in translation/commercialization. It highlights the CSIR TRL assessment to show how the scale is developed in actual practice. It concludes with the challenges that need to be addressed while implementing this scale.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.2

Advancement of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology in Clinical Research by Bhawna Srivastava and Reddy P. B.

Page: 125-131

Abstract: CRISPR has emerged recently as a powerful molecular tool to quickly alter any mutated sequence of DNA in any gene accurately. Scientists have found it to be more efficient and accurate than other existing genome editing methods, that has the potential to transform genetic research and can greatly impact human health, food security, and environmental sustainability.

The present study is based on secondary data obtained from various data sources. Results reveal that the CRISPR-Cas9 system consists of a Cas9 enzyme and a guide RNA, which has become an indispensable alternative tool for producing targeted mutations. Owing to its relative simplicity and cost-effectiveness compared to other molecular clippers (ZFN and TALEN), the CRISPR-Cas9 method has been revealed to have an immense control on genetic studies regardless of the species variation. This revolutionary CRISPR technology has been successfully applied in the treatment of wide range of genetic diseases, and in the food and agriculture industries to achieve environmental sustainability.

In the present manuscript, we will briefly introduce the CRISPR/ Cas9 system and talk about the issues and concerns around the CRISPR system. Besides, their applications in the treatment of a wide range of genetic diseases, and future perspectives on the CRISPR system will be described. Despite its immense prospects, major issues including off-target activity, method of delivery, and ethical and regulatory issues still remain unresolved. In this paper, we explore the up-to-date evolution in the CRISPR–Cas9 technology and its applications in the clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of several common human diseases along with its current status in India.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.3

Industrial Energy Demand and Technological Change: A Firm-level Analysis of the Manufacturing Sector of India by Santosh Kumar Sahu and Satyanarayanan Seshadri

Page: 132-144

Abstract: This paper examines the firm-level determinants of productionrelated energy use in Indian manufacturing firms from 2008 to 2019. The methodological approach is to estimate a system of factor share equations for the Indian manufacturing sector. Our main results indicate that non-natural (biased) technological change explains ‘factor-saving’ for energy and labour, ‘factor-using’ for capital and materials, energy complements materials and capital, and substitutes for labour in terms of cross-price elasticities.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.4

Technology-enabled Retail and Consumer Takeaways for the Post Vaccine Arena by Vijayendra Gupta and Monica Verma

Page: 145-151

Abstract: Physical retail stores have switched to online selling after the pandemic. Since 19th March 2020, when a countrywide lockdown was declared by Shri N. Modi, the fear of the COVID19 virus and restrictions resulted in fewer consumers stepping out of their homes. Consumers have started shopping online and retailers have started buying & selling online. The order volume for unicommerce, ecommerce have increased by 31% in second quarter in year – on – year (e-commerce SaaS platform). Technological innovations are driving retail forward quickly, and retailers who can’t keep pace face risk of losing ground — both to online contenders and to physical stores that are making their own investments in digital transformations. (Text from: https://biztechmagazine.com/ resources/white-paper/technology-boost-retail-productivity). This study draws attention to some neglected strands of productivity of the retail sector. Through qualitative research, it will provide useful insights into productivity strategies that could allow productivity enhancements in the area of Digital Services Marketing. Digitalfirst and omnichannel retailers were able to transition more easily, but retailers that prioritized physical stores and face-to-face engagement over omnichannel strategies have struggled to respond. The study covers various aspects of e-commerce, but the focus will be on gathering qualitative insights from market participants on such trends, practices, and issues, which are relevant to the online retailing business of the existing physical and online retailers. The authors will describe productivity of the retail sector as a service. They will identify and describe exemplary anecdotes, with supportive data to describe how productivity of the retail business in India has increased because of the boost by technological advancement, and also suggest some strategies for global retailers.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.5

Technology Intervention in the Nilgiris Sweater Cluster by Dr. E. Bhaskaran

Page: 152-169

Abstract: The micro manufacturing enterprises in Coonoor, Niligiris manufacturing woolen sweaters have to depend on the common facility centre to meet their technology, value addition and productivity needs by adopting the Cluster Development Approach. They formed the Coonoor Sweater Cluster (CSC) to make use of the common facility centre through technology inter-relationships for cost minimization and profit maximization by converting wool into sweaters. The objective is to study the effects of technology adopted by the Coonoor Sweater Cluster and the Difference in Differences (DID) between the control and experimental variables on productivity after the policy interventions by the Government of India and the Government of Tamil Nadu. The value chain was studied and cluster maps were formed. Data was collected from 125 Coonoor sweater manufacturers and analysed using statistical tools like Descriptive Statistics, CAGR, Correlation, Trend, Regression Analysis, and Structural Equation Modelling. Physical Performance is on an increasing trend in terms of no. of units, employment and production, as are financial performance measures like turnover as per increasing CAGR. To conclude, after the new technology intervention and value chain analysis, the profit earned per firm has increased. The difference in difference (DID) of the control group (who have not undergone Cluster Development Approach) and the treatment group (who have undergone Cluster Development Approach) shows a significant difference in the number of units, employment, production, and turnover, with an increase in productivity. This is due to the adoption of latest technology in cluster development approach by experimental group by managing latest technology in common facility centre available in the Cluster. The interrelationships because of the cluster approach enables members make use of infrastructure, procurement, technology, production, and marketing successfully.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.6

Mitigating Risks in Food Security through Transparency and Traceability of Agro-Supply Chain by Rachita Gupta and Ravi Shankar

Page: 170-179

Abstract: The agricultural supply chain has the capability to strengthen the social and economic well-being of a nation, if it can be run effectively and efficiently. This requires accelerating the transformation of the agro supply chain from its traditional approach to an innovative and technologically advanced one. The adoption of blockchain technology enhances the transparency and traceability of the entire agro supply chain through the elimination of trust related issues among the involved actors. By leveraging the benefits of blockchain technology, policymakers can work towards achieving food security by ensuring availability and accessibility of quality food for citizens. To attain this, the concerned authorities should have a thorough understanding of the various risks associated with food security issues in the existing food system. This research involves the identification of food security risks and their classification in three categories based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Further, a conceptual framework has been developed to assess the impact of blockchain technology on the resultant risk categories; social, economic, and operational risks.The study provides valuable insights to decision makers as to how they can adopt blockchain technology throughout agro supply chain in order to deal with existing risks.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.7

Revamping Hospitality Industry Cycle in COVID-19 Scenario: An Indian Perspective by Anurodh Godha

Page: 180-190

Abstract: Hospitality organizations across the industry are struggling; sustainability has been especially hard during the COVID-19 crisis.Permanent and temporary layoffs were inevitable for the survival of many Indian hospitality organizations. The COVID-19 outbreak limited traveller mobility and hotels observed drops in occupancy rates and revenue per available room (RevPar), as people were required to stay at home. It is clear that uncontrollable factors and events in India adversely affected the hospitality industry and its performance. The key to success for all hospitality organizations is to identify early indicators of these consumer actions and provide proper service based on the current customer behaviours (Lee & Ann, n.d.). This paper discusses the effects of COVID-19 on the hotel industry and analyse the seven main revamping strategies in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. These strategies are: 1) live update about sanitization, 2) fitness certification of hotel and F&B staff members, 3) use of UV sterilizer and disinfection spray, 4) use of technology, 5) redesign space, 6) avoiding over crowding, and 7) overall hygiene. This paper is based on an overview of the relevant literature on these revamping strategies. The author will investigate how the hospitality industry can recover post COVID-19, and how it can be made sustainable in a dramatically changed world. Anexploratory research design has been used, convenient sampling was employed for data collection, and the appropriate statistical tools were used for analysis. This paper presents a charter for the hospitality industry post COVID-19. The recommended revamping strategies are intended to help hotels recover from the COVID-19 pandemic.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.8

Problems and Prospects of Drip Irrigation In Tamil Nadu by G. Nedumaran and M. Manida

Page: 191-196

Abstract: The drip system of irrigation is said to have a major impact on agricultural resource and cost savings, yield of crops and overall profitability. Hence, the drip system of irrigation should be extensively promoted, especially in those areas where there is insufficient water for irrigation. However, there is resistance from farmers because the lateral pipes required for this system are expensive, and are susceptible to salt deposits and rodent damage. The majority off armers are not able to replace the damaged laterals. Other factors that lead to low adoption of the drip irrigation system are lack of knowledge about maintenance, inability to monitor the drippers continuously, lack of follow up activities or service from the drip company, and unavailability of spare parts.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.9

How Relevant are Management Courses? (Reflections from the Field) by Rukmani Devi and S K Pant

Page: 197-207

Abstract: In recent years, the education sector has been visualized not only its ability to enhance human capability but also by its potential to provide people with an assured and lasting future. The ensuing study covers the district of Allahabad from Uttar Pradesh, and is based on primary and secondary data. While the secondary data has been procured from the AICTE website, ASSOCHAM reports and some other reports published by State Governments and the Central Government; primary data has been collected from the eight management institutes in Allahabad from both government and private sectors that recorded the highest levels of enrollment.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.10

Volume 62 (2021-22) Issue 1 , (April-2021 to June-2021)

Apr-Jun. 2021

Trailing Towards Self-Reliance in Pulses in India
by D.P. Malik, Neeraj Pawar, Monika Devi and Sanjay

Page: 1-14

Abstract: Grain legumes are excellent sources of protein, dietary fibres, starch, micronutrients and vitamins particularly for economically poor section of population in India. The study is targeted to analyse the growth in area and production, demand, availability and trade of pulses in India and also to examine policy options for enhancing pulses production. Pulses reached an all-time high production level of 23.92 million tonnes in TE2018–19. Pulses production registered an annual increase of 3.84 per cent in nearly last two decades owing to the expanding area and better yield. Madhya Pradesh alone contributed about one-third (30.95%) of pulses production in India indicating a growth rate of 5.57 per cent. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh are sharing about 70 per cent of total pulses production in India. Chickpea, lentil and pigeon pea are greatly cultivated in these states having a dominant place in global production. Uttar Pradesh had indicated negative sign in pulses due to shifting of area towards wheat, paddy, oilseeds and sugarcane because of encouraging public policies and profitability. The chickpea area is mostly concentrated in central and southern region of India owing to evolution of short duration with tolerance of biotic and abiotic stresses. The net availability of pulses in India improved noticeably in recent years reaching to a level of 20.40 kg/year /capita as a result of higher internal production and large imports from North America, Russia, Australia, Myanmar and African nations. India imported one-fourth of total pulses production, mainly lentil, dry peas, pigeon pea, mung bean and urad bean to meet the rising demands of vegetarian population. India also exported Kabuli chickpea and organic pulses, a small portion of total production in Indian sub-continent, to African nations and Gulf countries.

For sustainable and higher production in India, concerted research efforts are required for development of cultivars having biotic and abiotic resistance with suitability for different agro-ecologies with continued support for adoption of improved production and protection technologies from various crop development programmes to realize higher farm yield. The additional area under pulses needs to be explored by extending cultivation in rice fallow areas in the eastern and coastal states, replacement with low productive crops, intercropping and cultivation on farm. Besides, robust market mechanism, price deficiency payment mechanism, lower limit of hoarding, proper storage facilities and creation of buffer stock, lucrative MSP and value addition are also required for sustaining pulses production in India. The PPP model and formation of FPOs for pulses should be extended to harvest higher yield and to benefit resource-poor pulse growers by undertaking activities such as assembling, processing, retailing etc. and also through collective bargaining. The pulses should be included in TDPS, MDM and SNP programmes to address nutrient deficiency and better accessibility of pulses to the under privileged sections of population.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.1

Poverty and Food Insecurity in India: Exploring Linkages between Ownership Rights to Women Farmers and Food Security by Seema Mallik

Page: 15-23

Abstract: Despite rapid economic growth since the 1990s and agricultural reforms, India continues to be home to the largest number of the poor and the hungry in the world. Food security continues to elude large sections of vulnerable population, particularly in rural India. Different welfare schemes that have been initiated have increased their dependency on the government. As agriculture continues to be the backbone of rural economy employing the largest chunk of the population, despite its contribution to the GDP falling, the paper argues that agriculture and its allied activities need to be strengthened not only to feed millions but to ensure self-reliance of rural India. Further, as there is an increase of women–headed households and the feminization of agriculture, empowerment of women is crucial in reducing poverty and dependency in the rural economy while also ensuring food security. In this regard, the paper argues that ownership rights of land and other resources of production to women will empower them socially and economically, and increase their decision-making powers in family and community. These entitlements will build their capabilities and ensure food security, wherein family gets access to food and nutrition.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.2

Agro-ecosystem Based Approaches for Sustainable Enhancement of Rice Productivity in Kerala by B. Shanmugasundaram and Neetha Rose

Page: 24-31

Abstract: Agro-ecosystems provide various benefits termed as ecosystem services. Currently, more than 60 percent of ecosystem services supply is facing destruction or degradation. Rice is the staple crop of Kerala, cultivated in 7 diversified agro-ecosystems. The area and production under rice cultivation experienced a steep fall while productivity improved at a slow pace. This situation aggravated the problems such as food insecurity, poor profitability, environmental and ecological issues. Keeping in view the ecological significance and multifunctionality of rice ecosystems, the agro-ecosystem based approaches are best as it balances economic and ecological effects.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.3

One District One Product (ODOP) Scheme: A Tale of Two Agricultural Products in
Eastern Uttar Pradesh by Roli Misra, Nagendra Kumar Maurya and Shivani Tewari

Page: 32-42

Abstract: Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in the country, dominated by agrarian activities, continues to be backward in the national context and also in intra-state comparisons. The Eastern U.P. comprising of 28 districts is officially designated as the most backward region in Uttar Pradesh and each district faces situational factors of development which are unique to it. In 2018, the government of Uttar Pradesh came out with a unique scheme ‘One District One Product (ODOP)’ which was launched in 75 districts of the state. This scheme’s purpose is to encourage a district-specific product, either agricultural or craft-based, which has the potential to increase employment and means of livelihood. In this backdrop, this study attempts to analyze the impact of the ODOP scheme in increasing productivity of agricultural goods, generating employment and enhancing incomes of the beneficiaries in two aspirational districts of the Eastern Uttar Pradesh, namely, Balrampur and Siddharthnagar.The ODOP products of these two districts are Masoor Dal (Red Lentil) and Kalanamak rice, respectively. This study utilizes data collected through a field survey in the selected districts through a structured questionnaire. The study takes a qualitative and case study approach to analyze the problems and prospects in implementation of the ODOP scheme and suggest some policy interventions for making it a game changer in the upliftment of the beneficiaries of ODOP products.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.4

The Performance of Paddy and Rice Mill Cluster in Thanjavur District of Tamil Nadu
by E. Bhaskaran

Page: 43-54

Abstract: Micro and Small Manufacturing Enterprises (MSMEs) in Thanjavur who mill rice have to depend on the common facility centre to increase their value addition and productivity by adopting a cluster development approach. They formed the Paddy and Rice Mill Cluster (PRMC) to make use of the common facility centre through interrelationships for cost minimization and profit maximization by converting paddy into rice.The objective is to study the Difference in Differences (DID) on the control and experimental variables on productivity after Government of India and Tamil Nadu Policy Intervention on PRMC. The methodology adopted is collection of data from 27 rice mill manufacturers and performing statistical analyses like CAGR, Descriptive, Correlation, Trend, Regression Analysis and also Structural Equation Modelling. Physical performance is an increasing trend for a number of units, employment and machinery and also for financial performance like turnover as per increasing CAGR. To conclude, the control group (who have not adopted the Cluster Development Approach) and the treatment group (who did adopt Cluster Development Approach) exhibit difference in differences on units, employment, machinery, and turnover. There is an increase in the utilization of the resources of the Common Facility Centre by the experimental group, which has resulted in a productivity increase.The cluster approach has been beneficial to the Paddy and Rice Mill Cluster members, by enabling their utilization of better infrastructure, procurement, technology, production and marketing technologies.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.5

Climate Resilient Participatory Farming System Design for Sustainability and Livelihood Security in Cauvery Delta of Tamil Nadu, India by Kathiresan Ramanathan

Page: 55-63

Abstract: Integrated fish polyculture and poultry rearing, directly in the transplanted rice fields, through the Annamalai Rice + Fish + Poultry design was upscaled for participatory on-farm research. This model was adopted in 200 m2 area of individual holdings by 300 wetland rice farmers in Tamil Nadu. Three model clusters, each comprising three villages with 100 farmers were formed in Tamil Nadu. The results proved that the livelihoods of farmers increased by 80 per cent (INR 25,516). On an average, manurial addition by poultry to rice was around 8 tonnes/ha/season displacing the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Additional employment generation was 219 mandays/ year. A total of 5,46,500 kg of broiler meat and 1,67,500 kg of fish were produced from these clusters in a three year duration. The average rice productivity for the 300 farm holdings from three districts increased by 9.38 percent.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.6

A Study on Kisan Credit Card Scheme in Rayagada District of Odisha
by Karteek Madapana and N V J Rao

Page: 64-76

Abstract: This study is totally based on the Kisan credit card scheme, which is very helpful to introduce the various features, importance, objectives, technical feasibility, financial viability and common as well as official documents that are required under this scheme. The model was being prepared by NABARD on the recommendations of the R.V. Gupta committee. This study was intended to evaluate the association between the level of productivity and size of land holdings of the beneficiaries of the Kisan credit card scheme, to find out the association between the levels of income and size of landholdings of the beneficiaries, as well as to find out the relationship between the level of productivity and level of income of the beneficiaries. This research-based study was conducted by adopting interview-based schedule randomly from the 140 respondents who are the beneficiaries under the Kisan credit card scheme of Rayagada district of Odisha. The researcher employed Chi-Square test as well as the Spearman rank correlation test by employing SPSS software to examine the hypothesized relationship. The conclusion suggests that “the different level of productivities” and “the different levels of the size of land holdings” as well as the significant association between the two variables such as “the different level of incomes” and “different size of land holdings” of the beneficiaries under this scheme by employing the Chi-Square test and at last there is a significant positive relationship between “the different level of incomes” and “the different levels of the size of landholding” of the beneficiaries under the Kisan credit card scheme of Rayagada District of Odisha.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.7

Development-Induced Displacement of People in Post-Independence India: Some Facts by Bhaskar Majumder

Page: 77-85

Abstract: While land acquisition in the early stages of development in post-independence India did not face public resistance, the same action in the recent past raised questions on the nature of development, for, it started being realized that the development was also displacing people dependent on land for livelihood. Based on five selected recent examples in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in India, we explored how far it was development-oriented and to what extent it had adverse impact on the land-dependent marginalized sections in India’s rural economy. What we observed was that not only the owners of cultivable land were dispossessed of land but also the wage-workers on land lost the opportunity to remain engaged on land. The paper concludes with some recommendations.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.8

Environmental Attitudes and Behaviours Among Adolescents in Kerala by Nirmala Padmanabhan and Raisa Sherif

Page: 86-95

Abstract: This paper studies environmental attitudes and behaviours among adolescents using a survey of over 3,000 students from thirty schools in Kerala. The survey scale is adapted from the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) scale, modified to fit the sample age group and environmental issues of Kerala. The results indicate that respondents on average have high levels of environmental awareness and hold beliefs that are consistent with protecting the environment, but falls short of translating them to environmental behaviors that are measured. Closing this gap between awareness and actions is critical to address rising environment challenges.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.9

An Empirical Study on The Impact of Passenger Loyalty Program on Passenger Retention with Reference to Air India by N.V. Suresh and S. Bhavadharani

Page: 96-102

Abstract: The customer loyalty program has been used as a marketing tool to build strong relationships between a company and its customers. This program is used in many sectors like retail shops, hospitality industries, etc. The aviation industry also utilizes a passenger loyalty program which is referred to as the frequent flyer program. This study attempts to research how airlines gain passengers using this program with reference to Air India. As a famous full-service airline, Air India has its own frequent flyer program named Flying Returns. Data was collected from a sample of 100 Air India passengers from southern India selected using the snowball sampling method. Descriptive research was performed on the data. SPSS was used for analysis and interpretation. The findings from this research will be useful for Air India.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.01.10

Volume 61 (2020-21)

Volume 61 (2020-21) Issue 4 , (January-2021 to March-2021)

Jan-Mar. 2021

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Economic Growth of India by M. Syed Ibrahim

Page: 375-383

Abstract: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays an important role in global business and it affords a firm with new marketing channels, cheaper production facilities, access to technology transfer, and financing. With the advent of globalisation and strong governmental support, foreign investment has lent a hand and the Indian economy has grown tremendously. India has constantly sought to attract investment from the world’s major investors. In 1998 and 1999, the Government of India announced a number of reforms designed to encourage and promote a constructive business environment for investors. FDI means an investment through which the non-resident investor and foreign company can start a new company or can acquire shares in an existing Indian company. Foreign investments in the country can take the form of investments in listed companies i.e., Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs), Investments in listed/unlisted companies other than through stock exchanges i.e., through the FDI or private equity/foreign venture capital investment route, investments through American Depositary Receipts (ADR), Global Depositary Receipts (GDR), investments by Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) in various forms. This paper attempts to review the impact of FDIs in Indian economy, particularly after a decade of economic reforms, and analyse the role played by FDI in the economic development of the country. The study is diagnostic and exploratory in nature and makes use of secondary data. The study finds and concludes that the FDIs in India have significantly improved and have developed the economy as well.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.1

An Economic Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflows in Indian Economy by Ritu Kang Walia

