Annals of the National Association of Geographers India

ISSN: 0970-972X

e-ISSN: ####

Subject: Geography

Periodicity: Half Yearly

DOI: 10.32381/ATNAGI

Month(s) of Publication: Jan-Dec

Current Volume: 42 (2022)

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NAGI publishes double-blind peer-reviewed "Annals of the National Association of Geographers, India" bi-annually (June and December) in print version (ISSN: 0970-972X) and online e-print version mainly covering Geography and allied subjects. Edited by Prof. H S Sharma, published by Prof. S C Rai, Secretary General on behalf of the National Association of Geographers, India (NAGI). The journal is listed in UGC-Care list. The Opinions expressed by the contributors are not necessarily those of the Editors or the Office Bearers of the Association.

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Volume 42 (2022) Issue 2 , (July-2022 to December-2022)

July-December

Impact of Sediment Quarrying on the Channel Morphology of the Upper Mahananda River, West Bengal, India by Subhajit Sarkar, Kashmiri Begum and Sunil Kumar De

Page: 213-233

Abstract: The present study aims to study the morphological changes resulting from the extraction of sediment from the Mahananda riverbed, located on Himalaya foothill, very close to the Siliguri town, West Bengal, India. Temporal morphological changes in Mahananda River have been detected from satellite images and topographical sheets. Sediment sampling of some quarrying sites has been done through field investigation. Sediment sampling of some quarrying sites has been done through field investigation. The average bank full depth difference in different sediment quarrying section ranges between 0.1 m and -2.1 m and width-depth ratio varies from -0.22 to -66.56 in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period. The correlation between the amount of sediment quarried and the width of the quarried area suggests that when the amount of bed material quarried increases, the width of the river also increases. Similarly, a correlation between width and depth also indicates that human activities have altered the natural process of the river.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.02.1

Assessment of Soil Erosion and Sediment yield in a Semi-arid Region of India using RUSLE and Geospatial Techniques
by Padmini Pani, Robi Routh and Surya Narayan Mohapatra

Page: 234-255

Abstract: A considerable amount of plant supportive top soil removal due to water erosion is a major concern at present. The semi-arid Chambal Badlands is one of the regions, where top soil loss is a growing concern for centuries. A huge quantity of soil loss in the region experiences every monsoon season. Quantifying soil loss is a challenging due to its severely dissected topography. The objective of this study is to estimate and map the mean annual soil loss as well as sediment yield in most severely soil erosion affected district of Morena in Chambal region. The Revised Universal Soil Loss quation and Sediment Delivery Ratio with Integration of Geospatial Techniques have been applied using various open sources data to address the objectives. It has been found that soil erosion has been varied in 1985, 2005 and 2014 respectively. In the year 2005, the soil loss has been reduced compared to 1985, which has been higher again in 2014 (0–66.00 tons/hectare/year in 2005 increased to 0–67.10 tons/hectare/year in 2014), especially when the total waste land has been reduced substantially. The area seems to be going through active erosional process which is subsided by the anthropogenic process in a form of gully/ravine land levelling. The ravine levelled lands are prone to further soil loss in a long run. Therefore, proper management practice needs to be introduced to prevent further soil loss.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.02.2

Delineation of Mangrove Patches using Multiple Landsat-8 OLI-based Indices: A Case Study of Indian Sundarban and Surroundings by Biswajit Mondal, Ashis Kumar Saha and Anirban Roy

Page: 256-273

Abstract: Mangrove forests are considered an important component of the coastal ecosystem. Despite the immense ecological and economic services provided by mangroves, their habitable area has been shrinking at an alarming rate throughout the world. In such circumstances, mapping of mangrove patches is necessary for the proper management of such a fragile but highly productive ecosystem. Most remote sensing-based mapping is limited to analysis of their spectral properties only. These approaches not only fail to improve the classification accuracy but are also unable to delineate small patches of mangroves which are equally important from a conservation perspective. The present study is carried out in coastal West Bengal, India, where land use/covers are intermingled with different types of mangrove and nonmangroves vegetations, which is difficult to separate. In this study, we have combined seven spectral indices along with Landsat-8 OLI spectral bands to delineate mangrove patches. Classified maps using eleven-layer combinations were analyzed by Jefferies-Matusita (JM) Distance separability and standard classification accuracy assessment measures. When multiple indices were used along with six spectral bands (Blue, Green, Red, NIR, SWIR-1, SWIR-2), mangrove delineation potential measured by user’s accuracy reached up to 97.47%. Further analysis shows that additional 14,807 hectares of small mangrove patches outside Sundarban Biosphere Reserve could also be identified using the proposed methodology. Therefore, this approach may improve mangrove delineation potential through remote sensing and further help conservation and restoration programs.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.02.3

An Analysis of 2014 Flood Disaster in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K): A Case Study of 2014 Floods in and around Jammu City by Satvinder Kaur

Page: 274-293

Abstract: Flood is considered as one of the most devastating and frequent disaster all over world as it claimed huge loss of life and economic damage which put heavy burden than other disasters on economy. Floods are recurrent phenomena in India. Flood incidences are increasing very swiftly and its causes are climatic change, tsunami, cloud bursting, massive rainfall, intense tropical cyclone, changes in catchment areas such as deforestation, silting, poor river management, urbanisation which result in high run-off, etc. India has been experiencing this disaster very often. Global warming accelerates the melting of glaciers in the Himalayan region. The rapid glaciers melting will increase the risk of brusting of high altitude glacial lakes such as the flash floods disaster witnessed in 2013 in Kedarnath and in 2021, in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand. Floods cannot be completely stopped but with advancement of science and technology their effect can be reduced. Heavy rainfall during the first week of the September 2014 resulted in massive flooding in the former state of Jammu and Kashmir which witnessed the worst floods in the last six decades. No doubt the sudden massive precipitation was the main cause of unprecedented flooding but other factors such as rapid urbanization, growing built-up area, disappearance of wetlands, large-scale encroachment along the bank of rivers, degradation of productive agricultural land, forested areas and green spaces etc. have aggravated the flood problem which otherwise absorbs the flood water as they acted as sponges during the floods.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.02.4

Assessment of Quality of Life in Native Ethnic Tribes of Cold Desert Leh-ladakh by G. M. Rather

Page: 294-314

Abstract: Quality of life (QoL) is becoming a prominent notion in a wide range of fields, including social sciences. It provides a viable alternative to several established disciplinary perspectives on how to assess development of an area. The present research work was an attempt to assess the QoL among the native tribes of cold desert Leh-Ladakh. These ethnic tribes being the inhabitants of remote areas of cold desert are lacking behind in almost all the basic facilities. Composite index and standard deviation techniques have been used to categorize the study area into various levels of QoL on the basis of 40 variables. The study reveals that fifty percent of sample villages were having very low and low QoL. An attempt was also made to come up with the suggestions for the improvement of same that will lead to better life conditions of the tribal people of the area.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.02.5

Geospatial Techniques Based Analysis of Forest Cover Reclamation in Karnaprayag CD Block, Uttarakhand – India by Gopinath Patra, Sucheta Mukherjee and Vibhash C. Jha

Page: 315-337

Abstract: Forest Canopy Density change detection based on remote sensing data is an important source of information for various decision, planning and forest management support systems. Information derived from forest cover change detection of forest land use is important for forest land conservation, sustainable development, and management of biotic resources. The purpose of this study is concerned with detection and identification of the change in forest cover and more specifically forest canopy density of the Karnaprayag, CD block, Uttarakhand. To identify forest cover change, detection is carried using remote sensing data, satellite imagery and image processing techniques. Temporal analysis of datasets have been carried out for a two decade span (2000-2020) using Landsat 7 ETM + 30 m resolution and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS 30 m resolution images. Vegetation indices like NDVI, AVI, SI. VD, SVI, SSI have been utilized by using ArcGIS 10.5 softwares to identify the changes. The classification has been done using six land cover classes (water body, built up area, barren land, shrub and grassland, sparse vegetation and dense vegetation). Preprocessing and classification of the images have been done and analyzed with careful accuracy assessment to detect change in a spatiotemporal set up. This study indicates that in the last twenty years, natural vegetation areas have significantly increased by 17.73% (shrub and grassland), 13.88% (sparse vegetation) and 1.97% (dense vegetation) but VDF areas have shown a marked decline in the Karnaprayag CD block. The rate of increase for shrub and grasslands is prolific while pure stands of tall trees are slow to growth. Therefore, proper land management practices, integrated watershed management, and active participation of the local community can help to protect undesirable forest cover change in the block.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.02.6

Estimation of Potential Soil Erosion in Majuli Island using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation Model
by Bharati Gogoi

Page: 338-354

Abstract: Majuli, the largest inhabited riverine island of world has been facing a major problem of soil erosion. The current research study attempts to estimate potential soil erosion rates of Majuli by applying Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation Model in addition to other important factors of soil erosion. The mean annual soil loss of Majuli is found to be 268.75 t ha-1 yr-1 with total potential soil loss of 0 to 806.66 t ha-1 yr -1. Ujjani Majuli physiographic region had the highest mean annual soil loss of 312.71 t ha-1 yr -1. By severity, 27.41% of area had recorded highest rate of soil erosion of >357 t ha-1 yr -1. Appropriate use of soil erosion information generated in RUSLE model can help to design suitable land management practices and also improve earlier ones to control and reduce soil erosion in Majuli.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.02.7

Analysis of Land Use Land Cover Dynamics of Keecheri-Puzhakkal River Basin in Thrissur District, Kerala, India: A Geospatial Approach by Yomna. P. Zainulabdeen and H. Nagaraj

Page: 355-364

Abstract: The insensitive manner in which man is utilizing land in the modern era has necessitated a continuous examination of the changing land use pattern all over the world. This study uses geospatial technology to analyse the changing land use land cover pattern of Keecheri-Puzhakkal river basin in Thrissur district, Kerala from 1995 to 2020. The results of analysis revealed that from 1995 to 2020 built up land increased by 86.91 km², whereas the area under forests, paddy wetlands and water bodies declined by 9.32 km², 46.70 km² and 3.31 km² respectively. Area under mixed crops initially increased by 30.40 km² from 1995 to 2008 and then reduced by 52.72 km² from 2008 to 2020. NDVI analysis showed that from 1995 to 2020 land with dense vegetation declined from 36.11% to 14.10% of the total geographical area of the river basin and land without vegetation increased from 32.14% to 46.36% of the total geographical area of Keecheri-Puzhakkal river basin.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.02.8

Folk Culture Regions of Madhya Pradesh by S. K. Tiwari and Y. G. Joshi

Page: 365-394

Abstract: Folk Culture may be defined as the contemporary culture of a place which does not necessarily include the classical aspects of the culture. ‘Modernity’ and ‘Modern culture’ are not folk cultures as the folk culture is deeply rooted in traditions and prevails in the agrarian societies like India and not in the developed world of the west. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to identify folk culture regions of the existing state of Madhya Pradesh. The basis of their demarcation has been five cultural elements viz. Language (dialects and literature), History, Religion, Art and Social identity and two geographical factors viz. Physiographic regions, and Human geographic factors. On the basis of above stated factors, Madhya Pradesh has been divided into eight folk cultural regions, namely, Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand, Gird, Malwa, Nimar, Western Hills, Upper Narmada Valley and Satpura Mountains.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.02.9

Dimensions of Development of the Scheduled Tribes in Madhya Pradesh: A Comparative Analysis by Dharam Das Vishwakarma

Page: 395-420

Abstract: Development can be seen in absolute as well as in relative terms. Measuring development in absolute terms is to see the actual level the economy and society have achieved while in relative terms it is seen in respect to some standard. The position of scheduled tribes of Madhya Pradesh, the state with largest number of STs in the country, is discouraging in absolute terms but is optimistic in relative terms as they are progressing well in literacy and gradually rising to higher level of education. Enrolment of ST children has comparatively been higher. They are picking up health care services by increasingly going to health facilities for deliveries and availing child vaccinations. Health achievements can be optimized by providing required health infrastructure which is lacking at present. Majority of the tribe workers are engaged in agricultural pursuits and are in better position in terms of land tenure. As field surveys suggest, they are stepping forward in adoption of yield raising technologies. Number of workers in non-agricultural occupations also present progressive picture. Proportion of population living below poverty line is reducing relatively at higher rate and their per capita monthly expenditure records highest growth during 2004-05 and 2011-12. Thus, higher rate of changes in socio-economic conditions, in comparison to other social groups, may raise their level of development and reduce the gap between them and the other social groups.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.02.10

Transboundary River Management in South Asia: The Exigency of Multilateral Institutional Framework by Ravindra Jaybhaye and Rahul Lad

Page: 421-437

Abstract: South Asia has a reasonable share of international rivers that make countries mutually dependent for its management. Hence, regional cooperation becomes indispensable to harness the potential of cross-border rivers. With this backdrop, the research paper examines the role of The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), as a common regional platform, in the management of transboundary rivers in South Asia. The paper further analyzes the adaptability of the Indus river management regime. It has been noticed that the participation of basin countries undermined in the management regime. The article recommends that a multilateral institutional mechanism is necessary for the effective and enduring solution for the management of the transboundary rivers in South Asia. The study is based on secondary data and hence, qualitative. The study accentuates the inevitability of the Chinese role and suggests its partial inclusion in the South Asian transboundary river management framework.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.02.11

Comparative Study of the Health of Elderly Population: A Case Study of District Haora, West Bengal by Satabdi Ganguly and Snehamanju Basu

Page: 438-450

Abstract: The present paper attempts to identify the physical health-related issues of the elderly population in selected rural and urban areas of Haora district, West Bengal. The study has also been extended to include how the health status of the elderly varies with gender, according to age-cohorts, education, socio-economic position, and environmental situations. In this regard, a community-based study is conducted in one community development block of the district and one municipal corporation by using a simple random sampling method. A total of 300 elderly persons are selected with a mean age of 69.69 years and 150 each from both units. The principal component analysis is used to identify the wealth quintile which represents their socio-economic status. The prevalence of chronic disease data is collected from the field. Self-reported health describes their perception of health. The result shows that disease probability increases with age. Education, gainful occupation, domicile, and socio-economic position controls the health and health-related behaviour of the elderly.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.02.12

Patterns and Reasons of Inter-State In-Migration: A Case Study of Himachal Pradesh by Kapil Dev and S. P. Kaushik

Page: 451-466

Abstract: Migration is a crucial part of populace study. Migration encompasses equally space and time and both are likewise important in migration research. This study aims to look at the patterns and reasons for inter-state in-migration to Himachal Pradesh from 2001 to 2011. The research is mainly based on census data from the period in question. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistical methods and the maps were created using Arc GIS software. Although migration is still small in absolute numbers, it has changed dramatically over the previous decade. Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Haryana were the significant states from where many migrants moved to Himachal Pradesh. Punjab was the dominant donor migrant state in that period. The share of migrants decreased from Punjab but increased from other neighboring states with time. In both census years, total and female inmigration were primarily due to marriage reasons. At the same time, males in-migration from other regions of India to Himachal Pradesh were mostly motivated by the need for work, but their percentage has decreased with time.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.02.13

A District Level Rural Vulnerability Assessment in Uttar Pradesh - An Analytic Hierarchy Approach (AHP) by Deepika Vashishtha and Shahab Fazal

Page: 467-495

Abstract: India is predominantly a rural country. Although, the number of urban population is constantly rising, however, it is expected that over 50 percent of the world’s population will remain rural by 2050. Majority of this population depends directly or indirectly on primary economic activities for gaining their livelihoods. However, increasing livelihood vulnerability has become a prime concern as it badly affects livelihood sustainability and rural economy. Thus, identifying poor and marginalized rural population is important to understand and assess various sources of rural vulnerability. It also assists policymakers in the process of prioritisation and planning. In this paper, an attempt has been made to assess district-wise rural vulnerability in Uttar Pradesh (U.P). It primarily employs secondary sources of data. Rural vulnerability is measured as a combination of four-dimensional approach, i.e., Social, Economic, Healthcare and Agriculture Vulnerability. Analytic hierarchy process and weighted method in GIS environment is employed to obtain conceptual framework. Finally, the aggregate of these four indices resulted in the formation of composite rural vulnerability index. Findings reveal that majority of the central, southern and eastern districts are more vulnerable than their northern and western counterparts mainly due to poor connectivity, high percentage of male-female employment disparity, lower assets possession, agricultural productivity, inadequate health centres and high infant mortality rate.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.02.14