Page: 384-393

Abstract: In the present scenario, the relation between FDI and economic growth is a matter of great debate among researchers. So, the present study is an attempt to analyse various aspects of FDI Inflows in to the Indian economy. The paper will explore growth and trend of FDI inflows in India, inward direction of FDI, and the sectoral and regional distribution of FDI inflows in India. The study will also examine the relation between FDI and Indian economy’s growth. The study considers the time period from 2000–01 to September 2020. To analyse growth and trend, Annual Growth Rate (AGR) and Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) are computed, and for analysing the relation between FDI and economic growth, Simple Linear Regression Model is applied.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.2

Impact of FDI on Automobile Sector In India – An Empirical Analysis by Jeena Mariot Xavier and K V Raju

Page: 394-403

Abstract: This article tries to analyse the linkages between and spillovers from foreign parent firms to foreign subsidiaries in host country’s automotive industry. Conceptually, the article identifies spillovers, linkages and the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on domestic firms. We analyse the linkage channels of six major automobile manufacturers in India. The compound annual growth rate of FDI equity inflows is analysed using semi-log model and the average domestic input share is utilized to form linkage effect. Regressing the average sales of each firm on linkage gives the spillover effect of linkage channel on average sales of the firms. CAGR of FDI is 11.35 per cent for the period of study. Maruti Suzuki India Ltd and Honda Cars India Ltd have a significant spillover effect of linkages in the FDI on average sales of the firm. We cannot ignore the role of FDI in generating linkages, spillovers and technological transfers. Effective policy measures, FDI-friendly policy regimes, attractive incentives, pro-manufacture environment are essential in driving more FDI in automobile sector.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.3

A Covid-19 Combat Policy Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment Flows on Sustainability Issues
by Swapnamoyee Palit and Ronismita Mishra

Page: 404-411

Abstract: The uncertainties meted out during crisis conditions like the COVID- 19 pandemic-generated economic turmoil amplify the volatility of the financial market, of which the Foreign Direct Investment is a vital component. This necessitates unprecedented strategies and policies to grip the flow within a limit and thus prevent excessive deviation or downturn. However, the present scenario under COVID- 19 for the economy in general and FDI in particular is inconclusive as the policies adopted to stabilise the market may show gradual normalisation and is surrounded with uncertainties. The focus of the present paper is to analyse the strategies and policies adopted by the government to combat the anticipated fluctuations in FDI inflows in the present scenario with an empirical forecast of the FDI flow over the future years. Though the forecast values of FDI over the next 10 years shows a mild increasing trend, showing a silver lining, its tilt towards the lower limit shows the dampened rate of growth of FDI expected on one hand; while on the other, it points to the immense potential which can be tapped with the right strategic policy incentives of the government to ensure the flow of FDI and providing a stature of resilience to it, enabling it to be towards its upper frontier.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.4

Estimation and Decomposition of Productivity Growth of the Organized Manufacturing Industries of Transport Equipments in India: An Interstate Analysis by Prasanta Kumar Roy

Page: 412-426

Abstract: The study applies stochastic frontier approach to estimate and decompose the sources of total factor productivity growth (TFPG) of the 2-digit manufacturing industries of transport equipments in fifteen major industrialised states in India, as well as in All- India. The periods cover 1981–82 to 2010–11, engulfing the prereform (1981–82 to 1990–91) and post-reform periods (1991–92 to 2010–11), and also during two different decades of the postreform period, i.e., 1991–92 to 2000–01 and 2001–02 to 2010–11. The components of TFPG are technological progress (TP), technical efficiency change (TEC), economic scale change (SC) and allocation efficiency change (AEC). According to the estimated results, technological progress (TP) is the major contributing factor to the TFPG of the organised manufacturing industries of transport equipments in India and in its fifteen major industrialised states during the period 1981–82 to 2010–11. Further, TFPG of the 2-digit manufacturing industries of transport equipments have increased during the post-reform period (1991–92 to 2010–11) and the increase is mainly accounted for by the increase in TP too for the same period.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.5

Balancing Employee Skill with Technology Adoption in Indian Context by Mohit Kumar Kolay

Page: 427-438

Abstract: A snapshot study has been done in this paper to examine the compatibility between employee skill and technology adopted by 100 organisations in India, taking top 10 from each of the 10 sectors. Technology level is assessed by the conventional measure of net block and employee related cost is considered as the surrogate measure of employee skill. Organisational performance is analysed for the full sample and sector-wise, taking two sets of input parameters, i) net block versus employee related cost, and ii) techintensity versus employee skill-intensity. Correlation analysis is done to examine organisational performance for the full sample and sector-wise data. It is found that the employee related cost is below 8 per cent of net block, and employee skill-intensity is just 4 per cent compared to overall tech-intensity of 52 per cent. Correlation gives significant results for the full sample, and six out of 10 sector data. The study indicates that there is much more scope to upgrade employee skill to match with the level of technology adoption to improve their performances.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.6

Investigating Determinants of Declining Participation of Women in Uttar Pradesh Rural: An Inter-District Analysis by Nomita P. Kumar and Kavita Baliyan

Page: 439-453

Abstract: The paper presents trends in growth of workforce and changes in its structure using census data from the last several decades in Uttar Pradesh. It is an attempt to highlight the relative performance in the present decade as compared to the 1980s and 1990s, for which we have comparable data. Precisely, the objectives are to examine trends, patterns and factors propelling / discouraging women to participate in workforce in rural Uttar Pradesh and is understood with the help of social and religious factors, land rights, agricultural income and education. The study highlights that women employment in rural Uttar Pradesh has been continuously declining, possibly, for the following reasons: firstly, women participation in the labour market is driven due to distress conditions; secondly, they find working conditions either unsafe or unsuitable due to increase in crimes against women in recent times; and thirdly, social norms restrict their entry into the job market (Bhattacharya and Goyal, 2017). Studies suggest that by improving their access to land and productive resources, providing them decent work opportunities and prioritising their education and skills training will collectively lead to the improvement of women’s socioeconomic status (Bhattacharya and Goyal, 2017) along with empowering them.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.7

Empirical Evidences of Tribal Women Participation in Local Economy by Archana Sinha

Page: 454-462

Abstract: Tribal women are the worst sufferers as most large-scale industries are displacing them from their lands and denying them access and control over natural resources. Tribal women who have been dependent on traditional land, forests and water-based occupations. Thereby it has led to the reduction in the social and economic status of women, especially indigenous women, as a result of forced transition from land-based traditional systems to contemporary economies. In India, women perform 2.6 times more unpaid care and domestic work than men. While families, societies and economies depend on this work, for women, it leads to lower earnings and less time to engage in non-work activities. In addition to equal distribution of economic resources, which is not only a right but also accelerates development in multiple areas, there needs to be a fair balance of responsibility for unpaid care work between men and women (Gender Equality, Goal 5 SDG). The working conditions of women workers are deteriorating and there are no legal protections for women to demand for their rights and duties. They also bear disproportion responsibility for unpaid work and are undervalued for their work, like, household activities where she is not considered as part of labour force and is an invisible labour. The work participation rate and occupational composition among them, and prevailing sex disparity in different economic pursuits certainly reveal their economic status and the system of social organization in it. This study is an attempt to understand the perceptions, responses and actions, and the determinants of actions in the society as well as the lives of the tribal women in the context of existing gender relations in general and among tribal societies in particular in the preview of constitutional amendment. The rooted patriarchal structure in the society manifests among tribal societies. Further, the study attempts to understand how the women place themselves in the constricted situations and deal with home and social responsibilities and what the outcomes of the processes were. In light of this, the present study was undertaken under the premises of Indian Social Institute, to study the participation of tribal women in local economy: “Case Studies in Jharkhand and Assam” in the year 2020, with perspectives from tribal women. The author acknowledges Indian Social Institute, New Delhi, for the same.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.8

Literature Review on Quality Concepts in Industrial Systems using QFD (Quality Function Deployment) – Survey and Extensions by P. Sivasankaran

Page: 463-469

Abstract: In this paper, the importance of quality concepts in product development is studied by reviewing several papers from various reputed journals. In order to improve the quality of product design, QFD (Quality Function Deployment) is used as a tool that studies the various parameters of product design such as aesthetic appeal, cost, service life, maintenance, etc. In QFD, the analysis is carried out to improve the quality of the product design based on customer’s evaluation. The use of QFD helps the product development management team to take decisions about the product quality by studying and improving its characteristics. In every organization, there will be a cross functional team, which comprises of Design, Safety, Quality and Maintenance. With the help of the cross functional team member’s suggestions, it will be possible to improve the safety, design and aesthetic appeal of a product. Hence, in this paper, an attempt has been made to study and review various characteristics of product design and development, namely QFD model and also report several case studies in different domains of industrial applications.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.9

Problems Faced by Physically Challenged Students in Accessing and Utilizing the Library Resources and Services of College Students in India by M. Murugan and R. Jeyshankar

Page: 470-484

Abstract: This study explores the personal and institutional issues confronted by physically challenged UG and PG college students of India in accessing and utilising the library resources and services. The data was collected from 27 randomly selected colleges. Census method was employed to select the respondents. A well-structured questionnaire was employed to collect the required data. 129 respondents participated in the study. The study reveals that: The most prominent personal issues faced by the respondents in accessing the library, its resources and services include lack of ICT skills, difficulty to reach the library, lack of internet skills, lack of computer skills and difficulty to get required information by themselves. The institutional issues most agreed by the respondents include insufficient space, materials and equipment, no disability-friendly furniture, inadequacy of recent publications and current journals and lack of guidance about use of library resources and services. Nature of disability, studying district and gender do not, but studying course and studying department do have an impact on the institutional problems faced by the respondents.

DOI - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.61.04.10

Annual Index of Productivity : Vol. 61 (Apr. 2020-Mar.2021)

Page: 485-486

Volume 61 (2020-21) Issue 3 , (October-2020 to December-2020)

October-December

Are we consuming less to produce more? A case study towards sustainability of natural resources
by Mohit Kumar Kolay

Page: 251-260

Abstract: The present paper examines, through productivity measures, whether the growth rate in consumption of natural resources is lower than the growth rate in output to assure their decoupling towards sustainability goal in the realm of natural resource accounting. Three factors, viz, the rate of consumption of i) iron ore, ii) energy, and iii) emission rate of carbon dioxide are considered here for two Indian steel companies for assessing natural factor productivity. The derived figure when combined with manpower productivity reflects the total factor productivity. This, in turn, is viewed in relation to the technology deployed to reflect their overall productivity achievements. Results show each factor—productivity, total, and overall productivity—of both companies are on an appreciating track, clearly confirming the sustainability of natural resources consumed.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.1

Challenges of Water Resources Management and Water Allocation in India by M. Dinesh Kumar, M.V.K. Sivamohan and Nitin Bassi

Page: 261-272

Abstract: With growing water scarcity, the priorities for the water agencies of the country have broadened from mere water development to encompass water allocation and water resources management. But the line agencies responsible for water resources and services management lack the capacity to meet the changing needs and priorities of the sector. Building institutional capacity warrants primarily the following: i] framing the right kind of water policies; ii] crafting the right kind of rules and regulations, institutions and instruments; and, iii] fostering the needed organizational changes among the agencies concerned with water allocation and sustainable water resources management.

The article highlights three sets of key issues and challenges facing water resources management and water allocation in India from an institutional perspective. They are: a] team building of professionals with multi-disciplinary skills, to provide research and expert inputs for policy formulation, institutional design and design of economic instruments; b] mobilizing resources and skills for creating new organizations including development of local institutions, and restructuring wherever needed; and, c] augmenting the overall strength of technical staff in various departments engaged in water resources management and water-related services.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.2

The Resource Management in Chennai Heavy Engineering Cluster by E. Bhaskaran

Page: 273-284

Abstract: Micro and Small Manufacturing Enterprises in Chennai who are manufacturing Heavy Engineering Components are dependent on common infrastructure resource, technology resource, procurement resource, production resource and marketing resource by adopting Cluster Development Approach. They formed the Chennai Heavy Engineering Cluster (CHEC) to make use of common resources through interrelationships, for cost minimization and profit maximization. The objective is to study on the Resource Management of CHEC and to find Difference in Differences (DID) on the control variable, and experimental variables on productivity after Government of India and Tamil Nadu Policy interventions on CHEC. Physical Performance is an increasing trend for a number of units for employment and machinery, and also for financial performance like Turnover as per increasing CAGR. To conclude, as per DID the control group (who have not undergone Cluster Development Approach) and Treatment Group (who have undergone Cluster Development Approach) have much Difference in Differences on employment, machinery, turnover and export, and there is an increase in productivity due to adoption of Cluster Development Approach by the experimental group by managing common resources available in the Cluster. The interrelationships / cluster approach made Chennai Heavy Engineering Enterprises and cluster members make use of resources like infrastructure, procurement, technology, production and marketing successfully.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.3

Biomedical Waste Resource Management: Opportunities and Challenges by Raveesh Agarwal and Alok Gupta

Page: 285-301

Abstract: Due to COVID-19, the generation of biomedical waste is increasing many times. Government has taken several initiatives for biomedical waste management. The objectives of this paper are to study the current practices related to biomedical waste management and to know about how we can convert waste to wealth by utilizing the resources. The data for this research paper is collected from secondary sources. It is found that we need more initiatives for biomedical waste management. This paper also highlights the challenges while offering some suggestions related to biomedical waste resource management.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.4

Assessing Customer as a Key in Resource Management for Measuring Productivity of Financial Services-A Comparative Study of SBI & HDFC BANKS by Sebastian T. Joseph and Abhishek Janvier Frederick

Page: 302-315

Abstract: The success or failure of an organisation is based upon the management of resources available to it, hence services rendered to the customers of a services-based unit plays a pivotal role in the existence of that unit. It becomes more crucial if the unit provides financial services. Financial services are the act of financial intermediaries to the households in a financial system, which involves different kinds of organisations that come together and work in synchronisation. These divergent organisations offer their expert opinion to cater the tapped or untapped market; by offering either the existing services or developing all together new services i.e. customised services for a specific set of potential customers. Organisations, for success in the market, mainly focus on men, material, and machines as resources for converting input into output. But technology has given the customers a tool to respond more aggressively towards the product and services offered; therefore, firms have to consider customers also as a new resource for themselves, especially in the service sector.

The present study aims to assess customer as a key in resource management for the efficacy of financial services offered by SBI and HDFC Bank.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.5

GIS-mapped Solid Waste Generation Clusters Capture Eco-friendly Waste Management Practices by T. Dhanalakshmi

Page: 316-326

Abstract: Waste generation regionalization delineates areas of similar types of wastes, quantity of waste, and activities generating wastes provide a basis for systematic solid waste management. Advances in Geographical Information System and big data analysis approaches, provide new opportunities for regionalization, especially in terms of solid waste generation patterns through various activities. Here, we show that solid waste generation dynamics can be captured by Dynamics of activities and we conduct a regionalization based on the dynamics of household activities, commercial activities, market, and institutional activities using GIS mapping in the study area—Cochin. The objective of the study is to know the quantity of waste, to identify the waste generation activities, and to form clusters. The clusters based on household, commercial, household and commercials, market and commercials explained more variance and greater within-region homogeneity, compared to conventional regionalization for large quantities of wastes irrespective of types of activities generating waste. These results suggest that solid waste generation regionalization based on GIS mapping have clear advantages over conventional regionalization for certain applications, and they are also more easily updated.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.6

Conceptualizing Energy Efficiency: A Techno-Economic Approach by Vijayamohanan Pillai N. and A. M. Narayanan

Page: 327-335

Abstract: Conserving electrical energy through energy efficiency measures can meet the dual challenges of increasing energy demands at reasonable costs in a sustainable manner, and of reducing the environmental and health threats associated with the use of hydrocarbons, having the potential to encourage clean energy systems. The present paper seeks to document the techno economic conceptualization of energy efficiency as a prelude to a documentation of the analytical methods of its measurement, which we consider in another paper. Defining energy efficiency in the Patterson’s sense of useful output per unit of input leads us to define energy efficiency also as an increase in net benefits per unit of energy. This helps us differentiate between energy efficiency and energy conservation, which is an important complement to the former. It is possible to design and devise energy efficiency indicators at different levels of aggregation in a pyramidal structure, using the corresponding statistics, such as the international statistics for national level indicators, national economic statistics for various macro-sectoral indicators and so on down to the most disaggregated micro level data on individual plant for the corresponding operational units. It is generally believed that energy consumption at any level of aggregation is essentially determined by three effects, viz., activity, structure and intensity. The paper presents a detailed illustration of this for the bottom micro-level sectors, as well as a conceptual framework that can be followed in an empirical exercise.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.7

Digital Platform Economy: Overview, Emerging Trends and Policy Perspectives by S.K. Sasikumar and Kanikka Sersia

Page: 336-347

Abstract: The COVID-19 crisis has stimulated an unprecedented surge in digitalisation, which has in turn massively accelerated the growth of the digital platform economy. The increasing significance of digital platforms is apparent as millions of people turn towards them for work, livelihood, trade, information and entertainment. This paper is an attempt to situate the growth and diversification of digital platforms in the post-pandemic economic scenario. The paper delineates the theoretical underpinnings of digital platforms with a focus on definition, characteristics and typology. It highlights the emerging trends in the overall digital economy and traces the potential future contours of digital platforms. The paper also discusses key labour market issues with respect to the digital platform economy as well as some major policy imperatives to situate platform work within the frame of a brighter future of work.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.8

Analysis of Productivity: A Comparative Study of Pharmaceutical Sector Companies Included in Nifty 50 by Meenu Maheshwari and Priya Taparia

Page: 348-365

Abstract: Research Issue: Productivity is the ratio of the output to the inputs used in the production process. In the present research, an attempt has been made to measure, analyze and compare intra-company and inter-company overall productivity of pharmaceutical sector companies from 2010–11 to 2017–18 i.e. for eight years.

Research Findings: For intra-company comparison, chi-square test has been used and the results indicate that null hypothesis drawn is accepted in case of Cipla Ltd., Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. and Lupin Ltd., while it is rejected in the case of Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. For inter-company comparison, Kruskal Wallis’ One Way Analysis of Variance Test has been used and results indicate that null hypothesis is rejected. This means that there is significant difference in the productivity ratios of the pharmaceutical sector companies included in Nifty 50.

Conclusion and Suggestions: It may be concluded from the analysis that the pharmaceutical sector companies included in Nifty 50 are not able to utilize its resources efficiently as for each amount of input, less amount of output is obtained. Productivity of a company can be improved by optimally utilizing the raw material without any wastage or spoilage, the labour cost by adopting techniques such as incentive schemes, workers participation in the management, etc.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.9

Public Space in the City of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh: Uses, Misuses and Consequences by Bhaskar Majumder

Page: 366-373

Abstract: In India’s transformation for urbanization by expanding economic opportunities and hence rising population in towns, absolute and as a percentage of the total population of the country, formation of slums is an immediate consequence. Most of these households who live at the bottom, construct a cluster of houses on land lying vacant that are known as slums. We examined the social matrix that facilitated the households to live in the slums in the city of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, and unobstructed the non-slum households to annex the public space in the city. We observed that both the slum households and the non-slum households lived in the same barometer of knowledge so far as public space was concerned. Parallel to the perceived unstable living of the households in slums, the state’s intervention through demolition of structures built up by the non-slum households on public space for private purposes remained unquestioned in the city remodelling.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.03.10

Volume 61 (2020-21) Issue 2 , (July-2020 to September-2020)

Jul-Sep.

Empowering Women in India : Viewpoint by Devendra Kothari

Page: 115-124

Abstract: In the context of Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India) vision, better utilization of the enormous unexploited or underutilized pool of female working force is crucial to stimulate productivity growth and develop human capital. Greater female labour force participation (FLFP) could boost productivity growth by increasing the labour supply, while poor use of women’s potential places a significant drag on the economic growth.

The main purpose of the paper is to acquire an understanding of the status of women/girls in the ‘modern’ India. It also argues that there is clearly a need for policy initiatives to empower women as gender disparities are not only persisting but increasing rapidly even against the backdrop of economic growth. The paper concludes that women’s empowerment is the single greatest enabler of human development and sustainable economic growth. It does not mean pitting women against men. In this context, the role of patriarchal culture must be discussed and how its impact can be minimized. For this, a strategy known as HDPlus, is proposed.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.1

Women Empowerment through Self Help Groups in HP: An Analysis by Shyam L. Kaushal and Nivedita Sharma

Page: 125-136

Abstract: Women empowerment is a buzzword around the globe including India. Here, many initiatives are taken for this purpose and among those, Self Help Groups (SHGs) have emerged as one of the important options. Basically, empowerment refers to social and political succession that is dependent on economic empowerment. It consists of income and livelihood on one side, and freedom to spend income and control over resources on the other. Review of literature witnessed that education, access to resources, nutritional food, health care facilities, decision-making power and selfemployment are the basic tenets and the Self Help Group movement paved the way to empower women in India. Further, the studies show direct relationship between growth of SHGs and women empowerment. But women empowerment in a patriarchal society remains a critical challenge in reality, and time to time attracts academicians and policy makers to debate the issue. The present paper is an endeavour to study the women empowerment through SHGs by examining its growth pattern in HP. The data and information were collected from primary and secondary sources like books, magazines, journals, newspapers, websites and MIS/offices circulars etc. The collected data was analysed with suitable statistical tools.

From the data analysis, it is concluded that SHGs are spreading throughout the country including HP but their formation and growth prototype is uneven. However, upward trend clearly hint that SHGs are helping significantly in financial inclusion of poor women. In consequence to their association with SHG movement, women have started saving small amounts of money for their future needs, linked themselves with formal banking system and availed micro credit on easy terms. Thus, it demonstrates that SHGs are not only solving their routine problems but also improving their decision-making and risk-taking habits. However, its growth pattern was not same in all areas in the country. In the same vein, in Himachal Pradesh where 33 per cent SHGs were formed in two districts of the state could be a pointer to prevalent irritants and bottlenecks in other regions. However, the fact is that need-based training capsules and access to economic resources at affordable rates motivate women to start new economic units collectively under the ownership of SHGs, which improved their confidence levels, moral strengths, leadership qualities, managerial and entrepreneurial skills and decision-making skills. Yet, a need has been felt to educate women about government policies, training programmes, banking system and interest rates for attaining real objectives of SHGs and consequently achieving the cherished goal of women empowerment in reality. But from the analysis, it can be concluded that women have diversified their sources of income by looking beyond agricultural activities and became financially independent on one side, and paved way to their social and political advancement.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.2

Constraining Factors Affecting Women Entrepreneurs in Enterprise Creation: A Study of Hadoti Region of Rajasthan by Anurodh Godha and Monika Talreja

Page: 137-153

Abstract: Women are now playing versatile roles. No doubt, they have created sensations in all the spheres but still there is a requisite to give them equal footings with the male-dominated society. They still face impediments in every walk of life. In order to explore this critical issue, the present study aimed to identify various problems faced by women entrepreneurs of Hadoti region. Moreover, an attempt was made to examine the difference in the opinions of women entrepreneurs on these problems, based on four districts of the region. The study was carried out on 275 women entrepreneurs applying stratified random sampling technique. Pearson’s Chisquare test was used to test the stated hypothesis. The results revealed that women entrepreneurs belonging to this region face a lot of problems and challenges. However, the degree to which they face these problems varies with the district that they belong to. Lastly, the researcher has suggested an appropriate framework for the development of women entrepreneurship in this region.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.3

The Performance of Women Readymade Garments Cluster by Dr. E. Bhaskaran

Page: 154-168

Abstract: WRMGC was formed by 30 women entrepreneurs as a special purpose vehicle (SPV) for setting up of a common facility centre under the Government of India scheme, viz., Micro and Small Enterprises Cluster Development Programme (MSE-CDP), engaged in ready made garment manufacture in and around Dhalavaipuram, Virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu. The objective is to study the Physical and Financial Performance of Women Ready Made Garment Cluster before and after Cluster Development Approach (CDA) and also Difference in Differences of the control and the treated groups. The methodology adopted is collection of primary and secondary data from 375 cluster members and using SCOT Analysis, CAGR, Descriptive Analysis, Correlation Analysis, Regression Analysis, Time Series Analysis, T-Test ANOVA, Difference in Differences Analysis, Value Chain Analysis and development of Cluster Map. To conclude, there is significant increase in no. of units, employment and machinery, which are all an independent variables, and significant increase in Turnover which is a dependent variable. The Difference in Difference (DID) value is a positive one which implies the treated group has got much benefitted on CDA when compared to control group which have not adopted CDA, which also implies that the government’s policy on CDA is a success. The WRMGC still needs to tap export market to compete in the global market.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.4

A Study on Productivity & Empowerment of Women Intensive Sericulture Sector of West Bengal by Chandan Roy and Sanchari Roy Mukherjee

Page: 169-179

Abstract: Sericulture is a women-intensive sector where 60 per cent of the workers are either family workers or hired female workers. Productive skill makes the presence of women indispensible both in pre- and post-cocoon sectors. This larger participation is expected to raise their level of empowerment too. Higher level of empowerment is expected to induce the woman to usher improved productive technology. However, field survey in Malda districts of West Bengal reveals a complete bleak picture. Neither productivity nor the empowerment levels have reached the desired level, which calls for an immediate intervention and revision of policies.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.5

Socio-economic Development of Women in Rural Bhutan by Pawan Kumar Sharma

Page: 180-190

Abstract: This study is concerned with women’s contribution towards socioeconomic development in rural Bhutan. The need to evaluate the effects in terms of empowerment and contribution towards socioeconomic development arises due to the perception that intercessions have little effect on women’s contribution in the development processes in rural Bhutan owing to cultural factors. To test the proposition, Chapcha Gewog under Chukha Dzongkhag has been studied and analyzed. The paper evaluates participation, contribution, and sustainability of the women in family earnings in Bhutan. It is expected to help researchers with useful insights into the issues of women’s empowerment and contribution towards socioeconomic development. The findings indicate improvements in education, involvement in economic and social activities, and participation in decision-making processes, etc. However, the results also confirm the paradoxical situation facing women’s participation in developmental activities and involvement in ecisionmaking processes. Finally, it concludes that women contribute to socio-economic development, but not more than the men do.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.6

Packtech Industry in India : A Promising Future by Asiya Chaudhary and Gulfishan Akhtar

Page: 191-205

Abstract: Innovative products and technologies, nowadays multi-functional fibres and high-performance materials are emerging and are commonly known as Technical Textile, is an advanced technology upcoming sector that is gaining ground in India. Based on usage, there are 12 Technical textile segments, i.e. Agrotech, Meditech, Clothtech, Hometech, Packtech, Protech, Geotech, Indutech, Buildtech, Sporttech, Oekotech and Mobiletech. This sector has become significant due to the rising per capita income of consumer, increasing flexibility and recognition of products, expansion of industry sectors, government’s FDI promotion initiatives, investment promotion scheme by the government etc. The objective of the present study is to evaluate and analyse the production of various segments of Technical Textile industry. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to find out which segment helps in the growth of the industry and strengthens the country’s inherent competitive advantages in manufacturing field. One-way ANOVA and Multiple Comparison Technique have been applied to find out if there is statistically any significant difference across various segments of Technical textile, covering the period of 12 years i.e 2004–05 to 2015–16. The result reveals that there is only one pair of group whose mean significantly differ at the 0.05 significance level from each other, i.e., Packtech industry, whereas, Clothtech, Geotech, Indutech, Sporttech, Buildtech, Mobiletech, Hometech, Meditech, Protech, Agrotech and Oekotech segments in each group differ insignificantly from each other.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.7

Finger Millet, the Smallholders’ Livelihood and Urban Consumers’ Health-food in India: An Economic Analysis by B. Ganesh Kumar, N. Sivaramane, and Ch. Srinivasa Rao

Page: 206-218

Abstract: This study has been conducted with the aim of finding reasons why the farmers continue cultivation of finger millet and also the possible future of this important crop for its increasing consuming pattern. The study is based on both primary and secondary data which were collected from the farmers in the state of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh and pertained to the year 2015- 16.For estimating the elasticity of price and income on ragi consumption, the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model with two stages is attempted in the study. It was also observed that in all the study states, the farmers were found cultivating this crop mostly under rainfed conditions, except in Karnataka where it was being cultivated under irrigated conditions significantly. The study has found that finger millet is being replaced by other competing fine cereals and commercial crops. The profitability of ragi is being affected due to its low productivity, absence of an organized seed supply chain, high labour requirement and lack of markets. On the other hand, the study has observed a perceptible demand of ragi among the urban population because of its nutritive value. The Government of Karnataka has included finger millet in its social programmes and study has suggested that other states should also make its reach to the smallholders.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.8

A Case Study on Improvement of Plant Layout for Effective Production by P. Sivasankaran, P. Sridhar, A. Rajesh and M. Ugendiran

Page: 219-235

Abstract: The fundamental issue with the design is the arrangement of the departments according to the material flow between them. The design criterion that is regularly used in most layout design processes does not capture the effect of layout setup on operational quality measurements such as cycle time, processing department queue times, performance and throughput rate. In a manufacturing industry, plant layout is a systematic and functional arrangement of various departments, machines, equipments and services. It is vital to have a well-developed plant layout in an optimal way for all available resources and to obtain the facility’s highest production ability. Production effectiveness relies on how well the different machines and services are produced. This research paper aims at studying and improving the current layout of the plant, and is analyzed and designed using string diagrams. An attempt is made to use systematic layout planning (SLP) to measure the current and proposed factory layout and to calculate the efficiency of the current and the proposed layout of the plant.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.9

Milk Production Sector in India: Analysis of Trend and Pattern by S. Mohana kumar

Page: 236-249

Abstract: India is the largest producer of milk in the world and one of the potential and growing markets for milk and milk products in the world. The demand for milk products has substantially increased with the rise in per capita income over the years. However, India’s share in world trade of dairy products is not commensurate with her size of milk production and domestic market. The low productivity of milch animals—measured in terms of milk produced per day per animal in India—is one of the major constraints in the expansion and diversification of trade of dairy products in the international market. It has a bearing on the international competitiveness of the dairy sector too, as the quantity and value of dairy products imported have been on the rise. It is argued in the paper that the competiveness of the dairy farmers in India would deteriorate unless the domestic smarket is protected from external competition and the production is reorganized from its current status of family labour-based small farms for subsistence into a commercialized farm with advanced technology in production, distribution and value addition.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.02.10

Volume 61 (2020-21) Issue 1 , (April-2020 to June-2020)

Apr-Jun. 2020

Technology Investment and its Effect on the Productivity of Banks in India by T Viswanathan, Kartikay Pathak and Nidhi Nair

Page: 1-10

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to examine whether technology leads to an increase in a bank’s productivity. The main objective of technology investment is to improve the efficiency of operations, reduce employee cost and increase the revenue by offering innovative products and services. There is a trade-off between the cost of investment and the benefits arising thereon. The paper examines whether the investment in technology improves bank productivity. Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) are considered as the performance measures (outputs) of banks. The input variables are the ratio of IT investment to net fixed assets, IT to equity, IT to total cost, and IT to operating cost. Overall, 34 public and private banks were considered for the study, and panel data analysis are applied to measure the effect of leading indicators on profitability. The study covers the period between 2010 and 2019. We found there is a positive effect of investment in technologies on the profitability and performance of the Indian commercial banks. However, the effect is more evident in public sector banks than in private sector banks.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.1

Artificial Intelligence and Banking Services - A Way Forward by Seema Ghosh and Deepak Chanda

Page: 11-18

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) is a dynamic tool that has incredible potential for positive effect if the organisations utilise it with adequate consideration and conscientiousness. The rise of AI has certainly brought transformation in financial services business in a very broad, multi-dimensional context. This paper deals with the dimension where AI equally contributes positively to the financial services of a company and it may include trading, risk management, asset management, credit decisions, virtual assistants and prevention of fraud and banking services. The paper presents a holistic view on AI today: where it works and what is for the financial services industry to facilitate better delivery of customer services and robust decisions all across, on a transparent and integral manner.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.2

Private and Public Sector Banks by Gazia Sayed and Najmus Sahar Sayed

Page: 19-33

Abstract: Financial Technology (Fintech) has completely changed the entire Indian financial ecosystem. Fintech has reshaped the banking system, especially after the 2008 financial crisis. There has been a huge growth in the usage of debit cards, mobile wallets, ATMs, prepaid cards, RTGS, NEFT, internet banking, mobile banking etc., in the past two decades. However, with advancement of technology, the customers’ perception regarding probability of risk in conducting online banking transaction is also increasing. As the usage of internet has increased, the knowledge of people and their access to information has also improved. Hence, it is necessary to understand the perception of the bank customers with respect to digital banking. It is also necessary to do a comparative study of private and public sector banks customer’s experience with digital banking. Hence, for this study, a descriptive research is used. The views and opinions of 300 respondents were collected through a structured questionnaire. The data was analysed through different statistical tools like frequency table with percentages rank order, and independent t test in SPSS. The analysis reveals that the main reasons for customers to use cashless or digital transactions is that they are a faster way of performing transactions. The study also concludes that for some of the services offered by private and public sector banks, there is no significant difference in the experience levels of the customers. But for the services regarding online home loan facility, online investing of funds, mobile banking services, online application for loan, internet banking services, chatbot and SMS alert facilities, there is a significant difference in the level of experience and satisfaction of customers. For these services, the customers of private sector banks are more satisfied than the customers of public sector banks. Hence, it is recommended that public sector banks should enhance their digital products / services.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.3

Input-Output Model Selection in DEA Evaluation Framework for Efficiency Optimization of Indian Banks by Seema Garg and Pankaj Kumar Gupta

Page: 34-47

Abstract: Efficiency of the banking system is critical to every economy. Owing to intense competition, increased customer expectation and a dynamic financial environment, the efficiency and performance evaluation have become a serious concern for the bank managers and stakeholders and regulators and government at large. The choice of an appropriate method of performance, efficiency evaluation is critical to decision makers and policy makers. In the recent past, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has emerged as an effective tool for judging various efficiency aspects of the Decision-Making Units (DMUs). Within the DEA framework, we find a variety of methods and approaches which have their own benefits and limitations. Analysis of literature hints out that the major problem of contrasting research outputs owes to the selection of input and output variables. In this paper, we have formulated various models by combining inputs and outputs and using a sensitivity analysis, we evolve a methodology for model selection that can best suit to evaluate the performance efficiency of Indian banks. We argue that our approach is better compared to the conventional production approach used by authors in an Indian context and is independent of time frames and sample data sets.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.4

A Study on Financial Inclusion through Mobile Banking Technology of Public Sector Banks by R. Gokilavani and M. Durgarani

Page: 48-59

Abstract: Mobile banking is an emerging trend among all segments of people across all geographical regions of India. Mobile banking increases the hope that financial services given through mobile phones can remove all constraints of conventional banking and enhance financial inclusion of people in simple and easy ways. The findings of this study reveal that significant difference exists between insight of customers on mobile banking of public sector banks and their personal features. Convenient, security for transactions, costeffective, user-friendly, privacy for personal information and minimum efforts are the features that have positive and significant influence on the financial inclusion of customers of public sector banks. Thus, public sector banks should cost-effectively provide mobile banking and must ensure privacy for personal information. These measures will enhance financial inclusion of customers of public sector banks.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.5

Peer to Peer Restricted Distributed Ledger Technological (P2PRDLT) Arrangement – A Proposed Model in Indian Payment System by Rahul Jairam Nikam

Page: 60-66

Abstract: Technological innovations in financial sector, commonly known as Fintech, have the potential to transform the present financial practices across the globe. Here, the application of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)/blockchain technology has garnered wide interest within the central banking community and the regulators as it is having a potential to overcome from present critical challenges in financial inclusion and transformation. Such as the currency and critical payments infrastructure (payment, clearing and settlement processes), operational & risk management, cyber resilience, how funds are transferred and used in securities market to clear and settle securities, commodities and derivatives. As there is no accepted term & potential having wide spectrum of possible deployments of DLT arrangement, various industries are using various ways according to their needs. The paper explains, reviews the different DLT arrangements, and their potential benefits and challenges in implementing it in the retail segment’s payment infrastructure in India. This paper proposes a model DLT arrangement in the form of Peer to Peer Restricted Distributed Ledger Technological (P2PRDLT) Arrangement and related architecture resilience with present payment framework in India. In P2PRDLT arrangement, care is taken wherever it is necessary, control and present responsibilities of various participants (Nodes) are retained and synchronized. The paper envisages the need for integrating the new fintech potential implications for efficient systemic stability, innovations and overall safety for financial markets more broadly as a positive step from the present classic banking towards taking India to Payments 2.0 Banking.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.6

A Study of User Behaviour and Preferences across Age Groups Towards Digital Wallets by Sushil Mavale, Fiza Niyas AND Parag A. Narkhede

Page: 67-73

Abstract: Information technology has transformed multiple industries with startlingly rapid progress. Banking is one of the industries which is determinedly using information technologies to automate many of its services. One such area that got transformed is the way money was transferred. With the advent of digital wallets, there has been a dramatic shift in payment method preferences and behaviour. The present research paper studies the behaviour and preferences of digital wallet users across various age groups. The data was collected from 101 respondents from four different age groups using structured questionnaire. The data was analysed using tests like cross-tabulation, Leven statistics and ANOVA. The researchers found that Google Pay was the most preferred digital wallet followed by Paytm and PhonePe. Google Pay was successful in capturing significant market even after coming late into the market. Most users of digital wallets use it for bookings, bill payments, fees payments and transportation payments. It was found that respondents believe that digital wallets are safe to use.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.7

What determines Manufacturing sector employment in India: Evidence from panel data? by Seema Joshi

Page: 74-81

Abstract: Development economics literature provides contending hypotheses on whether the manufacturing or services sector is an engine of growth in developing economies. In the case of India, the services sector has become an engine of growth by ‘leap-frogging’- sidestepping the industrial sector which can have serious repercussion for the economy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to revive the manufacturing sector to sustain India’s growth rate in the medium and long term. With this background, the paper examines an important question: What determines manufacturing sector employment in India? In this paper the Random Effect Regression Model is applied on panel data for 20 states of India for three time periods i.e.1999-2000, 2004-05 and 2011-12 to identify the factors which can be expected to influence manufacturing sector employment. URB, FLFPR and SERVEMP were significant, emphasizing the importance of policies which promote urbanization, higher female labor force participation and service sector jobs.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.8

Impact of Direct Institutional Credit on Agricultural Productivity in India: An Empirical Analysis by Kappa Kondal

Page: 82-96

Abstract: Government provides certain direct and indirect facilities to boost the agriculture sector through different financial institutions. Credit helps the farming community to purchase modern machines, tub wells, seeds, fertiliser, pesticides and other inputs. The aim of the present study is to analyse the trends and impact of direct institutional credit on agricultural productivity in India. Secondary data have been used (1980–81 to 2017–18). Descriptive statistics and multiple natural log linear regression models have been employed. The study reveals that there was a positive growth in flow of institutional credit to agriculture sector. After new economic reforms, there was a significant progress of SCBs credit to agriculture sector compared to Cooperative Banks, RRBs. The main finding is that all the independent variables (area, credit, fertilizer and new economic reforms) are affecting positively and significantly on agriculture productivity in India.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.9

Agrarian Distress and Indebtedness of Farmer Households in Rural Uttar Pradesh: Emerging Issues and Challenges by Nomita P. Kumar

Page: 97-114

Abstract: This paper discusses some of the dimensions of agrarian distress in Uttar Pradesh that is leading to the collapse of the farmer’s economy. The paper draws upon the fact that U.P.’s economy is still predominantly rural. Agriculture remains the main source of livelihood and accounts for the highest share in the total workforce but is accompanied by decline in the share of national product. This paper is divided into four prominent sections. The crisis is observed to impinge upon the increasing marginalization of holdings leading to the emergence of small – marginal holdings as a numerically dominant group. Another section focuses on the growing resource crunch experienced in agriculture and the resultant indebtedness. The fifth section deals with the credit availability and their impact on the farming community. The final section is devoted to conclusion and discussion of alternative strategies to overcome the current crisis to launch agriculture on the path of accelerated growth and development.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.61.01.10

Volume 60 (2019-20)

Volume 60 (2019-20) Issue 4 , (January-2020 to March-2020)

Jan-Mar

Industrial Clustering in India: Conceptual and Policy Concerns by Keshab Das

Page: 345-355

Abstract: This paper examines conceptual issues in industrial clustering from a developing economy perspective and provides an alternative framework underscoring key characteristics of clusters and factors determining their dynamism. It analyzes ‘policy’ interventions in cluster development in India and points out several serious inadequacies those must be addressed. In the absence of a national cluster development policy and a limited and truncated understanding of dynamism of clusters dominated by informality, the paper engages with policy-responsive issues as developing a social statistics on clusters, recognizing myriad constraints facing rural craft-based clusters and networking for broad-basing market access by all clustered firms.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.1

Ecology & Economy Integrated Clustering Approaches for Sustainable Development in India by Ramachandra T. V. and Subash Chandra M.D

Page: 356-376

Abstract: The concept of economic clustering and trade guilds in India has roots in pre-history. The cocoons and silk processing industry has traditionally existed in clusters, in places such as Banaras, Kancheepuram, Kashmir etc. Cluster-based economic development has become an increasingly popular topic for researchers and economic development professionals. The approach is considered an important aspect of a broader re-orientation of research and economic policy towards laying the foundations of a microeconomic approach for prosperity and growth. The past decades were under the spell of macroeconomics and the creation of market institutions in developing economies. While there is now a fairly broad consensus on the type of macroeconomic and legal conditions necessary to achieve economic progress, it is also becoming clearer that these conditions are not sufficient. As a new approach to help economies reap the full potential of an improved macroeconomic and legal context, cluster-based efforts have received a lot of attention. Clusters are groups of industries and institutions co-located in a specific geographic region (based on availability of natural resources) and linked by interdependencies in providing a related group of products and/or services. Because of the proximity among them—both in terms of geography and of activities—cluster constituents enjoy the economic benefits of several types of positive location-specific externalities. This communication presents integrated clustering of villages for inclusive growth, promoting eco-friendly, local resources, local skill and manpower-based thematic developmental programmes through laying a stronger foundation for sustainable growth. Micro-finance and revival of village-centred enterprises and clustering of villages for thematic development programmes can greatly improve the financial and livelihood security of rural homes, and could provide the largest venues for women empowerment.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.2