Book Review
Reflections on 21st Century Human Habitats in India Felicitation Volume in Honour of Prof. M. H. Qureshi Reviewed by Sumana Bandyopadhyay

Page: 497-499

Volume 42 (2022)

Volume 42 (2022) Issue 1 , (January-2022 to June-2022)

January-June

Landslide in Rocks of Jodhpur Group at Masuria Hill in Jodhpur, Western Rajasthan, India: Its Causes and Threat to Significant Geoheritage by Saurabh Mathur, Sudhanshu, Shruti Kanga, Suraj Kumar Singh, C. P. Khichi, S. C. Mathur, M. S. Nathawat and Shiv Singh Rathore

Page: 1-15

Abstract: The first disastrous landslide at Masuria Hill (MH) damaged many houses and properties in residential colonies in the Jodhpur city, Western Rajasthan, India. The present landslide created panic and posed a severe concern to geoscientists and local administration. Geologically, MH is represented by rhyolite of Malani igneous suite (MIS) of Cryogenian age occur at the base which is overlain by siliciclastic rocks of Jodhpur Group (JG) of the Marwar Supergroup (MSG). Rocks of JG in Jodhpur are divided into three formations viz: lower Umed Bhawan Formation, middle Soorsagar Formation (SSF) and upper Motisar Hill Formation (MHF). The landslide occurred in horizontally disposed rocks of Umed Bhawan Formation (UBF) of JG. UBF can be divided into a clay-dominated soft sediment zone with sheet and release joints at the base, followed by a rigid sand zone with orthogonal jointing. This disposition of soft and rigid pattern of sedimentation of UBF is identified as the vital horizon responsible for the landslide with shale horizon as the failure plane. The causes of landslides can be explained based on the model of BPSZ (Bedding Parallel Shear Zone). BPSZ is attributed to the liquefaction, mass wasting, and shear stress that caused the landslide. Paper also discussed the geoheritage elements of educational, geotourism and cultural values that are endangered and threatened to landslide along with seven other similar hills of UBF in the Jodhpur.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.01.1

Land Conversion and Its Effect on Land Surface Temperature in the Thiruvananthapuram District of Kerala by Aneesh M.R, Suresh S, Prasad T.K and Mani K

Page: 16-27

Abstract: Based on Survey of India (SOI) Topographical maps of 1:25000, Landsat TM-5 and Landsat OLI TIRS-8 images the present study evaluates the effect of land conversion on Land Surface Temperature (LST) in Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala. Land conversion matrix was calculated in the ArcGIS 10 platform to understand the trend of land conversion. To examine how land conversion might have influenced the LST, change detection was performed to identify the areas where land conversion took place between 1991 and 2017. A total of 1000 converted areas from different land-uses were identified and selected for the analysis. These changed areas were then overlaid (spatial overlay) with LST layers to calculate the LST differences during the period. Results show that land transformation has increased considerably the LST especially in the built-up area.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.01.2

Using Geospatial Technology to Analyse Land Use and Land Cover Mapping in Kashmir
Valley (2020) by Ruyida Mushtaq, Rajesh Kumar Yadav, Harmeet Singh, Pervez Ahmad and Tariq Ahmad Raja

Page: 28-41

Abstract: Land use land cover is a biophysical parameter describing physical condition of earth in terms of natural environment with manmade structures. They are active features in spatio-temporal phenomena. The knowledge of geospatial techniques is crucial because only then we can monitor, evaluate, protect and plan for earth resources and implementation of land use management is also important in order to meet human requirements for their wellbeing. Based on geospatial techniques, the study aims to examine Land use Land cover pattern of Anantnag and Baramulla in Kashmir valley. Sentinel-2 multi-spectral satellite imagery 2020 were used to obtain land cover maps of the study area. Supervised classification with maximum likelihood classifier in ERDAS 2014 was used for classification and producing of LULC maps. The images of the area under study have been classified into 8 LULC classes namely- agricultural land, wasteland, scrubland, built-up area, dense forest, forest, water-bodies and snow/glacier land. Techniques of Kappa coefficient were utilized to assess LULC accuracy. The need of LULC mapping and monitoring is an essential tool for Sustainable management of land use and development of regions in study area whereby planners and decision makers can use to sustainably plan the environment in the study area.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.01.3

Environmental Impact Assessment of Urban Sprawl of Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India by Kumar Ashish, Kumar Parvesh, Brar Karanjot Kaur and Luthra Ashwani

Page: 42-62

Abstract: Environmental Impact Assessment is a planning tool and most acknowledged process to investigate the effects of development on the environment. This interaction has placed environment at a similar position as an economy in the catalouge of issues that need exceptional consideration. Himachal Pradesh has embraces with 60% of the metropolitan populace and most of it is amassed in Shimla. The chief impact of the never-ending suburbia on environment of Shimla is diminishing forest cover, air pollution and water contamination, catastrophes, change in land use, congestion, water shortage, spontaneous designs, which eventually influence the personal satisfaction nearby. The present study is an attempt to understand the nature and extent of environmental problems and issues related with urban sprawl of Shimla. And, secondly, to suggest a workout logical long-term comprehensive strategy as a way forward to address the effects. The study has utilized information from both primary as well as from secondary sources. The primary information has been gathered from field surveys, traffic volume surveys, household studies, and so forth, and auxiliary information has been assembled from government workplaces. The parameter for the study has been derived from the literature review. Data has been tabulated, summarized, computed and then analyzed with the help of Google Earth image and ArcGIS for better suggestions to the future planning strategies.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.01.4

Regional Disparity in Levels of Agricultural Development in Rajasthan: A District Level Analysis by Alok Chauhan and Ajay Kumar Thakur

Page: 63-78

Abstract: Agriculture plays an essential role in the process of economic development of less developed countries like India. Besides providing food to the nation, agriculture releases labor provides saving, contributes to the market of industrial goods and earns foreign exchange. Agricultural development is an integral part of all strategies of planned socio-economic development in India. Since times immemorial India continues to be an agrarian economy, which holds true for the economy of Rajasthan as well. The economy of the state is mostly dependent on agriculture. Rajasthan, with varied agro-climatic conditions, shows inter-district agriculture disparities. Therefore, it is very important to examine various characteristics of a district. The present study, therefore, attempts to examine the regional disparities in the levels of agricultural development at the district level for the state of Rajasthan. The study is based on secondary data obtained from the directorate of economics and statistics, Rajasthan. Based on HDI technique of UNDP, a composite index of agricultural development has been computed taking 12 indicators. The study highlights that northern, eastern and south-eastern parts of the state are agriculturally more developed than western and southern parts.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.01.5

Child Labor and Its Correlates: A Case Study of Gujarat by Pragati Pandey and Vivek Kumar Shukla

Page: 79-89

Abstract: Child labor has been regarded as one of the most serious issues faced by developing countries since time immemorial. The complexity involved with the problem demands for detailed research in order to cull out the most specific ways to eliminate it. The Census of India provides data on child labor since 1971, however, most of the researches have been either case studies or restricted to data provided on national and state scenario by the NSSO. The paper, therefore intends to study the data at the district level and explore the emerging patterns. The paper restricts the data analysis to the state of Gujarat and conducts an inter-district comparison, in order to explore the correlates and the determinants of child labor. It maps the districts of Gujarat with highest concentrations of child labor across categories of gender and rural/urban areas. The findings of the paper help in understanding the actual magnitude of the problem at the district level. The analysis reveals that the large presence of child laborers in rural areas with a predominance of male child laborers; child laborers in urban area have higher access to educational institutions. There is a large proportion of children who are neither attending school nor working, categorized as the “nowhere children” with a preponderance of females. The correlation exercise provides evidences of scheduled tribe’s children being more susceptible towards becoming child laborers and household industries and agricultural farms being the largest employer of child laborers. The regression results reveal that, the level of urbanization and the proportion of the ST population highly influence the proportion of child labor in a particular district.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.01.6

Promoting Local Green Livelihoods: Practitioners' Perspectives from Himachal Pradesh by Sachin Kumar

Page: 90-110

Abstract: The three core developmental challenges, namely economic poverty, social inequality and environmental non-sustainability appear to be inextricably linked with livelihoods. At the same time, despite huge investments and genuine intentions, livelihoods of a large number of people in India, including in the mountainous state of Himachal Pradesh, are not yet stable. Promotion of local green livelihoods (LGLs) are the need of the hour which assumes more salience in the current context of COVID 19. This paper attempts to present findings of a series of in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with 16 key informants in order to understand perspectives of practitioners engaged in promotion of LGLs pertaining to the journey of promotion of LGLs in the state of Himachal Pradesh; facilitative and prohibitive factors for the promotion; and, imperatives for policymakers, practitioners and researchers.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.01.7

Occupational Specialisation of Labour Force in Class One Cities of India by Daljit Singh and Manisha Chhillar

Page: 111-122

Abstract: The economic functions of towns have traditionally attracted the attention of geographers, economists, and urban development experts. Though several studies highlight the functions of towns in India, Asok Mitra’s functional classification of Indian towns of Census 1961 is a pioneering one. Since the 2011 data on census industrial categories of towns is released recently, it will be interesting to explore the occupational characteristics of Indian towns and changes therein over time. In this background, the present paper based on the census of India 2011 data of workers engaged in different census industrial categories, attempts to classify cities on the basis of occupational specialisation, compare the city type with the previous classifications, and prepare a list of specialised cities along with their functions.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.01.8

Spatial Analysis of Public Healthcare Facilities in Periyapatna Taluk, Mysore, Karnataka by Minutha V and P. Jayashree

Page: 123-135

Abstract: This paper aims to attempt the study of availability, accessibility and Infrastructure of public healthcare Facilities in Periyapatna Taluk, Mysore District. It also tries to find out the gap between existing public health care facilities and normative requirement of public health care facilities as set by the government of India. The base map of study area has been geo-referenced and digitized using ARCGIS. The Global Positioning System (GPS) was adopted to take the coordinate of all the existing public health centers in the study area. Data is analyzed though simple quantitative techniques like ratios, percentage and the spatial disparity of health centers were measured with the help of Nearest Neighbour Techniques. The results show that the availability of Public healthcare center is unequally distributed and there is scarcity in the availability of infrastructure and workforce among the study area. A large proportion of the residents have to travel a long way to access the health care facilities in western parts of Periyapatna. There is a high inequality in the distribution of public health centers, infrastructure facilities and health workforce in the hoblis of Periyapatna Taluk.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.01.9

Deviations in Master Plan of Nokha Town: Geospatial Science and Technology based Analysis by Md Mehraj and Lokesh Tripathi

Page: 136-148

Abstract: The Master plan is the long-term dynamic document to manage and guide the development of the city in a sustainable manner. Master plan is also known as back-bond of the all other development plans. So, implementation of the master plan becomes very crucial if it is not implemented in a systematically way, the development of the city could have a massive effect and it will be tough to enforce other development plans. By using Geospatial science and technology, this research paper discusses the Master plan of the horizon year 2031 and the actual land use pattern of Nokha Town. The goal of studies to investigate the land use deviation by examining the disjunction between existing land-use patterns and master plan proposed land use.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.01.10

Delineated Sphere of Influence of Industrial Towns of Paschim Bardhaman District, WB by Sougata Maji

Page: 149-168

Abstract: City is the ultimate destination where people fulfill their demands and enjoy a standard life. Growing facilities with urbanization increase their choice availability. Subsequently, socio-economic development around the city occurs with the development of the city. But, the development does not occur in all places at the same rate. So, the hierarchical arrangement of urban centres are seen in population and function. The present composition is an effort to show hierarchical alignment and influenced areas of industrial towns in Paschim Bardhaman District. It seeks to explain how the industrial cities have evolved and spread their dominance beyond their administrative boundary with the relation of socio-economic transformation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.01.11

Assessment of The Determinants of Female Workforce in India by Saumya Singh

Page: 169-184

Abstract: Women constituting half of the potential demographic dividend of India contribute very less in terms of workforce participation. The lesser participation is driven by several inherent factors of the society and culture. The major objective of the given study is to analyse the various attributes that helps to study the involvement of women in workforce in India and how those attributes strengthen for a greater development of the nation. The study talks about the importance of women to play an active role in workforce as with growing competition at world level it is important to have more hands to work and feed the people. The study shows the inherent socio-cultural factors that either help or hinder the women to contribute in the workforce. It also talks about the ways to enhance the chances for women to contribute more effectively and efficiently.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.01.12

Social Infrastructure In India: Spatial Disparities and Determinants by Sandeep Kumar Sharma and B. R. Thakur

Page: 185-197

Abstract: The availability of adequate infrastructure is imperative for the overall socio-economic and regional development of any country. The present paper purposes to investigate the variations in the level of social infrastructural development in India from 1971 to 2011. The study is based on secondary data gathered from Directorate of Census Operations, Planning Department, Directorate of Economics and Statistics of each state/UT of India for two reference periods, i.e., 1971 and 2011. The level of social infrastructural development has been examined with reference to three dimensions, namely, education, health and finance infrastructure covering 27 indicators. The spatial variations in social infrastructural development have been portrayed and discussed with the help of standardised index computed by using principal-components analysis. The study reveals the remarkable regional or inter-district variations in development of social infrastructural facilities. The study also finds out that these facilities are required more in densely populated northern plains and peninsular region of the country. The southern part and west coastal plain of country covering Maharashtra, southwest Karnataka and central Gujarat and areas around National Capital Territory of Delhi. The Himalayan region is well endowed with social infrastructural facilities.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.01.13

'Teachers Note'
Is 'peninsular India' A Geographical Expression? by Sarfaraz Alam, Amiya K. Samal and K.N. Prudhvi Raju

Page: 198-206

Abstract:

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2022.42.01.14

Awards

Page: 207-217

Volume 41 (2021)

Volume 41 (2021) Issue 2 , (July-2021 to December-2021)

July-December

ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION TRENDS IN SOUTHERN HARYANA
by Munesh Kumari and Suresh Chand Rai

Page: 219-233

Abstract: The present study attempts to investigate climatic trends in Southern Haryana between the periods of 1980-2017. Temperature and rainfall variations for winter, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons were calculated using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator. Results indicated that the temperature shows an increasing trend for winter (0.5657), monsoon (0.1529), and post-monsoon (0.0034). The results for rainfall shows negative Kendall's tau values for winter (−0.0953), monsoon (−0.0100) season, which denotes a decrease in rainfall over the years in the already dried region. The annual potential evapotranspiration (PET) trends were also shown using linear regression line indicated an upward trend over the years, which has increased 2.38 mm since in the last 37 years, increasing pressure on aquifers. In nutshell, we can say that temperatures are warming up and the rainfall has been shrinking exacerbating the situation for society and the environment.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.02.1

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ANNUAL MAXIMUM FLOWS OF A CONTROLLED RIVER: A STUDY ON THE KANGSABATI RIVER, INDIA by Sahidul Karim, Soumik Das and Sunil Kumar De

Page: 234-254

Abstract: This aim of the present work is to analyze the maximum flows of six-gauge sites of the Kangsabati river basin by using Flood Frequency Analysis (FFA) approach. Four probability distribution, namely Log-normal (LN), Gumbel maximum (EV1), Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), and Log Pearson Type 3 (LP3) have been applied. Annual maximum discharge data have been collected from the office of the K.D. Sub-division of Central Water Commission (CWC, India), Medinipur. The logarithmic method of Rating Curve Extension is applied to fill the missing data records. Two goodness-of-fit tests, namely Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) and Anderson-Darling (AD), have been used for distributions at 5% significance level. Flow magnitude of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100-years return periods have been estimated on the basis LP3 distribution. The observed and estimated peak flow magnistude have been recorded highest at the downstream gauge site Mohanpur among the six-gauge sites.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.02.2

ELEVATION BASED COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GLACIERS OF SIKKIM AND BHUTAN USING REMOTE SENSING DATA by Vanya Bajpai and Rolee Kanchan

Page: 255-270

Abstract: Information of the distribution and features of glaciers in the Himalayan Mountains is still inadequate and heterogeneous. These glaciers have recently become significant as these are being used as climate change indicators. As a consequence, maintaining a database in the form of Digital Glacier Inventories of these solid freshwater resources has become crucial.