The Technical Efficiency of Sago and Starch Industry Cluster by E. Bhaskaran

Page: 377-390

Abstract: Salem District of Tamil Nadu manufacturer’s Sago and Starch is India’s fastest growing market. For inclusive growth and sustainable development, Sago and Starch Industries (SSI) in Salem have adopted the Cluster Development Approach (CDA). The objective is to study the valuechain analysis, correlation analysis and data envelopment analysis by finding technical efficiency (Ø), peer weights (λi), input slacks (S-) and output slacks (S+) of Sago and Starch Industry Cluster (SSIC). The methodology adopted is using data envelopment analysis of output oriented Banker Charnes Cooper (BCC) model by taking the number of bags produced in lakhs and sales value in lakhs, as inputs, and revenue of state government in lakhs and net profit in lakhs, as outputs. The non-zero λi represents the weights for efficient clusters. The S > 0 obtained reveals the excess number of bags or sales value (S-) and shortage in Government revenue or net profit (S+). To conclude, the variables are highly correlated and for inclusive growth and sustainable development, the inefficient SSI should increase their net profit or decrease the number of bags or sales value. Moreover, for sustainable development, the SSIC should strengthen infrastructure, technology, procurement, production and marketing interrelationships to decrease costs, and to increase productivity and efficiency to compete in the indigenous and export markets.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.3

Measuring an Agro-Based Cluster’s Productivity by Anupam and Sunil Sharma

Page: 391-399

Abstract: This paper endeavours to develop a framework for measuring the productivity, more popularly called ‘vibrancy’, of agro-based clusters. Clusters, being ‘complex adaptive systems’, need to be assessed through an integrated framework of not only outputs but also processes that shape clusters. The authors have attempted to operationalize the constructs of social capital, firm productivity, entrepreneurship and innovation in context of agro-based clusters. While entrepreneurship, innovation and firm productivity present the output of clusters, social capital tends to have a two-way relationship with the cluster performance. The tool presented can be useful for cluster practitioners to assess the effectiveness of their cluster development initiatives.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.4

Promoting Agripreneurship Through Cluster Development in Mizoram: An Analysis of Economics of Sericulture in Saitual Cluster

Page: 400-409

Abstract: Sericulture is an agro-based activity which offers various avenues for employment generation in India. Sericulture is a highly profitable activity and its profitability depends on the production of quality mulberry leaves and its conversion into quality cocoons at economic costs. Over the years, sericulture is playing a vital role in development of the rural economy of Mizoram, in terms of employment opportunities. This paper is based on the mapping of Saitual cluster located about 77 kilometres from Aizawl, the capital city of Mizoram. The primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire, administered to all the agripreneurs (180) engaged in sericulture in Saitual cluster from December 2016 to February 2017. This paper attempts to assess the financial performance of the agrienterprises in Saitual and the impact of subsidies on the returns to the sericulturists in the cluster. Sericulture has emerged as a sustainable livelihood option in Saitual cluster, giving remarkable returns to the agripreneurs in the cluster. The cluster development initiative of the Government of Mizoram has provided an impetus to the business by means of subsidy in terms of providing rearing infrastructure, and construction of rearing house and New Land Use Policy (NLUP). Saitual has emerged as a role model of organic silk farming for other clusters in the region to emulate.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.5

Influence of Indian Automobile Industry in Modern Production Method: A Critical Review by J. Venkatesh and Lavanya Kumari

Page: 410-419

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study the influence of automobile industry in modern production methods in the context of Indian industry. The automotive industry is a pillar of the industrial economy and a key motive force of macroeconomic growth and technological advancement. It is a consistent, direct and indirect contributor to GDP, foreign investment, employment and innovation in many countries including Germany, United States, Japan, South Korea, Italy and most recently, China. The development of the automobile industry is a prime policy focus of governments in these nations. In India, the automobile industry is a powerful engine of industrial growth which contributes 7.1 per cent of total GDP and employs approximately 32 million people in direct and indirect ways. Automobile industry provides vehicle for quick transport of goods and passengers. Trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, threewheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in India at various locations. Furthermore, this industry attracted US$ 16.5 billion in foreign direct funding between April 2000 and December 2016, and is slated to attract about US$ 8–10 billion more in local and foreign funding by 2023. The study also shows that the rapid improvement of electronic systems in automotive motors has been driven for decades with the aid of continuously growing necessities of legislation for environmental protection, as well as rising needs of the consumer to enhance fuel economy, protection, riding consolation and driving excitement. The manufacturers of mobile networked machines additionally see themselves increasingly confronted with these requirements. The prime objective of this paper is to examine the advantages and also to study the trends in Indian automobile industry. After liberalization, the entry of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market, which led to the healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three-wheelers.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.6

A Model for Technology Diffusion Determines Productivity Distribution and Aggregate Growth by MANOJ KUMAR

Page: 420-433

Abstract: This paper studies how technology diffusion interacts to endogenously determine the productivity distribution and generate aggregate growth. This paper models firms that choose to adopt technology, or produce with their existing technology. In the context of technology diffusion, one therefore has to consider whether redistributive revenues of the government may, in fact, be allocated towards reducing the fixed costs associated with productive technologies. This paper presents a model in which the cost of technology diffusion is endogenous and varies across heterogeneous firms. The results indicate that the technology with low productivity is used by the majority of individuals in the early stages of development. At this stage, the income distribution is characterized by a relatively higher level of inequality. As capital deepening and redistribution of income and wealth takes place, the inequality among individuals tends to decrease. Once this happens, individuals prefer a relatively larger proportion of government revenue to be allocated towards cost-reducing Research and Development (R&D) expenditures. Eventually, all individuals make the switch to better technology and consequently their incomes converge.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.7

A Study of Occupational Stress and Workplace Spirituality in Himachal Pradesh Police by Shyam Kaushal and Stuti Jalan

Page: 434-442

Abstract: Occupational stress has become pervasive in nearly all workplaces. The negative effects of occupational stress have become a serious concern for the management. They constantly endeavour to take initiatives in order to control stress. Policing has been identified to be one of the most stressful occupations. Numerous studies have identified the level and sources of job stress in police which result in lower productivity and efficiency of the individuals. Lately, workplace spirituality has been identified to improve the overall functioning of an organization. The study attempts to examine the relationship and impact of workplace spirituality on occupational stress in H.P. police. The study was conducted on 118 police personnel from Shimla and Solan districts of Himachal Pradesh. The results of the study showed that there exists a negative and significant relationship between occupational stress and workplace spirituality. The study also revealed a significant impact of workplace spirituality on occupational stress. Amongst them, sense of community and alignment of organizational values had the most significant impact on occupational stress. Lack of alignment of organizational values was identified as the major cause which resulted in low workplace spirituality. It is suggested that efforts should be taken to strengthen the alignment between organizational and individual values. Also, the decision makers in the state police should focus on nurturing the spiritual aspect of police personnel at workplace in order to control stress.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.8

Stress at Work Place: A Study with Reference to police Personnel of Gajapathi District, Odisha by Kalyan Chakravarthy

Page: 443-451

Abstract: Job stress is a matter of concern in current scenario. Work stress results in disruption of psychological as well as physiological homeostasis of the individual, leading to deviant functioning in the working environment. The present study represents a focused interest in stress research that it seeks to isolate specific self-reported organizational stressors that may negatively impact police performance. Stress scale was used to gather primary data of 303 participants from the universal size of 1010. Student independent sample T-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and descriptive statistics were used in data analysis. The findings showed the stress levels of the respondents have a meaningful impact on job. The descriptive statistics of all the variables are medium, kurtosis is negative, Independent sample T-test indicated that there is no gender difference in opinion. The results indicate that the stress variables are statistical significant with working hour of the respondents as the working hours increased the stress also increases. Implications of the findings are discussed.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.9

Financial Performance Analysis of Tata Consultancy Service Limited (A Case Study) by Mala Rathi and Krishn Awatar Goyal

Page: 452-464

Abstract: In the last decade, a new revolution has taken place in the field of computer sciences that has been named as Information Technology Revolution. The revolution has had a great impact on the whole world, especially on India, which is now considered as a destination hub for IT services. With the birth of information technology revolution, a need for software development was felt across world. The sudden increase in demand for software services resulted in the birth of some strong Indian companies like TCS, Infosys, Wipro etc. It is an established fact that India has become a super power in the fields of IT & ITES. The IT companies are playing a major role in providing services to the government and for providing employment as well. Foreign exchange reserves have also increased. Under such a scenario, this paper is an attempt to analyze the financial performance of India’s most renowned company in the IT sector—Tata Consultancy Services (TCS). TCS is a world-class company that has marked its presence on the global platform and is recognized as the world’s 3rd best IT service e provider company. Since its foundation 50 years ago, TCS has received many accolades and has provided seamless opportunities for development in the sector, assisting other sectors, enhancing optimum utilization of resources—physical and human, investors etc. Trend analysis, DuPont analysis and Altman B Model have been used to enumerate the financial performance of the company during the last 5 years. The results indicate a positive trend in its revenue, net profit earnings etc of the company. The company is growing positively with great swiftness.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2020.60.04.10

Volume 60 (2019-20) Issue 3 , (October-2019 to December-2019)

Oct-Dec. 2019

Reusing Fractions of Legacy Municipal Solid Wastes in India: A Circular Economy Approach by Richa Singh, Bakul Rao, Krishnanand Maillacheruvu and Shyam R. Asolekar

Page: 227-238

Abstract: Management of the so-called legacy wastes (i.e. aged wastes) is one of the challenging tasks faced by developing nations including India. Such sites are often those locations where fresh wastes are not brought because the sites are fully packed and inoperable. The un-scientific operations at those abandoned dumpsites have led to various long term challenges such as ground and surface water pollution, air pollution, dumpsite fires, and on-site scavenging - which have been periodically creating massive threats to public health. This paper focuses on management of legacy wastes by adopting feasible, affordable, and environmentally sound technological options aimed at recovery of the maximum possible resources and also generate energy from the combustible waste fractions obtained from mining of these dump sites. The study envisages the need of integrating the circular economy approach with sustainable waste management in India by utilizing waste fractions for gainful applications and ensuring that negligible amount of waste is ending-up into the dumpsites or landfills. It is hoped that this study will serve two purposes, i.e., energy and land recovery by scientific and systematic management of the combustible and inert fraction of the legacy wastes and conversion of reclaimed land to scientific landfills by installing composite liner system for a sustainable landfilling practice. As an add-on, the reclaimed land can also be sold or used for any other purposes after satisfying the adequate fit-for-use criteria for the specific application.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.1

Conversion of Marble Waste into a Value Added Composite Materials for Civil Infrastructure by Asokan Pappu, Ranjan Chaturvedi, Prashant Tyagi, Anam Khan, Ravi Patidar and Edward Peters

Page: 239-249

Abstract: During marble processing, cutting and polishing, more than 12 MT (million tons) of marble waste per year has been produced only in the state of Rajasthan, India. Safe disposal of such huge quantity of marble wastes become a major environmental issue. In the present study, attempt have been made to recycle marble waste collected from Makrana marble processing industries, Rajasthan, as raw materials, for making composite materials. Characterisation studies showed that the major mineral present in marble waste are Calcite (CaCO3), Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) and Quartz (SiO3). Composite materials were made using marble waste reinforced with jute textile fibres in epoxy resin system. The findings of the study showed that marble waste composites reinforced with jute textile have resulted about 50% higher flexural strength (48.48 MPa) than the commercially available MDF (medium density fibre) board (24.23 MPa). It also showed very low water absorption (24 hour immersion) and thickness swelling. The microstructure of fractured surface of marble waste composite showed very good bonding between the marble waste, fibre and the matrix. The composite materials have multifunctional applications in civil construction sector, transport system as doors, false ceilings, architectural wall panels, partition and furniture etc. The marble waste composite materials are stronger than teak wood and other traditional materials such as medium density board, particle board, and rice husk board. Commercial realisation of this composite technology would significantly contribute to Nation program on clean India, make in India and advanced manufacturing missions. Efforts are being made to ease the commercialisation of this technology.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.2

Hospitals - Enormous Waste Powerhouses: Leapfrog to Environmental Sustainability by Vikram Sandhu, Harleen Kaur and Heena Atwal

Page: 250-263

Abstract: Every living thing, be it a single cell to as large as blue whale, takes in nutrient and excretes waste. Most of the machinery is based on this simple biological model of nutrients in and wastes out. The main aim of research conducted for this paper is to study the present actions related to the various waste management techniques and various practices taken by the healthcare organisations for the disposal of the waste. Waste management requires dire need for alteration to proffer sustainable practices in the anticipation of offering the waste management sector a more economically feasible and socially admissible answer to the current waste management predicament. It is necessary to consider explanation of the costs of different disposal practices and not just the cost of the recycling process but also the worth of the domesticated material. Making note of the quantum of common waste as well as bio-waste produced and managing routine observation of health care waste organization tradition, the hospitals can help in preserving the environment.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.3

Cost Benefit and Economic Return on Productivity of Reuse and Recycle in Ernakulam by T. Dhanalakshmi

Page: 264-273

Abstract: On an average 6000 tonnes/day of municipal solid waste is being generated in Kerala. Paper, glass, bottle, plastic, metal, cans and dry waste together comprise 60% - 85% of total material. In terms of revenue, these materials represent from 75 to 90% of total monthly income. Thus, given its importance the objectives are to arrive at average production, to get an estimated amount of resource recovered and to calculate cost benefit of reuse and recyclable waste. Both primary and secondary data were used.This study not only reduces waste production, but also initiates reuse of the materials considered waste.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.4

Identification of Factors Influencing Consumers thoughts on Green Marketing Practices:
Application of Factor Analysis by Selvakumar, M., Ramesh Pandi, G., Sathyalakshmi, V., and Mohammed Abubakkar Siddique R.

Page: 274-284

Abstract: In the modern scenario of globalization, it has become a competitive one to keep the consumers in fold and even keep our natural environment safe. Green marketing is a phenomenon which has developed in the modern market and has emerged as an important concept in India as in other parts of the developing and developed countries which is seen as an important strategy of facilitating sustainable development. A majority of organizations around the world are making an attempt to reduce the harmful impact of production processes on the climate and other environmental conditions. They have comprehensively utilized the word green in marketing campaigns in the form of green marketing, green supply chains, green retailing, green consumers, green products, etc. hence the businesses and the marketers are taking the indication and are going green for the betterment of the entire society. This study is to analyze the thoughts of consumers on green marketing practices in Virudhunagar district. The researcher has used the factor analysis to identify the factors influencing the thoughts of consumers towards green marketing practices. The result reveals that advertisement and media, environmental protection, recycling of waste, green buying behaviour and preference of green products are the most influencing variables towards green marketing practices in Virudhunagar district.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.5

Environmental Proactiveness and the Power Sector: The Indian Scenario by Arun Kumar Vishwakarma and Arvind K. Nema

Page: 285-291

Abstract: Electrical energy is considered to be a clean and safe form of energy. However, there are environmental issues related to its generation and distribution. The significant contributor of electricity in India is thermal power, primarily using coal. The burning of coal causes emission of various greenhouse gases including CO2. With adverse effect from the changing climate due to global warming the power sector has taken drastic steps for the reduction of emissions caused by fossil fuel burning. Several new technologies are being adopted to fulfil the incessant electrical power requirement of the country. Solar, wind and geo-thermal along with biomass are the constituents of these technologies. Out of these, adoption of solar energy is being done on a larger scale. The government supports the adoption of cleaner technologies by the power sector in the form of subsidies. The policies of the government for conservation of environment will help the power sector to not only fulfil the demand of electricity for infrastructure development, but a sustainable approach will also lead to preservation of environment.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.6

Social Inclusiveness of National Food Security Bill: Issues and Concerns by Dilip Diwakar G, Nitin Tagade and Sandeep Sharma

Page: 292-302

Abstract: The National Food Security Bill (NFSB) came at a point when nutrition based deprivation of not only poor, but also majority of the marginalised communities, especially the SCs is at peril. The main thrust of the bill is built on the existing ICDS, MDM and PDS programmes, however, the existing macro level data and literature clearly shows that nutrition level of children has not improved much in the last two decades. Especially, under nutrition is high among certain social groups such as SCs and STs. But there is no specific mention in the NFSB on addressing the concerns of the marginalized communities. This paper examines the existing utilisation gaps among SC and ST, using the available NFHS and NSSO data. This paper also studies the caste based discrimination in utilising the ICDS, MDM and PDS programmes and proposes measure to bring in social inclusiveness in the NFSB.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.7

Realizing Total Customer Experience through Six Sigma Marketing: An empirical approach by K. Muralidharan And Neha Raval

Page: 303-315

Abstract: Loyal customer base is the key to successful business model and this pave ways to the intense customer orientation in contemporary business environment. Amplified need of customer orientation has brought monumental changes in marketing functionality. Marketing has progressed from traditional promotion based profit making business function to relationship based customer oriented business function. The focal point of recent marketing effort is on managing pleasurable Total Customer Experience (TCE). This scenario necessitates effective management of marketing actions at strategic, operational and tactical level. One well known approach that can cater to this marketing environment is Six Sigma. With the major focus on data based management philosophy, Six Sigma proposes effective guideline for different stages of marketing function. Amalgamation of these two fields is known as Six Sigma Marketing (SSM). This paper explores how empirical Six Sigma approach can be utilized to manage pleasurable TCE. With reference to realworld case study, this paper tries to demonstrate how empirical Six Sigma Marketing (SSM) approach works for effective marketing management.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.8

Impact of Self Help Group – Bank Linkage Programme and it’s Role in the Upliftment of the Poor by K. Fayaz and K. Venugopal Rao

Page: 316-325

Abstract: Development with social justice has been the fundamental target of development planning in India since independence; it has been evident that women have always been given very respectable position in the society. Gender equality in different socio-economic spheres has always been the top priority among policy makers, decision makers and the government. In the present socio-economic scenario, notions of women empowerment and their security can always be observed in the manifestos of all the political parties and this is the need of hour too for sustainable development. Despite making myriad efforts for women empowerment, the present socio economic status of women in India is very miserable. In this context, NABARD came ahead to launch Self Help Group (SHG) and bank linkage programme in 1992. These programmes have become a very effective tool of uplifting the socio economic status of poor women. There are ample facts across the globe to show, how the SHG and bank linkage programme through its functioning can provide productive employment opportunities, safe credit facilities, saving opportunities and thereby can eradicate poverty. The studies on the Self Help Group-Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP) of the National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) underline that the programme has done extremely well in rural India in terms of its outreach, generating income, reducing poverty levels and empowering people both economically and socially. This paper evaluates the impact of SBLP on Self Help Group (SHG) members at the household level from a gender perspective. This is mainly because female SHGs are doing extremely well in terms of recovery of loans and per capita income and savings. Micro financing through self-help groups has proved to be a strategic measure for organizing poor people in groups and promoting savings habits to gain to access to institutional credit for their socio-economic development and empowerment.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.9

Changing Dynamics of Formal- Informal Labour Market in Uttar Pradesh by Nomita P. Kumar

Page: 326-344

Abstract: The present paper examines the trends, patterns and growth in informal and formal employment by sex, sector and place of residence in the state of UP, using the data of 61st (2004-05) and 68th (2011-12) rounds of NSSO’s Employment and Unemployment Surveys. To examine the overall trend and pattern of employment in general and female employment in particular in the formal and informal sector, across industries this paper also focused on the distribution of workers across industrial categories.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.03.10

Volume 60 (2019-20) Issue 2 , (July-2019 to September-2019)

Jul-Sep

Indian Labour Migration to the Gulf: Recent Trends, the Regulatory Environment and New Evidences on Migration Costs by S.K. Sasikumar

Page: 111-125

Abstract: Indian Labour Migration to the Gulf: Recent Trends, the Regulatory Environment and New Evidences on Migration Costs 111-125 S.K. Sasikumar This paper examines the recent trends in Indian labour migration to the Gulf countries. It analyses the regulatory structure governing low-skilled labour migration in conjunction with the mapping of the recruiting landscape. The paper provides evidences on migration costs in the India-Saudi Arabia migration corridor based on a primary survey undertaken by the World Bank-led Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). It provides policy recommendations in relation to three core aspects of international labour migration from India: improving the information base on international labour migration; restructuring the regulatory environment for international labour migration; and reducing migration costs borne by workers to obtain overseas employment.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.1

Climate and Weather Induced Agricultural Distress and Migration: Characteristics and Evidence
K.S. Kavi Kumar, Brinda Viswanathan and P. Dayakar by S. Irudaya Rajan and C S Akhil

Page: 126-135

Abstract: This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature examining the three-way linkage between weather/climate variability, agricultural productivity and migration. Highlighting low elasticity of migration to agricultural productivity in India, the paper explores potential reasons behind low rural-urban/inter-state migration rates. The paper further provides evidence on short term migration in India and discusses a potential manifestation of the same in the form of feminization of agriculture. The paper argues for enabling policies that enhance non-agricultural rural livelihood options as well as policies that facilitate greater participation of women in agricultural management.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.2

Reintegration of Return Migrants and State Responses: A Case Study of Kerala by S. Irudaya Rajan and C S Akhil

Page: 136-142

Abstract: Countries of Origins are witnessing increasing rate of return migration of temporary labour migrants in the past decade. This paper analyses the process of reintegration of return migrants in Indian context by examining Kerala as a case study and portrays the existing state responses towards return migrants. Kerala is selected because of the rich tradition of international labour migration and the existence of a state-run institutional mechanism to manage migration. The study uses Kerala Migration Survey to create a profile of the return migrants to the state. The reintegration process has been analysed using semi-structured interviews with government officials and returnees followed by the analysis of policy documents. The basic profiling of return migrant clearly shows that majority of them are unskilled and semi-skilled workers returning due to loss of job because of the ongoing recession and nationalisation policies in the Gulf countries. The poor savings rate of return migrants and lack of employment opportunities in the state show that reintegration of return migrants would not happen without the support of the state. Even though Kerala has a well-developed migration management system compared to other Indian states, it is not enough to meet the demands of return migrants. The paper urges national government to create a comprehensive framework for return migrants by collaborating with state governments, which involves effective management of the skills earned by migrants in the host country and long-term financial assistance for reintegration.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.3

Competitive or Complementary: Impact of Inter-state Migration on Native Workers of Kerala by Likhitha K. and A. Abdul Salim

Page: 144-149

Abstract: Migration is unarguably the most influential process that has determined what the Kerala state now. That much impact the process has as far as all the fields of life in the state is concerned. This process of emigration facilitated the replacement migration of the labourers from other state of Kerala. Replacement migration is mainly due to the large scale migration of young working population along with the unwillingness of the people of Kerala to do manual works. A large number of migrant labourers got attracted to the state due to high wage rate, and better working and living conditions, which helped to reduce this imbalance between demand for and supply of labour. This labour in-migration obviously affected the economy and society to a great extent not only in positive but in negative terms also. One of the major adverse effects of in-migration is supposed to be in the labour market of the native workers. This paper examines whether the labour migration to Kerala is competitive or complementary to the native workers. This is examined in the framework of the competitive and complementary effect aspect of Borjas’ theory of Immigration and supported by the evidences from the primary survey. The study finds that in-migration in the present context is not a threat to the native workers as majority of the in-migrants is unskilled or semi-skilled who are not competitive to the skilled native workers of Kerala.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.4

Male Out-migration and its Implications on the Socio-economic Status in Rural Bihar by Ugra Mohan Jha and Nisha Varghese

Page: 150-161

Abstract: The implications of migration are complex in nature and affect the economic growth of the region wherein it exists. India has witnessed more than three-fold increase in the levels of mobility from 1950 to 2011. Considering the long history of migration from Bihar, this study was conducted to examine factors influencing migration and its implication on the socio-economic status of the migrants in Bihar. Migration has resulted in several changes in the migrant households. It was found that the role of women in decision making related to various farming activities was more in case of migrant households. Migration has also resulted in diversification of the food basket.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.5

Dual-Step Migration from a Village in Uttar Pradesh: Causes, Processes and Consequences by Bhaskar Majumder and Md. Taukeer

Page: 182-174

Abstract: Cross-border migration often takes place at two levels. In the first level labourers migrate from their native places to the destination city within the national economy facilitated by their social network, and in the second level they migrate abroad for economic opportunities. The first one provides space and time to take decisions, while the second one lifts their economic status often at the cost of risks. We selected a village — Inayat Patti in the district of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh to examine migration of labourers, first to the metropolitan city of Mumbai and then to countries in the Gulf. The labourers migrated to the Gulf countries based on informed positive wage-differential. The causes, processes, and consequences of dual-step migration by selected indicators are explained in this paper. The paper pleads for a positive role of the state to safeguard the labourers migrating to the Gulf countries.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.6

Measurement of Material Productivity: A Case Study of Pharmaceutical Sector Companies included in Nifty 50 by Meenu Maheshwari and Priya Taparia

Page: 175-194

Abstract: In this modern environment, productivity has become an indicator of the progress of a country. It may be treated as a key to prosperity. Productivity can be denoted as a ratio of the monetary value of the output to the monetary value of the input which shows the actual performance of a unit. Higher the productivity means a more efficient use of the resources in an organisation. Productivity may include material productivity, labour productivity and overhead productivity and also the overall productivity. The Material Productivity of pharmaceutical sector companies included in Nifty 50 has been analysed in the present study. The sector consists of Cipla Ltd., Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd., Lupin Ltd. and Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Material productivity of eight years has been studied in the present study from 2008-09 to 2015-16. Both intra-sector and inter-sector hypotheses have been tested and results have been drawn from it. For intra-sector hypothesis, an analysis has been drawn with the help of Chi-Square Test and it has been observed that in all companies except in Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. null hypothesis has been accepted, which shows that the material productivity ratios of the sampled company for the study period are approximately equal. In the case of Butin Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd an alternate hypothesis is accepted. In inter-sector hypothesis, analysis is drawn with the help of Kruskal Wallis Rank Sum Test popularly known as H Test and it has been observed that the null hypothesis is rejected, which means that the material productivity ratios between the pharmaceutical sector companies included in Nifty 50 differ significantly. The reason for the increase or decrease in the material productivity may be due to increase or decrease in the output or input or the components associated with productivity. For improving the material productivity it is recommended to improve the output, input or components of output or input.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.7

Demonetization In India - The Journey So Far by Krishn Awatar Goyal and Vijay Singh

Page: 195-203

Abstract: With each passing day, in the light of various reports and data, the consequences of demonetization are becoming far clearer and comprehensible. The jury is still to give its verdict on the demonetization, which is certainly a watershed event in the political and economic history of our nation. However, it is not that easy to choose between the pro and anti-demonetization divide. There is little doubt about the stated objectives and intentions behind the decision of demonetization, which primarily includes checking the menace of black money, black economy, corruption, FICN, antistate activities and to enhance cashless & digital economy. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) led NDA government at the Centre shall be praised for taking such a huge political risk to cleanse the economy of our nation. However, there was clear cut indication of lack of proper and adequate planning on the part of the government, which led to unintended adverse consequences like loss of employment and daily wages, deaths, suicides etc. Even after more than two years of the demonetization, it is indeed very difficult to clearly mention that it is good or bad for the Indian economy as the whole picture is still to be unfolded.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.8

Factors Influencing Yield Rate in West Bengal Agriculture: A Panel Data Approach by Amit Kundu and Pubali Goswamy

Page: 204-213

Abstract: In West Bengal Economy, the role of agriculture is still very important. This paper shows that in most of the districts of West Bengal, the agricultural productivity or yield rate of different food and cash crops have increased since 2000-01. Using panel data fixed effect regression technique, it is proved that average harvest price of the previous year, average rainfall and average money wage rate of the agricultural labourers play a positive role behind this improvement of average yield rate in agricultural production. Positive relationship between average yield rate of agricultural production and average agricultural wage establishes consumption efficiency relationship.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.9

Participatory Rural Planning for Sustainable Agriculture: An Observation from Rural Jharkhand of India by Niranjan Sahoo

Page: 214-225

Abstract: This article is an attempt to know how the community level participatory process could be used to advance agricultural efforts and livelihood initiatives. This empirical study is carried out in two villages of Jharkhand state in India to examine as to how the community people make an interaction with common resources for agricultural planning and development through knowledge management. It is firmly believed that humans are so called unexplored treasures and each additional individual born in this world strains world resource by being a consumer. But by being a producer, each individual has enormous potentialities to explore and contribute to the world resources. Now our concern is as on how to convert the human beings into human resources? More growth of population means, more overtax of the resources, which will ultimately result in widespread poverty and hunger (Thomas Malthus 1798). Malthus theory on population and general prediction about the common man of third world countries could be reversed by way of converting the human population into human resource through education, training for agriculture. Overpopulation is not a burden rather it may be termed as an opportunity especially for agriculture and rural development sectors. Participation is an indigenous or native instinct, which has paramount importance in helping common people in villages in increasing production and productivity. When common people unite in a participatory process they tend to explore more their inherent skills and knowledge. This empirical study is carried out in two villages of Bero block in Jharakhand state to find the systems and strategies of participatory process where the common and illiterate people became proficient to explore their potentialities for making micro-planning for village development. Various methods of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) like logical framework analysis (LFA) and objective variable indicators (OVI) are also discussed in the full paper.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.02.10

Volume 60 (2019-20) Issue 1 , (April-2019 to June-2019)

Apr-Jun

Do Entrepreneurial Intentions Drive Outcomes? by Brajaballav Kar

Page: 1-11

Abstract: Entrepreneurial intentions and outcomes differ and this research investigates if intentions influence the outcomes. Factor analysis of the 20 items related to the entrepreneurial intent construct was done to group it to 7 parsimonious factors. Reliability of self-reported 4 item scale for the entrepreneurial outcome was tested. Total entrepreneurial outcome factors were regressed with 7 intentions factors as the independent variables to understand its influence on the total outcome. This research indicates that the entrepreneurial outcomes (income and savings, social respect, career, and overall satisfaction) are positively and significantly influenced by intentions such as esteem seeking, idea & skill, and altruism; but negative significant influences were observed for intentions related to necessity and alertness. The intention factors related to individualism and kinship had insignificant positive and negative relationship with outcomes respectively.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.1

Social Entrepreneurship in Agriculture Sector: Challenges and Opportunities by Sujit Majhi

Page: 12-19

Abstract: Agri-Social entrepreneurship is a process of creation, change, sustainable development and significant social problem solving mechanism. Social entrepreneurship development in agriculture sector has a significant role in India. The major challenges for social entrepreneurship development in agriculture are cultural complexity, lack of proper understanding of the social enterprise; low priority against urban based enterprises etc. Agriculture sector has tremendous potential and opportunities for social entrepreneurship development considering different activities and dimension. Organic farming, value chain management, agridecision support system, input and product management are some of the opportunities for agri-social entrepreneurship development in India.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.2

Factors Influencing the Success of Women Entrepreneurs in Factor Driven Economies by Amandeep Dhaliwal

Page: 20-31

Abstract: Women entrepreneurship has been growing significantly all over the world. But it has been seen that women owned businesses tend to underperform and has higher failure/closure rates as compared to businesses owned by men. As per GEM report (2017), 4 out of 10 women exit business in the initial stage itself in case of factor driven countries. This research therefore identified a list of factors from literature and empirically surveyed the women entrepreneurs to find out the factors that influence the success of women entrepreneurs in such economies. Findings of the study found that the Support Systems, Personal Orientation & Knowledge Base were the overarching factors having the most impact on the success of women entrepreneurs in such economies.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.3

Women Entrepreneurs in India Set to Spread their Wings in the Corporate World by Ruchi Gupta

Page: 32-41

Abstract: Women constitute 48.5% of the country’s population. According to the Sixth Economic Census released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation they constitute around 14% of the total entrepreneurship. Women entrepreneurship is largely skewed towards smaller sized firms, as almost 98% of women-owned businesses are micro enterprises. The paper deals with women entrepreneurs in the current global scenario and their status as per sixth economic census (2013-14). It further deals with various government initiatives towards promoting and encouraging women entrepreneurs, identifying the challenges and offering few suggestions which may help overcome the barriers to women entry in corporate world.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.4

Paving the Way for Transformational Future - Women Entrepreneurs in Uttar Pradesh by Nomita P. Kumar

Page: 42-56

Abstract: This paper venture into the issue of what propels women into entrepreneurial activity: Is it due to economic or social pressure, or are they attracted to it? While the number of woman entrepreneurs are on the rise in India, but experts have different views on what is driving this surge. The study surveyed a sample of 300 women entrepreneurs. While drawing the sample care was taken to cover women entrepreneurs from different types of business activity and different size/categories in terms of capital and employment, and those who had at least three years of experience and employing more than two workers. Pre-coded interview schedule was administered to gather the required information about their family background, socio-economic conditions, push and pull factors involved, problems and constraints etc.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.5

Strategies towards Sustainability of Business Schools in India by Mohit Kumar Kola

Page: 57-69

Abstract: In the present paper attention has been focused on the majority of Business Schools in India towards the extent of fulfilment of the goals and thus their capacity towards sustainability. A review on this aspect shows a rather dismal performance on the part of majority of B-schools. To turn the table for these B-schools towards the path of sustainability, ten strategies are outlined here in this paper. These strategies are: i) re-orient MBA curriculum, ii) ensure adherence to multi-attribute admission criteria, iii) recruit quality faculty, iv) use of relevant teaching materials, v) test and re-test teaching-learning pedagogy, vi) encourage competition amongst students, vii) enhance interaction with local organizations, viii) institutionalize mechanism of direct quality assurance of teaching and learning, ix) promote entrepreneurship culture within the Bschool, and x) focus on research. The paper analyzes the impact of the above ten strategies on various input and output parameters of learning and development using the system dynamic concept of feedback loop.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.6

A Study of Effect of NPAs on the Financial Performance of Public Sector Banks in India by Preeti and Kuldip Singh Chhikara

Page: 70-78

Abstract: Presently, the Indian Banking System is passing through an uncertain phase of distress due to growing NPAs (Non-Performing Assets) having negative impact on the performance of the banks in particular and growth & development of the nation in general. The present study is purely based on secondary data collected from various sources and were analyzed with the help of appropriate statistical techniques such as Mean, Standard Deviation, CAGR, Diagrams, and Charts, etc. to draw the conclusions. A very high degree of negative correlation was found between NPAs and ROA & ROE of the PSBs indicating towards a very high degree of negative impact of NPAs on the banks’ financial performance. It was exposed through the results of the study that the problem of bad loans has matured with the passage of time due to irresponsible role played by the top level management of public sector banks in general and the regulatory authorities in particular. Further, the populist government schemes have also told upon the health of the banks and hence serious and stringent actions and decisions are required to be taken and implemented at various levels not only by banks but also by RBI, other regulatory authorities and GOI to boost the financial position of the banks in general and of the economy of the country in particular.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.7

Genetic Diversity and its Impact on Productivity of Cotton crop in Punjab by Joginder Singh

Page: 79-87

Abstract: The traditional cotton belt of Punjab state has made significant contribution to India’s cotton production and a source of livelihood. The area under the crop has shown marked difference due to varying productivity, jeopardising the mere sustainability of the crop. The basic issues namely: plant protection practices for changing scenario of insect-pests and choice of suitable varieties remained haunting. The pre-Bt period had witnessed a serious attack of bollworms adversely affecting the crop productivity and area under cotton crop cultivation. There was a rapid diversification of varieties which were short field life but put together elongated the crop season and thus encouraged the pests. However, the situation improved with evolutions of Bt varieties in 2002-03. The crop productivity responded well during its introduction period, showing CGR of 11.8% and consequently area under the crop increased. Left to the choice of farmers to select Bt varieties/trade names out of scores available, did not have the desired impact as the crop yield did not improve. Analysis for the overall study period favoured genetic diversity for productivity improvement. This potential belt, which has already lost more than 55% cotton area stands further endangered and calls for measures for its revival through area-specific short-listing of varieties, discouraging paddy crop.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.8

Performance of Area, Production and Productivity of Cashew in India and Kerala by Binu Kumar, B.J. and Abdul Salim A.

Page: 88-95

Abstract: Cashew industry is a prominent agro based, export oriented and traditional industry which provide employment and income for the economic development of Kerala. There are lakhs of workers engaged in the cashew processing industry; about ninety three percent are women workers. The performance of cashew in the international scenario reveals the position with which the cashew holds among the agricultural commodities. India is the first country which commercialized cashew as a horticultural crop. India’s raw nut production is not sufficient to sustain the processing capacity established in the country. The low yielding old aged cashew trees are needed to be replaced with cashew grafts of high yielding varieties along with adoption of improved production technologies. Higher productivity as well as production is the urgent need for all the major producers of cashew across the globe. The scrutiny of cashew productivity data in India over the last few years indicated stagnation and there was a wide gap existing between the actual and potential yields. It is essential that India should keep pace and meet the requirement of raw cashew nuts for cashew processing industries and achieve self sufficiency. The present paper examines the performance of cashew sector in terms of area, production and mproductivity in India and Kerala.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.9

Structural Change in Employment Pattern in Odisha: An Analysis in the Post Reform Period by Priyabrata Sahoo and Ranjan Kumar Nayak

Page: 96-103

Abstract: This paper is an attempt to look into the structural transformation in Odisha economy by looking at the pattern and nature of employment in the post reform period. The unit level data of employmentunemployment survey (EUS) and the EUS reports have been used for calculation of employment figures. The primary sector income share has been declining at a faster rate than the decline in the employment share. The tertiary sector recorded a faster growth in income and increase in income share though the labour absorbing capacity of this sector is low. Hence instead of having high growth in Odisha, as referred to in many literatures, the structural transformation in the economy is a stunted one. In terms of employment growth, the self -employment category has seen a faster rise during the post reform. Class wise (decile) analysis shows that, it’s the casual labour, that is more deprived.

DOI : - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.60.01.10

DATA BASE - Entrepreneurship : India vis-à-vis Select Countries by Rajesh Sund

Page: 104-110

Volume 59 (2018-19)

Volume 59 (2018-19) Issue 4 , (January-2019 to March-2019)

(January-2019 to March-2019)

Data Mining Techniques and its Applications in Agriculture and Health Care Sectors for the Benefit of Mankind by Jharna Majumdar, Mamatha Bai B G and Shilpa Ankalaki

Page: 311-323

Abstract: We live in an era of rapid technological advancement that has facilitated communication and dissemination of information in various sectors. However, in the Indian context, two sectors that are integral for the country’s growth still have a long way to go in terms of getting linked with technology that would ultimately benefit people and fuel the country’s development. The study focuses on agriculture and health sectors in this context. To achieve the result, Data Mining algorithms are implemented and the proposed work mainly focuses on the cultivation of cotton and health condition of the foetus and mother for a better tomorrow.

DOI-https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.59.04.1

The 10 Vs of Big Data framework in the Context of 5 Industry Verticals by Jayanthi Ranjan

Page: 324-342

Abstract: Big Data is no longer a buzzword that it used to be. It has become part of everyday discussions and has even been added to the English language dictionary. An entire ecosystem of tools and techniques around Big Data has evolved in the form of a multi-billion dollar industry and “Data Scientist” is said to be the best job of this decade. As the tools, technology and know-how of Big Data become mainstream, it is expected that a formula for successful implementation of Big Data initiatives must have become available by now resulting in a large number of companies successfully using Big Data analytics. However, in reality, a huge number of these initiatives continue to fail costing the companies lost investments and missed opportunities. This paper takes a look at the Big Data challenges mentioned in the literature. After going through various classifications of the problems, it was found that most issues arose due to the very nature of Big Data and the properties which make it different from traditional data. Additionally, it was seen that in some industries some of these properties had a much larger impact on the success of Big Data projects compared to other properties. Thus, a need to study the characteristics of Big Data in the context of different industries was felt and the 10 Vs model describing the ten properties of Big Data was chosen for it.

DOI: - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.59.04.2

Mining and Extracting Emotional Information from Human-Based EEG: An Overview by M. DURAIRAJ AND JANSI RANI R.

Page: 343 -351

Abstract: Emotion plays a vital role in our lives such as attention, memory and decision making and communication. Emotion recognition is a step towards aiding people such as in care taking and designing brain computer interfaces. Nowadays, automatic emotion recognition is one of the most popular research topics in the fields of computer vision, speech recognition, brain-machine interface, and computational neuroscience. Recognizing emotions from EEG (Electroencephalogram) signals permits us to evaluate the internal condition of the subject, which is viewed as an important factor in HCI (Human Computer Interaction). One of the most important things in improving accuracy of emotion recognition is based upon choosing the Good Artifact Removal algorithm, Feature extraction, Feature selection method and Classification algorithms. This paper reviews EEG emotion recognition processes in 2017.

DOI: - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.59.04.3

Experiences and Challenges of Dealing with Large Sample by Surashree Shome

Page: 352-357

Abstract: The paper narrates the data collection process followed before data mining for a study conducted in 50 schools across two states of India covering more than 14000 students. Objective of the paper is to document the process and challenges of conducting studies with large sample. The paper will help research organizations and/ or researchers to plan and organize their data collection process.

DOI: - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.59.04.4

A Study of Impact of Demographic Variables on Quality of Work Life by Reetika Thakur and Dinesh Sharma

Page: 358-365

Abstract: A good Quality of Work Life (QWL) is indispensable for the success and survival of any organization as it contributes to employee motivation and satisfaction, which enhances employee performance. QWL enables organisations to enjoy a competitive advantage in the present scenario of increased competition and challenges. Also, people are the most vital resource in an organization as they facilitate optimum and the most effective use of other organizational resources. Thus, the present study aims at assessing the QWL of employees of Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (HPPCL) and measuring the impact of various demographic variables on QWL. Results show that all the eight QWL dimensions taken in the study make a contribution to the overall QWL, and HPPCL employees are quite satisfied with the QWL and its dimensions. Results also reveal that gender, age, hierarchical level and marital status have no impact on QWL. However, annual income was found to have a statistically significant impact on QWL.

DOI: - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.59.04.5

Productivity and Profitability Relationship in Sugarcane Cultivation: A State Level Analysis by P. Padmavathi and A. Narayanamoorthy

Page: 366-373

Abstract: This paper analyses the relationship between productivity and profitability of sugarcane cultivation by using state-wise data covering the period of 1973-74 and 2014-15. The descriptive, correlation and regression analyses have been carried out to study the relationship. Descriptive analysis shows that the real value of human labour cost incurred for cultivating sugarcane was found to be high in Tamil Nadu state as compared to other states selected for the analysis. Further, correlation analysis reveals bullock labour cost and yield enhancing input costs, which are positively correlated among the selected variables specifically in Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka states. Finally, the result of regression analysis carried out by using yield enhancing input cost suggests that it plays a dominant role in increasing the productivity of sugarcane, which in turn enhances profitability except Karnataka state for the entire period of analysis

DOI: - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.59.04.6

Macro Mechanisms in the Promotion of Chinese Outward Direct Foreign Investment by Qing Yang and Badar Alam Iqbal

Page: 374 -382

Abstract: This paper analyzes in detail relevant mechanisms that influence the development of Chinese Outward Foreign Investment (OFDI). Since these mechanisms directly affect the development of Chinese transnational corporations, it is of great significance to establish and improve such mechanisms. The mechanisms relating to the development of OFDI mainly include: foreign exchange administration, legal systems, the system of administrative examination and approval, monetary support system, tax system, insurance system and related service support system. After analyzing their current situations in China and the influences they have on the development of OFDI, the paper points out existing problems, discusses the problems’ after effects and illustrates the roles of the relevant mechanisms. In addition, the paper examines the practices and experiences of other countries in this field and presents suggestions and ideas about how to establish and improve the mechanisms in the growth of Chinese transnational corporations.