Hypsometric relationships are important as they give an insight into the vulnerability of glaciers to climate change. This paper makes an attempt to study the trends of glacier area, glacier number and changes in glaciers according to altitude in Sikkim (India) and Bhutan. As optimal circumstances for glacier growth exist, an increase in the number of glaciers or their size is assumed to be closely linked to an increase in the altitude. Glaciers of this areas were thus inventoried by remote sensing methods using IRS LISS III, AWiFS and SRTM DEM data in the Geographic Information System (GIS) setting.

As testified by several scholars (Bolch, et al., 2012) the investigation of glaciers of Sikkim and Bhutan also showed that, the highest concentration of glaciers is in the 4000-5000 m. elevation class. Bhutan had the maximum glacial region (62.95%) in the same category, i.e. 4000-5000 m. Whereas Sikkim, at the elevation of > 4000 m. had the largest concentration of glacial area (60.56%), thus rendering the theory partly correct. Although the number of glaciers and the area covered (6.91%) were the lowest in Bhutan's > 5000 m. elevation region, but the average glacier size (13 km) was very high. Finally, it was observed that the average glacier size in both the study areas was the lowest in the < 4000 m. elevation class.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.02.3

REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN LAND USE CHANGES AND ITS RELATION ON LAND SURFACE TEMPRATURE USING LANDSET DATA SERIES: A CASE STUDY OF CHANDAULI DISTRICT by Sushil Kumar Yadav and K.P. Goswami

Page: 271-288

Abstract: Present paper reveals the importance of the remote sensing and GIS techniques in assessment of the land use land cover mapping and its impact on the land surface temperature (LST) in the Chandauli District. In this study multi temporal and multi spectral satellite data has been used for to know about the current land use land cover pattern of the years 2000, 2010 and 2019. Supervised maximum likelihood method has been used for the making of land use land cover categories. The land surface temperature (LST) mapping of the years of 2000, 2010 and 2019 has been used for the analysis and assessment purposes by the help of thermal band of Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 data. The result showed that the land surface temperature highly influenced by the land use land cover categories in the Chandauli District from 2000 to 2019. Result also founded that the strong relationship in between LST and land use categories. The land use categories of Water bodies, agricultural field, and forest area has negative relationship to the land surface temperature in to other hand bare soil, fallow land, waste land and plateau are the positive relationship to the LST.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.02.4

THE IMPACTS OF COAL MINING ACTIVITIES ON LAND RESOURCES IN INDIA AND ITS MITIGATION MEASURES: A GLIMPSE by Sangita Mahata and Vishwambhar Nath Sharma

Page: 289-307

Abstract: Coal mining causes several impacts on the economic, social, and environmental fabric of the mining areas. This paper presents an overview of studies assessing the adverse effects of coal mining on land resources in India and various mitigation measures adapted to control them. The studies reflect that coal mining disrupts the structure of terrain, removes the land cover, reduces biodiversity, destroys the livelihood of the local inhabitants, and degrades the water resources. Rehabilitation and reclamation have been the major concerns of these areas. The studies argue that intensive coal mining activities caused several environmental problems and further environmental management plans are required in these areas.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.02.5

CONCENTRATION OF ROAD ACCIDENTS IN PUNJAB STATE OF INDIA: A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
by Santosh Kumari, D.D.Sharma and Virender Singh

Page: 308-320

Abstract: There is no denying the fact that road transport is the backbone of society and have telling impact on the economy also. As a result of massive growth of both road network and vehicles there in, the problem of road accident injury and fatalities to road users have also gone up and road accident has become most common and fatal disaster of present time. This study, therefore, aims to analyse the trend and the regional variation of concentration of road accident in the Punjab state of India. The present study is entirely based on the secondary data, collected from statistical abstracts published by Punjab Government. The study reveals that during the period of 2006-2016, the number of total road accidents in Punjab increased from 5099 to 6952 recording a growth rate of 36.34. District with highest number of total road accidents is Ludhiana followed by district Patiala. While, S.A.S. Nagar with 2.10 and 2.02 concentration index values in 2006 and 2016 respectively has been the leading district in both years of study. Number of road accidents in the study area is positively correlated with size of population, population density, number of registered vehicles and road length.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.02.6

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF ECOTOURISM IN UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA by Shweta Srivastava and Gayatri Rai

Page: 321-333

Abstract: Ecotourism is environmentally responsible travel to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature, and promote its conservation. It should have low negative visitor impact, provide for beneficially active socio-economic involvement of local population, and promote wildlife conservation. Uttar Pradesh with its diverse natural magnetisms and vast cultural and religious inheritance has immense potentials of growth in the ecotourism sector. The state government is determined to establish Uttar Pradesh as a national leader in ecotourism sector by providing meaningful experience of nature. This paper aims to investigate the present status and explore the future possibilities of ecotourism in Uttar Pradesh. The state has 6.88% of its geographical area under forest and provides for one national park and 24 wildlife sanctuary as Protected Areas (PAs); all incorporated in the ecotourism circuits of the state. The discussion is based on data derived from State and Union government reports and statistics. Uttar Pradesh is one of the most preferred tourist destinations in the country, and received 285 million domestic and about 4 million foreign tourists in the year 2018.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.02.7

A CASE STUDY OF SOIL TYPES OF KINNAUR AND CHAMBA DISTRICTS, HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA by Archana, Monika Chauhan, Aparna Sarin and Kunal Satyarthi

Page: 334-346

Abstract: Site-specific knowledge of soil resources is essential for understanding their potential contribution to the management of the State’s forests. With rapid developments in digital technology, geographic information systems and modelling, there is a greater awareness of the need for detailed site type information to be incorporated into decision support systems. Such GIS-based management tools are a vital component of modern forest management at the individual forest block and compartment levels. Pinus gerardiana Wall or Chilgoza Pine is an important and threatened conifer of Himachal Pradesh found only in Kinnaur district and certain parts of Chamba district. The main objective of this study is to provide details of soil types of these two districts and study it with respect to distribution and conservation of Chilgoza Pine.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.02.8

UNDERSTANDING TRADE GEOGRAPHIES OF ‘THE REST’: A CASE OF INDIA by Purva Yadav

Page: 347-368

Abstract: The nature and structure of the global integration triggered by trade vary across countries based on their natural, socio-economic, and political intricacies. The paper empirically analyzes the emerging trade geographies of ‘the rest’ with an example of India. An attempt is made to capture geographical bias in the trade pattern of India, and also to gauge the role played by core geographical elements, such as distance and proximity. The analysis is confined to a sample of 67 and 81 trade partners in 1990 and 2016 respectively. Empirical findings suggest (i) Geographical bias is evident, however, the degree of bias varies across countries; (ii) Large economic size of the trading partner and geographical proximity do influence bilateral trade. Preliminary findings assert that the friction of distance on trade flows between India and her major partners is invariant in the globalized era;(iii) Trade relations are predominantly influenced by the economic factors relative to socio-cultural proximity.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.02.9

MEASURING WATER POVERTY IN RURAL COMMUNITIES IN ARID PLAINS, HARYANA (INDIA) by Swati Thakur

Page: 369-393

Abstract: The water scarcity issues are diverse incorporating physical unavailability to socio-economic drivers of its accessibility and use within the given set of environmental condition. WPI presents a multifaceted framework to evaluate water scarcity and identify needy areas to prioritize management action taking natural and socio-economic factors into consideration. The present study applies this indicator based approach to understand various dimensions of water scarcity in arid plains of one of the ecological and economic backward districts in India. With 39 sampled villages of Mahendragarh District multivariate analysis has been used to identify its regional disparities and associated dominant factors of water poverty. The study brings out spatial variations in the magnitude of water poverty scores within the district and concludes that local, holistic water assessments on location specific basis are much needed to support conventional measurements of water management planning and policy to develop rural areas.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.02.10

RURAL DWELLINGS AND HOUSE TYPES OF CHURA CASTE IN JHAJJAR DISTRICT: A CLAN-WISE ANALYSIS by Rekha Dhanak and K.V. Chamar

Page: 394-411

Abstract: The present study examines the clan-wise distribution of rural dwellings, house types based on building materials of Chura caste in Jhajjar district of Haryana state. Primary data has been collected from 460 sample households from 15 select villages with the help of stratified random sampling. The surveyed households are represented by 12 clans among Chura caste. It is found that about 61 per cent dwellings have one or two rooms, while nearly seven per cent dwellings have five or more rooms. About 63 per cent wall of the houses are made of mud and un–burnt bricks. Stone and reinforced cement concrete are the most prevalent materials used in roofs. The floors in nearly half of the houses are built of cement. On the whole nearly 55 per cent of the houses of the sample population are made of mixed type while about a little more than one-third can be categorized as pucca houses. Complete kutcha houses form barely nine per cent of the houses. Households with comparatively better socio-economic conditions have own pucca houses among the chura caste. The Geychand clan appears to be better off in term of quality of dwellings occupied while Lauth occupy the lowest position in the ladder.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.02.11

URBAN GROWTH OF HISAR CITY(HARYANA) A SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS by Vibha Kaushik and Inder Singh

Page: 412-433

Abstract: The present study aims to examine the spatial and temporal analysis of Hisar city urban area. This study has been conducted in the context of two reference years at an interval of 15 years i.e., 2005 and 2020 but census data of 2001 and 2011 is taken for study. The whole study is entirely based on secondary sources of data collected from various published and unpublished records of Municipal Corporation, Town and Country Planning Department, Haryana Space Application Centre, Hisar and Census of India sites. This study shows that with the increase in population a city develops almost in every direction in outward area if any physical or infrastructural hurdle does not appear like Hisar Cantonment Zone and part of Hisar Bir. In the case of Hisar city, the city expands towards the East direction along Delhi road and North direction along Sirsa and Chandigarh roads mainly because of industrialization, education and health facilities. Hisar city area expands from 45.43 Sq.kms. to 91.24 Sq.kms. in 2005 to 2020 whereas its ward numbers decreased from 31 to 20 in 2020 as compare to 2005.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.02.12

AWARDS

Page: 435-441

OBITUARY

Page: 442-454

Volume 41 (2021) Issue 1 , (January-2021 to June-2021)

Jan-Jun. 2021

Assessment of Availability and Achievements of the Public Health Care Services in Rural India by Shrikamal Sharma

Page: 1-24

Abstract: Health is regarded as a fundamental dynamic force behind the growth and development of any country. At the apex of the development concept is Human Development that has defined (human) development as the process of enlarging people’s choices. The most critical ones are to lead a long and healthy life, to be educated and to enjoy a decent standard of living. Common health indicators used for the purpose are birth rate, fertility, death rate, infant mortality, life expectancy, nutrition etc. In this perspective, certain input (health institutions and availability of health personnel), certain outcomes (child vaccination services, fertility and mortality) and process indicators (institutional deliveries and antenatal care services) of public health services present in rural areas of the country are discussed. The number of public health institutions increased enormously. In 2019, there are more than 25.78 thousand hospitals, 5.69 thousand community health centres, 30.05 thousand primary health centres and 160.71 thousand health sub-centres working in the country, increasing the availability of health care services. At the same time, death rate, infant mortality rate (IMR) as well as birth rate and fertility rate have declined. The crude death rate per thousand declined from 25.1 in 1951 to 6.4 in 2017. Crude birth rate declined from 40.8 to 20.2 per thousand during the same period. Infant mortality rate came down from 148 in 1971 to less than 34 in 2017 and total fertility from 6.0 children in 1951 to 2.2 in 2017. But there is very wide spatial and societal variation in health achievements. Rural areas are still far behind the urban areas. For instance, infant mortality rate is 23 per thousand in urban areas as against 37 in rural areas. Similar is the case with CBR and TFR also. Recent trend is that despite of very high cost of health services more than half of the patients go to private health facilities. In this perspective, relative share of public and private sector in health services, particularly in rural areas, are analysed on state level, utilizing information published by the National Family Health Surveys and by annual publications of the Ministry of Health, Government of India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.01.1

Internal Structure and Flow Pattern of a Periodic Market in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam by Nityananda Deka and A.K. Bhagabati

Page: 25-37

Abstract: The periodic markets have been still functioning as nerve centres for transaction of goods and services in the rural areas of the Brahmaputra valley, Assam. The internal structure of the markets and the pattern of flow of commodities as well as vendors and consumers clearly reflect the characteristics of the peasant society prevalent in the complimentary areas of the markets. The present study is an attempt to analyse the spatial configuration and the flow pattern of goods and people associated with a periodic market located in Kamrup district of Assam. The study is based on intensive field survey carried out with the help of a questionnaire designed for the purpose. The morphology of the market including the distribution of shops has been mapped and analysed on the basis of intensive ground survey. This study assumes great importance in formulating strategies for sustainable management of the periodic markets in the changing context of the State’s rural economy.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.01.2

A Geographical Analysis on Crop Concentration in Chamarajanagara District by Sowmya. R And H Nagaraj

Page: 38-48

Abstract: Agriculture occupies an important status in economy of Chamarajanagara District. Chamarajanagara District is the southern-most district in the state of Karnataka. Chamarajanagara district is consisting of 4 taluks - Chamarajanagara, Gundlupet, Kollegala and Yelandur. In the present paper the cropping pattern in Chamarajanagara district is outlined, followed by the discussion on the area under individual crops. Bhatia’s method has been used for concentration of selected crops. In this paper an attempt is made to study the changes in crop concentration in the study region. There has been a significant variation in the area patterns of crop concentration in the study region. The indices of crop concentration area calculated for the period of 2007-2008 and 2017-2018. The study is based on secondary data sets that have been collected from district statistical handbook of 2007-2008 and 2017-2018, and also primary survey has been conducted to know the crop concentration in the year 2017-18. The spatial variations in the degree of crop concentration area are found to be the result of the different interaction between farmers and their physiographic, socio-economic factors in the study area.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.01.3

Geographical Basis of Conflict between India and Pakistan by Sudeepto Adhikari and Mukul Kamle

Page: 49-65

Abstract: For greater control over space and power continuous struggle occurring between different human groups and/or nations ultimately leads to conflict and war. The present paper is concerned with the conflict between India and Pakistan which is the longest conflict in the World Geopolitics with no end in the foreseeable future. The main objective of this paper is to study the geographical bases of India-Pakistan conflict. The paper is based on historical, political, economic, strategic and media sources. In methodological sense it is descriptive as well as analytical in nature. As the study is concerned with geographic influences upon the changing power relationship between India and Pakistan, thus, it is of great significance in the geopolitical studies. The study reveals some geographical bases of the conflict between India and Pakistan such as territorial (border disputes), strategic (importance of Jammu and Kashmir as buffer region), resource (water and maritime water disputes), religion or ethnic (displacement of large scale population from India to Pakistan or vice-versa) geography (geographical unity of a state or a nation in terms of physical and human phenomenon; e.g. Akhanda Bharat) and proximity (close proximity to Jammu and Kashmir to India and Pakistan). In conclusion, the study confirms that the conflictuality between India and Pakistan is geography stimulated.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.01.4

Agricultural Regions of Chhattisgarh by Anusuiya Baghel and Brisaketu Panda

Page: 66-84

Abstract: The present research paper aims to describe the cropping pattern and its physical, social and economic influencing factors in Chhattisgarh. Ranking of different crops and preparation of agricultural regions is another important objective of this study. The present study is based on the agricultural census data of Chhattisgarh 2015-2016. The entire Chhattisgarh region has been considered with 27 districts to analyze the agricultural specialties. Paddy is the dominant crop in all 27 districts. But in the southern part of the region, mainly in Bastar plateau, millets like kodo has been found as a secondary crop due to ragged surface. Similarly, ramtil and maize are dominant secondary crops in north Surguja upland. Teora has become the main pulse of Chhattisgarh. The central plain of Chhattisgarh is also dominated by Teora as a secondary crop. Soybean ranked second as oilseed has been found mainly in western Maikal region associated with black soil, where gram/wheat became the fourth ranked crop in this region. The crop combination regions have been prepared based on the Weaver's method (1954) of least deviation. Crop combination map were superimposed over geology, relief, soil, rainfall and population maps and the Chhattisgarh region has been divided into four major agricultural regions as-Rice cropped Chhattisgarh basin region, Rice cropped Bastar plateau region, Rabi cropped Maikal region and Deogarh-Raigarh Millets region. Three-forth crops of Chhatisgarh belong to the Kharif crop, which reveals the impact of monsoon in the agriculture of this region. Due to the improvement of irrigation facilities, the cropping pattern of the plain area shows slight positive changes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.01.5

Composition and Ownership Pattern of Livestock in Haryana: Socio-spatial Analysis by Ram Juwari Chauhan and M.S. Jaglan

Page: 85-103

Abstract: The present paper evaluates the spatial and socio-economic ownership pattern of livestock composition in Haryana. It attempts to analyze ownership pattern and composition of livestock at the household level and evaluates across the caste groups, size of land holding and agro-ecological regions of the state. The bovines constitute about 92 per cent of total livestock resources in the state. Buffaloes alone accounts for about 72 per cent of total TLUs and occupies a most significant place in livestock rearing in Haryana. The cattle constitute about 20 per cent of total TLUs in the state. Ovine (sheep and goat) rearing has also been marginalized due to progression of green revolution and squeeze of grazing lands. Commercial poultry farming has a significant presence in the state. The density of buffalo in terms of animal-land ratio is also highest in the state. The density of cattle in the state is quite lowin comparison to buffalo density. Buffalo is commonly reared animal in the state as about 85 per cent households in rural area own this animal. The proportion of buffalo ownership is higher among Upper and Intermediary castes. Cow and ovine rearing is more common among Backward and Scheduled castes respectively. The study also reveals that Haryana is largely oriented towards milk production with much emphasis on bovines rearing and specialization in buffalo and cattle rearing.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.01.6

Availability of Groundwater Resources from different sources in Bhiwani District, Haryana
by Anju Gupta and Jitender Kumar

Page: 104-120

Abstract: Water is the main element that affects the not only human being but also vegetation; animals etc. and plays a main role in the growth of any nation. It is used in all sectors of life i.e. agriculture, industry and household. Fast growing population, leads to rapid urbanization, industrialization and high agriculture intensity which have ultimately increased pressure on this valuable resource. Groundwater is the most precious natural resource of the earth and is of great importance in every facet of human life. It is the largest source of fresh water and is most widely distributed resource on the earth. Unlike any other mineral resource, it gets its annual replenishment mainly from precipitation and different sources like canal seepage, return from water applied for agriculture fields, seepage from ponds and water harvesting structure. Therefore it is very important to know about the availability of groundwater resources of an area.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.01.7

Accessibility of Rural Roads in Jaipur District
by Richa Singh, Sarina Kalia and K.K. Mishra

Page: 121-131

Abstract: Rural roads are essential to rural life as it’s provides access to the essential and higher order services. Ease of reach to these roads thus forms the first and foremost criteria of development of the region. This ease of reach is often measured in terms of level of accessibility of the rural habitation to the nearest market centres. The following paper measures the physical proximity of habitations to the market centres by creating buffer zones of 5 kms and 10 kms using Arc GIS 9.3. The research has taken into consideration a decadal period ranging from 2003 to 2013 in all the 13 tehsils of Jaipur district where rural roads connectivity reached to 100 percent under PMGSY phase I. The resultant maps depicted that maximum number of habitations are in the range of 5 to 10 kms from the nearest market centres in 2013 in all the tehsils of Jaipur district.

Another two important variables of accessibility measurement namely travel speed and travel time is also computed to see the actual change bought by rural roads in terms of both speed and time. The results showed a positive impact of PMGSY roads in providing improved accessibility in rural areas in terms of increase speed decreased time in reaching the market areas and other facilities.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.01.8

Disease Ecology of Thyroid in Mountain Ecosystem of North Kashmir Himalayas by G. M. Rather

Page: 132-155

Abstract: The present study was carried out to study the concentration of Iodine in soils, drinking water and staple foods and incidence of thyroid in the mountain ecosystem of North Kashmir Himalayas. The study reveals that the concentration of trace element iodine in soil samples was 1.570mg/kg with a considerable negative mean deviation of -0.030 mg/kg from control samples. The concentration of iodine in drinking water in the area has been noted as 0.486mg/l with negative deviation of- 0.010 from control samples and average concentration of iodine in the staple foods in the study area was 2.728mg/Kg with a considerable negative mean deviation of -0.172mg|kg from control samples with a declining trend in all the altitudinal zones. Majority of sample households (67.03) relay mostly on locally cultivated food items. About 7.37 % of the population in sample villages suffers from thyroid that is a iodine deficiency disease. Some remedial measures were suggested to minimize the incidence of thyroid in this mountainous area.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.01.9

India’s Domestic Climate Policy: Past, Present and Future Strategies by Manoranjan Ghosh and Somnath Ghosal

Page: 156-175

Abstract: It has been proven that the development of any nation is correspondingly related to increasing greenhouse gases and per capita energy demand and uses. In India, approximately nineteen thousand eight hundred villages are still without electricity, and at the same time, India is the world's thirdlargest greenhouse gas emitter. Soon, greenhouse gas emissions and energy demand will be more than double in India. Therefore, India needs an effective and inclusive climate policy to handle high greenhouse gas emissions and meet energy demand. In this article, looking into the past of the Indian domestic climate policy, it has appeared that the country's climate policy is changing over time, especially from 2009 onwards. After briefly examined major achievements and shortfalls of India’s domestic climate policy, especially, National Action Plan on Climate Change, it has cleared that not all the national missions effectively successful. For example, the National Mission on Sustainable Habitat only reframes some existing laws; there are no particular plans for rural habitats in the context of climate change. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency and National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem achievements are negligible. Moreover, the state-wise performances on the implementation of eight national missions, there are skewed distributions of financial allocation. However, all missions are equally essential to mitigate the vulnerabilities of climate change. However, there are many shortfalls and lacks in climate policy; nonetheless, India is putting the climate change policy at the heart of development strategies, particularly in energy security and economic development.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.01.10

Dynamics of Cropping Pattern in Arid Western Plain Zone of Rajasthan by Shivangini Rathore and Seema Jalan

Page: 176-193

Abstract: The study examines the dynamics of cropping pattern in Arid Western Plain zone of Rajasthan using the secondary time series data of 22 years (1996-97 to 2017-18) divided into two equal periods. Pulses, cereals and cluster bean occupy more than 80 per cent share of the total cropped area of the zone. Percentage change, Compound growth rate and Markov chain analysis has been employed to understand the dynamics of change in cropping pattern. The share of total cropped area under cereals and fibre has decreased registering a negative growth rate during the study period while pulses have recorded only marginal growth rate. The share of area under cluster bean, oilseeds and horticulture has remarkably increased over base period recording significantly higher positive growth rate. The transition probability matrix reveals cereals as the stable group of the zone during period I. For period II cluster bean, cereals and pulses were the stable crop groups of the zone however results indicate increased area retention probability of high value crops during the period. The projected share in cropping pattern for the zone indicates shift of cropping pattern from its traditional crops towards high value crop slike cluster bean, oilseeds and horticulture.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.01.11

Urban Expansion and Characteristic Features of Suburbanization Process in Aligarh, A Case Study by Salma Sultana and Shahab Fazal

Page: 194-213

Abstract: India is urbanizing and future estimates also predict accelerated urbanization. This urbanization is leading to massive transformation in physical and socio economic environment as well as demographic and livelihood dynamics making suburbanization process a hotspot for transformations. Urban expansion is inevitable and many other issues like land shortage, housing shortfall, and congested transit and stressed existing basic amenities such as water, power and open spaces of the urban settlement. Urban land use planning is the fundamental of its formation and is so important that some urban planners in developed countries consider it as equivalent to urban planning.

Thus strategic land use planning is an important tool to guide the Urban Planning. It helps maintain its focused, long- term vision to the urban mission and purpose. Understanding urban development, its strengths and weaknesses are important in the strategic planning. Awareness of strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) are critical for urban development plans and programs.

The aim of the current research is to examine the pace and direction of city expansion. Further, it try to assess the active suburbanization process and highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats on land transformation based on the stakeholders opinion in the suburban areas. The study is based on both primary and secondary sources of data adopting descriptive analytical approach to draw inference on land use dynamics highlighting the relationships among different components and also applied likert scale techniques to quantify the human behavior that help to scaling the response of the various stakeholders.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2021.41.01.12

OBITURY

Page: 215-217

Volume 40 (2020)

Volume 40 (2020) Issue 2 , (July-2020 to December-2020)

July-December

VILLAGE ECOLOGY, DEPLETION TRENDS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT NEEDS by R.B.P. Singh

Page: 209-219

Abstract:

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.02.1

AN INVESTIGATION INTO SPATIAL ACCESSIBILITY OF PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRES IN AHMEDABAD DISTRICT, GUJARAT, INDIA by Shweta Khandelwal and Rolee Kanchan

Page: 220-233

Abstract: Health is the basic need for the human being and it also influences one’s lifestyle. In India, Primary Health Centres play a crucial role in determining the health of rural people as they cater to the basic health facilities to them. Hence, the present paper envisages to study the accessibility of Primary Health Centres in the Ahmedabad District of Gujarat which is the most populous district of the state. The present paper analyses the current pattern of the accessibility of these centres and also proposes new centres where required. The entire study is put on Geographical Information System platform.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.02.2

ROAD TRAFFIC FATALITIES AND ACCIDENT RISK IN UTTARAKHAND STATE OF INDIA: A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS by Santosh Kumari, D.D Sharma and Virender Singh

Page: 234-247

Abstract: The problem of road traffic accident is increasingly becoming a threat to public health and national development in many developing countries. Road traffic accidents contribute to poverty by causing deaths, injuries, disabilities, grief, and loss of productivity and material damages. It is exhibited from the present study that the number of total accidents has gone up by 1.5 times from 2001 to 2016 in the state of Uttarakhand. Present study is also an attempt to analyze the regional variations among total road accidents in study area from 2001-2016. The accident fatality risk and accident risk has been also calculated to understand the population, road accident deaths and total road accidents relationship.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.02.3

DOCUMENTATION OF SURFACE SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AS INDICATOR OF AGRICULTURAL OUTCOME: A CASE STUDY OF DHUPGURI BLOCK, JALPAIGURI (WEST BENGAL) by Bhupesh Roy Prodhan and Snehasish Saha

Page: 248-264

Abstract: The properties of soil especially surface soil (0-20 cm) can be good symptoms to view agricultural probabilities cum proficiency. The study was conducted in Dhupguri block in North Bengal region, West Bengal. The Dhupguri block is located in the Dooars, being inseparable part of the Sub- Himalayan foothills of North Bengal. The major surface soil associations arefeatured by sandy loam to partially clay loam in the block. Factors highly influential are topography, climate, parent materials and vegetation. To look into the comprehensive know how, soil texture, structure, organic matter, pH, NPK status have been derived through laboratory testing which portrayed the surface soil pattern of the study area followed by photographic documentation through field visits and outsourced helps. The study was tackled to the objectivity of assessing agriculture potential better to say supportiveness of the surface soil not only foe predicting present scenario rather future possibility assessments.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.02.4

GEOGRAPHY OF MEGALITHIC PERIOD IN SOUTH MAIDAN, KARNATAKA by Hema Thakur

Page: 265-277

Abstract: The megalithic period witnessed progress in resource exploitation, changes in technology particularly the exploration and smelting of iron ore and development of varied crafts including the making of properly furnished burials. In this Paper the author has tried to examine the megalithic culture with respect to the locally available sources and attempted to ascertain if there was any interaction with places outside the region of South Maidan. Furthermore, some tentative inferences have been arrived at regarding the social structure of the megalithic communities. There is a possibility that some of the richly furnished graves belonged to important people such as chiefs or warriors who may have protected the megalithic communities and their assets such as cattle, land, etc.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.02.5

CHANGING SPACES IN SMART CITY: A CASE STUDY OF PUNE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION by Virendra Nagarale and Piyush Telang

Page: 278-290

Abstract: The cities all around the world are facing numerous problems in terms of infrastructure. A rapid increase in urban population playing key role to produce complex problems and deterioration of basic functionality of services in the cities. To make city liveable there is a need for stable solutions to the problems like, inefficient urban mobility and public transport, lack of good governance, poor quality of life, difficulty in waste management etc. Smart City Mission in India aims at developing cities in such a way that will enhance the skills of people and improve quality of life while simultaneously building a smart infrastructure. There are six major components that strengthens the base of smart city i.e. Smart People, Smart Environment, Smart Economy, Smart Living, Smart Mobility and Smart Governance. Each of these components comprises social, environmental, technological and economic aspects. The positive progress of these components makes smart city more liveable to its citizens. Hence it is important to seek the overall progress and permeability of these components. Pune city is one of the nine selected cities for Smart City Mission in Maharashtra state. The population of Pune city was 1.14 million in 1971, 3.75 million in 2001 and increased substantially to 5.05 million in 2011 therefore making it second most populated city in Maharashtra State. This increasing trend ultimately stressing the available resources and services in the city. Pune Municipal Corporation is divided into 15 administrative and 144 electoral wards. This paper focuses on the six major components of smart city which are mentioned at the beginning. For this, the case study of Ghole Road administrative ward in PMC is taken into consideration. Ghole Road Administrative ward consist of 11 electoral wards and the total population was 1,98,286 in 2001 and 1,71,678 in 2011 residing in 39,001 households. As compared to the population distribution the services are not sufficient for example, Property Tax Pay offices and Maha e-Suvidha Centers are 12 and 6 respectively. To know the status of smart city components and available services the questionnaire survey has been conducted throughout the wards. The responses are recorded, analyzed and on the basis of that the concluding remarks are made.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.02.6

GROWING WATER CRISIS IN AGRA CITY by Ms. Sakreen Hasan

Page: 291-303

Abstract: Agra city area is basically a water scarce region. The total water demand for Agra city for domestic, industrial, and irrigation purposes, was increased during past decade, is likely to increase in future, due to various factors such as growth of population, rapid urbanization, an upward looking economy and rising standards of living, etc. The source of water supply in the city is mainly surface water. The river Yamuna is the only surface water source. Due to high pollution level in Yamuna water the demand of drinking water of Agra, could not be met from this source. Groundwater has emerged as an important source of water augmentation for Agra city. In Agra people are mainly depended on bore-well and bottled water for drinking purpose which is increasing day by day. In this paper it is being tried to analyse the depleting ground water, increasing pollution which leads to squeezing of supply of water, increasing demand of bottled water, spending of people on purification of water.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.02.7

IDENTIFICATION OF LANDSLIDE-PRONE ZONES OF MANDAKINI VALLEY (CENTRAL HIMALAYA) POST-KEDARNATH TRAGEDY (2013) by Suman Das and Ashis Kumar Saha

Page: 304-329

Abstract: Himalayan Terrain is highly susceptible to landslide events triggered by frequent earthquakes and heavy rainfall. In the recent past, cloud burst events are on rising, causing massive loss of life and property, mainly attributed to climate change and extensive anthropogenic activities in the mountain region. Despite the growing scientific and technological advances, it has been difficult to reduce the impact of natural hazards as experienced in case of 2013 Kedarnath Tragedy. The study aimed to identify the potential landslide hazard zone in Mandakini valley by utilizing different types of data including Survey of India toposheet, geological (lithological and structural) maps, IRS-1D, LISS IV multispectral and PAN satellite sensor data and field observations. The processing of multi-geo-datasets was carried out in a raster GIS environment. Data integration was performed using the ordinal scale (qualitative) relative weighting technique to give a Landslide Hazard Index value. The breaks through the equal interval in the landslide Hazard Index frequency curve used to delineate various landslide hazard zonation (LHZ), namely, very low, low, moderate, high and very high zone. Field data on landslides were employed to evaluate and validate the landslide hazard zonation map. It interpreted that the distribution of landslides is largely governed by a combination of geo-environmental conditions like proximity to the thrust zone, and barren or less-vegetated areas. The roles of climate, geology, geomorphology of the valley are also given attention to explain the reasons for the landslide occurrence in June 2013. The study also identifies the changes that occurred in LHZ before and after the disaster over the area. The results of the research may be used as an essential input to landslide disaster management.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.02.8

GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY BASED GEO-ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF
SLATE MINING ACTIVITIES by Tejpal, M.S. Jaglan and B.S. Chaudhary

Page: 330-349

Abstract: Environmental impact assessment is nowadays an important aspect of mining operations. Remote sensing data with Geographical Information System (GIS) enable to identification, delineation, and monitoring of pollution sources and affected areas. The objective of this study is to develop an environmental health model for a slate mining site using both satellite data and ground-based information along with GIS techniques. For this purpose, areal expansion of slate mining and their impacts on local environment have been examined using LANDSAT 5 TM and LANDSAT 7 ETM+ data. Both natural (vegetative index and moisture index) and anthropogenic (land use/ cover change) parameters have been computed to assess the slate mines induced environmental degradation. It is revealed that the mining of slate has adversely affected the vegetation cover, moisture content, land use/ land cover and ground water depth. The environmental health of the area surrounding slate mining site has deteriorated significantly between 1989 and 2009 following an upsurge in slate mining activities.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.02.9

SLOPES OF THE YAMUNA & CHAMBAL RAVINES OF AGRA DISTRICT: A MORPHOGENETIC ANALYSIS by Chandra Bhan and Pankaj Kumar

Page: 350-370

Abstract: Generally, in the evolution of landforms and their slopes, several agents of denudation are involved. But in the development of ravines slopes, the contribution of gully streams alone is far greater than any other agent. Innumerable new slopes are produced by the eroding action of fresh gullies in each rainy season. With time, they increase their lengths and enlarge their drainage areas. Factors of topography, lithology, climate and vegetative cover play insignificant role in the process of slope formation in the study area. All common types of natural slopes are found in the Yamuna & the Chambal ravines of the Agra district. Vertical slopes are most dominant in upper parts of gully basins and at cliffs on river banks, where gully streams end their journey. In the middle portions of basins of large streams, slopes are rectilinear in plan and very steep in gradient. Convexity is poorly developed and generally seen in the upper segments of valley slopes in middle portions of drainage areas. Concavity characterizes high gully banks particularly at the sites of the rotational slumping. For several decades, no appreciable change has been noticed in the morphology of slopes of river cliffs and scarps at gully heads. This fact suggests that dynamic equilibrium exists in the individual slopes or on some of their parts.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.02.10

CONTEXTUALISING THE GENESIS OF GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT IN AN INDIAN UNIVERSITY by Sarfaraz Alam

Page: 371-387

Abstract: At present, there are postgraduate departments of geography in over a hundred universities and a large number of colleges in India. It is by no measure a small achievement given the fact that there were only four postgraduate university departments of geography before the independence of the country (Aligarh Muslim University, University of Calcutta, Banaras Hindu University and Allahabad University). How did geography find space in Indian universities? Under what academic milieu of the country did geography enter in Indian universities and colleges? What kind of intellectual exposure that pioneers of geography experienced in their educational trails which led to the development of their love for geography? What motivated them to work fervently for establishing Geography Departments in universities and colleges? Was the development of geography in Indian universities and colleges in any way related to the development of geography in European countries?1 Though several geographers have academically investigated some of these questions (Chatterjee, S. P. 1968, Kapur, Anu 1998, 2002, 2004; Thakur, B. 1994; Singh L. R., 1996), they have provided a rather broad and generalised national-level perspective on the development of geography in India. They have not looked into the circumstances leading to the establishment of specific geography departments. Basing mainly on documentary and literary sources, this article chronicles and analyses the sequence of events leading to the establishment of the Geography Department at Banaras Hindu University (B.H.U.)

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.02.11

URBAN LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGES IN GURUGRAM DISTRICT, HARYANA USING LANDSAT IMAGES by Suman Chauhan and Sunil Kumar

Page: 388-398

Abstract: Land use is directly responsible for changes occurring in the environment. It plays an important role in sustainability linked with socio-economic development since it affects natural resources like soil, vegetation, water resources and biodiversity. Urbanization is a kind of land use which is linked with land cover changes associated with growth of population and economy of a nation. The aim of this study is to extract reliable Land Use/ Land Cover information using secondary data and detection of changes appeared between 1990 to 2017 in Gurugram (erstwhile Gurgaon) district of the Haryana state in Indian sub continent using data collected through Remotes Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. For the purpose of identification as well as demarcation of land use/Land cover we use to classify the satellite imageries which is a challenge before the users due to similarity in land use/ land coverfeatures. The Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) was first applied to Landsat- 05 imagery of 1990 and Landsat-08 (OLI) imagery of 2011 with a resolution of 30 mts and classified as water bodies, vegetation, agricultural land, others land and built-up area. The study exhibits change in the areas. It shows increase in built-up area, other lands, waterbodies classes, decreasing trend in agricultural land and vegetation cover over the period of twenty seven years.

DOI https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.02.12

BOOK REVIEWS
MAPPING PLACE NAMES OF INDIA By Prof. Anu Kapur
Reviewed by Prof. H.S. Sharma

Page: 399-400

Volume 40 (2020) Issue 1 , (January-2020 to June-2020)

Jan-Jun

21ST CENTURY CHALLENGES OF AGRICULTURE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON TRIBAL AREAS by Rana Pratap

Page: 1-25

Abstract:

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.01.1

LINKING HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT WITH EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND URBANISATION by Hariharan Ramachandran

Page: 26-39

Abstract: Human Development is a medium to long term process, is intrinsically linked to economic development and urban growth, and encompasses individual to regional and national contexts. Human resource development is also directly affected by educational input and skill enhancement. The institutions that impart education and skills are often concentrated in urban settlements. Skills also develop through experience gathered from the work place. Basic education helps in absorption of skills. A substantial part of skills in the area of agriculture in India is through experience and enhanced extension work by agricultural extension workers. On the other hand, much of the skills in the non-agricultural sector are gained through formal and structured training and education. Although formal training is important, in the urban related sector there is still considerable informal training that develops individuals and human resources in India. This paper would attempt to weave in methodological issues in linking human capital development with urban growth, and share the results of an empirical analysis of data from an on-going research project entitled “Urbanisation and Human Capital Development in Assam”, funded by the Indian Council for Social Science Research

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.01.2

URBAN-REGIONAL PLANNING: HOW TO DEAL WITH COMMON PROBLEMS AND COMMON THEMES by Nandeshar Sharma

Page: 40-48

Abstract:

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.01.3

4. STRUCTURAL CONTROL IN THE EVOLUTION OF GRANITIC LANDFORMS: A STUDY OF DOMES AND TORS IN DUMKA, JHARKHAND by Sayan Choudhary and V.C. Jha

Page: 49-59

Abstract: Dumka in Jharkhand is an area of subtropical monsoonal climate. It possesses wide range of granitic landforms including domes and tors. Aside from domed structure, Dumka is also characterised by the presence of boulder-strewn domes and castellated domes. Granites are of two lithological groups: one is unclassified granite gneiss with enclaves of metamorphics and the other one is Garnet Biotite Gneiss. Both this variants belong to the supergroup of Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex and the age range from Archaen to Proterozoic. In spite of the uniform climatic characteristics throughout Dumka, granitic landforms show great diversity in terms of morphology. Hence, it is concluded that the prime control of the granitic landforms of Dumka is litho-structural.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.01.4

REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT : A CASE STUDY OF BAIJNATH BLOCK OF DISTRICT KANGRA, HIMACHAL PRADESH by Seema Choudhary and D.D. Sharma

Page: 60-76

Abstract: The topography plays quite a dominant role in the social as well as physical development of infrastructure of any place. The infrastructure is essential for the overall development of a particular area. The level of infrastructure development can therefore be taken as an indicator of socioeconomic development of any region. However, the regional variations in investment in infrastructural sectors are a cause of concern. It is these variations in the infrastructural development which lie at the root of overall imbalances in the development of economy resulting in inter-tehsil, interdistrict and inter-state disparities. The disparities in the level of infrastructural development may vary from region to region and have become a major concern for any type of spatial planning and development. These disparities are due to variations in nature of physical, economic, social and demographic factors. In the state of Himachal pradesh the geographical factors have been very dominating and thus lead to poor development of social and physical infrastructure. This developemnt has shown more variations at the block level and particularly among the non tribal areas. Baijnath block which belongs to a very highly developed district has however exhibited bad performance levels in terms of infrastructural developement in the last two decades of twentieth century. The present study therefore tries to bring out in finer details the impact of geographical factors in the infrastructural development of the study area i.e. Baijnath block.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.01.5

ARIDITY ASSESSMENT OF SEMI-ARID AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES: A STUDY OF EASTERN RAJASTHAN by Ravi Jhurawat, Padmini Pani and Avijit Mahala

Page: 77-93

Abstract: The present study aims to determine the nature of aridity dynamics in semi-arid agro climatic zone of eastern Rajasthan for a definite period (1985-2015). Semi-arid and sub-humid regions are located to the fringes of deserts. The eastern part of Rajasthan reflects semi-arid climatic conditions. The present study considers the districts of Ajmer, Jaipur and Tonk of eastern Rajasthan for aridity estimation. The degree of aridity was examined using the UNEP (1992) recommended Aridity Index (AI). This index represents the ratio of total annual precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (PET). The Mann-Kendall test analysis has been applied for understanding trend in the climatic phenomena of rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration, and aridity. The Aridity Index calculation result shows that the average of first fifteen years (1985-1999) is greater than last 16 years (2000-2015), leading to a conclusion of increasing aridity. The Mann-Kendall trend analysis reflects an insignificant increase in aridity. The Mann-Kendall statistic results indicate that temperature and evapo-transpiration exhibited a significant increase or a probable increasing trend in all the observations. The substantial enhancement in the trend of temperature and evapotranspiration and an insignificant decreasing tendency of Aridity Index and rainfall indicate a negative change in aridity and climatic parameters.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.01.6

REGIONAL PATTERNS OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN UTTAR PRADESH: INSIGHTS FROM CENSUS 1991-2011 by Alok Kumar Choubey and Gayatri Rai

Page: 94-109

Abstract: The present study attempts to analyse the trend, causes and regional patterns of rural-urban migration in the state of Uttar Pradesh for the period 1991-2011. Gender and distance perspective of rural urban migrants are also examined in the study. The paper is exclusively based on secondary sources of data, obtained from Census of India’s Migration D-series tables. Comprehensive regional-temporal analysis of rural to urban migration in the state is presented by taking into account the duration and reasons of migration. Districts are grouped into 4 regions on the basis of their cultural and geographical homogeneity. Migration rates are estimated for each spatial unit to understand regional and gender variations in rural-urban migration within the state. ArcGIS and spreadsheet application have been used for mapping and calculation respectively. Overall analysis of the study reveals that volume of rural-urban migration in the state has doubled in the last 20 years (65.95 lakhs in 2011) with male migrants registering higher growth. In terms of distance preference, intra-district migration has gradually overtaken inter-district migration and migrants are favouring long duration stay after migration. As regards to reasons for migration, economic and social causes continues to control movement of male and female migrants respectively with 62.46 per cent females reporting marriage and 46.65 per cent of male migrants reporting employment as their reason to migrate (2011). Districts of Bundelkhand region witnessed highest migration rates among all spatial units, also females had overwhelmingly higher migration rates throughout state. It was observed that smaller towns were increasingly preferred over metropolitan centres by rural migrants.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.01.7

REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN THE LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN BUNDELKHAND REGION: AN INTER-BLOCK ANALYSIS by P.K. Sharma and Sonal Srivastava

Page: 110-128

Abstract: Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh. This study is based on the secondary data, obtained from the Census of India and different government official websites. In order to assess the levels of economic development in the region, 12 economic indicators have been evaluated by using composite index analysis. It is observed that, there exists a wide microregional economic disparity ranging from highest score (0.77) for Badeogarh block to lowest score (-1.27) for Buxwaha block. On the basis of PCA five dominant factors have been filtered which plays major role for the further planning in order to achieve the balanced economic development of the region.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.01.8

AN APPRAISAL OF URBAN MORPHOLOGY OF MAUNATH BHANJAN CITY by Sanjay Kumar Bharati

Page: 129-149

Abstract: Urban morphology refers to the physical arrangement as well as functional structure of towns and cities. It involves the study of layout pattern of internal land use, street patterns, alignment of buildings, densities and the different functions of the city. Cities are always developed and transformed through the interaction between the different social, political, economic, and technological forces. These forces create the morphology of the city. The interrelationship of man and land resources plays a significant role in the urban space. The Urban land is base for the development of the modern society and cities are the distinctive spatial units of the people, their activities and institutions. The present urban society is facing the problem of increasing population pressure on the urban land. This paper refers to analyse the structure of different urban land uses and morphology of the Maunath Bhanjan city (Uttar Pradesh). This requires a description of the nature of the urban regions, their functions and forms, their relative disposition and social interdependence that constitutes a geographical analysis of an urban area. This will be based on the toposheet, personal survey on the basis of Google earth satellite imagery, and application of modern tools and techniques, specially using ArcGIS (9. 3version).

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.01.9

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DYNAMICS AND LIVELIHOOD PATTERNS IN THE SIDDI COMMUNITY by Karan Singh and Sushil Dalal

Page: 150-161

Abstract: Siddis, the descendants of the Bantu community of Eastern Africa who were brought to India as indentured labour, are presently settled in Indian states of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Hyderabad. In the state of Gujarat, this ethnic community resides in and around Sasan Gir forest. Though there are controversies about their time of arrival in India, the oral tradition and historical accounts indicate that these people were brought to India somewhere between 15th and 17th century as slaves. It is also unknown who brought them to this country although the oral stories of the Siddi people in Gujarat mention that the Nawab of Junagarh brought them in his kingdom about four hundred years ago for labour work. They do work in agriculture and related activities for their livelihood. The present paper is an attempt to find out socio-economic conditions and livelihood patterns of Siddi people living in the state of Gujarat. The present empirical research is based on the data collected through primary survey from the field. The analysis indicates that these people are now-a-days engaged in manual and labour work for livelihood because of the paucity of agricultural land. They are unable to use forest resources of Sasan Gir for their survival due to enforcement of forest laws in India. The level of education among this community is very low which is reflected in the occupational and income patterns in the population. In nutshell, despite the hardly nature if Siddis, their economic conditions reflect influence of their social position vis-à-vis other communities in the present socio-economic ambience.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.01.10

INVESTIGATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK AND VULNERABILITY OF CITIES IN SENSITIVE AREAS, CASE STUDY OF FERDOWS CITY IN IRAN
by Rostam Saberifar and Uday Chatterjee

Page: 162-174

Abstract: The effects of desertification are now beyond the regions which are considered as the deserts in terms of climate, and they also affected the rural areas. Ferdows is among those cities which due to being located in the desert margins suffers from the completely negative effects and consequences of this phenomenon. For this purpose, this study aims to investigate economic and social aspects of desertification in Ferdows City and to determine whether or not we can adjust the consequences by the infrastructure and managerial changes. The required data are obtained through the empirical evidence and surveys of some experts in this field. The number of samples was selective and consisting of 50 experts. The collected data were analyzed by the SPSS software. The results indicate that the desertification phenomenon has a significant impact on the economic and socio-cultural development, and this in turn has affected other related aspects. Surveys from experts showed that the consequences of desertification indirectly affected the credibility and previous position of the city. A significant relationship between increased desertification and the decline in the economic status of the city was calculated through simple linear regression analysis. It can be concluded that

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.01.11

WOMEN AND CHILD TRAFFICKING FROM NEPAL IN INDIA: MECHANISM, CONTROL MEASURES AND IMPLICATIONS by Vinod K. Bhardwaj

Page: 175-192

Abstract:

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2020.40.01.12

BOOK REVIEWS
GEOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE SUB-CONTINENT! Reviewed by Sanjeev Sanyal 193-197
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT Reviewed by L.N. Ram and B. Thakur1 99-204

Page: 193-204

Volume 39 (2019)

Volume 39 (2019) Issue 2 , (June-2019 to December-2019)

July-December

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN INDIA by M.H. Qureshi

Page: 163-173

Abstract: Indian rural people have practised agriculture for centuries and developed their traditional knowledge and capacities in different regions to produce grains and sustain. They selected their cropping pattern on the basis of their traditional observation of weather conditions. Sayings of Ghagh Kavi are very popular in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Technology induced development of agriculture is a recent phenomena. We talk about social as well as economic development. Economic development is not class neutral creates disparity as the technological inputs are not available to all alike. Some get benefitted more than some other segments of the society. There is no zero level environmental degradation once the process of development is initiated in an area in response to development policy. The paper deals with the elaboration of the concept of development taking example from some sectors of the economy such as the scenario in agricultural development in India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.02.1