DOI: - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.59.04.7

Productivity Change in Indian Information Technology-enabled Services (ITeS) Sector: A Malmquist Index Approach by Prosenjit Das

Page: 383-393

Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the productivity change and its determinants in the Indian ITeS sector during 2004-05 to 2014-15. For this purpose, firm-level data is collected from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) Prowess database. The findings of productivity analysis reveal that, on an average, the ITeS industry has experienced improvement in total factor productivity by 3.1% during the entire study period. The decomposition analysis of productivity reveals that innovation is the major contributor to the growth of total factor productivity. The regression results show that export and human capital have positive impact on productivity whereas the US subprime crisis has negative impact on productivity. The policy implications of this study suggest that the firm-level managerial efficiency should be improved for further enhancement of productivity. In other words, policy should be devised in order to encourage the private limited firms for a holistic development of this industry. Moreover, the stakeholders of Indian ITeS industry should reduce dependence on the US and UK for export revenue and needs to explore new markets to keep pace with the ever changing technical and business environment.

DOI: - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.59.04.8

Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility in Sustainable Agriculture & Rural Infrastructure by Vikram Singh and Shaily Deewan

Page: 394-412

Abstract: This paper makes an attempt to study the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) its process, conceptual and theoretical understanding. It is also based on the assumption that corporate social responsibility is towards sustainable agriculture & rural infrastructure. The paper also aspires to look the widespread adoption of corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies in developing countries have led to call for a concerted effort to better capture CSR effects. The paper considers the practical implications for the effort to assess CSR contribution to community development in developing countries. Rural infrastructure is crucial for agriculture, agro-industries and overall economic development of rural areas. It also, incidentally, provides basic amenities that improve the quality of life. Corporate Social Responsibility has been attracting attention recently by the corporate world worldwide. The corporations discharge their CSR through social development in various ways in varying degree. Methodological considerations, objectives, findings and conclusion have been also discussed

DOI: - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.59.04.9

Effect of Weather Changes on the Credit Risk in Agricultural Microfinance: An Indian Perspective by Suhail Ahmad Bhat and Mushtaq A. Darzi

Page: 413-423

Abstract: The objective of the paper is to determine the impact of weather changes on credit risk of loans granted to small scale farmers by microfinance institutions. Generally small-scale farmers in developing countries are undersupplied with credit by microfinance institutions, because they believe that lot of risk is involved in loan repayment from farmers. Therefore, the study employs secondary data obtained from Indian Metrological Department regarding average rainfall received during the four seasons pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon and winter. With regard to credit risk in agricultural microfinance, data was obtained from the Reserve Bank of India depicting annual leading and outstanding towards marginal, small, medium and large farmers by schedule commercial banks in India. Results of the study depicts that rain has insignificant impact on credit risk of loans granted to marginal, small, medium and large scale farmers. The study will guide farmers and policy makers in understanding the real cause of credit risk and non-payment of debt, which is the main cause of farmers’ suicide in India. The study has taken data of the last 27 years from 1985-2011. This is the first empirical study that determines the effect of weather changes on credit risk of micro-loans granted to small-scale farmers in India.

DOI: - https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2019.59.04.10

Volume 59 (2018-19) Issue 3 , (October-2018 to December-2018)

Oct-Dec

An Analysis of Tenant Farmers Condition and Difficulties at Macro and Micro level by K. Kiran Kumar

Page: 207-215

Abstract: Agriculture provides livelihood to more than half of the nation’s population, which mainly include self-cultivating farmers who are land owners, landless labourers and tenants who do not hold ownership of land. Historically different types of tenancy existed all over the country such as fixed rent tenancy and share cropping tenancy. Agriculture is predominantly the main ccupation of tenant farmers who depend on lease land to cultivate crops. To reduce the predominantly existing ‘tenancy culture’ and protect the tenants in the country over a period of time, central and state governments have implemented various polices such as land reforms, tenant protection policies. However, even now tenants are one of the most vulnerable sections in the agriculture sector. The present study analyzes the current conditions and difficulties of the tenant farmers in various states along with field study in the village.

DOI- https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.03.1

Prospects of Sustainable Agriculture Practices under Groundwater Exploitation Scenario: A Case of Saurashtra, Gujarat by B. Swaminathan, N. J. Ardeshna and R. L. Shiyani

Page: 216-225

Abstract: Prospects of Sustainable Agriculture Practices under Groundwater Exploitation Scenario: A Case of Saurashtra, Gujarat At least 50% of India’s total irrigated area is dependent on groundwater and there are wide variations in terms of its access and usage. Of late, over-exploitation of groundwater and falling water table levels across the country has become a cause of concern. Though there are many strategies to arrest this trend, crop diversification and water use efficiency stand out as they reduce farmer’s risk besides improving resource use efficiency and scaling down cultivation cost. In this context, the present study was conducted in the groundwater exploitation areas of Saurashtra region, Gujarat to understand the extent and feasibility of crop diversification and water-use efficiency. For this study, Harfindahl and Margalef indices were worked out and water use efficiency (WUE) was estimated. The findings revealed Harfindahl indices between 0.65 and 0.91 indicating lesser preference for crop diversification in the study area. Further, Margalef Index (MI) of cotton (1.10) and groundnut (0.52) indicated higher concentration of these crops. The water consumption levels (in HP hrs /ha) for cotton (291.94 to 1050.97) and groundnut (209.85 to 424.03) were found to be highly varying among the farmers. Similarly, average WUE (in HP hrs/qtl) was 35.10 (groundnut) and 56.98 (cotton). Though the WUE of Chilly crop (8.49) was found higher, its average gross returns (Rs. 19,222/ha) was observed to be lower than that of groundnut (Rs. 25,081/ha) and cotton (Rs. 54,373/ha). Accordingly, the study suggests that income, price and adaptation factors are crucial for successful adoption of crop diversification and WUE leading to scaled down risks, costs and boost farm profitability, which in turn may result in sustainable agriculture.

DOI- https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.03.2

Rural Unorganised Manufacturing Sector in Assam in the Post-reforms Period by Dilip Saikia and Uddipana Gogoi

Page: 226-235

Abstract: The objective of the present paper is to analyse the performance of the rural unorganised manufacturing sector in Assam in the postreforms period. Using the National Sample Survey Organisation’s (NSSO, 2008 report) ‘quinquennial’ rounds on unorganized manufacturing sector for the years 1994-95, 2000-01, 2005-06 and 2010-11, we have analysed the growth performance and structural changes in the rural unorganised manufacturing sector in Assam in terms of number of enterprises, employment and output. The analysis showed that in the post-reforms period there has been a deceleration in the growth of output in Assam’s rural unorganised manufacturing sector, while the growth of enterprises and employment has been negative. Considerable structural change has been occurring within the rural unorganised manufacturing sector over the years; the share of Own Account Manufacturing Enterprises (OAMEs)– the dominant segment of the rural sector – has been falling, while that of the establishments has been increasing. The establishments’ segment has been growing at a faster rate than the OAMEs. Employment elasticity in the overall rural unorganised sector and the OAMEs is negative, whereas that in the establishments’ segment has been relatively high. Labour productivity in the rural unorganised sector has been lower than the urban counterpart, however, growth in labour productivity is found to be higher in the rural unorganized sector than urban unorganised sector.

DOI- https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.03.3

Agriculture to Horticulture: An Innovative Method to Standardize the Socio-Economic Condition of Jammu and Kashmir by Mohd. Azhar Ud Din Malik

Page: 236-242

Abstract: The objective of the paper is to evaluate change of cropping patterns from agriculture to horticulture and its socio-economic impact on residents of Jammu and Kashmir. Horticulture, which is a significant component of agriculture, has become a profitable sector in recent years and thus has an important share in the country’s economy. This study is analytical and experiential in nature and is based on both primary as well as secondary data. For analysis of data Statistical Package for the Social Science [SPSS] was used. The study concludes that the change in cropping pattern has improved the socio-economic development of Jammu and Kashmir.

DOI- https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.03.4

Impact of MGNREGA on Agriculture Sector in Sirmour and Solan Districts of Himachal Pradesh by Balbir Singh and S.L. Kaushal

Page: 243-252

Abstract: Agriculture is the mainstay of majority of the people in Himachal Pradesh. So in this connection Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) acts as a growth engine for agriculture as it creates assets like ponds, wells, rain water harvesting system, check dam and irrigational canals etc. in rural mareas. This paper attempts to assess the impacts of MGNREGA on agriculture sector through secondary and primary data basis in Sirmour and Solan districts of Himachal Pradesh.

From the study it is concluded that after implementation of the scheme, 93% respondents stated that they have been provided irrigation facilities for farming to enhance agriculture productivity. Around 91.8% respondents admitted that due to the provision of irrigation facilities for farming, the production of commercial crops (89.5% respondents) have increased and 91.8% respondents stated that agriculture lands have been covered under cultivation.

It was also noted that after MGNREGA, 92.8% respondents admitted that women workers were working in household fields of other people. Thus, overall it is concluded that MGNREGA has become a growth engine for agriculture development and source of livelihood for the poor especially in the study area of H.P.

DOI- https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.03.5

Effects of Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) on Employment and Income in Keonjhar district of Odisha by Pragatika Mishra and Pratap Kumar Jena

Page: 253-263

Abstract: This paper has made an attempt to (i) analyze the performance of DDU-GKY in Keonjhar District of Odisha, and (ii) analyze the socio and economic effects of DDU-GKY programme in Keonjhar district of Odisha. It provides a better scope to understand how many rural youths are skilled and self-employed in Keonjhar district through this programme. The study finds that performance of DDU-GKY is best in Keonjhar district. Income as well as expenditure of the respondents has increased after implementation of the DDU-GKY programme. The study also finds that those who have joined in the Industrial Assistance trade, they are earning more income than those in retail and/or sales job. Though, this programme is mainly for the benefit of economically marginalized people, the government should take appropriate policy not only to stop dropout from the training but also for mobilization and publicity of this programme. Therefore, policy makers should take care of proper placement, capacity development programmes for the faculty members, salary of both trainers as well as trainees and also use of modern technology for teaching.

DOI- https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.03.6

MGNREGS and Rural Employment: A Study of the Changes in the lives of the Beneficiaries in North 24 Parganas by Arundhati Bhattacharyya

Page: 264-274

Abstract: Rural unemployment and poverty are causing distress to many rural people. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (MGNREGA) has been an avenue to alleviate poverty and mitigate the unemployment problem. It is the largest employment programme in the world. The Government of India through the scheme is trying to improve the social safety net. The paper tries to understand the features, issues that have been attempted to be sorted out and the challenges that are still there in the execution of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS). It has also tried to gauge responses about the economic advancement due to MGNREGS work and the responses about engagement of rural people in any other form of work other than MGNREGS work. The paper has been part of the experience, which was obtained while conducting a project funded by the Indian Council of Social Science Research by the contributor in the district of 24 Parganas (North).

DOI- https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.03.7

“Bankruptcy Code for Corporate Failure in SAARC Countries” (A Comparative Study) by Krishn A. Goyal and Ravinder Kumar

Page: 275-281

Abstract: Corporate failure is one of the hurdles in economic development of the SAARC countries comprising India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Maldives. The main objectives of this study is to explore the existing bankruptcy code, laws, current trends of bankruptcy code and legal framework in contemporary business environment of SAARC countries for dealing with corporate failure. The study has made a comparative study of bankruptcy code for corporate failure in SAARC countries.

DOI- https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.03.8

Legal Citation Network Analysis: An Overview by R. Jeyshankar and E. Nishavathi

Page: 282-292

Abstract: This paper theoretically analyzes the role of citations in judicial opinions and their significance in stare decisis. It provides an outline for network theories and technologies its applicability to legal citations and their benefits. It also discusses about the properties, algorithms and tools used in legal citation networks.

DOI- https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.03.9

Decomposition of Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) Using Technical and Financial Parameters: A Case of Indian Electricity Distribution Utilities- A state-wise analysis by N. K. Bishnoi and Pooja Gaur

Page: 293-310

Abstract: In this paper, Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) has been used to measure productivity change of electricity distribution companies (Discoms) of 30 states in India (state-wise clubbing of individual Discoms in each state) by decomposing productivity change into two parts namely technical efficiency change and technological change/frontier shift. The panel data for the period 2006 to 2015 has been taken for analysis. Result indicates that electricity distribution utilities are experiencing negative change in TFP (Total Factor Productivity) by an average of 1.1% from 2006-2015 while average technical efficiency progress is 1% and technological progress is (-)2.1% for the same time period. Therefore, productivity can be improved by decreasing technological inefficiency. Malmquist Productivity Index is further interpreted to find out the source of productivity change and managerial implications by further analyzing the components of technical change by following Yao Chen and Ali (2004) approach

DOI- https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.03.10

Volume 59 (2018-19) Issue 2 , (July-2018 to September-2018)

Jul-Sep

Relationship Between Ethical Climate and Deviant Workplace Behavior by Garima Mathur, Richa Banerjee, Kajal Sharma and Harvinder Kaur

Page: 101-110

Abstract: The research mainly explores the effect of perceived ethical climate on deviant workplace behavior. The behavior of the employees always affects the climate of the organization. Due to the unethical behavior of the employees at the workplace, organizations are not able to maintain an ethical climate. Organizations are trying their level best to ensure that deviant workplace behavior improves through their performance. This study is conducted to show how organizational ethical climate impacts deviant workplace behavior.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.02.1

The Gender Dimensions of Expenditure in India: Some Policy Issues and Concerns by Devinder Singh

Page: 111-120

Abstract: Majority of governments have articulated their promise towards gender equality goals but there are often inconsistencies between policy statements and the ways in which public finances are raised and spent. This paper states that a lot of effort has been taken in gender budget statement (GRB) over the last decade in India. The paper reviews the trends of gender budget in India over the last decade. On the basis of Indian experience, the paper attempts to assess the GRB initiatives in the country taking into consideration few critical questions: first, did GRB result in increased investments and budgetary resources to encourage gender equality? Second, did GRB make governments accountable for their commitments towards gender equality? third, has GRB been able to bring about changes to policies and budgets that would raise the social and economic status of women and further gender equality commitments? And fourth, given the degree of deprivation that exists in India, did GRB, as a tool of fiscal policy, contribute to the creation of an agenda to study budgetary priorities for the most marginalized women? Identifying imperative issues that are limiting the potential of the approach, the paper also recommends important points that the government needs to take into concern.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.02.2

An Exploratory Study on Motivation 3.0 Among the Indian it Workforce by Kavya Nihaarika Pillarisetty, Sajiv Madhavan and Amalendu Jyotishi

Page: 121-130

Abstract: The paper revolves around an exploratory study of three driving forces namely Autonomy, Mastery and Purpose (AMP) put forward as Motivation 3.0, which has off late gained relevance in several organizations comprising of knowledge workforce. Given the challenge of retaining talent in the Indian Information Technology (IT)industry, the exploration is confined to employees working in Indian IT sector. Furthermore, the study focuses on comprehending the relationship between the explanatory variables identified under each of the three categories of AMP to that of the career span of knowledge workforce. The key finding is that Indian IT workforce experiences certain level of mastery and purpose with no autonomy at workplace.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.02.3

Motivation-to-lead Among Police Personnel in India: Does Rank Matter? by Mahesh Kumar Maurya

Page: 131-137

Abstract: The present study was conducted with the objective of investigating the level of motivation-to-lead among police personnel across different ranks. The study was conducted on a sample of 350 (205 constables, 30 head constables, 85 sub inspectors and 30 inspectors) non-gazetted police personnel. The data have been collected on the police organization at the state of Uttar Pradesh in Republic of India. Participants’ responses were obtained on questionnaires which measured motivation-to-lead (Dubrin, 1998) on five point scale. Statistical analysis of the data through F test showed among the motivation-to-lead dimensions, while there was no significant difference between the constables, head constables, sub inspectors and inspectors participants with regard to providing solutions, there were significant differences in managing group activity and providing encouragement reported by constables, head constables, sub inspectors and inspectors. Results of the mean reveals that constables, head constables, sub inspectors and inspectors have strong managing group activity, providing encouragement, providing solutions and total motivation-to-lead. Findings have important implications for award of promotions and giving responsibility to police personnel in duties which needs motivation-to-lead.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.02.4

Work Related Variables and its Relationship to Work Life Balance A Study of Police Personnel of Himachal Pradesh by Poonam Kaushal and Jai Singh Parmar

Page: 138-147

Abstract: Individuals encounter more conflict between work life and personal life as they continue to engage in the quality life that they need. Thus, successfully balancing work and family life is one of the major issues being faced by the employees in this global epoch. The present study was designed to assess the relationship between work related variables and wok life balance, and sought to determine the most significant predictors of work life balance among police personnel in Himachal Pradesh (HP). The study was conducted through the sample of 166 Non-gazetted Police Officers (NGOs) of Grade-I employed in HP (India). Data collected was analyzed with the help of SPSS 21 and statistical tools viz. Pearson correlation coefficient and Independent sample t-test were used. The findings of the study showed that there is significant correlation between various work-related variables and work life balance of police personnel. Work support and work role overload were the most influential factors in explaining the work life balance of police personnel followed by work ambiguity, task variety, work autonomy and work schedule flexibility.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.02.5

Workmen Safety and Health: A Rethinking on Mines Safety in Mahanadi Coal Limited (MCL) by Ashis Kumar Pradhan and Asis Kumar Senapati

Page: 148-163

Abstract: This paper purports to show the dismal performance of workmen safety measures provided to the MCL employees. It provides evidence of the way in which the company is found to hide information related to number of cases of Pneumoconiosis. The increase in trends of many diseases also questions the sustainable standards of health among the employees indulged with mining activities. The present study brings out likely concealment of information by the company. The work conditions are particularly hazardous in an unorganized sector and specific sectors are more prone to particular health and life hazards.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.02.6

Safety on the Go: An Empirical Study of Select Manufacturing Concerns to Give a Reviving Boost to the Existing Safety Practices by Meha Joshi

Page: 164-174

Abstract: Health and safety of employees is a growing concern for organisations. It has been established by several researchers that employee safety is directly linked to employee productivity. In today’s era, it is emerging as one of the most important concerns for manufacturing organisations and therefore, it needs to be addressed carefully. This research paper attempts to study the perception of safety among the employees belonging to six different industries, in particular, small and medium manufacturing enterprises of Uttarakhand (India). It also aims at finding out the gap areas between actual safety practices followed in organisations and the practices documented by organisations for the purpose of record. A selfdeveloped 29 items scale was used to determine the safety perception of employees. One way Analysis of Variance was used to ascertain that whether there exists any significant difference in the perception level of employees with respect to nature of industry and type of organisation. Further one sample t-Test was used to find out the gap between actual and documented practices of safety. The research highlights various factors contributing to the safety of employees and concludes with the discrepancy existing between the actual and documented practices.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.02.7

An Empirical Study on the Awareness and Usage of RTI Act 2005 by Indian Students in Northern India by Rohit Markan

Page: 175-185

Abstract: The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 has been recognized as a fundamental human right, which upholds the inherent dignity of all human beings. The right to information plays a crucial role in the Indian democracy as it tries to ensure accountability and good governance. Greater the access of the citizen to information, greater the responsiveness of government to community needs. In the education sector, students are facing various problems with regards to their academics such as fee details, admission process, result delays, result evaluation, original data for research work, education loan from banks, performance of institutions, infrastructure details, to name a few. At the ground level, colleges and universities have designated Public Information Officers to address the problems of students. As the Universities Grant Commission (UGC) is functioning under the central government; hence all the colleges and universities come under the RTI Act, 2005. The study was conducted to understand the awareness level and usage of RTI Act, 2005. The study also attempts to find the problems encountered by the students in retrieving information. It also enlightens the resources from where the information is obtained and whether timely information is supplied to them by the public information officers.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.02.8

Role of Commercial Banks in Financial Literacy by Selvakumar, Anbuchezhienkamaraj, Sathyalakshmi and Mohammed Abubakkar Siddique R.

Page: 186-197

Abstract: Financial literacy is the knowledge, ability and skill to understand, control and use one’s financial resources wisely, ultimately leading to the well-being and economic security of oneself, one’s family and the economy as a whole. In today’s world financial literacy is important to every individual who wishes to select the best way to carry out payments and take care of banking issues.Financially literate consumers create competitive pressures on financial institutions to offer more appropriately priced and transparent services, by comparing options, asking the right questions and negotiating more effectively. The current paper examines the role of commercial banks in financial literacy.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.02.9

Rejuvenating Japanese Economy through Closing Gender Employment Gap by Seema Joshi

Page: 198-205

Abstract: Though Japan is a major economic power after United States (US) and China in terms of nominal gross domestic product (GDP), yet it has been losing its competitiveness due to its macro-economic situation and also because of labor market inefficiencies, which among other indicators get reflected in the ratio of women to men, which is one of the lowest among high income economies. In order to revive Japan’s growth first and then to sustain it subsequently and also to counter population ageing and decline the paper suggests that greater female labor force participation rate (FLFP) can play a crucial role. After briefly examining gender gaps, policy environment created by the government of Japan and best practices of selected companies with regard to female employment,the paper brings out that there is an urgent need for more gender sensitive and supportive policy interventions to bridge the gender gap in economic participation in Japan.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.02.10

Volume 59 (2018-19) Issue 1 , (April-2018 to June-2018)

April-Jun. 2018

Climate Change and Agricultural Sustainability in India: Issues and Policy Options by Deepak Shah

Page: 1-9

Abstract: India faces a major threat from changes in climate since its economy is closely tied to natural-resource-base and climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, water and forestry that happen to be the most vulnerable sectors. India is poorly equipped to cope effectively with the adversities of climate change due to low capabilities, weak institutional mechanisms, and lack of access to adequate resources. Wheat production in the country may decline after 2020 and rice production may be adversely impacted in the eastern states. The eastern region would witness increased temperatures and decreased radiation, resulting in fewer grains and shorter grain filling durations. On the other hand, the potential decline in yields owing to increased temperatures in northern India will be offset by higher radiation, resulting in lower impacts of climate change. There is a possibility of a loss of 4–5 million tonnes in annual wheat production with every 10C rise in temperature even after considering the carbon fertilisation effect. The climate change will affect various crops during the entire growing period owing to extreme whether events. The adaptability of crops-to-climate variability would acquire significant dimension as frequent occurrence of extreme weather conditions may dictate as to how to cope up with the situation.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.01.1

Indian Agrarian Economy or Suicide Economy: Is There Any Way Out? by Priyanka Murria

Page: 10-20

Abstract: During the past two decades, a major public policy issue that has been receiving a lot of media attention is a spate of suicide death among the Indian farmers. The staggering incidents of suicide death among farmers are pointing the strong tentacles of agrarian crisis hampering the Indian Agrarian Economy. The farmers of certain states particularly Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and West Bengal are causing distress deaths ending in elevation of suicide deaths. The problem is so grave that it needs to be addressed on urgent basis and in an integrated manner. Unless and until this problem is addressed, despite achieving the GDP of 2.3 trillion dollars, the India’s macro development objective remains discolored. This is because of the fact that farmers who are responsible for growth of primary sector are ending their lives year by year portraying the grey picture of suicide economic structure in India. This paper is an attempt to understand and analyze the extent and incidence of farmer’s suicides across major suicide prone states in India. For this purpose, data has been considered on various aspects such as total number of farmer’s suicides in India, gender composition of farmers’ suicides, and state-specific suicide death rates of male farmer suicides in major suicide prone states in India. This research paper focuses on the farmers suicides in India for the period of 1995-2014. In addition, the comprehensive review of literature has been attempted in order to explore the stressors that are behind the mounting farmer suicides. Lastly, the suggestions have been made in order to mitigate or curb the practice of farmers’ suicides.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.01.2

Fifty years of Punjab Agriculture: An Appraisal by M. S. Sidhu and Varinder Pal Singh

Page: 21-36

Abstract: Punjab with just 1.53 per cent of the geographical area of the country accounted for about 40-45 per cent of wheat and about 25-30 per cent of rice procured for the central pool of food grains during the last 50 years or so. The State agriculture, which was growing fast earlier, has now reached a sort of plateau in terms of productivity and production. In the wake declining land – man ratio, it is not able to generate gainful employment and sufficient income for the growing population. There is almost stagnation in the net farm income. The farming alone is not able to generate sufficient income for small and marginal farmers. Due to economic distress, 6926 farmers and agricultural labourers had committed suicides between 2000 and 2010. At present, the farm indebtedness is to the extent of about Rs.80,000, which work out at Rs.7.60 lakh per farming household. Unless the state make rational use of its irrigation resources, it would be difficult to maintain even the present type of cropping pattern in the long run. In the overall interest of rural economy, the employment opportunities in the non-farm sector may be created for the unemployed/ under-employed youth. Future of the state is in the hands of present young generation.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.01.3

Productivity and Farm Income differences of Ginger Cultivation in Sikkim by Yograj Sharma and Pradyut Guha

Page: 37-45

Abstract: The analysis of the data of 200 ginger farming households initiating cultivation in different agro-climatic regions of East and South district of Sikkim at disaggregate level reveals that significant difference of total factor productivity in different agro-climatic regions with average productivity has been found to be maximum in the tropical region and was least in temperate agro-climatic region. Considerable differences in farm business income were also noticed with the change in agro-climatic regions. The expenditure incurred for hired labour, manure, and disease (rhizome rot) seems to have a negative and significant impact on farmer’s income.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.01.4

Productivity and Profit from Bt Cotton Cultivation: An Analysis of Farm Level Data from Tamil Nadu by C. Renuka and A. Narayanamoorthy

Page: 46-55

Abstract: Cotton crop has been cultivated predominantly in many parts of India, but its productivity is one of the lowest in the world mainly due to severe pests attack. Farmers are unable to control the bollworm attack, which is the key pest in cotton destroying up to 80 percent of crop output. Bt (Bacillus Thuringiensis) cotton introduced during March 2002 for commercial cultivation in India is considered to be an important variety in protecting the crop from bollworm attack. Many studies have been carried out since the introduction of Bt seed focusing on various aspects, but the controversies about the benefits of the new seed variety have been continuing. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the productivity and profitability of Bt cotton by comparing with non-Bt cotton using farm level data collected from sample farmers in Tamil Nadu State. This study shows that while reducing the consumption of pesticides, Bt cotton helps to increase its productivity and profitability considerably as compared to non-Bt cotton.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.01.5

Farmers Clubs and Livelihood Opportunities through Livestock Development: An Analysis in Select Villages of Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu by P. Balamurugan

Page: 56-61

Abstract: Livestock provides livelihood to two-third of rural community. It also provides employment to about 8.8 per cent of the population in India. India has vast livestock resources. Livestock sector contributes 4.11 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) and 25.6 per cent of total agricultural GDP. Traditionally, livestock maintenance like country side cows and bulls breeding was done as an important part of the farming system. Cow milk, cow dung and cow urine were useful to organic farming and useful in maintaining sustainable environment for human health and natural resources development. At this juncture, an attempt has been made to analyse the uses of cow-based products and their importance to sustainable development in villages, where almost all households engage in cow breeding activities as part of livelihood support.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.01.6

Determinants of Major Vegetables’ Return on Investment in Telangana State by Kappa Kondal

Page: 62-72

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to identify the determinants of major vegetables’ return on investment (RoI) in Telangana state, India. Primary data have been collected from vegetable growers by using multi-stage random sampling method through structured schedule. Descriptive statistics and multiple natural log linear regressions have been employed. The present study revealed that medium farm size growers have received highest profits INR 62,700.4 (63.2 per cent to their revenue). It seems that they were only more efficient producers compared to other farm size growers. Among all crops, ridge guard growers have received highest profits INR 81,640.9 (74.3 per cent to their revenue), but beans grower’s RoI was highest (227.9 per cent). However, majority (84.5 per cent) of growers have received economies of scale. Profits and marketed surplus have positive and negative significant effect on return on investment respectively and remaining variables are not showing any significant effect but there is association with RoI. 91.2 per cent of the variation in the RoI explained by all independent variables. The hypothesis is rejected. It states that there is a significant effect of profits and marketed surplus on RoI, but marketed surplus is not positive effect in the study area.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.01.7

Role of Indian Cement Sector towards Sustainable Development by Arun Kumar Vishwakarma, Shirish Sangle and Arvind K. Nema

Page: 73-80

Abstract: Infrastructure development is the basic requirement for any developing country like India. Huge investments are being made towards infrastructural development. However, the abrupt use of natural resources has resulted in damage to the environment in the form of greenhouse-gas emission, specifically carbon dioxide. Cement sector is a major contributor towards greenhouse-gas emission. These environmental issues must be addressed so that the development can be considered sustainable. Corporate environmental strategies play a key role in defining the approach of an industry towards environmental protection by way of waste reduction and pollution prevention. Adoption of proactive environmental strategies by the cement sector has resulted in sustainable development without causing damage to the natural environment. Several companies have made a distinguished place in the industry by way of proactive adoption of environmental strategies. Sustainable development is the only way, which can help in overall development at present without depleting natural resources for the future.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.01.8

Human Development and Economic Growth in Kerala: Sustainability Issues by Manju S. Nair

Page: 81-91

Abstract: Historically, the state of Kerala has followed a human development lopsided development pattern evidenced by high human development index (HDI) despite low growth rates.For the last two decades, along with high HDI the state experienced high growth in NSDP; the sustainability of this phenomenon (i.e., a movement towards virtuous cycle) depending upon the strength of the causal chain from human development to economic growth and vice versa. The paper attempts at exploring these chains and argues for a complementary approach of strengthening the links between economic growth and human development through successful policies aimed at larger allocation to public services (such as education, health care, nutritional support and environmental protection) and much more comprehensive programmes of economic equity and social security along with development of the physical and social infrastructure.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.01.9

Child Waste Pickers in the City of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh: Unfolding Some Facts by Bhaskar Majumder and G. Rajvanshi

Page: 92-100

Abstract: The children from underprivileged households remain engaged in collecting materials discarded by the final users on the public space. We assume that the children working as waste pickers in the city of Allahabad are self-employed, in absence of any identified employer, to earn income to sustain the livelihood of their households. The paper, based on a primary survey of children engaged in waste picking in the city of Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh, concluded that the out-of-school children engaged in waste picking reflected their adverse inclusion at the bottom of the labour market. Notwithstanding the fact that the state intervention through Acts so far could hardly protect the childhood of these children, this paper argues for protection of the waste picking children through state intervention.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2018.59.01.10

Volume 58 (2017-18)

Volume 58 (2017-18) Issue 4 , (January-2018 to March-2018)

Jan-Mar

Skill Development Programmes: Some Reflections by Bharti Kureel & Bhavna Verma

Page: 355-362

Abstract:
Skill development is a milestone for the upliftment of the weaker section of the society—especially the unprivileged, unemployed youth. Indian government is specifically focused on providing skill to the Indian youth and its objective is to enable, mobilize and make them professionally knowledgeable so that they can have some livelihood through these programmes. But, these programmes have certain shortcomings at its implementation level, coordination with government and non-government agencies, and also lack of participation at community level.Taking in to consideration of this situation, an attempt has been made in this article to see some reflections of this skill development programmes on the basis of secondary data. The article is divided into three parts—firstly, dealing with the need of skills in different sectors; secondly, showing the status of skill India programmes; thirdly, showing the problems, gap and suggestions for effective implementation of skill development programme.

Constraints to Linking into Global Value Chains: Do Indian Industries Lack Capacities and Skills? by Neha Gupta

Page: 363-379

Abstract:
The article uses primary survey to enumerate the constraints that Indian industries face while linking into global value chains (GVCs), from the perspective of both labour-intensive textiles and clothing and capital-intensive machinery industries. Eighty Indian firms and industrial associations have been interviewed. Main reasons for low participation of Indian firms in GVCs include weak domestic value chains, fragmented manufacturing units, skills mismatch, low R&D, and poor infrastructure. Particularly, fabrics and garments are India’s weakest links and they face tough competition from China, Bangladesh, Vietnam, etc. India does not have enough capacities to produce big and sophisticated machines, along with small machine tool segment. Accordingly, the article provides policy directions for skill development in India, along with strengthening of domestic value chains, that is, those strategies that can help to develop India’s GVCs in these two industries.

Skill Development: A Necessity for Leading India by Ragini Sharma

Page: 380-391

Abstract:
In the age of globalization, knowledge and competition have intensified the need for highly skilled workforce in both the developing and developed nations, as it enables them to accelerate their growth rate towards higher trajectory. For India, skill development is critical from both socio-economic and demographic point of view. Focusing on the need of Skill Development for Leading India, our 15 th Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Damodardas Modi, on 25 September, 2014 in Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, chanted the economic mantra—‘Make in India’, which is directly associated with the ‘India Vision’. Mr. Modi unveiled ‘Make in India’ initiative aiming to project India as the manufacturing hub that will fuel India’s economic growth. Such a growth-oriented initiative has lead to the scope for research to find out its implementation, implication and sustainability. Since it is a recently launched initiative, very few researchers have published on the various factors that would be affected by the implementation of ‘Make in India’ initiative. Thus, around twelve research papers have been reviewed for the research of this article. After reviewing various papers, it is inferred that manufacturing from India, by foreign & domestic Industries in various sectors, can generate employment opportunity. Therefore, the Indian labour and prospective employees need to acquire skill and knowledge to gain employability. Thus this article tried to find out the effectiveness of ‘Make in India’, on employability and scope for skill development. It is important to focus on the development of the skills of Indian labour force to become eligible enough to fit in to the industry requirement. After reviewing, it is found that only 10% of the workforce receives formal training to acquire the required skill. But out of the actual industrial training requirement of the 22 million workforces, only 4.3 million of workforces are actually getting formal training. If new job opportunities will be created by ‘Make in India’ project, then there will be higher demand of skilled labour. But it is found that there is a huge gap between these two in India. It is also found that for the successful implementation of ‘Make in India’ initiative, it is also important to implement various skill-development initiatives to lower down the skill gap between the available skills and desired skills.

Empowering Women through Skill Development: Interlinking Human, Financial and Social Capital by Vikram Singh

Page: 392-399

Abstract:
Socio-economic rights and equality have the potential to form a powerful partnership. Engendered socio-economic rights aim to take account of the power relations in which rights are exercised, in order to enhance the set of feasible options open to women, while at the same time supporting the values of interdependence, solidarity and care, whether or not based on choice. This article attempts to analyse the empowerment process among women through skill development and its conceptual framework in India. It also intends to highlight the process of promoting economic, social, and cultural rights (including the right to work) through skill development. The paper also aspires to look into the bond and bridges created via skill development training, which help the women participant to accumulate Human, Financial & Social capital sufficiently. In India, skill development is demanded economic growth and inclusive development; hence the women cannot be overlooked. Employable skills alone have not been able to generate sufficient autonomy among rural women unless they won’t be associated with entitlements. Establishing mechanisms to ensure women’s individual access and control over socio-economic resources, skills development through imparting skill training should be learnt by women for nurturing them as technical service providers through skill training. This can be able to give women innovative work prospect for interfacing within the family (i.e. social rights) and with the community and local stakeholders outside of the home (i.e. economic rights). Lastly, the analysis is done and conclusions are drawn on the basis of discussion.

A Study on the Importance of Skill Development:Women Entrepreneurs in India as a Catalyst to Women Empowerment by Rupam Jyoti Deka

Page: 400-409

Abstract:
During recent time, there has been an inflow of large number of women undertaking entrepreneurship as the new career opportunity in developing countries like India. This has benefitted largely to the growth of various women-empowerment programs and policies by Government, NGOs and other Banking and Non-Banking Financial Institutions (NBFIs). These has led to growth of independence and empowerment of women overcoming various constraints and barriers. However, to have a deeper understanding of these obstacles would, there need to be in-depth understanding of the participation and of women and girls from both rural and urban areas. It is important to study the relationship between the barriers and requirement for empowering the women entrepreurs in India.Ambitions, obstacles and opportunities need to be considered according to the different demographic profiles of the women entrepreneurs. For this, there is need for the development a detailed ‘micro’ level’ explanation of the issue.Training and Skill Development approach is essential for providing aid to the women entrepreneurs in non-traditional, high skill, male dominated business enterprises and also to empower the women to overcome the barriers.

Skill Development and Emerging Issues in Vocational Education and Training by Naresh Kumar & Tabassum Jamal

Page: 410-419

Abstract:
Skill development always has been an issue of great importance for policymakers and stock of skill manpower is an important indicator of technological competence. India has a vast base of technical manpower but there is a debate on lack of skill development; hence, India is facing a big challenge in the area of skill development system. Despite substantial infrastructure for skill development, a majority of potential students have inadequate access to education and vocational training, resulting in low educational attainment. This article reviews status of skill and vocational development and policy efforts taken by the government at various stages. It also provides a brief sketch of demand and supply of skilled workforce.

Doubling Farmers’ Income in Gujarat State:Challenges and Way Forward by B. Swaminathan, R. L. Shiyani & J. Ardeshna

Page: 420-430

Abstract:
Akin to Green Revolution of the late 1960s, doubling farmers’ income by 2022-23, over the 2016-17 income levels, has become the watchword of the current agricultural policy scenario. Gujarat is among the top few states in India where doubling or improving farmers’ income within the targeted year is in the realm of possibility. The State’s agricultural growth rate has never been short of seven percent throughout the last decade. The farm income sources are also well diversified as farmers derive sizeable incomes from both crop and animal sectors. With 53 percent of its work force dependent on non-farm operations, small-scale industries and enterprises are also flourishing in the rural areas. The state tops the charts in milk production as well. Fisheries sector has been identified as the sunrise sector and it is expected to contribute further to the farmers’ income basket. Micro-Irrigation and Soil Health Card schemes are being well implemented in the State and the water conservation efforts through construction of over 1.25 lakh check dams and water distribution efforts through intra-state river linking have already started paying dividends. To top that all, Gujarat is both pioneer and leader in harnessing solar energy for irrigation purpose. That is why, the average farm household income in Gujarat as of 2013-14 was found to be a healthy Rs. 8,000 per month. However, on the other hand, per household median farm income was just above Rs. 2,500 per month. This could only refer that most of the small and marginal farmers, who form 80 percent of the farm households in the State, have yet to attain income parity. Thereby, the interventions required to improve and sustain farmers’ income need to focus on inclusiveness in such a way that even the small and marginal farmers should derive significant benefits. Accordingly, the present paper has included a host of 21 key strategies that have the potential in not only improving farmers’ income in the State but also in actually doubling farmers’ income by the targeted year of 2022-23.

Regional Differences in Growth of Employment Generation by MSMEs: A Study with Reference to Northern and Southern Regions of Kerala by Shacheedran V. & Tomy Mathew

Page: 431-440

Abstract:
Entrepreneurship enables to eradicate poverty, utilise resources for productive purposes, delivers goods and services to people, thereby promote economic development and growth. Along with various broad socio-economic advantages, it also provides source of livelihood for the individuals. Employment generation is the one of the important objectives of any form of entrepreneurship. MSMEs are considered as highly labour intensive form of entrepreneurship. In a State governed by same set of rules and regulations is supposed to have uniform development of entrepreneurship throughout. However, the research paper proves that in Kerala State there is regional difference in the employment generation by MSMEs.

Comparative Study to Determine Impact of Patent Filing on Growth of the Country by Anupam Sharma & Kartik Singla

Page: 441-448

Abstract:
An attempt has been made in this study to present an overview of the annual patenting intensity of China, the US, Japan, Rep. Korea, and India. Patent data originating from these countries from 2005 to 2014, filed through World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European Patent Office, and the United States Patent were collected and analysed. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one of the measuring scales of economic growth. This article examines the growth rate of the country in context to the patent filling. Results depicts that differences in patent activity are dependent upon both the size of the economy and the level of development. So it is interesting to articulate that the numbers of patent applications are relative to GDP, population, research and development spending, and other variables (commonly referred to as ‘patent activity intensity’ indicators) also contributes.

Implementation of Material Flow Cost Accounting into a Bearing Manufacturing Company in India by Alok Shah, David Jacob, Deep Desai, Dhruvrajsinh Atodaria & Bhavesh Modi

Page: 449-459

Abstract:
This article aims to combine the concept of Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) into a bearing manufacturing company. Material Flow Cost Accounting, as described by ISO-14051 norms, is an Environmental Management Accounting (EMA)tool that seeks to improve a company’s productivity while reducing its impact on the environment. The concept was implemented in the following manner by: (a) establishing quantity centres, (b) quantifying material flow, (c) depicting data on the MFCA flowchart sheet, and (d) proposing necessary changes required for prophylactic measures. The implementation revealed the negative cost of 3.58 percent and the suggestions were forwarded to the company.