PRESSURE, STATE, RESPONSE IN A GROWING METROPOLIS – A CASE OF HYDERABAD CITY REGION by S. Padmaja and Kaushalya Ramachandran

Page: 174-189

Abstract: The growing cities are a concern to mankind as they exert enormous pressure on natural resources resulting in environmental degradation. It is speculated that more than 50% of population will live in cities by 2050. In this context the studies on growing cities is of paramount importance to not only researchers but also urban planners. The present paper highlights the pressure, state and response (PSR model) of Hyderabad city region with a view to analyse the present state of urban land use along with suburban rural land use. A few concerns are raised with respective to sustainable urban growth which can be amalgamated into urban planning process.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.02.2

SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF CRIME IN INDIA, 1991-2011 by Ritvik Chauhan and Vijay Kumar Baraik

Page: 190-211

Abstract: There is hardly any crime free society and the history of crime may be traced back to the time as old as the history of human civilization. It affects the smooth and peaceful progress of any society. There are many factors to induce crime varying from physical/environmental to socio-cultural, political, economic, historical, technological, crowding, and also family and individual as many scholars suggest. Moreover, globalization and technological advancements have also led to the changing nature of crimes as it is supposed to be influenced by the different stages of development of human society and is defined and redefined with changing context. India is a diverse country in terms of physical, ethnic, linguistic and religious features. Therefore, it is assumed that the spatial nature of crime also varies over space in India due to vast physical, socio-cultural and economic diversities. This paper attempts to study the spatio-temporal pattern of crimes in India using state level data obtained from the National Crimes Records Bureau, Government of India for the years 1991, 2001 and 2011 with an attempt to see causality with associated factors. The results show that there are wide spatio-temporal variations but no direct and uniform associations with correlates across the states.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.02.3

LAND USE CHANGES IN GHAZIPUR DISTRICT (UTTAR PRADESH): A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS by Vineet Kumar Rai and Gayatri Rai

Page: 212-230

Abstract: Land is the basic, fixed and limited resource in nature. Land plays the key role in the determination of man’s economic activities as well as social, cultural and political progress. All agricultural, animal and forestry productions depend on the quality and productivity of the land. The entire terrestrial eco-system which comprises of soil, water, air, plant and mineral are survived on the land resource. It meets the demand of food, energy and other needs of livelihood. Land use refers the sectoral utilization of a unit of available land in a given time. The proper utilization of the land enables economic development in a region. However, land use changes are increasingly recognized as major factors of global environmental change. The land utilization needs to have general frame work of strategic and effective management and analysis of their characteristics and also used for development planning in the study area. The total area of Ghazipur District (U.P.) is 330085 hectare in (2005), out of which forest area covered (1.29%), barren cultivable waste land (1.15%), present fallow land (4.67%), other fallow land (1.03%), barren uncultivable land (0.92%), land put to non-agricultural use (13.28%), pastures land (0.24%), area under bush, forest and garden (1.00%) and net area sown (76.42%). However some categories value are up and down which stand in (2015) 330461 hectare, in which forest area reported about (0.04%), barren cultivable waste land (0.93%), present fallow land (4.06%), other fallow land (1.06%), barren uncultivable land(0.89%), land put to non-agricultural use (14.72%), pastures (0.19%) area under bush, forest and garden (1.02%) and net area sown (77.08%).

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.02.4

AN ASSESSMENT OF LAND TRANSFORMATION DUE TO URBAN SPRAWL IN UNNAO TOWN, UTTAR PRADESH by Roohi Fatma and Vandana Kumari Chauhan

Page: 231-239

Abstract: Urbanization is not a new concept or issue in the world. As it is known that the motivation and processes involved in the establishment of the very first town are largely a matter of speculation. A necessary precondition must have the prevailing of a prosperous, settled agricultural economy to enable the production of food for storage to support urban population. This process of urbanization is increasing with accelerating rate continuously with the industrial revolution and coming out new technologies. With the industrial revolution, good transport network for movement of goods and people and new technology together accelerate the rate of urbanization which raise the issue of urban sprawl. The standard definition for urban sprawl is not an easy task because it still in debate. Different people give many definitions of sprawl from different perspectives. In oxford dictionary it has been defined as “the disorganized and unattractive expansion of an urban or industrial area into the adjoining country side”. The European Environment Agency (EEA) has described sprawl as the physical pattern of low-density expansion of large urban areas, under market conditions, mainly into the surrounding agricultural areas. Bhatta (2010) says that it is characterized by unplanned and uneven pattern of growth, driven by multitude of processes and leading to in efficient resource utilization. Urban sprawl means more growth than the usual and what makes it different from growth is this excessive nature. Cities tend to growth and planned growth is reached while there is an appropriate proportion between urban growth and urban organism. But when the growth is more than usual, its pressure on the boundaries, city will face new major problems (S. Habibi, et al, 2011). Downs (1999) believes that sprawl does not mean every kind of growth and it has a definite form that can be introduced as unlimited outward extension of development, low density residential and commercial settlements, leapfrog development, fragmentation of powers over land use among many small localities, dominance of transportation by private automotive vehicles, lack of centralized planning or control of land uses, widespread strip commercial development, great fiscal disparities among localities, segregation of types of land use in different zones, and reliance on the trickle-down or filtering process to provide housing to low-income households.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.02.5

DECENTRALIZATION OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES INVOLVING PRIVATE AND COMMUNITY INITIATIVES IN DARJEELING TOWN, WEST BENGAL by Ashish Chhetri and Lakpa Tamang

Page: 240-255

Abstract: The paper is an attempt on the study revolving the issue of water crisis and the relevance of decentralised water management system involving private and community initiatives in Darjeeling town. A thorough study of different springs located in various wards of Darjeeling Municipality have been conducted through field study during 2016-17, analyzing and assessing different parameters that govern the water supply system in the region. It is observed that owing to the failure of the centralised water supply system, majority of the residents have opted to private and community based decentralised mode of water supply system undergoing adaptation, negotiation and compromise. In case of private ventures, a study of five wards having maximum number of privately owned springs were selected and the case study of two Samaj (community based organisation) have been taken for our study. It is evident in the study that privatization of water distribution has brought an efficient trend in water supply while the Samaj led initiative has maintained water equity and justice garnering the total population of the community.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.02.6

ZONE OF INFLUENCE OF CITIES: RANDOM ANALYSIS OF RURAL PERIPHERY OF MUMBAI AND BANGALORE by Surya Tewari

Page: 256-277

Abstract: The paper is an attempt to understand the influence of urban area on its rural periphery using the random sampling method. Though the study of urban influence has been taken up by geographers for long, it is based on voluminous sets of data. The paper uses two random axes and records the village data of all the villages falling on these axes. This model is used to bring out the characteristics of rural periphery of Mumbai and Bangalore during the 1991 and 2001 census years. The two census years have been chosen so as to capture the nuances of the New Economic Policy that was introduced in 1991. This method avoids the use of large sets of data in delineating and understanding the fringe attributes. Data has been procured from Census of India. While a pair of random numbers is used in drawing random axes using the systematic sampling method, scatter diagrams have been constructed to analyse the rural periphery. The paper contributes to the theory and practice of urban fringe management.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.02.7

INTEGRATED LAND USE PLANNING FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SALEKASA TALUKA, GONDIA DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA by Jyoti S. Rokde and Arun Chaturvedi

Page: 278-292

Abstract: Salekasa taluka has 41.23% area suitable for agriculture. The multiple criteria analysis reveals that 21.18 per cent of the taluka has the capacity for double cropping. 12.29% can also be used for double cropping but will require higher level of input. Salekasa taluka has 3.81% area under Rainfed-Single crop/animal Husbandry/Dairy under moderate cropping land but limited in versatility. Rainfed-Single Crop/Animal Husbandry has 8.15 per cent area under moderate cropping land. Kharif Paddy/Animal Husbandry/NTFP has 6.30 per cent area and it is little suitable for agriculture. Rainfed Paddy/ NTFP/ Animal Husbandry have 11.70 per cent area, which is marginally suitable for agriculture. In Salekasa taluka 38.49 per cent area is under dense forest, of which 4.21 per cent area has severely degraded forest which needs immediate attention. Afforestation and gap filling is the best way to conserve the soil and the forest. In Salekasa taluka 4.71 per cent area is under waste and scrub land. Silvi-pasture is one of the alternatives land-use system is available for improving the fodder resources of the taluka. In Salekasa taluka, Salekasa, Amgaon Kh., Bhajepar and Chand suraj village has area (1.11%) having good suitability for market and industrial development. Salekasa taluka has 0.17% area having good scope in reference to tourist place. Taluka has 2.89 per cent area under water body these water bodies can be used for irrigation as well as fish production.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.02.8

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY AND URBAN GOVERNANCE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HYDERABAD AND JAIPUR by Vikas Sehra and Milap Punia

Page: 293-310

Abstract: Concept of “sustainability” has garnered universal system wide support. Its concern for balancing the needs of current and future generation has majorly leaned towards technical consensus. Conceptualization of sustainability stands on tripod of economy, environment and society and many scholars agree with its capacity to comprehensively engage with them, but the societal aspect has remained least examined. The Present paper takes up social sustainability as vantage point for engagement with urban governance and argues for need to make the sustainability concept more than a “empty signifier” and grow out of its post political tendencies. Comparative case study of Hyderabad and Jaipur are taken as background to develop these arguments. In investigating social sustainability, study follows livelihood approach that includes social, human, financial and physical aspect for a holistic analysis. To assess urban governance, it presumes that, good governance will be reflected in provision of basic amenities. Study helps to identify poor and high performing municipal wards. Results show a pattern of peripheralization of the social sustainability and urban governance in cities, along with intra and intercity disparity and characteristic clustering of poor performing wards. The study contributes by bringing forth the failure of technical conceptualization of sustainability in engaging with governance institutions to deliver better quality of life. It concludes that for disrobing sustainability of its post political carapace, it needs to veer towards its societal conceptualization and must reengage as dialogues of diverse narratives.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.02.9

URBAN CHANGE DETECTION USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM – A CASE STUDY OF DELHI REGION, INDIA by Ashwani kumar Awasthi and Umakant Rawat

Page: 311-319

Abstract: Urbanization is one of the most widespread anthropogenic causes of the loss of arable land, habitat destruction, and the decline in natural vegetation cover. The present study is aimed at assessing the urbanization in Delhi over the period of 19 years (1992-2010) using remote sensing technology and spatial functionalities technique in Geographical Information System (GIS). Remote sensing data provide valuable and moreover spatio-temporal data on the processes and patterns of LULC change, and GIS is useful for mapping and analyzing these patterns. In this study I explore the temporal and spatial characteristics of urban expansion and LULC change of Delhi from 1992 to 2010.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.02.10

BHOOGOL VACHASPATI AWARDS 2015

Page: 321-351

BOOK REVIEW
THE VULNERABLE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS : A STUDY OF DISASTER AND RESPONSE By Punam Tripathi Reviewed by Professor Sudesh Nangia

Page: 353-355

Volume 39 (2019) Issue 1 , (January-2019 to June-2019)

January-June

GEOSPATIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES BEFORE GEOGRAPHY by N.C. Gautam

Page: 1-10

Abstract:

DOI:https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.01.1

PUBLIC PLACES AND CRIME IN DELHI: A STUDY FOR CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH PLACE DESIGN by R. N. Dubey

Page: 11-34

Abstract: The incidence of crimes at public places has been cause of concern for local administration and law enforcement authorities. To deal with crimes, the emphasis has been on the law and order. But apart from that there are close relationship between socio-economic and physical environment of a place and crimes. The planning and design of a place play an important role in choosing a place to commit crime by offenders. This work is mainly based on primary data collected through structured questionnaire by interviewing 350 individuals. It includes 10 transit stations located in the localities of different socio-economic and environmental status in Delhi. It examines the relationship between micro-environment and crimes at transit places like railway station/bus stands etc. in Delhi. As per various studies, the transit places have been found most vulnerable for crimes. It has also been found that there is close relationship between the micro-environment of a place and the crime. People believe that most of the crime occurs within 500 meters from the station. The incidence of crimes is high in first half of the night. Crowding, isolated places and vacant plots are potential hotspots for crimes at transit places. Based on detailed inventory of land uses and security arrangement, an existing crime prone place has been mapped and also a perspective plan and designed map have been prepared. Imageries and the Global Positioning System (GPS) have been used for mapping. This study may be useful for the urban planners, criminologist and the local administrators who are engaged in dealing with crimes at public places.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.01.2

ESTIMATION OF SURFACE SOIL EROSION USING USLE MODEL (MODIFIED) OF DHUPGURI BLOCK, JALPAIGURI (WEST BENGAL) by Snehasish Saha and Debarshi Ghosh

Page: 35-56

Abstract: The mountain alluvial tracts of Dooars in North-Bengal receives soil erosion through rain wash and splash hit removal of surface soil along the local slopes is a common case in the study area especially from the elevated terraces for example Redbank and Chamurchi Tea-garden areas composed of high percent of silt and very fine sand that promotes moderate to high rate of infiltration on surface runoff. Fallowing, rotational agricultural practices, gully cuts in the tea gardens, channel avulsion and occasional floods of high frequency etc. have aggravated the occurrence here associated with human interferences in the form of tea plantation and habitations. Field investigation (2015 and 2017) revealed the estimated soil loss of 0. 2-0.5 kgm2-1 year-1 for selected plots over the colluvio-alluvial tracts of the Dooars in Dhupguri CD-block. In the present paper the authors have tried to estimate the soil erosion taking case sites and thereby investigate the soil loss characters using USLE model of Wischmeier and Smith (1962) with site specific modifications. For which collected samples have tested. The speculated achievement of the work is to focus the aspects of necessary remedial strategies to check soil erosion aiming to agronomic development and benefits.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.01.3

ANALYSIS OF THE ZONAL VARIATION IN MEANS OF IRRIGATION IN JAMMU PROVINCE OF JAMMU & KASHMIR STATE by Shashi Prabha

Page: 57-69

Abstract: India is primarily an agricultural country. About 70% of Indian population is employed in agricultural sector for their livelihood. The agricultural practices can grow and contribute up to optimum level when the different infrastructural facilities are timely available to the farming community. The rainfall pattern in the country is not uniform and requirement of water for different cropping season are fulfilled by different means of irrigation which includes, canals, tanks, wells, borewells, sprinklers etc. It is one of the most important agricultural input along with seeds, fertilizers, plant protection, machinery and credit. The timely and proper requirement of water for the crops ensures the higher yield and it is through the stable higher production from the agrarian sector that a sustainable development is possible. The dependence of farmers over the different means of irrigation is one of the important socio-economic and institutional indicator which enables to understand the status of farming families of a particular region. The present study aims to examine the dependence of farming respondents on the means of irrigation over the six different agro-ecological zones selected from Jammu province. The variations recorded in means of irrigation over the agro-ecological zones would help to understand the spatial variations in the use of means of irrigation in agriculture. The responses recorded would help to understand the dependence of different means in irrigation. The attempt would help to identify the zones performing weak so far as the use of canals, tanks, tubes, bore well etc. are concerned.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.01.4

AN ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES IN SLUMS OF BHOPAL CITY by Archana Sen and Srabani Sanyal

Page: 70-80

Abstract: Around the world 2.5 billion people live in urban slums which are typically overcrowded, polluted and lack basic services (UN-Habitat, 2014). Slum population in India stands at 65 million (Census, 2011). There are 380 slums in Bhopal city with 4.91 lakh (27.38%) slum population. The paper attempts to study spatial distribution of slums, assess the status of infrastructure and highlight health status in Bhopal city. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. The interview schedule is filled by 460 households from 23 sampled slums based on 10 parameters. It is found that out of 23 sampled slums, 5 slums namely Nai Basti, Mother India, Roshanpura, Bheem Nagar and Bapu Colony are extremely poor. To improve the condition of slums Bhopal Municipal Corporation has to take serious effort to upgrade slums and rehabilitate the slum dwellers living in objectionable areas.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.01.5

URBANIZATION IN INDIA: A COMMENTARY ON CRITERIA AND CONTRADICTIONS by Arun Kumar Singh

Page: 81-96

Abstract: India’s diversity and multicultural identity is well reflected in its pattern of urbanisation and its inter regional and intra regional urban variation. To some extent, Census criteria and the discretionary powers given to the state authority for identifying any settlement as urban place is responsible for this pattern. This paper intends to highlight the issues related to criteria and contradictions taking into consideration two geographic regions (Mizoram and North East Bihar) with different physical features, climatic conditions, cultural traits and economic characteristics. Data have been collected from secondary sources like Census publications, District Census Handbooks, District Statistical Handbooks and relevant literatures. Data collected have been processed, analyzed and depicted using statistical and cartographic techniques.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.01.6

INVESTIGATING THE SPATIAL VARIATION OF DEPRIVATION IN KOLKATA MUNICIPAL CORPORATION AREA, INDIA by Jaydip De

Page: 97-115

Abstract: Applying a set of uniquely designed multidimensional indices (modified after De, 2017) the present study analyses the nature, extent and spatial pattern of deprivation in one hundred forty-one wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC). Information relating social, economic and physical condition of houses obtained from Census of India, 2011 document are the foundation of this study. This analysis principally deal with questions like How far the deprivation prevails in reality? What are its actual dimensions? Do they follow similar tendencies? Do the metropolis dwellers too face deprivation? The paper discloses the prevalence of wide spatial variation in household deprivation within the KMC area. Although there is no welldefined pattern, some wards adjacent to Kolkata port and Eastern Metropolitan bypass are found to be more deprived than the others. This synthetic assessment provides a systematic tool to pinpoint the spatial variation in access to amenities and highlights the inability of the urban administration to establish justice in local governance.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.01.7

ASSESSMENT OF DUG WELL WATER QUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF RAIPUR CITY, CHHATTISGARH (INDIA) by Sanjib Pramanik, K.N. Prasad and N.K. Baghmar

Page: 116-128

Abstract: Dug-wells, an important means of obtaining groundwater, contribute about 80 per cent of irrigation water and 90 per cent of drinking water supply in India. The source of groundwater is rainfall; rain water percolates through aquifers (i.e. porous rocks) and gets accumulated over the hard rocks below the earth surface largely during the monsoon. So, the quality of dug-wells water is undoubtedly pure. But high use of chemicals in households, in agriculture fields, at industrial sites, increasing dumping areas, volume of garbage and weathering of rocks, and massive deforestation all have contributed enormously towards decline of ground water quality. Keeping this in mind, physic-chemical parameters of dug-wells water for pre- and post- monsoon periods of Raipur City, Chhattisgarh (India) has been chosen for investigation. A total of 20 water samples have been collected separately for pre- and post- monsoon periods. EI make Delux Water and Soil Analysis Kit Model 191 and Systronics Flame Photometer have been used to determine TDS, Conductivity, Salinity, pH, Turbidity, Sodium and Potassium. The study reveals that TDS, Conductivity, Salinity, pH, Turbidity, Na and K (physico-chemical parameters) in dug-well water during pre- monsoon period is slightly higher than that of the post-monsoon period. TDS shows high positive correlation with conductivity and also with salinity. Conductivity of dug-wells water has exceeded the permissible limit, and is, therefore, not suitable for drinking. Coefficient of variation of Turbidity is extremely high in both the periods. Thus, one concludes that dug-wells water quality of the Raipur City has got deteriorated, and is very harmful for drinking.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.01.8

CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN LANDUSE AND LAND COVER (LULC) OF NASHIK CITY (PANCHAVATI DIVISION) IN MAHARASHTRA (INDIA) by Vinayak B. Kale

Page: 129-137

Abstract: Urbanization is the global phenomena of this century. Sudden changes of land use and land cover (LULC) in urban areas have become a major issue due to artificial causes such as reduction of green spaces and development of urban heat islands. Monitoring and management plans are required to solve these problems effectively. Land use is the function or functions that humans apply to the land available to them. Land use depend on how governance regulate and control it. This paper purposively selected the area of Panchavati of Nashik city which is the fast developing part of the city. Researcher has tried to classify the urban land use land cover of Nashik City in Panchavati Division. The area statistics of Land Use/ Land Cover classes of an area is very important for future development.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.01.9

DIRECTIONS OF URBAN GROWTH: SPATIO- TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF LUCKNOW CITY by Upendra Bhai Patel, B.L. Teli and K.C. Purohit

Page: 138-157

Abstract: Urban growth refers to the physical expansion of the cities and towns due to population growth and migration which is called urbanization. It is a global phenomenon in developing countries like India, where the population is over one billion, we can say one-sixth of the world’s population. This type of growth is affected agriculture land and also surrounding habitation. So many cities formulated development plans. Geographers, planners, scientists require information about to the population growth rate, pattern and extent of expansion of city. In the lacking of this type of information, most of the growth areas lacking of basic amenities and infrastructure facilities. This study represents the sprawling of the Lucknow city has led to the change land use at the urban fringe and the surrounding rural hinterland since many years ago. The population growth in the core area of the city finally resulted in out migration of population from city centre at the urban-rural fringe. The land use and land cover change is a natural process and cannot be stopped but it can be controlled to minimize the harmful impacts of urban growth on environment and resources. Physical expansion and pattern of growth can be detected with the help of ancillary and temporal data. Geographic Information System (GIS) provide the advance techniques and methods to the study of urban growth for sustainable development.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2019.39.01.10

BOOK REVIEW
DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHICAL THOUGHT: CONTEXTUALISATION AND SYNTHESIS OF PHILOSOPHIES : RAMKRISHNA MAITI, MOUMITA MOITRA MAITI
Reviewed by Srikumar Chattopadhyay

Page: 159-161

Volume 38 (2018)

Volume 38 (2018) Issue 2 , (July-2018 to December-2018)

Jul-Dec

SMALL AND INTERMEDIATE TOWNS IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROCESS: A CASE OF RAEBARELI, SULTANPUR AND PRATAPGARH DISTRICTS OF UTTAR PRADESH by H.N. Misra & Ashutosh Mishra

Page: 181-199

Abstract: The paper is based on the hypothesis that small and intermediate towns present alternative strategy to regional development process as against rural-agricultural growth oriented (bottom-up) approach and urban-industrial growth oriented (top-down) approach. Keeping this in view, the towns located in Raebareli, Sultanpur and Pratapgarh districts of Uttar Pradesh have been studied in detail by analyzing their locational characteristics, demographic features, hierarchical structure and spatial configurations of development around them. In view of the fact that these towns play the critical role in accelerating the pace of development, there is a need to support them by promoting infrastructure within the frame of potentials that they possess. The study points out that in addition to existing towns, there are several subaltern settlements, which are likely to join the fabric of small and intermediate towns. These settlements need to be taken care of in order that the dream project of smart cities becomes a reality.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.02.1

AN EVALUATION OF SUB-SURFACE WATER QUALITY AROUND BHARUCH-SURAT INDUSTRIAL REGION, GUJARAT, INDIA by Somnath Saha, Sukanta Kumar Saha, Tathagata Ghosh and Rolee Kanchan

Page: 200-220

Abstract: Water is an important element in everyday life. The basic property of water (H2O) is static but with the inclusion of different physico-chemical elements, its quality varies from time to time and place to place. The present paper is an attempt to evaluate the property of sub-surface water in Surat-Bharuch Industrial Region of Gujarat, India. 155 sites were selected for the analysis and spatial pattern of physico-chemical parameters like EC, pH, temperature, calcium, sodium, potassium, lithium, iron, fluoride, copper and cadmium were analysed. To understand the distribution pattern of data, measures of central tendency, dispersion and skewness were applied. High concentration of sodium was observed in the northern part of the region while the level of pH was normal in the region. Lithium concentration was high throughout the area except for the south-eastern region. Other physical parameters like EC and temperature and chemical parameters like potassium, fluoride and copper were found to be within the desirable range. Multiple correlation among the parameters showed most important and strong relation between EC – Lithium, EC-Calcium and EC-Sodium.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.02.2

SOIL DEGRADATION AS LINKED TO URBANIZATION – A CASE STUDY OF THIRUVANANTHAPURAM DISTRICT OF KERALA by Aneesh MR, Suresh S, and Mani K

Page: 221-229

Abstract: Identifying changes in soil quality resulting from land use changes is essential to design sustainable land management plans and policies. The present study evaluates the effect of land use change particularly urbanization on soil degradation in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala by collecting and evaluating 20 soil samples representing four land uses namely forest, paddy, settlement with mixed trees and urban areas. The results were then incorporated into a soil degradation index which showed that soil degradation was significantly higher in urban areas compared to other land uses.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.02.3

BANK LINE SHIFTING OF THE BHAGIRATHI-HUGLI RIVER USING RS, GIS IN AND AROUND PURBASTHALI BLOCKS, WEST BENGAL by Manjari Sarkar (Basu)

Page: 230-238

Abstract: The present study is attempted to focus on the flood plain of the Bhagirathi and moribund deltaic part of south- central areas of West Bengal, which is one of the most dynamic natural regions of the state. The study area is located in the eastern part of East Bardhaman district (Purbasthli I &II blocks). Channel shifting, siltation of channels, decaying of oxbow lakes palaeochannel, bank erosion are common geomorphic hazards in Bhagirathi- Hooghly flood plain of this area. The main focus of the study area is to identify the effect of river shifting during 100 years over this area. Objectives of this study include:- nature of river shifting, identification of fluvio- geomorphic features, and effect of river shifting over socio- economic condition of this region.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.02.4

SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF WORKFORCE IN INDIA DURING 1981-2011 by M.B. Singh and Nitin Kumar Mishra

Page: 239-254

Abstract: The present research paper examines the growth, structure and distribution of workforce engaged in different economic activities in India during 1981-2011. The objectives of this paper are to : (i) analyze the growth and structural change in workforce at national level; (ii) examine the spatial pattern of workforce at state /union territory level; (iii) probe the intensity of workforce; (iv) measure the shift in mean point location of workforce employed in various occupational categories; and (v) compute the future probable trend of workforce. The present study is largely based on secondary data. The data pertaining to population and workforce have been taken from 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011 censuses. The analysis reveals the following major trends in the workforce: growth in the total workers in India is showing a declining trend; the workforce participation rate is increasing; the proportion of main workers declined whereas the proportion of marginal workers increased; more than a half of the total workforce is still engaged in agricultural activities; agricultural labourers witnessed small increase due to shift from cultivation to this category; the proportion of household workers showed stagnation; whereas the contribution of females accounted for only 31.10 percent in total workers.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.02.5

SCHEDULED CASTE POPULATION IN HARYANA (A STUDY OF DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIALS) by Surya Kant

Page: 255-280

Abstract: The paper examines inter-caste differences in demographic characteristics, such as size, growth and distribution of scheduled caste (SC) population in Haryana, analyzing and interpreting secondary data available from the Census of India. In 2011, 5.1 million SCs living in Haryana made more than total population of Norway. Although there are 37 castes of the SCs, but three of these, in combine, subsume more than three-fourths of total such population in the state. The Chamars, the largest caste with 47.5 per cent in total, was the most widely distributed, making the first ranking caste in all but one district of the state. The Balmikis, the second largest SC caste, made the second ranking SC caste in ten of 21 districts in Haryana. However, the Mazhabis, the fifth ranking SC caste, was highly concentrated in Sirsa and Fatehabad districts, making the first ranking SC caste only in Sirsa district. The SCs in Haryana were though predominantly rural by residence but quite literate, aware, awakened and majority of their workers engaged in non-farm activities. During 1971-2011, the SC population in the state grew faster than the entire state population. The high growth rate of the Meghs and the Ods, the two relatively large sized SC castes, was a cause of concern, needing priority attention of the policy makers; the Meghs, being predominantly rural, agricultural and poorly literate, restricting awareness and knowledge, needing immediate attention.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.02.6

CROP LAND SUITABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY OF AGRICULTURE IN MAHENDRAGARH DISTRICT, HARYANA by Gulshan Mehra and Rajeshwari

Page: 281-300

Abstract: Crop-land suitability analysis is a prerequisite to achieve optimum utilization of the available land resources for sustainable agricultural production. In this context, the present paper attempts to study the suitability of land for present crop selection in Mahendragarh district, Haryana. The ‘‘Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)’’ method, commonly used in land use suitability analysis, has been utilized in this study. For this, seven parameters which are identified as significant in growth of crop have been taken into account. These seven parameters are: slope, soil pH value, soil depth, rainfall, temperature, ground water depth and soil texture. In determining the weights of the parameters, experts opinions were consulted, and the agricultural land suitability map generated was divided into 4 categories according to the land suitability classification of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The analysis of suitable sites for different crops reveal that larger area of the district is suitable for growing mustard followed by guar, pearl millet, wheat and gram crops. An attempt has also been made to study the existing cropping pattern with the help of remote sensing data for both rabi and kharif seasons to assess whether the existing cropping pattern is sustainable given its geographical and other conditions.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.02.7

LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION AND CHANGE ANALYSIS IN THE SOUTHERN FRINGE OF KOLKATA METROPOLITAN AREA BY SPATIO TEMPORAL REMOTE SENSING by Sushobhan Majumda and Lakshmi Sivaramakrishnan

Page: 301-315

Abstract: Understanding the change in land use and land cover pattern is very much crucial for the future planning and development of an area. In most of the metropolitan cities the rate of changes of land use and land cover in the peripheral areas is very rapid. Kolkata is one of the metropolitan cities in India which have experienced rapid changes of land use and land cover in recent decades. This study aims to find out the trends of land use and land cover change in the southern fringe of Kolkata Metropolitan Area in the last thirty five years. The objective of the study is to analyze the nature, trends and pattern of land use land cover changes between the years 1980 to 2015. Land cover types were classified through supervised classification using multi-temporal Landsat imagery. The land cover products were then validated and overlaid in post-classification comparison to detect the changes between the years 1980 to 2015. Four land use and land cover classes, namely built up area, vegetation, water body and fallow land has been identified. This study reveals that conversion of water bodies, vegetation and low lying areas to urban area has given birth to the unplanned growth of settlements and associated problems. These are the main negative outcomes associated with the rapid urban development of this region. As reliable and current data are lacking for micro level, the land use maps produced in this study will contribute to both the development of sustainable urban land use planning decisions and also for forecasting possible future urban nodes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.02.8

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL POVERTY AS A MENACE TO SOCIAL ECOLOGY: A MICRO LEVEL OBSERVATION by Ajay Raj Mridu, and Anand Prasad Mishra

Page: 316-332

Abstract: The problem of poverty is multi-dimensional in nature and its occurrence in society reveals various complexities in many ways. These multi-dimensional characteristics are more complex and acute in case of social ecology. The social formation as phenomenon on space has great significance in geographical studies which became a challenging task for poverty analysis in unequal societies. The multi layers in social hierarchy are mainly represented by caste system which has many faces in its social structure. Poverty in these social organizations has varying nature in its magnitude and extent. In this context, the prevalence of poverty with reference to social ecology has vital importance for understanding the major constraints of poverty in Indian society. The present paper is an attempt to incorporate the multiple dimensions of poverty that affect the social ecology in many ways. The paper highlights the relationship between multi-dimensional poverty and social ecology. The paper also attempts to establish conceptual linkages based on ground reality between the social ecology and poverty.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.02.9

MISSING FEMALE CHILD IN HARYANA: AN SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS by Suman Chauhan and Sunil Kumar

Page: 332-342

Abstract: India is one of the few regions in the world where males are more than females. As per Census 2011, the developed states and union territories of India, particularly the north-western part, such as Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh and Delhi now have fewer than 900 girls per 1,000 boys out of the total population (2,53,53,081) of Haryana. The population in 0-6 years age group was 32,97,724 children and the sex ratio of this age group was 830 female children per 1000 male children, which was the lowest amongst all states of India. Moreover this low sex ratio is also exhibited in Haryana with regard to cultural and demographical characteristics such as higher fertility, higher mortality, more masculine sex ratio and low status of women. Areas with highly pronounced symptoms of female child deficit are identified as hot spots. The present research work examines the child sex ratio (CSR) (from birth to 6 years of age) in order to find out the missing female child in Haryana. The study investigates the female deficit epicenters (0-6 years) in Haryana. The secondary data have been collected from the census of India. The analysis has been made from simple statistical techniques, such as standard deviation and Karl Pearson correlation methods. Further the results were shown with the help of graphs and maps. The female deficit epicenters in the study region have been marked by contours on the map as suggested by Agnihotri, 2003. Further we have also traced the CSR’s behavior across two census i.e. 2001 and 2011.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.02.10