Volume 58 (2017-18) Issue 3 , (October-2017 to December-2017)

Oct-Dec

Role of Infrastructure in Value Addition to Management Education: An Empirical Study by Sistu V.S.N. Murthy and Sunil Kumar

Page: 251-260

Activity-Based Teaching in Higher Education Institutions by Rupa Rathee and Pallavi Rajain

Page: 261-270

Internationalization of Higher Education in India: Emerging Trends, Strategies and Policies by Surendra Mani Tripathi and Anjali Bajpai

Page: 271-279

Excellence in Higher Education: Need of the Hour by J D Singh

Page: 280-285

Influence of Organizational Justice on Managerial Effectiveness in Institutions of Higher Learning
by Navneesh Tyagi, D. Baby Moses and Surekha Rana

Page: 286-299

Biotechnology Higher Education, Funding & Start-ups: Indian Scenario by Shridhar C. Ghagane, Murigendra B. Hiremath, G. G. Kadadevaru, Sridevi I. Puranik and R. B. Nerli

Page: 300-307

The Effects of R&D Spending on Productivity Performance: Findings from the Public Sector Enterprises in India by Chinmoy Roy

Page: 308-316

Public Debt and its Sustainability at State Level: A Study of Kerala by V. Nagarajan Naidu

Page: 317-330

Application of Lean Principles in Indian Service Sector: Exploratory Analysis by M. D. Vadhvani and M. G. Bhatt

Page: 321-339

Managing Common Property Resources (CPRs) for Rural Development : A Development Perspective by M. Sabesh Manikandan and K. Sundaram

Page: 340-351

Data Base- Higher Education: India vis-à-vis Select Countries by Rajesh Sund

Page: 352-354

Volume 58 (2017-18) Issue 2 , (July-2017 to September-2017)

Jul-Sep

Food grain Deficiency in India: Magnitude, Determinants and Policy Prescriptions by Paramita Bhattacharya and Siddhartha Mitra

Page: 129-142

Food Security in India : Emerging Issues and Policy Options by Sanjeev Kumar

Page: 143-154

Agricultural Production, Marketing and Food Security in India: A Peep into Progress by Shirish Sharma and Purushottam Sharma

Page: 155-165

NFSA : A Legal Entitlement to Right to Food by Ruchi Gupta

Page: 166-178

Targeted Public Distribution System in Himachal Pradesh : A Gateway to Food Security by Shyam Kaushal and Rakesh Kumar

Page: 179-186

Enhancing Food Security through Sustainable Agriculture in Uttarakhand Himalaya by Vishwambhar Prasad Sati

Page: 187-196

Food Security in Uttar Pradesh: Its Status and Challenges by Nomita P. Kumar

Page: 197-213

Food and Nutrition Security: An Exercise in Locating Ground-truth Among Tribals by Nitin Tagade and R.S. Deshpande

Page: 214-227

A Study of the Impact of Production Variables on Indian Food Grains Productivity
by Shiksha and Parul Mittal

Page: 228-234

Performance Assessment of National Textile Corporation after Turnaround by J.R. Dikshit, P.C. Basak and Kamal Vagrecha

Page: 235-245

Food Security Scenario: India vis-à-vis Select Countries by Rajesh Sund

Page: 246-250

Volume 58 (2017-18) Issue 1 , (April-2017 to June-2017)

Apr-Jun

Twenty-five years of Economic Reforms and Employment Pattern in India: An Assessment of Organized Segment of Manufacturing by D. INDRAKUMAR

Page: 1-11

Regional Concentration of Manufacturing Industries in India
by ANAND SHARMA AND SANJOY SAHA

Page: 12-23

Intra-State Concentration of Unorganized Manufacturing Enterprises in India by Dilip Saikia

Page: 24-38

Manufacturing Productivity Growth in India: Revisiting Verdoorn’s Law
by D. P. Priyadarshi Joshi And Susanta Kumar Sethy

Page: 39-52

Implementation of Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) in Manufacturing SME: A Case Study
by Abhishek R. Tailor, Bhavik C. Solanki, Nirav J. Padariya, Parth V. Patel And Shashank J. Thanki

Page: 53-63

Managing Agility via Fuzzy Logic: A Case Study of Machine Tool Industry by G . S. DANGAYACH, ALOK KHATRI AND D. GARG

Page: 64-79

Impact of Working Capital Performance on Profitability of Dairy Industry in Andhra Pradesh by P. Sarveswara Rao And N. Madhava Rao

Page: 80-99

Relationship between Industrial Expenditure and Industrial Growth Rate: The Case of India by Koti Reddy Tamma

Page: 100-106

Six Sigma Marketing and Productivity Improvement by K. Muralidharan And Neha Raval

Page: 107-114

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices: Study on Energy Conservation among Energy Consumers in the State of Himachal Pradesh by Alok Kumar Mittal, Nikhil Panchbhai And Sunil Kumar

Page: 115-124

Database: Changing Manufacturing Scenario: India vis-à-vis Select Countries by Rajesh Sund

Page: 125-128

Volume 57 (2016-17)

Volume 57 (2016-17) Issue 4 , (January-2017 to March-2017)

Jan-Mar

Ensuring Clean Water Accessibility and Mitigating Water Induced Disasters— Contributing Towards Sustainable Development Goals by R. B. Singh

Page: 323-331

Safe and Pure Drinking Water: An Alternate View Point by Brijesh C. Purohit

Page: 332-342

Economics of Water: Understanding India’s Water Balance in a Globalized Economy by Krishna Raj

Page: 343-354

Water Productivity: A Perspective on Enhancing Ecosystem Functioning and Harvesting Opportunities by Vir Singh and Nanda Nautiyal

Page: 355-361

Improving Irrigation Water Productivity in Agriculture by O. P. Singh

Page: 362-369

Impact Assessment of Rainwater Harvesting SBI–CAIM Interventions in Vidarbha Region of India
by Joginder Singh, Arun Pandhi and Amitanshu Choudhary

Page: 370-379

Assessment of Continuous Improvement Initiatives for Improving Performance of SMEs of Northern India—An Empirical Investigation by Jagdeep Singh and Harwinder Singh

Page: 380-387

An Empirical Analysis of Comparative Advantage in India’s Agricultural Export: Post WTO Era by Balaji and N. A. Khan

Page: 388-400

Outcomes of Training and Development Measures in Public Sector Banks of India: An Overview by Kshiroda Kumar Sahoo, Chandan Kumar Sahoo and Santosh Kumar Tripathy

Page: 401-409

MGNREGA: An Empirical Study of Punjab by Navneet Seth, Rohit Markan and Anupam Sharma

Page: 410-423

Water Resources Scenario in India: 2005 and 2015 by Rajesh Sund

Page: 424-427

Volume 57 (2016-17) Issue 3 , (October-2016 to December-2016)

Oct-Dec

Foreign Direct Investment in Strategic Sectors of India: A Study on the Role of Reforms and Sectoral Guidelines by Niti Bhasin

Page: 227-234

An Empirical Analysis of Macroeconomic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to India by Syed Tabassum Sultana

Page: 235-245

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflows on Productivity: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis by Pabitra Kumar Jena and Utpal Chattopadhyay

Page: 246-256

Foreign Direct Investment in India’s Retail Sector and Farmers’ Productivity: Few Issues by Murali Patibandla

Page: 25-265

India as a Top Destination in FDI Inflows: Is It a Reality or a Myth? by Badar Alam Iqbal

Page: 266-274

Employment Pattern in Unorganized Manufacturing Sector in Uttar Pradesh 275-285 by Nomita P. Kumar

Page: 275-285

Work-related Variables and Work–Life Balance— A Study of Nurses in Government Hospitals of Himachal Pradesh by Sakshi Sharma, Jai Singh Parmar and S. S. Chauhan

Page: 286-293

Supply Chain in the Fish Processing Sector in Kerala: An Empirical Analysis by Ancy V. P. and K. V. Raju

Page: 293-299

Measurement of Organizational Resilience— An Approach by Mohit Kumar Kolay

Page: 300-309

Cultural Archetype Brand from Indian Craftsmen for Socially Responsible Citizenship by Ritu Malhotra and Balamurugan A.

Page: 310-318

FDI Inflows and Outflows during 2013–15: Selected Countries
by Rajesh Sund

Page: 319-322

Contents

Page:

Volume 57 (2016-17) Issue 2 , (July-2016 to September-2016)

Jul-Sep

Global Climate Change and Confronting the Challenges of Food Security by A. N. Sarkar

Page: 115-122

Productivity Improvement of Agro Based Farm Workers using Ergonomic Approach
by T. Ramesh Babu and N. Dinesh Karthik

Page: 123-131

Challenges to Agriculture Sector in Telangana Economy by Koti Reddy and I. R. S. Sarma

Page: 132-140

Poverty in Irrigated and Rainfed Ecosystems: Village Studies in Tamil Nadu by Susanto Kumar Beero

Page: 141-148

Industry and Rural Development with Reference to Odisha
by Seema Mallik

Page: 149-159

Diversification of Agriculture for Enhancing Income and Employment Opportunities in Uttarakhand
by G. S. Mehta and Tulsi Mehta

Page: 160-171

Talent Development in Family-managed Businesses: A Cross-organizational studies on SMEs and large business units in India
by Dipak Kumar Bhattacharyya

Page: 172-181

Gender Responsive Climate Change Strategies for Sustainable Development
by N. B. Chauhan and Vinaya Kumar, H. M

Page: 182-186

A Study of Corporate Social Responsibility of Banks
by M. Selvakumar, B. Arumugam and V. Sathiyalakshmi

Page: 187-209

Barriers and Drivers in Energy Efficiency in India: A SAP-LAP Analysis by Alok Kumar Mittal and K.M. Mital

Page: 210-223

Agriculture and Rural Development : A Comparison Across Select Countries by Rajesh Sund

Page: 224-226

Contents

Page:

Volume 57 (2016-17) Issue 1 , (April-2016 to June-2016)

April-June

Strategy Paper on Galvanizing Machine Tools Industry in India through Technology Developmen
by Harbhajan Singh and Sanjay Chavre

Page: 1-11

Machine Layout Design through Particle Swarm Optimization in Indian Industry by G. S. Dangayach, Himanshu Bhatt, Sumit Gupta and M. L. Meena

Page: 13-31

Plant Layout Optimization Using CRAFT and ALDEP Methodology
by Vivek Deshpande, Nitish D. Patil, Vilas Baviskar and Jaivesh Gandhi

Page: 32-42

Technology Innovation in Indian MSMEs: A Case Study Using SWOT and SAPÃ¢â‚¬â€œLAP Analysis
by Davinder Singh, J. S. Khamba and Tarun Nanda

Page: 43-50

Standardizing the Processing Parameters to Obtain Mozzarella Cheese from Partially Homogenized Milk
by Atanu Jana, Akshay Mahagaonkar, Hiral Modha and K. D. Aparnahti

Page: 51-58

Analysis of Growth of Exports and Geographic Concentration of Automobile Industry in India by Jimmy Corton Gaddam

Page: 59-67

Economic Analysis of Rural Out-Migration and Its Determinants in Resources-Poor Region of Tamil Nadu by M.Thilagavathi, T. Alagumani and M. Uma Gowri

Page: 68-77

Fruits and Vegetables Processing in India: Science, Technology and Skill Development Policy Issues
by Mohammad Rais, Jyoti Kushwaha and Aditya Rohan

Page: 78-92

Counterfeit Processed Food Products: RetailersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ Perspective by Sapna Arora, Anupama Panghal and Shilpa Sindhu

Page: 93-101

Evaluation of Kaizen Technique Across Manufacturing UnitÃ¢â‚¬â€A Case Study
by Jagdeep Singh and Harwinder Singh

Page: 102-111

Technological Investment: India Vis-ÃƒÂ -vis Major Countries by Rajesh Sund

Page: 112-114

CONTENTS

Page:

COVERS

Page:

Volume 56 (2015-16)

Volume 56 (2015-16) Issue 4 , (January-2016 to March-2016)

January-March

Econometric Analysis of the Relationship between Indian E-Commerce Transaction and GDP
by Bhawna Johri

Page: 319-326

India Jumbo Jump from E-Commerce to Mobile Enabled Services (MES): A Review by Sunil Kumar Gandhi

Page: 326-331

Public Policies to Facilitate Higher Penetration of E-Commerce and M-Commerce in India for Higher Productivity
by Sujata P. Deshmukh, Anil Z. Chhangani and G.T. Thampi

Page: 332-337

E-Commerce: An Analytical Study on Its Spread and Impact on Indian Economy by Roopali Sharma

Page: 338-344

Mobile Financial Services: Technology Initiatives toward Financial Inclusion by Jyoti Gogia and Jyoti Agarwal

Page: 345-352

An Empirical Study of Online Shoppers Search Behaviour with Respect to Sources of Information in Northern India by Prateek Kalia, Tejinderpal Singh and Navdeep Kaur

Page: 353-361

Design of a Production System Using Simulating Annealing Technique
by P. K. Arora, Abid Haleem and M. K. Singh

Page: 362-367

Trends, Growth and Instability in Area, Production and Productivity of Maize Crop across Regions in India
by Geeta Sharma and Swati Mehta

Page: 368-381

A Study of Women Participation in MGNREGA in Himachal Pradesh
by S. L. Kaushal and Balbir Singh

Page: 382-391

Research Output on Food and Nutrition Literature in India and China: A Scientometric Study
by R. Jeyshankar

Page: 392-400

Global Retail Development Index: India Ranking by Rajesh Sund

Page: 401-408

INDEX

Page: 409-410

CONTENTS

Page:

Volume 56 (2015-16) Issue 3 , (October-2015 to December-2015)

October-December

Business Model for CSR: Insights from Indian Philosophical Thoughts by Mrunmayee Rath

Page: 219-231

CSR: Shift Towards Philanthropic to Realistic Approach by Anupam Sharma

Page: 232-241

Overview of Corporate Social Responsibilty in Indian Organization by Rajeev Prabhakar and Sonam Mishra

Page: 242-249

Consumer Awarness of CSR Initiatives in North India by Abha

Page: 250-258

Corporate Social Responsibility: Contribution of the Automobile Giants to the Social Cause by Aditi Vyas

Page: 259-266

Ethical Value Positioning of Management Students by Venkatesha Murthy and Sonali Bhattacharya

Page: 267-273

Effect of Knowledge Management on Organizational Performance: A Systematic Literature Review by PARUL GUPTA

Page: 274-290

Impact of Farm Finance and Investment on Profitability of Farms in Tamilnadu by R. Kayalvizhi, M. Uma Gowri and T. R. Shanmugam

Page: 291-300

Measurement of Technical Efficiency: A Comparative Study of Private and Foreign Sector Banks in India
by Simmi Arora and Pooja Sharma

Page: 301-308

Agricultural Production in Uttar Pradesh in the New Economic Regime: An Empirical Analysis Based on Cobb Douglas Production Function by Raushan Kumar, Sharad Ranjan AND Chhaya Chanchal

Page: 309-314

Corporate Social Responsibility: Spending by Some Major Indian Companies by Rajesh Sund

Page: 315-318

Contents

Page:

Volume 56 (2015-16) Issue 2 , (July-2015 to September-2015)

Jul-Sep

An Empirical Analysis of Total Factor Productivity in Food and Beverage Sector by Sheena Chhabra and Ravi Kiran

Page: 121-126

Productivity Improvement Through Design And Manufacturing of Special Purpose CNC Duplex Milling Machine For Cam Follower Lever by Dhananjay V. Patil & Jaydeep S. Bagi

Page: 127-138

Indian Hometech Industry: A Trade Perspective
by Asiya Chaudhary

Page: 139-148

Export Performance of India Small-Scale Manufacturing Industries under Globalization by Uma Sankaran

Page: 149-158

Globalization and Industrial Development in Developing Countries: Evidence from India Automobile Industry by Jatinder Singh & Maninder Deep Cheema

Page: 159-171

Growth and Productivity of the Food Processing Sector: An Assessment of the Organised Segment by H. K. Varshney and D. Indrakumar

Page: 172-183

Productivity from Technological Upgradation: A Case Study by Mohit Kumar Kolay

Page: 184-191

Self-Help Groups and Economic Empowerment of Rural Women in West Garo Hills District, Meghalaya by J. W. Momin and D. C. Kalita

Page: 192-198

Six Sigma Approach for Productivity Enhancement by Satya Raju and T Sowdaminit

Page: 197-203

Economic Analysis of Karnataka's Changing Cropping Pattern: Evidence of Major Crops by Balaji

Page: 204-210

Manufacturing Growth : India vis-a-vis Select Countries by Rajesh Sund

Page: 211-214

Book Review

Page: 215-217

Contents

Page:

Volume 56 (2015-16) Issue 1 , (April-2015 to June-2015)

Research Productivity Of Healthcare Professionals in India by Manuel Raj & A.Amudavalli

Page: 1-8

Efficiency Of Health System in Four States Of India; A District Level Analysis by Nutan Shashi Tigga & S.Irudaya Rajan

Page: 9-23

Research Productivity of Lung Cancer By Indian Scientists during 1984-2013 by Dr.R.Jeyshankar & A. Vellaichamy

Page: 24-35

Health Workforce In the Rural Public Health Sector In Assam:
Current Status and Way Forward by Dillip Saikia & Hemanta Barman

Page: 36-46

Impact Of Healthcare Services On the Health Status of People:
A Case Study Of Barak Vally of Assam by Suchitra Das

Page: 47-55

Social Support and Its Relationship to Work-life Balance-
A Study Of Medical Professionals in Government Hospitals Of Himachal Pradesh
by Sakshi Sharma & Jai Singh Parmar

Page: 56-66

Impact Of Climate Change And Policy Initiatives by Dinesh Singh & Mitter Sain

Page: 67-87

Performance Enchancement Of A Manufacturing Unit of Northern India Using Continuous Improvement Strategies- A Case Study by Jagdeep Singh & Harwinder Singh

Page: 88-95

Problems And Prospects of Home- Based Women Workers in Tamil Nadu by S.ChandraKumarmangalam & D.Arun Kumar

Page: 96-106

Customer Feedback-based Product Improvement: A Case Study by Mukesh Bulsara & Hemant Thakkar

Page: 107-115

Benchmarking the Indian Healthcare System in the Global Economy by Rajesh Sund

Page: 116-120

Volume 55 (2014-15)

Volume 55 (2014-15) Issue 4 , (January-2015 to March-2015)

January-March

Pure Efficiency Change Growth of Regional Rural Banks in India by Versha Mohindra and Gian Kaur

Page: 319-326

An Empirical Case Study on Employeesâ€™ Satisfaction after Merger in Selected Bank by Vijay Joshi, Krishn A. Goyal

Page: 327-337

Financial Inclusion vis-Ã -vis Economic Efficiency: The Case of Commercial Banks in India
by Manju S. Nair

Page: 338-349

An Analysis of Use of Social Network Sites in Indian Banking Sector
by Pooja Malhotra and Balwinder Singh

Page: 350-355

Government Budgets and Financing Gender Equality in Haryana
by Devinder Singh Hooda

Page: 356-369

Funds Management in Select Dairy Units of Andhra Pradesh

by P. Sarveswara Rao

Page: 370-387

Role of Technology-Based Training Towards Competency Building by Rama Krishna Gupta and Chandan Kumar Sahoo

Page: 388-394

Experimental Studies on the Erosion Rate of Annealed and Normalised Low Carbon Steel-Bank Tubes of Process Boilers by T. S. G. Narayannen, Ashish Agarwal and D.A. Melwin Thomas

Page: 395-405

Textile Industry in Organised Manufacturing Sector of Punjab: Growth Behaviour and Elasticity Patterns by Dr. Manjeet Sharma

Page: 406-412

Indiaâ€™s Poverty and Slavery: Trends, Issues, and Challenges by Badar Alam Iqbal, W.C.J. Grobler and Sibghatullah Farooqi

Page: 413-422

Financial Sector : India vis-Ã -vis Other Countries by Rajesh Sund

Page: 423-427

Volume 55 (2014-15) Issue 3 , (October-2014 to December-2014)

October-December

Soy-Millet Extruded Snacks-based Enterprises Ã¢â‚¬â€A Contributor to Livelihood and Rural Development by L. K. Sinha and S. D. Kulkarni

Page: 231-243

MGNREGA as a Tool for Rural Development by Narendra Singh Bohra

Page: 244-251

Socio-Economic Survey on Management of Poultry Production in Rural Areas by S.C. Vetrivel

Page: 252-257

Strawberry Cultivation in Hilly Tracts of India Profitability and Sustainability Issues by Deepak Shah

Page: 258-265

Inclusive Rural Development through Green Jobs: The NREGA Example by Samik Shome

Page: 266-275

SUBJECT

Productivity : A Quarterly Journal of The National Productivity Council

Editor

Editorial Board

Editorial Consultant

Volume 63 (2022-23) Issue 2 , (July-2022 to September-2022)

Volume 63 (2022-23)

Volume 63 (2022-23) Issue 1 , (April-2022 to June-2022)

Volume 62 (2021-22)

Volume 62 (2021-22) Issue 4 , (January-2022 to March-2022)

Volume 62 (2021-22) Issue 3 , (October-2021 to December-2021)

Volume 62 (2021-22) Issue 2 , (July-2021 to September-2021)

Volume 62 (2021-22) Issue 1 , (April-2021 to June-2021)

Volume 61 (2020-21)

Volume 61 (2020-21) Issue 4 , (January-2021 to March-2021)

Volume 61 (2020-21) Issue 3 , (October-2020 to December-2020)

Volume 61 (2020-21) Issue 2 , (July-2020 to September-2020)

Volume 61 (2020-21) Issue 1 , (April-2020 to June-2020)

Volume 60 (2019-20)

Volume 60 (2019-20) Issue 4 , (January-2020 to March-2020)

Volume 60 (2019-20) Issue 3 , (October-2019 to December-2019)

Volume 60 (2019-20) Issue 2 , (July-2019 to September-2019)

Volume 60 (2019-20) Issue 1 , (April-2019 to June-2019)

Volume 59 (2018-19)

Volume 59 (2018-19) Issue 4 , (January-2019 to March-2019)

Volume 59 (2018-19) Issue 3 , (October-2018 to December-2018)

Volume 59 (2018-19) Issue 2 , (July-2018 to September-2018)

Volume 59 (2018-19) Issue 1 , (April-2018 to June-2018)

Volume 58 (2017-18)

Volume 58 (2017-18) Issue 4 , (January-2018 to March-2018)

Volume 58 (2017-18) Issue 3 , (October-2017 to December-2017)

Volume 58 (2017-18) Issue 2 , (July-2017 to September-2017)

Volume 58 (2017-18) Issue 1 , (April-2017 to June-2017)

Volume 57 (2016-17)

Volume 57 (2016-17) Issue 4 , (January-2017 to March-2017)

Volume 57 (2016-17) Issue 3 , (October-2016 to December-2016)

Volume 57 (2016-17) Issue 2 , (July-2016 to September-2016)

Volume 57 (2016-17) Issue 1 , (April-2016 to June-2016)

Volume 56 (2015-16)

Volume 56 (2015-16) Issue 4 , (January-2016 to March-2016)

Volume 56 (2015-16) Issue 3 , (October-2015 to December-2015)

Volume 56 (2015-16) Issue 2 , (July-2015 to September-2015)

Volume 56 (2015-16) Issue 1 , (April-2015 to June-2015)

Volume 55 (2014-15)

Volume 55 (2014-15) Issue 4 , (January-2015 to March-2015)

Volume 55 (2014-15) Issue 3 , (October-2014 to December-2014)