RURAL – URBAN TRANSITION IN INDIA: A PERSPECTIVE ON FUTURE URBANIZATION by Shahab Fazal and Md. Kaikubad Ali

Page: 343-365

Abstract: This paper aims at re-assessing the share of rural-urban population in India, reclassifying the large rural settlements qualifying census defined criteria for urban settlement. These large rural settlements, if the current trend of population growth continues, are subject to get classified as urban in the proceeding censuses. Using secondary data of 2001 and 2011 censuses, it analyzes the number, distribution and density among the large villages which hold one fourth of India’s rural population; and explores the resultant variation if these large villages were classified as urban. The study reveals that half of the Indian population lives in smaller towns and large villages having similar demographic and socio-economic characteristics. This will raise the share of urban population up to 44.17 per cent against census proclamation of 31.16 per cent in 2011. Drawing attention of the policy makers and planners, this paper suggests that targeting large villages and promoting them to urban category through channelizing developmental plans will improve economic and social wellbeing of the population.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.02.11

REGIONAL VARIATION IN CEREAL AND PULSES PRODUCTIVITY IN SOUTHERN RAJASTHAN : A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS by Lalit Singh Jhala

Page: 366-378

Abstract: Cereal and pulses provide significant nutritional and health benefits and are known to reduce severe non-communicable diseases. So increasing state population, cereals and pulses productivity will also increase. In Southern Rajasthan, 69.88 per cent area of the total cropped land is engaged in cereal cultivation and out of the total production, 69.43 per cent is contributed by the cereal production. So cereal productivity has a dominant role in total productivity in Southern Rajasthan. But only 10.19 per cent area of the total cropped land is engaged in pulses cultivation and out of the total production, 8.74 per cent is contributed by pulses production. However, compared to cereal, the growth rate of area and production of pulses is negligible. There exists a wide variability in their yield in different areas of the study region. This paper examines comparative studies in productivity of cereal and pulses and their affecting factors as irrigational facilities, use of HYV seeds and expenses on modern implements including tractorisation etc. among the factors which are the strongest force in promoting productivity. Productivity has been measured of each tehsil of the southern Rajasthan, between average of 1980-82 and 2010-12, and regression coefficients technique is used to examine the impact of factors on productivity.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.02.12

BOOK REVIEWES
THE VITALITY OF INDIA A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE. GOPAL KRISHA by Gopal Krishan
Reviewed by Prof. Krishna Mohan

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH : A SURVEY, AUTHORED by K. L. Narasimha Murty Reviewed by Dr. Subhash Anand

Page: 379-385

Volume 38 (2018) Issue 1 , (January-2018 to June-2018)

Jan-Jun

Big Data - Small Area : Impact on Geography by Prithvish Nag

Page: 1-9

Abstract:

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.01.1

Understanding City Floods by H Ramachandran and A Kalaiarasan

Page: 10-25

Abstract: This study with empirical evidence attempts to illustrate the factors causing floods in Chennai, Tamil Nadu during December 2015 and January 2016. The factors that caused such large scale floods are not unique to Chennai, but apply to most city floods, whether in Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad or other large cities. The study, thus, argues, beside the unprecedented rain, encroachment of river beds and water bodies as the main factors that contribute to the floods. The study further maps the processes such as the regulatory changes in town planning and zoning violations that led such encroachment. The authors point out that many states have no regulations relating to construction activities along the river courses. The study also offers policy measures both preventive and curative to deal with city floods in India.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.01.2

Urbanization and Groundwater Supply in Barddhaman Municipality, Barddhaman, West Bengal
by Mahamaya Laha

Page: 26-40

Abstract: Land Degradation indicates the destruction and decline of global ecosystem’s health. The study primarily related to status of land degradation of Silabati River basin which lies in eastern Chotanagpur. The present river basin is the representative of an area between Archean geology dominated in western parts of Chotanagpur plateau and recent alluvial deposited Ganga river basin in east. After originating in Chotanagpur plateau, Silabati River flows through plateau fringe of undulating surface. It flows through the western ‘Rarh’1 areas of West Bengal. This is also one of the intense agriculture dependent population area of eastern India. Land degradation status is observed by overlaying the different physical (geomorphology, soil, geology etc.) as well as anthropogenic (LULC change, population pressure, forest cover, irrigation etc.) components. All of the factors have weightage with a certain value in relation the vulnerability of the land degradation. After that different factors weightage rasters have multiplied by raster calculator. The multiplied raster helps to identify different land degradation classes with different vulnerability. The upper course of basin which is characterised by undulating topography, less fertile soil, high water erosion is more vulnerable to degradation. Whereas, anthropogenic factors related land degradation dominates lower reaches.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.01.3

Land Degradation in Eastern Chotanagpur Plateau: A Study of The Silabati River Basin by Avijit Mahala and Padmini Pani

Page: 41-59

Abstract: Barddhaman, the district headquarters of Barddhaman district, West Bengal was once developed by Burdwan Rajas amidst the surrounding fertile agricultural tract as an agricultural market town. But now its growing service sector invites bulk of migrants and commuters to the town. The Municipality supplies 56 lakh litres of groundwater per day, but it’s inadequate to meet the need of 3 lakh inhabitants and lakhs of floating population to the town daily. Educational facilities of university and colleges, medical facilities of hospitals and nursing homes, marketing facilities and above all excellent transport facility of the town by rail and road network connecting the rural hinterland and urban- industrial regions of Kolkata, Asansol and Durgapur enlure people of surrounding districts to migrate here. So vertical expansion of the town and rising demands for water from domestic and commercial sectors are supposed to put pressure on the town’s water resource and this may cause water crisis in the town in future.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.01.4

Geospatial Analysis of Health Facilities in Urban Areas: A Case Study of Dehradun City by Upendra Bhai Patel and B.L. Teli

Page: 60-71

Abstract: Human resource is always of immense support for a developing country like India. Even though our country is saturated with 121 crore population, not many are overlooking the safer life of an individual, and GIS is as an advanced decision making tool, could help in better need based planning for the healthcare services that would result in high impact interventions not just at the national level but also at the district and block levels. This study will be pointed out that the knowledge gap needs to be addressed which would mean GIS sensitization of management till the panchayat level and capacity building to ensure availability of technical manpower.

Nowadays, time is considered as valuable as gold. Once time is used sensibly, access to a lot of opportunities is possible. People, who want to go to Hospitals/Clinics in different places as patient, may need to have some information about those places (Hospitals/Clinics). Determining the shortest routes to the healthcare places from their accommodations will be both timesaving and economical. Geographical Information System (GIS) Tech-nologies provide us with these possibilities. But transportation of a patient to hospital in emergency seems quite simple but in reality it is pretty difficult during peak hours. A significant operation for the handling of emergency incidents is the routing of responding vehicles to incident sites and then to the closest appropriate hospitals. GIS technology can support emergency responders to provide efficient response in quick response time through solving the steering problems.

The study was carried out on Dehradun city, where there are an optimum healthcare facilities with a large inflow of men/women and tourist both foreign and domestic. GIS Database was created using Cartosat-1 & LISS-IV satellite data and ancillary information. GIS based Network analysis was carried out by taking advantages of GIS possibilities for healthcare facilities. Shortest path in terms of time and length were carried out using Network Analyst of ArcGIS. ArcGIS Server was used for configuring, publishing and web services application. Assessment of wards which lack in higher order hospitals was carried out.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.01.5

Role of Geography in Sustenance of Pre-Historic Settlements in Karnataka, India by Hema Thakur

Page: 72-88

Abstract: Ancient settlements beginning from pre-historic period have been found spread nearly all over Karnataka. The geographical factors and environmental setting help in understanding the settlement pattern and resource base which may have supported human settlements through centuries. The distribution and exploitation of geographical resources have influenced human colonies and determined the way in which they have concentrated in “zones” and “sub-zones” from the neolithic-chalcolithic period, through the megalithic ultimately leading to the establishment of early historic settlements. In this paper human settlements and the contribution of geographical factors have been discussed. The territory of Karnataka where Kannada was spoken as a common language was roughly fixed by the twelfth century. Karnataka has borders with more than one state. The state of Maharashtra adjoins northern Karnataka. Andhra Pradesh and east Karnataka have a common border. Though these neighbouring states have some common features with Karnataka, it is the rivers which bring them close to each other as some of the important rivers originate in adjoining states and flow in Karnataka or vice-versa. The drainage of Karnataka is dependent on three main rivers - Krishna on the north, the Kaveri on the south, the two Pennars (North Pennar and the South Pennar) and the Palar on the east. Rivers have always been very crucial and they have supported human habitation since pre-historic period. Karnataka has also been endowed with minerals and useful rocks. These natural resources encouraged human habitation and this is made evident by the archaeological remains including structures which have been found nearly all over Karnataka and for almost all the historical periods.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.01.6

Growth Performance of Agriculture in The Tribal Dominated Dungarpur District of Rajasthan by Devendra Singh Chouhan

Page: 89-99

Abstract: The agriculture sector of the tribal dominated district of Dungarpur is passing through a dynamic phase in the recent era of development. It provides 77% of employment opportunities for the working population of the district. The present paper extensively evaluates the performance and progress of the district agriculture since 1981-82. Besides comparing facts and figures, we also examined the sources of agricultural growth and disparity of Dungarpur district. The Paper also finds out determinates of agriculture production by using regression and verifies the result of decomposition of agricultural growth. This paper covered the period during 1981-82, 1991-92, 2001-02 and 2011-12. In this paper, changes in the whole scenario of district agriculture over the period of time and sources of agricultural growth by cropping pattern, output growth, input pattern, cropping intensity, variation of agriculture growth and factors affecting agriculture development have been discussed.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.01.7

The Effect of University-Industry Linkages and their Geographical Proximity to the Growth of Software Industry in India by Akshaya Kapoor

Page: 100-119

Abstract: In future, the growth of software industry in India will depend on the way it handles its university-industry linkages. For India to move from an outsourcing destination, with respect to the software industry, to becoming a strong leader in the world, these linkages will play a key role. This paper tends to examine how far this prediction is true if it is. This paper analyze the effect of geographical proximity to relationship between universities and software firms and also throw some light on the state of University-Industry linkages in India. This paper then suggests that University-Industry linkages have a positive impact on software industry and there exists a positive correlation between geographical proximity and the efficacy of these linkages. In the end, this paper makes the case that building technical institutes or universities within the software parks or clusters can greatly enhance the innovation capacity of the software industry, this, in turn, can improve the industry’s growth and development.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.01.8

Estimation of Noise Pollution In The Hill Town Srinagar (Uttarakhand) : A Geographical Study by Mohan Panwar and Ms. Sristi Thapliyal

Page: 120-136

Abstract: Mountain towns are known for tourism and ecotourism. These towns have a fragile environment as they suffer from a lot of population pressure. Any kind of disturbance in these areas has an adverse effect on the people. Srinagar is a mountain town falling in the pilgrimage route. Due to its central location in the pilgrimage route during the yatra season, the tourist flow increases and with the result the local people as well as the tourists suffer from the negative impacts of noise pollution. Noise pollution affects the environment as well as the health of people too. The present study is an attempt to estimate the traffic noise pollution in Srinagar town and also suggests preventive measures. Noise pollution has become a nuisance in today’s urban areas. Traffic noise is the biggest source of noise pollution. Even though the Central Pollution Control Board has come out with strict regulations, people still suffer from this problem.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.01.9

Spatial Patterns of Crop Concentration and Diversification: Its Impacts on Food Security in Chhattisgarh by Anusuiya Baghel, Sk Nasib Ahmad and Girdhar Sahu

Page: 137-155

Abstract: Spatial pattern of crop concentration and diversification in Chhattisgarh have been studied in the paper. Crop concentration index and diversification index are measured using Bhatia’s (1956) method. All 27 districts have been included to explain the spatial pattern of crop concentration and diversification scenario of Chhattisgarh. The crops having more than 1.8 % area to the total crops are considered for crop concentration index. In this way, eight crops are included for the study and paddy holds first rank in all the districts of Chhattisgarh. Rest of the five crops and two crops hold second and third ranks respectively. In this way, eight crops are first, second and third ranking crops. Maximum paddy concentration has been found in eastern part of middle Chhattisgarh plain (Mahanadi Sheonath doab, trans Mahanadi track and Raipur upland) where paddy concentration index is more than 1.1. Gram concentration has been observed in few districts of Chhattisgarh and this concentration (above 1) is noticed in western Maikal range is characterized by black soil. The spatial pattern of teora concentration is like the paddy concentration. High teora concentration is found in the plain of central Chhattisgarh. High concentration of Soyabean and wheat have also been found in western Maikal region. Maize and urad concentrations are high in Surguja Raigarh hight land of north and Bastar plateau of south in Chhattisgarh where paddy concentration is least. These north and southern regions of Chhattisgarh are characterized by rough terrain. Kodo concentration is high in those areas where paddy cultivation is difficult. The spatial pattern of kodo concentration is just like the opposite of paddy concentration. Maximum kodo concentration has been found in Dantewada district having the index of 11. Insecurity has been found in one-third districts of this state in respect of food grains.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.01.10

Neighbourhood Environment: Assessing and Mapping of Vulnerable Neighbourhoods of Azamgarh City for Planning by Saleha Jamal and Uzma Ajmal

Page: 156-174

Abstract: Vulnerability has arisen as a complex theme of research in environmental studies and assessing vulnerability has become a real concern in developing countries. A neighbourhood has been determined as an essential physical unit in planning because of its environmental comprehensiveness. An adequate environment with its appropriate plans and services is believed to cherish a healthier society, which can be achieved through identification of vulnerable neighbourhood environment and its proper planning. Understanding neigh-bourhood environmental problems and identifying vulnerable units can play an important role in environmental improvement and comprehensive planning at local levels. In the present study an attempt has been made to study neighbourhood environmental problems in different neighbourhoods in order to identify and map vulnerable neighbourhoods of Azamgarh City. Important factors that have contributed to rise of environmental vulnerability (development of slums to high risk and hazardous areas, lack of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities, overcrowding, lack of infrastructure facilities etc.) were taken under consideration. For identification of vulnerable neigh-bourhoods in Azamgarh City, different wards are grouped into different neighbourhoods on the basis of income, population and density. Neighbour-hood Environmental conditions of each neighbourhood such as drainage conditions, water logging, accumulation of solid waste, water supply and quality, overcrowding, air and noise pollution etc. has been assessed for the identification of vulnerable neighbourhoods of Azamgarh City. Finally suggestions have been provided for proper planning.

DOI: -https://doi.org/10.32381/ATNAGI.2018.38.01.11

Climate Change And Natural Resources: A Study Of Indian Desert -Author : H.S. Sharma -- Reviewed by Prof. M.N. Koul

Regional Planning and Development: Concepts, Theories and Techniques. H. S. Gupta -- Reviewed by Surya Kant

Page: 175-180

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Annals of the National Association of Geographers India

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Volume 42 (2022) Issue 2 , (July-2022 to December-2022)

Volume 42 (2022)

Volume 42 (2022) Issue 1 , (January-2022 to June-2022)

Volume 41 (2021)

Volume 41 (2021) Issue 2 , (July-2021 to December-2021)

Volume 41 (2021) Issue 1 , (January-2021 to June-2021)

Volume 40 (2020)

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Volume 40 (2020) Issue 1 , (January-2020 to June-2020)

Volume 39 (2019)

Volume 39 (2019) Issue 2 , (June-2019 to December-2019)

Volume 39 (2019) Issue 1 , (January-2019 to June-2019)

Volume 38 (2018)

Volume 38 (2018) Issue 2 , (July-2018 to December-2018)

Volume 38 (2018) Issue 1 , (January-2018 to June-2018)

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